Controlled Rectifiers

Controlled Rectifiers
(Line Commutated AC to DC
converters)
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 1

+
AC Line DC Output
Input Commutated V0(dc )
Voltage Converter
-
Type of input: Fixed voltage, fixed frequency

ac power supply.
Type of output: Variable dc output voltage
Type of commutation: Natural / AC line
commutation
Different types of
Line Commutated Converters
AC to DC Converters (Phase controlled
rectifiers)
AC to AC converters (AC voltage controllers)
AC to AC converters (Cyclo converters) at low
output frequency.

Differences Between
Diode Rectifiers
&
Phase Controlled Rectifiers

The diode rectifiers are referred to as
uncontrolled rectifiers .
The diode rectifiers give a fixed dc output
voltage .
Each diode conducts for one half cycle.
Diode conduction angle = 1800 or radians.
We can not control the dc output voltage or the
average dc load current in a diode rectifier
circuit.
Single phase half wave diode rectifier gives an
Vm
Average dc output voltage VO( dc ) =

Single phase full wave diode rectifier gives an
2Vm
Average dc output voltage VO( dc ) =


Applications of
DC motor control in steel mills, paper and
textile mills employing dc motor drives.
AC fed traction system using dc traction motor.
Electro-chemical and electro-metallurgical
processes.
Magnet power supplies.
Portable hand tool drives.
Classification of
Single Phase Controlled Rectifiers.

Three Phase Controlled Rectifiers.

Different types of Single
Phase Controlled Rectifiers.
Half wave controlled rectifiers.
Full wave controlled rectifiers.
Using a center tapped transformer.
Full wave bridge circuit.
Semi converter.
Full converter.

Different Types of
Three Phase Controlled Rectifiers
Half wave controlled rectifiers.
Full wave controlled rectifiers.
Semi converter (half controlled
bridge converter).
Full converter (fully controlled bridge
converter).
10
Principle of Phase Controlled
Rectifier Operation

11
Single Phase Half-Wave Thyristor
Converter with a Resistive Load

12
Supply Voltage
Output Voltage
Output (load)
Current
13
Supply Voltage
Thyristor Voltage

14
Equations
vs = Vm sin t = i/p ac supply voltage
Vm = max. value of i/p ac supply voltage
Vm
VS = = RMS value of i/p ac supply voltage
2
vO = vL = output voltage across the load

15
When the thyristor is triggered at t =
vO = vL = Vm sin t ; t = to
vO
iO = iL = = Load current; t = to
R
Vm sin t
iO = iL = = I m sin t ; t = to
R
Vm
Where I m = = max. value of load current
R
16
To Derive an Expression for the
Average (DC)
Output Voltage Across The Load

17
2
1
VO( dc ) = Vdc =
2 v .d ( t );
0
O
vO = Vm sin t for t = to

1
VO( dc ) = Vdc = Vm sin t.d ( t )
2

1
VO( dc ) = Vm sin t.d ( t )
2
18

Vm
VO( dc ) = sin t .d ( t )
2

Vm
VO( dc ) = cos t
2
Vm
VO( dc ) = [ cos + cos ] ; cos = 1
2
Vm
VO( dc ) = [1 + cos ] ; Vm = 2VS
2
19
Maximum average (dc) o/p
voltage is obtained when = 0
and the maximum dc output voltage
Vm
Vdc( max ) = Vdm = (1 + cos 0 ) ; cos ( 0 ) = 1
2
Vm
Vdc( max ) = Vdm =

20
Vm
VO( dc ) = [1 + cos ] ; Vm = 2VS
2
The average dc output voltage can be varied
by varying the trigger angle from 0 to a
maximum of 180 ( radians ) 0
We can plot the control characteristic
(V (O dc ) )
vs by using the equation for VO( dc )
21
Control Characteristic
of
Single Phase Half Wave Phase
Controlled Rectifier
with
Resistive Load

