HAZARD IDENTIFICATION, RISK ANALYSIS AND RISK ASSESMENT ON THE HIGH

RISE BUILDING CONSTRUCTION PROJECT

Anik Ratnaningsih, Yeny Dhokhikah, Anisa Fitria

Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Jember
e-mail:anik.teknik@unej.ac.id
e-mail:yenydhokhikah@yahoo.com
e-mail:anisafitria34@gmail.com

Abstract
High Rise Building (HRB) construction project has complicated structural design, complecity of work and potential
risks in project work. Project risk can obstruct the project activities and achievement. The objectives of this paper
are identifying the risks of technical and construction management, allocating the risk to the appropriate parties,
namely owner, contractor, and shared (owner and contractor), and assigning the risk response to dominant risk in
the HRB project. Identifying of risk is conducted through studying literatures and validating the preliminary survey.
The risks analysis based on the results of main survey are carried out by severity index method combined with
matrix of impact probability. The dominant risks are allocated to the contractor, owner and shared. The results
show that there are eight risks in time impact and seven risks in cost impact from 35 variables of risk. The main
impact to time and cost is the low level of productivity.

The keywords: risk, high rise building, severity index, risk assessment

INTRODUCTION
The construction project (CP) always meets the project risks, along with the complexity of
the project. The CP of Tunjungan Plaza 6 and Apartment One East Residence are both of HRB
project. These projects have complexity in work, structural design, load of work and time
schedule. The complexity of project causes many kinds of risks, particularly time and cost risk,
and influence to the realization and achievement of project.
Uncertainty risk in CP cannot be perished, but it can be minimized through systematic risk
analysis (identifying, analyzing and responseing to the project risk. Husein (2009) stated that
managing of risk directs to determine, control and minimize the type of risk, and finally to find
out the solution of risk and the responsible party of risk. One of the methods in managing risk is
risk allocation a strategic management risk that allocates identificable risk to the responsible
party.

Under the appropriate partys handling so the identified project risk could be overcame
maximumly and minimizing the project. In this research the conducted risk allocation upon 2
parties scilicet on owner, contractor, shared (contractor and owner). These two parties is selected
because these are indicating the cognizance upon risk handling in certain construction project.
Based on background which mentioned above, so it needs held obligatory assessment in risk and
in time construction project risk allocation toward ensued risk and can determine in ease the
appropriate parties for contruction project allocation.
 METHODS
Research concept
This research is study of case to evaluate and allocate the risk in construction project such
as Tunjungan Plaza 6 Surabaya and Construction Apartement One East Residence project. The
conducted research is aimed to have a risk assessment and analyzing the dominant also allocating
to the contractor, owner, or shared (contractor and owner).
In this research the risk variable that will be used risk management and technical risk
solely. Technical risk comprises labour, material and equipment risk, construction risk, financial
risk.

Population and Sample

In Tunjungan Plaza 6 Surabaya and Apartement One East Residence construction project
elected the population namely the parties i.e. construction manager and proposed responseen as
the sample. The consideration is the people who understand and competent holistically with
their purview appropriately e.g. project manager, site manager, engineer, cost control and
schedul, site supervisor.

Research procedure
1. Identifikasion is conducted through study of literature, observation and interview wih
distributing the questioner exordium survey to the preffered
2. Analysis can be done through:
a. Distributing the preliminary questioner to tet the validity and realibility of
identification
b. Distributing the main questioner and
c. Appraisal (assessment) upon frequency level upon ensued impact from the risk by
using HIRA method
d. Appraisal upon the risk allocation based on the dominant ensued
e. Depiction of appraisal result into matrix diagram based on frequency and impact

Analysis which exerts the occurance impact of risk frequency is using the questioner distribution
at the second stage (frequency questioner and impact) to the preffered responseen previously.
The used scale in measuring the pontency upon the frequency and impeck is Likert scale within
interval 1 until 5. Mathematically, risk level could be stated as below:
R P* I
................................(1)
Furthermore, because in this research upon the P and I value from every risk variable is obtained
from fews responseen, so it needs to compile the assessment result P and I value with Severity
Index method.
Severity Index concept is one of method to indetify P and I value in calculate the risk
level.. Severity Index (SI) can be calculated with the following formula :

..............................(2)

Where :
ai = valuation constants
xi = frequency frequency
i = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,..., n
x0, x1, x2, x3, x4 is respond frequency of responseen
a0 = 0, a1= 1, a2= 2, a3= 3, a4= 4
x0 = responseen frequency very low, so a0 = 0
x1 = responseen frequency low, so a1 = 1
x2 = responseen frequency adequete, so a2 = 2
x3 = responseen frequency high, so a3 = 3
x4 = responseen frequency very high, so a4 = 4
risk is the risk which need to be noticed because it has a occurance probability and a
big negative consequence, in which the risk occurance is signed by an error in time
estimation, cost estimation or technology design. (Soemarno, 2007). Risk measurement
process with predicting the conducted risk frequency and risks impact. It uses a scale likert to
arrange the pontential risk toward frequency and risks impact within interval 1 until 5, namely:

Risk probability measuerment

1 = Rarely (SJ)
2 = Seldom (J)
3 = Fair (C)
4 = Often (S)
5 = Very Often (SS)
Risk impact measurement (impact):
1 = very small
2 = small
3 = fair
4 = big
5 = very big

Figure 1. Matrix of Probability and Impact

After ascertain the probability level and impact from certain risk, could be plotted onto
frequency matrix and impact to ascertain the strategy to overcome the existing risk. According to
Hanafi (2006), to select the risk response that will be utilized in overcoming the risks by using
Risk Map. The following figure is the selected Risk Map.
 Figure 2. Matrix based on Frequency and Impact

At the 1st quadrant a place where the risks located which get a fully attention in order that
minimalize the possibility and the future implication of occurred risk. Meanwhile at the 2nd
quadrant requires the tested master plan to answer the risky occurred situation. The risks at the
3rd quadrant require surveillance and periodic internal restraint to bear the possibility level and
every impact. And at the 4th quadrant, the risks requires ordered information (low control)

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Risk Identification
The early step in indetificating the risk management and techinal is study the literature.
This is assisting to identify frequent risk managements and technical in construction of high-rise
building project, such as Tunjungan Plaza 6 project and One East Residence apartment. Risk
management identification based on arranged rute map classification from the expertist personal
opinion at studying the literature. The next step is preffering the risks based on the prior research
which has a frequent risks and gaining the cost and time impact. According to the study of
literature obtain 35 risk management and technical risk toward high rise building project that
consit of 12 risk management and 23 technical risks
Risk identification process give the preliminary questioner form to the 4 buildings by include
the responseent such as Project Manager and Site Manager in each project. Responseent will
answer with lay down the tick sign () inside the column risky or not risky. In this case risky
annotation is the occurred risk variable or probably will happen in the furute, meanwhile not
risky annotation is risk variable which never happen or unlikely to happen in the future
spesifically at building project. After that the preliminary questioner survey to the responseent
will proceed into the validity test. Researhist utilize the method Guttman scale for testing the
entire aswers. Risk as the answer means 1 in score scales, while not risky means 0.
Tabel.1 Identifikasi Risiko Manajemen pada proyek High Rise Building
Keterangan
Tidak
No Identifikasi Risiko Total Keterangan
Berisiko Berisi
ko
A Risiko Manajemen Konstruksi
Kurangnya Kontrol dan Kordinasi dalam Tim
A1 4 1 5 Relevan
proyek
A2 Ketidakmampuan tim dalam perencanaan 4 1 5 Relevan
A3 manajemen proyekKonstruksi
Pengajuan Klaim karena staff yang kurang 4 1 5 Relevan
Kurang tepatnya perencanaan dalam lingkup
A4 4 1 5 Relevan
pekerjaan, biaya, jadwal(waktu) dan mutu
 Keterangan
Tidak
No Identifikasi Risiko Total Keterangan
Berisiko Berisi
ko
A Risiko Manajemen Konstruksi
A5 Ketepatan penentuan struktur organisasi 4 1 5 Relevan
A6 Rendahnya tingkat kedisiplinan karyawan 4 1 5 Relevan
dalam penyelesaian
Rumitnya tugas-tugas
masalah perijinan danproyek
regulasi dalam
A7 4 1 5 Relevan
pelaksanaan kegiatan proyek
A8 Tidak diterimanya pekerjaan oleh Owner 4 1 5 Relevan
A9 Besarnya pengeluaran tambahan (overheads) 5 0 5 Relevan
Pengelolaan Sumber Daya proyek ( material,
A10 5 0 5 Relevan
peralatan pekerja, keuangan, metode)
Buruknya proses pengawasan proyek oleh
A11 5 0 5 Relevan
pihak-pihak yang terlibat dalam proyek
Tidak lengkapnya laporan harian serta
A12 buruknya pengelolaan dokumen-dokumen 2 3 5 Tidak Relevan
proyek

Technical risk in this research is divided into 4 categories i.g. material risk and equipment, labour
risk, construction risk and financial risk. Technical risk can be seen on Table. 2, Table. 3, Tabel. 4
and Table. 5 as below.

