Environmental Pollution Control

CHE F411

Ajaya Kumar Pani

BITS Pilani Department of Chemical Engineering
B.I.T.S-Pilani, Pilani Campus
Pilani Campus
 Lecture-1
02-08-2017
BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus
 Introduction
BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus
CHE F411Environmental Pollution Control

Air pollution deaths expected to rise because of

climate change
Dont drink from these polluted Bengaluru rivers! (1st
August)
SC seeks clarity on pollution from crackers (30th July)
Doctors to educate patients on pollution (29th July)
Underweight, premature infant birth has another
reason Pollution (28th July)
Pay Rs 10 lakh for pollution in Mathura: NGT to
Cantonment Board (26th July)

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Introduction

Nature has enough for satisfying everybodys need but not

for anybodys greed.
Desire for more and more comfort
Nature has created the coal and petroleum in millions of years
and we have exhausted them in hundreds of years.
In the last 300 years we have consumed most of the coal and
almost all of the petroleum products.
Out of the 1,30,000 MW installed capacity of electricity
production in India about 66% is by fossil fuels (coal+
petroleum products), 24% by hydropower, 4% by nuclear
means and only 6% by renewable energy resources like solar,
wind, biomass including small hydropower plants

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ENERGY CONSUMTION AND

DEMAND
Improvements in technology for discovery and utilization of
fossil fuels.
Two main reasons for this growth in energy consumption
Exponential growth of worlds population
Per capita energy consumption rate which is also
exponential

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Acid Rain
Acid rain" is a popular term referring to the deposition of wet (rain, snow, sleet, fog,
cloudwater, and dew) and dry (acidifying particles and gases) acidic
components.

Distilled water, once carbon dioxide is removed, has a neutral pH of 7. Liquids with
a pH less than 7 are acidic, and those with a pH greater than 7 are alkaline.
"Clean" or unpolluted rain has an acidic pH, but usually no lower than 5.7,
because carbon dioxide and water in the air react together to form carbonic
acid, a weak acid according to the following reaction:
H2O (l) + CO2 (g) H2CO3 (aq) H++ HCO3 -

Carbonic acid is a weak acid and the acidity in rainwater can be quickly neutralized
in contact with materials. But the presence of sulphuric acid or nitric acid in the
atmosphere can lower the pH of rain droplers below 5.6 and such rain is
considered as acidic
It can affect biota of aquatic ecosystem { limited carbonate-bicarbonate natural
buffering capacity}

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Greenhouse effect
The Earth receives energy from the Sun in the form UV, visible, and
near IR radiation
most of the radiation passes through the atmosphere without being
absorbed or reflected.
Of the total amount of energy available at the top of the atmosphere
(TOA), about 26% is reflected back out to space by the atmosphere
and clouds and 19% is absorbed by the atmosphere and clouds.
Most of the remaining energy is absorbed at the Earth's surface.
The surface radiates thermal radiation that consists of wavelengths
that are much longer than the wavelengths that were absorbed
Most of this thermal radiation is absorbed by the atmosphere,
thereby warming it
The atmosphere radiates energy both upwards and downwards; the
part radiated downwards is absorbed by the Earth's surface. This
leads to a higher equilibrium temperature than if the atmosphere
were absent.

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By their percentage
contribution to the
greenhouse effect on Earth
the four major gases are
water vapor, 3670%
carbon dioxide, 9
26%
methane, 49%
ozone, 37%

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Carbon Emissions and Global

Warming
Climate change and increasing concentrations of the so called
greenhouse gases

CO2 CH4 , N2O, O3 and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs ) in the

atmosphere due to human activities are reasons for
environmental problems
These gases magnify the natural green house effect and will
increase the formation of water vapor thus enhancing the
warming trend
ozone, nitrous oxide and CFC are now banned by international
treaty because of their damaging effect on earths protective
ozone layer.. But in India it is still in use
Energy and related activities contribute 50% and industry has
share of 24%

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Carbon Emmissions and

Global Warming
Impact :

Global avg tem to increase by 0.3 deg C per decade in next 100 yrs
Severe climatological changes

Alter the sea level , ( thermal expansion of earth surface and rapid melting
of galciers and ice caps)