22
The average dc output voltage is given by the
expression
Vm
VO( dc ) = [1 + cos ]
2
We can obtain the control characteristic by
plotting the expression for the dc output
voltage as a function of trigger angle
23
24
Control Characteristic
VO(dc)
Vdm
0.6Vdm
0.2 Vdm
0 60 120 180
Trigger angle in degrees
25
Normalizing the dc output
voltage with respect to Vdm , the
Normalized output voltage
Vm
(1 + cos )
= 2
Vdc
Vn =
Vdm Vm

Vdc 1
Vn = = (1 + cos ) = Vdcn
Vdm 2
26
To Derive An
Expression for the
RMS Value of Output Voltage
of a
Single Phase Half Wave Controlled
Rectifier With Resistive Load

27
The RMS output voltage is given by
1 2 2
VO( RMS ) = vO .d ( t )
2 0
Output voltage vO = Vm sin t ; for t = to
1
1 2 2 2
VO( RMS ) = Vm sin t.d ( t )
2
28
1 cos 2 t
By substituting sin t = 2
, we get
2
1
1 2 (1 cos 2 t ) 2
VO( RMS ) = Vm .d ( t )
2 2
1

Vm2 2
VO( RMS ) =
4
(1 cos 2 t ) .d ( t )
1
Vm2
2
VO( RMS ) = d ( t ) cos 2 t.d ( t )
4
29
1
Vm 1
sin 2 t

2
VO( RMS ) = ( t )
2 2

1
Vm 1 ( sin 2 sin 2 ) 2
VO( RMS ) = ( ) ;sin2 = 0
2 2
1
Vm 1 sin 2 2
VO( RMS ) = ( ) + 2
2
1
Vm sin 2 2
VO( RMS ) = ( ) +
2 2
30
Performance Parameters
Of

31
Output dc power (avg. or dc o/p
power delivered to the load)
PO( dc ) = VO( dc ) I O( dc ) ; i.e., Pdc = Vdc I dc
Where
VO( dc ) = Vdc = avg./ dc value of o/p voltage.
I O( dc ) = I dc = avg./dc value of o/p current
32
Output ac power
PO( ac ) = VO( RMS ) I O( RMS )
Efficiency of Rectification (Rectification Ratio)
PO( dc ) PO( dc )
Efficiency = ; % Efficiency = 100
PO( ac ) PO( ac )
The o/p voltage consists of two components
The dc component VO( dc )
The ac /ripple component Vac = Vr ( rms )
33
The total RMS value of output voltage is given by
VO( RMS ) = V 2
O ( dc )
+V 2
r ( rms )
Vac = Vr ( rms ) = V 2
O ( RMS )
V 2
O ( dc )
Form Factor (FF) which is a measure of the

shape of the output voltage is given by
VO( RMS ) RMS output ( load ) voltage
FF = =
VO( dc ) DC load output ( load ) voltage
34
The Ripple Factor (RF) w.r.t. o/p voltage w/f
Vr ( rms ) Vac
rv = RF = =
VO( dc ) Vdc
2
V 2
O ( RMS )
V 2
O ( dc ) VO( RMS )
rv = = 1
VO( dc ) VO( dc )
rv = FF 1 2

35
I r ( rms ) I ac
Current Ripple Factor ri = =
I O( dc ) I dc
Where I r ( rms ) = I ac = I 2
O ( RMS )
I 2
O ( dc )
Vr ( pp ) = peak to peak ac ripple output voltage

Vr ( pp ) = VO( max ) VO( min )
I r ( pp ) = peak to peak ac ripple load current
I r ( pp ) = I O( max ) I O( min )
36
Transformer Utilization Factor (TUF)
PO( dc )
TUF =
VS I S
Where
VS = RMS supply (secondary) voltage
I S = RMS supply (secondary) current
37
38
Where
vS = Supply voltage at the transformer secondary side
iS = i/p supply current
(transformer secondary winding current)
iS 1 = Fundamental component of the i/p supply current
I P = Peak value of the input supply current
= Phase angle difference between (sine wave
components) the fundamental components of i/p
supply current & the input supply voltage.
39
= Displacement angle (phase angle)
For an RL load
= Displacement angle = Load impedance angle
L 1
= tan for an RL load
R
Displacement Factor (DF) or
Fundamental Power Factor
DF = Cos
40
Harmonic Factor (HF) or
Total Harmonic Distortion Factor ; THD
1 1
I I IS
2
2