Table.2 Risk Identification of materal and equipment in High Rise Building project
Risiko Teknis ( Pekerja, Peralatan, material,
B
Finansial dan Metode Pelaksanaan)
Risiko Material dan Peralatan
Kerusakan material pada saat pengiriman
B1 4 1 5 Relevan
material
Ketepatan pengadaan material dan peralatan
B2 5 0 5 Relevan
(Volume, jadwal,harga dan kualitas)
Kerusakan /kehilangan material di lokasi
B3 5 0 5 Relevan
proyek
B4 Kenaikan harga material 4 1 5 Relevan
B5 Rendahnya produktifitas material dan alat 5 0 5 Relevan
B6 Rendahnya kualitas material 4 1 5 Relevan
Kerusakan Peralatan mesin dan perlengkapan
B7 5 0 5 Relevan
proyek
B8 Kekurangan tempat penyimpanan material 4 1 5 Relevan

Table.3 Technical risk identification in High Rise Building project

Risiko Tenaga Kerja
B9 Rendahnya tingkat produkifitas tenaga kerja 5 0 5 Relevan
B10 Kekurangan tenaga kerja di lapangan 5 0 5 Relevan

Rendahnya Kesehatan dan Keselamatan Kerja

B11 (K3)di lokasi proyek karena peraturan safety 5 0 5 Relevan
yang tidak di laksanakan di lapangan
B12 Rendahnya Kualitas Pekerjaan di lapangan 5 0 5 Relevan

Tabel.4 Technical risk identification in High Rise Building project

 Risiko Pelaksanaan Konstruksi

B13 Kesalahan pelaksanaan metode konstruksi 3 2 5 Relevan

Kesulitan dalam penggunaan teknologi baru
B14 (peralatan dan metode) dalam proses 5 0 5 Relevan
konstruksi dan produksi pada proyek
B15 Kesalahan Desain 5 0 5 Relevan
B16 Perubahan desain 5 0 5 Relevan
B17 Keterlambatan Proyek 4 1 5 Relevan
B18 Cuaca Buruk 3 2 5 Relevan
B19 Kesulitan akses untuk mencapai lokasi site 3 2 5 Relevan

Perbedaan implementasi dan spesifikasi

B20 4 1 5 Relevan
pekerjaan karena kesalahan pembacaan gambar

Tabel.4 Technical risk identification in High Rise Building project

Risiko Finansial
B21 Inflasi 5 0 5 Relevan
B22 Kurangnya ketersediaan modal 5 0 5 Relevan
B23 Keterlambtan pembayaran dalam kontrak 5 0 5 Relevan

Table.1 until Table.4 as above denotes validated risk variables by the responseent from several
projects. Responseent declines one risk variable which consider inrelevant with the risk as the
systematic inhibition inside the project. Risk variable is uncomplete the daily report and the
terrible documents project management. This risk variable does not to be eliminated because still
has the possibility to cause an impact at another project. According to test result by using Pearson
formula it obtaines 16 valid risks correlate within the amount of answer score from every
responseen and its risk, meanwhile 19 another risk variables is obtained without any correlation
inter-sum of score answer in every responseents answer and its risk.
Calculation of risk-level score
Under the questioner survey regarding risk frequency and risk impact to the responseent,
researcher is using the likert scale method to measure probability or frequency of risk variable
occurance inside the project. Likewise to measure the impact from the risk variable event utilize
likert scale method. Where it is used to measure the probability or frequency, namely:
Rarely (SJ) =1
Seldom (J) =2
Fair (C) =3
Often (S) =4
Very Often (SS) =5
Scale annotation to the probability or frecuency of risk occurance as in table 5. below

Table. 5 Table of scale annotation to the probability or frecuency of risk occurance

 Stipulation scale criteria probability or risk occureance frequency is obtained from study of
literature in previously akin research. The reference is from the research. Meanwhile Likert scale
for measure the impact toward cost and time, i.e:
very small (SK) =1
small (K) =2
fair (S) =3
big (B) =4
very big (SB) =5
For the score scale definition upon the cos and the time can be seen at Table 6. as below

Table 6. Table of Risk impact definiton

Score scale of risk impact is obtained from PMBOK then change to be an impact scale to the
primary questioner. After all probability scale score is known (frequency) also impact scale score
from series of event in risk variable upon time and cost are obtained from Tunjuang Plaza 6
project and One East Residence project then going into cultivation by using Severity index
method, afterwards risk analysis by using Probability x Impact (PxI) table. Entrying score scale
process Proses pengerjaan tabel Probability x Impact is inputing the score skala probability score
upon the time and cost from the calculation of Severity index (SI) method. Scale score of
probability and Impact which obtained from score Severity index (SI) risk category is converted
into the numerical form as below:
1. Probability
 Very low (SR) =1
Low (R) =2
Fair (C) =3
High (T) =4
Very high (ST) =5
2. Impact
Very low (SR) =1
Low (R) =2
Fair (C) =3
High (T) =4
Very high (ST) =5
Then it is followed by multiply the scale in the column of probability and scale in impact column
probability and scale impact column. The result of probability and impact multiplication are
plotted into the matrix of Probability and Impact.
The risks which has a big score in Probability x Impact is chosen based on the score larger than
10 or belongs to High. category. The mentioned risks have a major possibility to cause any
impact significantly than the other risk upon time. The following calculation probability x
Impacts result obtained 5 dominant risk which impacting the time in Tunjungan Plaza 6
Surabaya project.

