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FORM 4

Chapter 2: Quadratic Equation

2.1: Quadratic Equations and Their Roots

The general form of a quadratic equation is + + = , where , and are constants

and x is a variable.
Quadratic equation must have the term as the term with the highest power.
The roots of a quadratic equation are numerical value which satisfies the quadratic equation.

Example 1: Which of the following is a quadratic equation? Give your reasons

Equations Yes / No Reasons

a) 4 2 + 1 = 0

b) 2 + 7 3 + 2 = 0

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c) 6 2 2 8

d) 3 2 + 6 = 0

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e) 22 1 + 9 =

f) 9 2 3 = ()

Example 2: Express the following quadratic equation in the general form of + + = . State
the value of a, b and c.
a) ( 2) = 6 b) 2( 2 + ) = 4 c) 3( 4) = 7 4

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 (2 1)2 = 3+2
d) (2 6) + 2 = 5 e) f) = ( 1)
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Example 3: Determine whether the given value of x is a root of the quadratic equation
a) 2 2 5 12 = 0, = 4 b) 2 + 6 = 0, = 3

Example 4: Solve each of the following

a) Given 4 is a root of the b) Given 2 is a root of the 1
c) Given 2 is a root of the
quadratic equation quadratic equation
quadratic equation
2 2 = + 5, find the 2 + 18 = 0, find the
2 2 = 9, find the
value of k. value of m.
value of k.

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2.2: Solving Quadratic Equations

A quadratic equation 2 + + = 0 can be solved to determine the roots by

factorization
completing the square
using a formula
The formula for finding the roots of a quadratic equation 2 + + = 0 is

=

Completing the square and formula are used if the quadratic equation cannot be factorized

Example 5: Find the roots of the following equations by factorization

a) 2 + 8 = 6 b) 2 + 9 + 20 = 0 c) 2 3 = 18

d) 2 + 6 = 9 e) 2 2 + 7 = 15 f) 2 2 13 = 24

g) 4 2 + 8 = 5 h) (3 + 1) = 2 i) 4 2 = 4 1

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Example 6: Solve the following quadratic equation by using the formula and give your answers
correct to three decimal places.
a) 2 + 5 + 2 = 0 b) 3 2 2 7 = 0

c) 2 3 + 5 = 0 d) 3 2 + 5 + 7 = 0

e) 2 = 7 3 f) 2 + 2 = 4

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Example 7: Solve the following quadratic equation by using completing the square and give your
answers correct to three decimal places.
a) 2 + 5 + 2 = 0 b) 3 2 2 7 = 0

c) 2 3 + 5 = 0 d) 3 2 + 5 + 7 = 0

e) 2 = 7 3 f) 2 + 2 = 4

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 HOMEWORK

2.1: Quadratic Equations and Their Roots

1. Identify which of the following equations are quadratic equations.

a) 2 + 3 = 0 b)
5 2
=4 c) ( 5) = 13

d) ( + 2)2 = 0 e) (3 2)(2 2) = 1 f) 3 2 = 12

2. Determine which of the following values of x are the roots of the given quadratic equations.

a) 2 + 2 3 = 0; = 0, 1, 2, 3 b) 2 2 + 6 = 0; = 2, 2, 3, 3

3. Find the values of h and k for each of the following quadratic equations with their roots given.

a) 2 + 4 = 0; = 5 = 1 b)
2
2 7 = 0; = 3 = 3

2.2: Solving Quadratic Equations

4. Solve each of the following quadratic equations by factorization

a) 2 + 5 14 = 0 b) (5 + ) + 6 = 0 c) (2 5) = 3

d) (6 19) + 20 = 10 e) ( 4)( + 3) = 30 f) ( 3)2 = 25

40+3
g) 4 2 6 + 10 = 0 h) ( 5) = 24 i) =
5+2

5. Solve each of the following quadratic equations by completing the square

a) 2 + 7 + 5 = 0 b) 2 + 5 + 5 = 0 c) 2 4 + 2 = 0

d) 2 + 5 9 = 0 e) 2 + 7 + 3 = 0 f) 2 + 8 6 = 0

g) 2 2 + 10 + 9 = 0 h) 3 2 12 + 5 = 0

6. Solve each of the quadratic equations using formula.

a) 3 2 + 8 + 3 = 0 b) 2 2 5 + 1 = 0 c) 4 2 + 7 + 3 = 0

d) 2 5 + 5 = 0 e) 7 2 8 9 = 0 f) 5 + 7 5 2 = 0

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2.3: Formation of Quadratic Equation from Roots