2 2 2
HF = = 1
S S1
2
I S1 I S 1
Where
I S = RMS value of input supply current.
I S 1 = RMS value of fundamental component of
the i/p supply current.
41
Input Power Factor (PF)
VS I S 1 I S1
PF = cos = cos
VS I S IS
The Crest Factor (CF)
I S ( peak ) Peak input supply current
CF = =
IS RMS input supply current
For an Ideal Controlled Rectifier
FF = 1; = 100% ; Vac = Vr ( rms ) = 0 ; TUF = 1;
RF = rv = 0 ; HF = THD = 0; PF = DPF = 1
42
Single Phase Half Wave
With
An
RL Load

43
44
Input Supply Voltage (Vs)
&
Thyristor (Output) Current
Waveforms

45
46
Output (Load)
Voltage Waveform

47
To Derive An Expression For
The Output
(Load) Current, During t = to
When Thyristor T1 Conducts

48
Assuming T1 is triggered t = ,
we can write the equation,
diO
L + RiO = Vm sin t ; t
dt
General expression for the output current,
t
Vm
iO = sin ( t ) + A1e
Z
49
Vm = 2VS = maximum supply voltage.
Z = R + ( L ) =Load impedance.
2 2
L
1
= tan = Load impedance angle.
R
L
= = Load circuit time constant.
R
general expression for the output load current
R
Vm t
iO = sin ( t ) + A1e L
Z
50
Constant A1 is calculated from

initial condition iO = 0 at t = ; t=

R
Vm t
iO = 0 = sin ( ) + A1e L
Z
R
t Vm
A1e =L
sin ( )
Z
We get the value of constant A1 as
R ( )
Vm
A1 = e Z sin ( )
L

51
Substituting the value of constant A1 in the
general expression for iO
R
Vm Vm
( t )
iO = sin ( t ) + e sin ( )
L
Z Z
we obtain the final expression for the
inductive load current
R
Vm ( t )
iO = sin ( t ) sin ( ) e L
;
Z
Where t
52
Extinction angle can be calculated by using
the condition that iO = 0 at t =
R
Vm ( t )
=0
Z
R
( )
sin ( ) = e L
sin ( )
can be calculated by solving the above eqn.
53
To Derive An Expression
For
Average (DC) Load Voltage of a
Single Half Wave Controlled
Rectifier with
RL Load

54
2
1
VO( dc ) = VL =
2 v .d (t )
0
O
1 2
VO( dc ) = VL = vO .d ( t ) + vO .d ( t ) + vO .d ( t )
2 0
vO = 0 for t = 0 to & for t = to 2

1
VO( dc ) = VL = vO .d ( t ) ;
2
vO = Vm sin t for t = to
55

1
VO( dc ) = VL = Vm sin t.d ( t )
2

Vm
VO( dc ) = VL = cos t
2
Vm
VO( dc ) = VL = ( cos cos )
2
Vm
VO( dc ) = VL = ( cos cos )
2
56
Effect of Load
Inductance on the Output
During the period t = to the

instantaneous o/p voltage is negative and
this reduces the average or the dc output
voltage when compared to a purely
resistive load.
57
Average DC Load Current
VO( dc ) Vm
I O( dc ) = I L( Avg ) = = ( cos cos )
RL 2 RL

58
Single Phase Half Wave Controlled
Rectifier
With RL Load
&
Free Wheeling Diode

59
T
i0
+
V0
+ R
Vs

~ FWD
L

60
vS
Supply voltage
0 2 3 t

iG
Gate pulses
0 t

iO Load current

t=
0 t
2+

vO
Load voltage
0 2 3 t


61
The average output voltage
Vm
Vdc = [1 + cos ] which is the same as that
2
of a purely resistive load.
The following points are to be noted
For low value of inductance, the load current
tends to become discontinuous.