US EPA- anywhere from 1 and half meter by 2100 with diastrous

consequences

Low lying countries such as bangladesh and netherlands would be

devasted by such rises Eastern Himalays glaciers will vanish by 2035

Rising sea water- Cascading effects

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Reduction in Carbon
Emissions
Control strategy to reduce the emissions Carbon emissions: 1989- 5764 million
tonnes

Projected to double by 2020 if the current trend is maintained

To stabilize the Concentration of CO2 SCIENTIST BELIEVE TO CUT THE Global

emissions by 2 billions tonnes annually

---Use of coal curtailed by 90%

----Oil by 50%

Technologies to be used : Energy efficient technology, combined cycle (25%), forest

related technologies bomass ased, solar-thermal and solar-photovoltaic
technologies

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Impact of Urban Areas

Impact of Hydroelectric and Nuclear Energy:

Worlds Hydroelectric power production is half that of produced

by fossil fuels .

Industrial developed regions of Africa, South America and south

east Asia which represent 60% of world total

India- 41000 MW ( more than 50% of total potential)

Construction of large dams affects hydrology, terrestrial system

and aquatic system, salinity, turbidity reduction, serious
depletion of fisheries

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Impact of Urban Areas

Nuclear Energy:

3 % of India Electricity generations

Ambitious plans to have installed nuclear capacity of 10000 MW by year 2000 ( not realized)

Uranium reserves in India are 67000 tonnes of U3O8 13000 present in monazite sands

Advantage: Air pollution is less, radioactive emissions can be kept very low

Land use optimum (1/17 of required for coal Uranium )

Fear- Radiation hazard , inhalation of radon gas and

its decay products,

this cause cancer, genetic damage)

22

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Chemical Pollution
5 million chemicals have been synthesized in the world in last 40 years They are
synthesized without proper technological and toxicology reports

Steel, non ferrous metals fertilizers and petroleum are the sources of lead, zinc
arsenic, nickel, beryllium and mercury. Greater threat to environment than SO2

Arsenic occurs in phosphate rock

Slowly accumlates in the body and excreates slowly Zinc toxicity is iron deficiency
anaemia

Indiscrimate use of DDTlinks to food chaib and accumulate in human body

Pesticide residues are in all varieties of food like milk, fish, fruits and vegetables

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Marine Pollution
Human activities include 75% of marine pollution worldwide Entry sources
such as sewage, forestry and pathogens, heavy metals

50% of oil pollutions comes from land as runoff from cars, heavy
machineries and industries

The discharge of nutrients and sediments into the sea cause algal blooms,
deplete water of oxygen impede photosynthesis

Destroy marine lifes

Spread diseases like cholera and typhoid. Pesticides cause disease in fish.
DDT and fat soluble toxicants are way up in the food chain and
accumulate in the fat of marine animals

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Ozone Depletion
Ozone layer in the stratosphere serves as a shield protecting the
earth surface from the suns deadly ultraviolet radiation . As
ozone absorbs UV radiation it is broken down into oxygen
molecule and an electronically excited oxygen radical. The
oxygen molecule and oxygen radical then recombine to form
a new ozone molecule available to absorb more UV radiation.
Chlorofuorocarbons (CFC) when used in air condition and
refrigeration were valued for their stable and non toxic
properties. The highly stable CFC produced in lower
troposphere pass the zone without any change and reach

stratosphere. Here they are impacted by UV radiation and

release destructive chlorine atoms

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Ozone Depletion
Cl+O3ClO+O2(step 1)

ClO+O.Cl+O2(step 2)

The above reaction also removes oxygen radical thus preventing it from recombining As seen there is no net
consumption of Cl atoms and merely act as a catalyst for the

reaction. Thus one atom can convert many ozone molecules to ordinary oxygen molecules before ultimately
forming a stable product .

Reactions are actively swift

Downward trend due to international regulations

New Processes such as HCFC and HFC (as sunstitutes much lower affect or zero affect)

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Environmental disasters

Chernobyl
Bhopal
Kuwaiti Oil Fires
Love Canal
The Exxon Valdez
Tokaimura Nuclear Plant
The Aral Sea
Seveso Dioxin Cloud
Minamata Disease
Three Mile Island

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Pollution Control Authorities

MOEF
CPCB
SPCBs
NGT

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Systematic pollution of our environment is one of the

biggest hazards faced by humanity today
Task of preserving the purity of environment is of utmost
significance
Two most pressing demands are (1) protection of
environment (2) efficient use of natural resources
There is need of technical manpower who could develop
and implement effective means for protecting the
environment

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Environmental engineering

The application of science and engineering principles,

under constraint, to the protection and enhancement of
the quality of the environment and to the enhancement
and protection of public health and welfare

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What kinds of pollution are

there?