If and are the roots of a quadratic equations, then the quadratic equation can be written as
( + ) + =
or
() + () =
where SOR = sum of roots, POR = product of roots
If and are the roots of a quadratic equations 2 + + = 0, then

= =

Example 8: Determine the sum of roots (SOR) and the product of roots (POR) of the following.
a) 2 2 + 5 + 2 = 0 b) 2 2 + 2 5 = 0 c) 2 4 + 2 = 0

d) 2 2 + 4 + 1 = 0 e) 3 2 + 6 1 = 0 f) 2 2 4 + 10 = 0

g) 3 2 + 6 + 2 = 0 h) 2 + 5 3 = 0 i) 4 2 12 1 = 0

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Example 9: Find the quadratic equation from the given roots
a) Roots: 3 2 b) Roots: 5 3 c) Roots: 6

1 3 1 5
d) Roots: 3 2 e) Roots: 2 3 f) Roots: 7

Example 10: Find the quadratic equation from the given roots (Alternative Method)
a) Roots: 3 2 b) Roots: 5 3 c) Roots: 6

1 3 1 5
d) Roots: 3 2 e) Roots: 2 3 f) Roots: 7

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Example 11: Solve each of the following.
a) The roots of the quadratic equation 2 2 +
+ 6 = 12 are 3 and 5. Find the values
of p and q.
b) Given and are the roots of the quadratic
equation 2 7 + 14 = 0, form a new
quadratic equation with roots 3 and 3

c) Given and are the roots of the quadratic d) Given and are the roots of the quadratic
equation 3 2 15 = 0, form a new equation 4 2 + 3 + 12 = 0, form a new
quadratic equation of roots 5 and 5 4 4
quadratic equation with roots and

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e) Given and 1 are the roots of quadratic f) Given 2 and are the roots of quadratic
equation 2 2 6 + = 0, find the values equation 2 + 5 2 = 0, 0, find the
of and . values of and .

g) One of the roots of the quadratic equation h) The roots of equation 2 2 + + = 0

2 2 + = 0, 0, is twice the are and 2. Show that 2 = 9
other root. Find the value of and
determine the value of the roots.

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 1 j) One of the roots of the quadratic equation
i) Given 2 and 2 are the roots of quadratic
2 + + = 0 is three times the other
equation 2 2 + + = 0, find the value
root. Find relationship between , and .
of and .

k) Given and are the roots of quadratic l) Given and are the roots of quadratic
equation 3 2 2 4 = 0, form quadratic equation 2 + 20 = 0, form new
2 2
equation with roots ( + ) and ( + ) quadratic equation with roots 2 and 2 .

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m) If and are the roots of the quadratic equation 3 2 2 4 = 0, form the quadratic
equations that have the following roots.
2 2
i) ii)
2 2
( + ) ( + ) iii) 2 2

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2.4: Conditions of Different Types of Roots

Given a quadratic equation 2 + + = 0

a) If > , then
The equation has two different real roots or
The straight line intersects the curve at two distinct /
different points

b) If = , then
The equation has two equal real roots or
The straight line touches the curve at only one point or
The straight line is a tangent to the curve

c) If < , then
The equation has no real roots or
The straight line does not meet the curve

The term discriminant stands for

Example 12: Determine the nature of the roots of each of the following quadratic equations.
a) 2 2 7 + 3 = 0 b) 2 6 + 9 = 0 c) 2 + 3 + 7 = 0

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Example 13: Find the range of value of k if the quadratic equation has two different real roots
a) 2 5 + 3 = b) 2 + 6 = 1 c) 2 2 + 4 + = 1

Example 14: Find the range of value of p if the quadratic equation has two equal real roots
a) 2 2 + 3 + 6 = b) 2 + + 1 = c) 2 + 2 = 2 + 3

Example 15: Find the range of value of m if the quadratic equation has no real roots
a) 3 2 + 2 + 1 = b) 2 2 + 4 + = 1 c) 2 2 + 3 = 2 + 2

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Example 16: Solve the followings
a) Find the range of values of k if the straight b) Find the range of value of p if the straight
line = 2 + intersects the curve line = (3 2) does not meet the curve
= 2 + 2 at two distinct points. = 2 + 5.