62
During the period to
the load current is carried by the SCR.
During the period to load current is
carried by the free wheeling diode.
The value of depends on the value of
R and L and the forward resistance
of the FWD.
63
For Large Load Inductance
the load current does not reach zero, &
we obtain continuous load current
i0
t1 t2 t3 t4
SCR FWD SCR FWD

0
t
2 2+ 3

64
Single Phase Half Wave
Controlled Rectifier With
A
General Load

65
iO
R
+
~ vS
L
vO

+
E
66
E 1
= sin
Vm
For trigger angle < ,
the Thyristor conducts from t = to
For trigger angle > ,
the Thyristor conducts from t = to
67
vO Vm
Load voltage
2 t
0 2+
iO

Im
Load current
0 t
2+ 2+


68
Equations
vS = Vm sin t = Input supply voltage.
vO = Vm sin t = o/p ( load ) voltage
for t = to .
vO = E for t = 0 to &
for t = to 2 .
69
Expression for the Load Current
When the thyristor is triggered at a delay angle of
> , the eqn. for the circuit can be written as
diO
Vm sin t = iO R + L +E ; t
dt
The general expression for the output load
current can be written as
t
Vm E
iO = sin ( t ) + Ae
Z R
70
Where
Z = R + ( L ) = Load Impedance.
2 2
L 1
R
L
R
The general expression for the o/p current can
R
Vm E t
be written as iO = sin ( t ) + Ae L
Z R
71
To find the value of the constant
'A' apply the initial conditions at t = ,
load current iO = 0, Equating the general
expression for the load current to zero at
t = , we get
R
Vm E
iO = 0 = sin ( ) + Ae L
Z R
72
We obtain the value of constant 'A' as
R
E V L
A = sin ( ) e
m
R Z
Substituting the value of the constant 'A' in the
expression for the load current; we get the
complete expression for the output load current as
R
Vm E E Vm ( t )
iO = sin ( t ) + sin ( ) e L
Z R R Z
73
To Derive
An
Expression For The Average
Or
DC Load Voltage

74
2
1
VO( dc ) =
2 v .d ( t )
0
O
1 2
VO( dc ) = vO .d ( t ) + vO .d ( t ) + vO .d ( t )
2 0
vO = Vm sin t = Output load voltage for t = to
vO = E for t = 0 to & for t = to 2
1 2
VO( dc ) = E.d ( t ) + Vm sin t + E.d ( t )
2 0
75
2
1

VO( dc ) = E ( t ) + Vm ( cos t ) + E ( t )
2 0

1
VO( dc ) = E ( 0 ) Vm ( cos cos ) + E ( 2 )
2
Vm E
VO( dc ) = ( cos cos ) + ( 2 + )
2 2
Vm 2 ( )
VO( dc ) = ( cos cos ) + E
2 2
76
Conduction angle of thyristor = ( )
RMS Output Voltage can be calculated

by using the expression
2
1 2
VO( RMS ) = vO .d ( t )
2 0
77
Single Phase
Full Wave Controlled Rectifier
Using A
Center Tapped Transformer

78
T1
A
+
vO
R L
AC O
Supply
T2
B
79
Discontinuous
Load Current Operation
without FWD
for
< < ( + )

80
vO Vm
t
0

iO

t
0
2 3
(+) (+)
81
To Derive An Expression For
The Output
(Load) Current, During t = to
When Thyristor T1 Conducts

82
Assuming T1 is triggered t = ,
we can write the equation,
diO
L + RiO = Vm sin t ; t
dt
General expression for the output current,
t
Vm
iO = sin ( t ) + A1e
Z
83
Vm = 2VS = maximum supply voltage.
Z = R + ( L ) =Load impedance.
2 2
L
1
R
L
R
general expression for the output load current
R
Vm t
iO = sin ( t ) + A1e L
Z
84
Constant A1 is calculated from

initial condition iO = 0 at t = ; t=

R
Vm t
iO = 0 = sin ( ) + A1e L
Z
R
t Vm
A1e =L
sin ( )
Z
We get the value of constant A1 as
R ( )
Vm
A1 = e Z sin ( )
L