Table 7. Probability x Impact upon time and preferred risk in Tunjungan Plaza 6 project.

Based on table 7. the result of Probability x Impact obtained 4 dominant risk which possibly give
a direct significant impact upon Apartement One East Residence project.
Table 8. Table of Probability x Impact upon time and preferred risk in Apartement One East
Residence project
Based on the Probability x Impact upon the time its result is on Table. 7 and Table. 8 gained
several differ risks despite the construction project has the similarity of High rise Buiilding
specification.
Table. 9 Probability x Impact upon the cost with preferred risk in Tunjungan Plaza 6 Project

Table.10 Probability x Impact upon the cost with preferred risk in Apartement One East
Residence project

Risk taking has a relative big score which equal with the determination risk of big impact
upon time. The risks occur based on the score which more than 10 or include in high category.
The risks have a big possibility to be the greatest one and cause the massive impact significantly
than other risk upon the cost. Based on Probability x Impact result upon cost and time in
Tunjungan Plaza 6 and Apartement One East Residence project obtained the relative differ
riskyang sangat berbeda between 2 projects. This case proves that construction project has a
unique trait because in everu project has its own risk although the characterization of high rise
building is the same.

Risk allocation
Table 11. List of risk allocation performed by an expertist and construction practitioner

Based on the table 12. it obtained the different opinion between construction practitioner
and construction site expertist. Those differences are risk allocation claim construction proposal
design in error and over budget (Overheads). Those diffrences emerge once conctruction
practition sustain the progress in the site.
Dominant Risk Response Upon time
The applied risk analysis yields 8 dominant risk which possible to be major and give the
significant upon the time in Tunjungan Plaza 6 Surabaya project and Apartement One East
Residence project. The mentioned risks could be mention in the risk matriks as below

Figure 3. Risk Map which dominant upon the time

Figure.3 denotes the position the various dominant risks upon the the distinct time in each
quadrants over Risk Map. For the ratio with red star represent low level of labour productivity,
site labour deficiency, design conversion, whilst green star represents risk damage and or site
material forfeit, claim construction proposal, the terrible surveillance with the stakeholders, site
labour deficiency, error design and project

Dominant risk upon the time

Obtained 7 dominants risks which affecting the required time of Tunjungan Plaza 6
Surabaya and Apartement One East Residence project. Hereby the risk map of dominant risk
upon the cost.

Figure.4 Risk Map which dominat toward cost

From figure .4 it can be seen the location dominant risk upon cost is inside the quadrants
in Risk Map. Marked green-risk is indicating the low level of labour productivity, site labour
deficiency and design alteration. The yellow star indicate the error-design risk and project
tardiness also payment retardation in contract, meanwhile marked red-star risk is the amount of
the extras outlays (overheads)
Hereby Table.12 and Table.13 mentioned as below regarding the cause and risk response
upon previously preffered cost and time for dominant risks.
 Table 12.Cause and risk response onto dominant risk which impacting the time

Table 12.Cause and risk response onto dominant risk which impacting the time (continuation)

Table.13 Cause and risk repond onto dominant risk which impacting the cost
 Conslusion
1. 35 obtained technical risk variables and risk management upon Tunjungan Plaza 6 Surabaya project and
Apartement One East Residence project. Those risky variables are divided into 12 risk managements
and 23 technical risks, wherein the technical risk pervade as material risk and equipment, labour risk,
construction risk and financial risk.
2. Dominant risk allocation of Tunjungan Plaza 6 Surabaya projet and Apartemen One East Residence
project is obtained by construction practitioner and an expert in risk management pruview. According to
risk practitioner dominant is tend to allocate toward the Owner, whereas according to risk expertist that
dominant is tend to allocate toward contractor and Shared (Owner and contractor)
3. The most Impacting thing in dominant risk for time and cost is the humility level of labour productivity,
risk response which can be conducted by recruiting the new skilled labour and proper assignation. The
overtime procurement to evaluate the labour productivity in everyday. Providing insentive to the labour
who has an average productivity and punishment to the labour that has a menial productivity.

Proposition
1. The hereinafter research could be proceeded to the more thoroughly level with detailing parts
over project phase from pre construction unto post construction whether by augment the
researched risk factors.
2. The akin hereinafter research could be augmented by enclose the expansion cost analysis and the
worktime retardation in every existing risk.
3. The hereinafter research the researchist should be enhance the location object, automatically be
able to particularize construction risk upon several ongoing projects.

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