c) Find the values of m if the straight line = ( 3) is a tangent to curve = 2 3 + 1

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 HOMEWORK

2.3: Formation of Quadratic Equation from Roots

1. Form the quadratic equations that have the following roots:

a) 2 and 5 d) 3 and 5 1
g) 3 2

b) -5 and 4 e) -3 only 1
h) 3
3
c) -3 and -6 2 2
f)
3 5 1 2
i)
3 5

2. Find the roots of 2 2 7 + 3 = 0. Hence, form the quadratic equation such that its roots are

two times the roots of the equation 2 2 7 + 3 = 0

3. Find the roots of 10 2 11 6 = 0. Hence, form the quadratic equation such that its roots

are half of the roots of the equation 10 2 11 6 = 0

4. Find the roots of 6 2 5 6 = 0. Hence, form the quadratic equation such that its roots are

of the opposite signs to the roots of the equation 6 2 5 6 = 0

5. Find the roots of 6 2 + 11 10 = 0. Hence, form the quadratic equation such that its roots

are the reciprocal of the roots of the equation 6 2 + 11 10 = 0

6. Find the sum and the product of roots for each of the following quadratic equations.

a) 2 2 + 5 8 = 0 b) 3 2 9 + 8 = 0

7. If and are the roots of the quadratic equation 2 2 + 2 3 = 0, form the quadratic

equation that has the following roots.

1 1 2 2
a) + 2 + 2 b) ( ) ( ) c)

8. If and are the roots of the quadratic equation 2 2 5 + 4 = 0, form the quadratic

equation that has the following roots.

a) (1 + ) (1 + ) b) 1 2 1 2

9. One of the roots of the equation 5 2 + + 1 = 0 is five times the other root.

Find the possible values of k.

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10. One of the roots of the equation 2 + 9 + = 0 is two times the other root.

Find the value of k.

11. One of the roots of the equation (3 5)( 1) + = 0 is three times the other root.

Find the value of h.

12. One of the roots of the equation 2 2 3 + = 0, 0 is half times the other root.

Find the value of k.

13. One of the roots of the equation 2 + + = 0 is four times the other root.

Find the relation between a, b and c.

14. If one of the roots of the equation 3 2 10 + = 0 is the reciprocal of the other root.

Find the value of k and the roots of the equation.

15. If one of the roots of the equation 2 4 + 27 = 0 is the square of the other root.

Find the value of t.

16. If the roots of the equation 2 + 21 + 10 = 0, 0 are in the ratio 2:5.

Find the possible values of h.

17. The roots of the quadratic equation 15 2 + + 1 = 0 are in the ratio 3:5, find the value of n

if n<0. Hence, find the roots of the equation.

18. Given that and are the roots of the equation 2 + 2 5 = 0, while are the roots

of the equation 2 + 4 + = 0, find the value of k and m.

2.4: Conditions of Different Types of Roots

19. Determine the nature of the roots of each of the following quadratics equations without solving

the equations.

a) 2 2 8 + 3 = 0 d) 2 2 + 6 + 3 = 0

b) 3 2 2 + 9 = 0 e) 3 2 + 6 5 = 0

c) 2 + 10 + 25 = 0 f) 4 2 12 + 9 = 0

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20. If the quadratic equation 2 2 4 = 2 3 + 2 has two real and distinct roots.

Find the range of values of p.

21. Find the range of values of p if each of the following quadratic equations has two real and

distinct roots.

a) 2( 2 1) = ( 8) b) (5 2) = + 2

22. If the quadratic equation 2 + (3 2) + 5 = 0 does not have any real roots, find the

range of values of h.

23. Find the range of values of k if each of the following quadratic equation does not have any real

roots

a) 3 2 + 1 = 2( + 3) b) ( + 5) 2 + 1 = 8 1

24. If the quadratic equation (4 2) 2 + 3 = 1 + 2 has two real and equal roots, find the

values of m.

25. Find the range of values of m if each of the following quadratic equation has two real and equal

roots

a) 2 + 2( + 2) = ( 2 + 4) b) (2 + 1) 2 = 3 + 2(2 )

26. Find the values of p if the straight line = 2 is a tangent to the curve = 4 2 5 + 2

27. Find the range of values of k if the straight line = (3 2) intersects the curve = 2 +

5 at two distinct points.

28. Find the range of values of q if the straight line = 2( + 1) + does not meet the curve

= 2 + 2 1

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