85
Substituting the value of constant A1 in the
general expression for iO
R
Vm Vm
( t )
iO = sin ( t ) + e sin ( )
L
Z Z
we obtain the final expression for the
inductive load current
R
Vm ( t )
;
Z
Where t
86
Extinction angle can be calculated by using
the condition that iO = 0 at t =
R
Vm ( t )
=0
Z
R
( )
sin ( ) = e L
sin ( )
can be calculated by solving the above eqn.
87
To Derive An Expression For The DC
Output Voltage Of
A Single Phase Full Wave Controlled
Rectifier With RL Load
(Without FWD)

88
vO Vm
t
0

iO

t
0
2 3
(+) (+)
89

1
VO( dc ) = Vdc = vO .d ( t )
t=

1

Vm
VO( dc ) = Vdc = cos t

Vm
VO( dc ) = Vdc = ( cos cos )
90
When the load inductance is negligible ( i.e., L 0 )
Extinction angle = radians
Hence the average or dc output voltage for R load
Vm
VO( dc ) = ( cos cos )

Vm
VO( dc ) =

( cos ( 1) )
Vm
VO( dc ) = (1 + cos ) ; for R load, when =

91
To calculate the RMS output voltage we use
the expression

1 2 2

92
Discontinuous Load Current
Operation with FWD

93
vO Vm
t
0

iO

t
0
2 3
(+) (+)
94
Thyristor T1 is triggered at t = ;
T1 conducts from t = to
Thyristor T2 is triggered at t = ( + ) ;
T2 conducts from t = ( + ) to 2
FWD conducts from t = to &
vO 0 during discontinuous load current.
95
To Derive an Expression
For The
DC Output Voltage For
A
Single Phase Full Wave Controlled
Rectifier
With RL Load & FWD
96

1
vO .d ( t )

VO( dc ) = Vdc =
t =0

1
VO( dc ) = Vdc = V sin t.d ( t )
m

Vm

Vm
VO( dc ) = Vdc = [ cos + cos ] ; cos = 1

Vm
VO( dc ) = Vdc = (1 + cos )

97
The load current is discontinuous for low values
of load inductance and for large values of
trigger angles.
For large values of load inductance the load
current flows continuously without falling to
zero.
Generally the load current is continuous for
large load inductance and for low trigger angles.
98
Continuous Load Current
Operation
(Without FWD)

99
vO Vm
t
0
iO

t
0
2 3
(+) (2+)
100
To Derive
An Expression For
Average / DC Output Voltage
Of
Single Phase Full Wave Controlled
Rectifier For Continuous Current
Operation without FWD

101
vO Vm
t
0
iO

t
0
2 3
(+) (2+)
102
( + )
1
VO( dc ) = Vdc = vO .d ( t )
t=
( + )

1

( + )
Vm

103
VO( dc ) = Vdc
Vm
= cos cos ( + ) ;

cos ( + ) = cos
Vm
VO( dc ) = Vdc = [cos + cos ]

2Vm
VO( dc ) = Vdc = cos

104
By plotting VO(dc) versus ,
we obtain the control characteristic of a single
phase full wave controlled rectifier with RL
load for continuous load current operation
without FWD

105
Vdc = Vdm cos

106
VO(dc)
Vdc = Vdm cos
Vdm
0.6Vdm
0.2 Vdm

0
30 60 90 120 150 180
-0.2Vdm
-0.6 Vdm
-Vdm
107
By varying the trigger angle we can vary the
output dc voltage across the load. Hence we can
control the dc output power flow to the load.
For trigger a ngle , 0 to 90 0
( i.e., 0 90 ) ;
0
cos is positive and hence Vdc is positive

Vdc & I dc are positive ; Pdc = (Vdc I dc ) is positive
Converter operates as a Controlled Rectifier.
Power flow is from the ac source to the loa d.
108
For trigger angle , 90 0 to 180 0
( i .e., 90 0
180 0
),
cos is negative and hence
Vdc is negative; I dc is positive ;
Pdc = (Vdc I dc ) is negative.
In this case the converter operates
as a Line Co mmutated In verter.
Power flows from the load ckt. to the i/p ac source.
The inductive load energy is fed back to the
i/p sou rce.
109
Drawbacks Of Full Wave
With Centre Tapped Transformer
We require a centre tapped transformer which
is quite heavier and bulky.
Cost of the transformer is higher for the
required dc output voltage & output power.
Hence full wave bridge converters are
preferred.

110
Single Phase
Full Wave Bridge Controlled Rectifier
2 types of FW Bridge Controlled Rectifiers are
Half Controlled Bridge Converter
(Semi-Converter)
Fully Controlled Bridge Converter
(Full Converter)
The bridge full wave controlled rectifier does not
require a centre tapped transformer
111
Single Phase
Full Wave Half Controlled Bridge
Converter
(Single Phase Semi Converter)

112
113
Trigger Pattern of Thyristors
Thyristor T1 is triggered at
t = , at t = ( 2 + ) ,...
Thyristor T2 is triggered at
t = ( + ) , at t = ( 3 + ) ,...
The time delay between the gating
signals of T1 & T2 = radians or 180 0

114
Waveforms of
single phase semi-converter
with general load & FWD
for > 900

115
Single Quadrant
Operation
116
117
118
Thyristor T1 & D1 conduct
from t = to
Thyristor T2 & D2 conduct
from t = ( + ) to 2
FWD conducts during
t = 0 to , to ( + ) ,...
119
Load Voltage & Load Current
Waveform of Single Phase Semi
Converter for
< 900
& Continuous load current operation

120
vO Vm
t
0

iO

t
0
2 3
(+) (2+)
121
To Derive an Expression
For The
DC Output Voltage of
A
Single Phase Semi-Converter With
R,L, & E Load & FWD
For Continuous, Ripple Free Load
Current Operation
122

1
vO .d ( t )

VO( dc ) = Vdc =
t =0

1
VO( dc ) = Vdc = V sin t.d ( t )
m

Vm

Vm
VO( dc ) = Vdc = [ cos + cos ] ; cos = 1

Vm
VO( dc ) = Vdc = (1 + cos )

123
Vdc can be varied from a max.
2Vm
value of to 0 by varying from 0 to .

For = 0, The max. dc o/p voltage obtained is
2Vm
Vdc( max ) = Vdm =

Normalized dc o/p voltage is
Vm
Vdc (
1 + cos )
1
Vdcn = Vn = = = (1 + cos )
Vdn 2Vm 2

124
RMS O/P Voltage VO(RMS)
1

2 2
2 2
2
1

Vm2 2
VO( RMS ) =
2
(1 cos 2 t ) .d ( t )
1
Vm 1 sin 2 2
VO( RMS ) = + 2
2
125
Single Phase Full Wave
Full Converter
(Fully Controlled Bridge
Converter)
With R,L, & E Load

126
127
Waveforms of
Single Phase Full Converter
Assuming Continuous (Constant
Load Current)
&
Ripple Free Load Current

128
129
130
iO Constant Load Current
iO=Ia
Ia
t
+
iT1 Ia Ia
& iT2 t
+ 2+
iT3 Ia
& iT4 t
+ 2+ 3+
131
To Derive
An Expression For
The Average DC Output Voltage of a
Single Phase Full Converter
assuming
Continuous & Constant Load Current

132
The average dc output voltage
can be determined by using the expression
2
1
VO( dc ) = Vdc = vO .d ( t ) ;
2 0
The o/p voltage waveform consists of two o/p
pulses during the input supply time period of
0 to 2 radians. Hence the Average or dc
o/p voltage can be calculated as
133
+
2
2
2Vm
[ cos t ]
+
VO( dc ) = Vdc =
2
2Vm

134
Maximum average dc output voltage is
calculated for a trigger angle = 0 0
and is obtained as
2Vm 2Vm
Vdc( max ) = Vdm = cos ( 0 ) =

2Vm
Vdc( max ) = Vdm =

135
The normalized average output voltage is given by
VO( dc ) Vdc
Vdcn = Vn = =
Vdc( max ) Vdm
2Vm
cos
Vdcn = Vn = = cos
2Vm

136
By plotting VO(dc) versus ,
we obtain the control characteristic of a
single phase full wave fully controlled
bridge converter
(single phase full converter)
for constant & continuous
load current operation.
137
To plot the control characteristic of a
Single Phase Full Converter for constant
& continuous load current operation.
We use the equation for the average/ dc
output voltage
2Vm

138
139
VO(dc)
Vdc = Vdm cos
Vdm
0.6Vdm
0.2 Vdm

0
30 60 90 120 150 180
-0.2Vdm
-0.6 Vdm
-Vdm
140
During the period from t = to the input
voltage vS and the input current iS are both
positive and the power flows from the supply
to the load.
The converter is said to be operated in the
rectification mode
Controlled Rectifier Operation
for 0 < < 900
141
During the period from t = to (+), the
input voltage vS is negative and the input
current iS is positive and the output power
becomes negative and there will be reverse
power flow from the load circuit to the supply.
The converter is said to be operated in the
inversion mode.
Line Commutated Inverter Operation
for 900 < < 1800
142
Two Quadrant Operation
of a Single Phase Full Converter
0< < 900
Operation
900< <1800
Line Commutated
Inverter Operation
143
To Derive An
Expression For The
RMS Value Of The Output Voltage
The rms value of the output voltage
is calculated as
2
1 2
VO( RMS ) = vO .d ( t )
2 0
144
The single phase full converter gives two
output voltage pulses during the input supply
time period and hence the single phase full
converter is referred to as a two pulse converter.
The rms output voltage can be calculated as
+
2
= vO .d ( t )
2
VO( RMS )
2
145
+
1
= Vm sin t.d ( t )
2 2
VO( RMS )

+
V 2

= sin t.d ( t )
m 2
VO( RMS )

V +2
(1 cos 2 t )
.d ( t )
=
m
VO( RMS )
2
+ +
V 2

= d ( t ) cos 2 t.d ( t )
m
VO( RMS )
2
146
+ +
V 2
sin 2 t
= ( t )
m
VO( RMS )
2 2
V 2
sin 2 ( + ) sin 2
= ( + )
m
VO( RMS )
2 2
V 2
sin ( 2 + 2 ) sin 2
= ( )
m
VO( RMS ) ;
2 2
sin ( 2 + 2 ) = sin 2
147
V sin 2 sin 2
2
VO( RMS ) = ( )
m

2 2
2 2
V V Vm
VO( RMS ) = ( ) 0 =
m
= m
2 2 2
Vm
VO( RMS ) = = VS
2
Hence the rms output voltage is same as the
rms input supply voltage
148
Thyristor Current Waveforms

149
iO Constant Load Current
iO=Ia
Ia
t
+
iT1 Ia Ia
& iT2 t
+ 2+
iT3 Ia
& iT4 t
+ 2+ 3+
150
The rms thyristor current can be
calculated as
I O( RMS )
IT ( RMS ) =
2
The average thyristor current can be
calculated as
I O( dc )
IT ( Avg ) =
2
151
Single Phase Dual Converter

152
153
154
155
The average dc output voltage of converter 1 is
2Vm
Vdc1 = cos 1

The average dc output voltage of converter 2 is
2Vm
Vdc 2 = cos 2

156
In the dual converter operation one
converter is operated as a controlled rectifier
with < 90 & the second converter is
0
operated as a line commutated inverter

in the inversion mode with > 90 0
Vdc1 = Vdc 2
157
2Vm 2Vm 2Vm
cos 1 = cos 2 = ( cos 2 )

cos 1 = cos 2
or
cos 2 = cos 1 = cos ( 1 )
2 = ( 1 ) or
(1 + 2 ) = radians
Which gives
2 = ( 1 )
158
To Obtain an Expression
for the
Instantaneous Circulating Current

159
vO1 = Instantaneous o/p voltage of converter 1.
vO2 = Instantaneous o/p voltage of converter 2.
The circulating current ir can be determined by
integrating the instantaneous voltage difference
(which is the voltage drop across the circulating
current reactor Lr), starting from t = (2 - 1).
As the two average output voltages during the
interval t = (+1) to (2 - 1) are equal and
opposite their contribution to the instantaneous
circulating current ir is zero.
160
1 t
ir = vr .d ( t ) ; vr = ( vO1 vO 2 )
Lr ( 2 1 )
As the o/p voltage vO 2 is negative
vr = ( vO1 + vO 2 )
1 t
ir = ( vO1 + vO 2 ) .d ( t ) ;
Lr ( 2 1 )
vO1 = Vm sin t for ( 2 1 ) to t
161
Vm t t
ir = sin t.d ( t ) sin t.d ( t )
Lr ( 2 1 ) ( 2 1 )
2Vm
ir = ( cos t cos 1 )
Lr
The instantaneous value of the circulating current
depends on the delay angle.
162
For trigger angle (delay angle) 1 = 0,
the magnitude of circulating current becomes min.
when t = n , n = 0, 2, 4,.... & magnitude becomes
max. when t = n , n = 1,3,5,....
If the peak load current is I p , one of the
converters that controls the power flow
may carry a peak current of
4Vm
Ip + ,
Lr
163
where
Vm
I p = I L( max ) = ,
RL
&
4Vm
ir ( max ) = = max. circulating current
Lr
164
The Dual Converter
Can Be Operated
In Two Different Modes Of Operation
Non-circulating current (circulating current

free) mode of operation.
Circulating current mode of operation.

165
Non-Circulating
Current Mode of Operation
In this mode only one converter is operated at a
time.
When converter 1 is ON, 0 < 1 < 900
Vdc is positive and Idc is positive.
When converter 2 is ON, 0 < 2 < 900
Vdc is negative and Idc is negative.

166
Circulating
Current Mode Of Operation
In this mode, both the converters are switched

ON and operated at the same time.
The trigger angles 1 and 2 are adjusted such
that (1 + 2) = 1800 ; 2 = (1800 - 1).

167
When 0 <1 <900, converter 1 operates as a
controlled rectifier and converter 2 operates as
an inverter with 900 <2<1800.
In this case Vdc and Idc, both are positive.
When 900 <1 <1800, converter 1 operates as
an Inverter and converter 2 operated as a
controlled rectifier by adjusting its trigger
angle 2 such that 0 <2<900.
In this case Vdc and Idc, both are negative.
168
Four Quadrant Operation
Conv. 2 Conv. 1
Inverting Rectifying
2 > 900 1 < 900
Conv. 2 Conv. 1
Rectifying Inverting
2 < 900 1 > 900
169
Advantages of Circulating
Current Mode Of Operation
The circulating current maintains continuous
conduction of both the converters over the
complete control range, independent of the
load.
One converter always operates as a rectifier
and the other converter operates as an inverter,
the power flow in either direction at any time is
possible.
170
As both the converters are in continuous
conduction we obtain faster dynamic response.
i.e., the time response for changing from one
quadrant operation to another is faster.

171
Disadvantages of Circulating Current Mode
Of Operation
There is always a circulating current flowing
between the converters.
When the load current falls to zero, there will be a
circulating current flowing between the converters
so we need to connect circulating current reactors in
order to limit the peak circulating current to safe
level.
The converter thyristors should be rated to carry a
peak current much greater than the peak load
current.
172

Controlled Rectifiers - Single Phase

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Controlled Rectifiers - Single Phase

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Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 1

Type of input: Fixed voltage, fixed frequency

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Single Phase Controlled Rectifiers.

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We can plot the control characteristic

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Form Factor (FF) which is a measure of the

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Vr ( pp ) = peak to peak ac ripple output voltage

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During the period t = to the

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SCR FWD SCR FWD

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RMS Output Voltage can be calculated

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cos is positive and hence Vdc is positive

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operated as a line commutated inverter

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Non-circulating current (circulating current

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In this mode, both the converters are switched