Water

Pollution

Solid
Air
Waste
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Course outline
To understand the challenges of air borne pollutants and
master the methods to control them
To understand the challenges of water borne pollutants
and master the methods to control them
To understand the challenges of solid waste and master
the methods to control them
To acquire skill in designing and/or capacity enhancement
of air pollution control equipments, water treatment
processes, solid waste disposal and control processes
To become aware of the various Indian laws and
regulation related to pollution control

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Course outline
Text Book

T1. Davis, M. L. and D. A. Cornwell, Introduction to Environmental

Engineering, McGraw Hill, New York, 5th ed., 2013.
T2. Rao, C.S., Environmental Pollution Control Engineering, New Age
International 2nd Ed., 2006.

Reference Books

R1. Sincero A. P., Sincero G. A., Environmental Engineering: A Design

Approach, PHI, 1996.
R2. Peavy, H.S., Rowe, D.R. and Technobanolous, G., Environmental
Engineering McGraw Hill, 1985.
Research papers from different journals

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Course outline
Referen Learning
Module No Lecture Session
ce Outcome
To know the
L1.1 Introduction, global different
warming, green house effect, Ch. 9, types of air
climate change, river T1 pollutants,
pollution etc. Significance of Ch. 1, their sources
Environmental Engineering T2 & effects.
course, Handout discussion Awareness
1. Introduction, Air about the
pollution: sources & effects Air act
L1.2 Definition and Scales of
Concentration, Classification
Ch. 2 T2
and Properties of Air Pollutants
Emission Sources

L1.3 Effects of air

Ch. 2 T2
pollution, The air act
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Course outline
L2.1 Types of pollutant sampling and To study the
measurments, Ambient Air Sampling types of air
2. Air pollution sampling & pollutants
Ch. 3, T2
measurement L2.2 Stack Sampling, Analysis of Air sampling &
Pollutants measurement.

L3.1 Temperature Lapse rate and To study the

Stability meteorological
L3.2 Wind Velocity and Turbulence, conditions
Plume Behaviour prevailing in the
atmosphere,
L3.3 Dispersion of Air Pollutants which affect the
dispersion of
L3.4 Estimation of Plume Rise
3. Meteorological aspects of air Ch. 9, T1 pollutants
pollutant dispersion Ch. 4 T2 emitted into the
atmosphere.
L3.5 Application of Gaussian Plume
model for estimating pollutant
concentration at any place

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Course outline
L4.1 Types of control, efficiency To study
calculation, various types of different
particulate emission control control
methods methods for
L4.2 gravity settling chamber, removal of
cyclone separator particulates
from air.
L4.3Bag filter, electrostatic
precipitator
4. Air pollution control methods Ch. 9, T1
and equipment L4.4 Gaseous pollutant removal: Ch. 5 T2
Absorption

L4.5 Gaseous pollutant removal:

Adsorption, combustion

L4.6 Gaseous pollutant removal

(centrifugal and venturi scrubber)

L4.7 Control of specific gaseous

pollutants (SOx, NOx, CO)
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Course outline
To know the different
L5.1 Water Resources, Origin of wastewater, Types
types of water pollutants
of Water Pollutants and their effects & their effects.
L5.2 Dissolved oxygen estimation, DO sag
curve Ch. 7, T1
5. Sources & classification of water pollutants
Ch 6 T2
L5.3Ultimate BOD determination using Thomas
method

L5.4 Types of water pollutants, The water act

To study the different

L6.1 Sampling, Method of Analysis(Understanding
methods of analysis of
of concepts of DO, BOD, COD, TOC) water pollutants.
L6.2 analysis of DO, BOD, COD, TOC
6. Wastewater sampling and analysis Ch 7, T2
L6.3 Determination of Inorganic Substances,
Physical Characteristics, Bacteriological
Measurements, Water Quality Standards

L7.1 Basic Processes of Water Treatment, To study the primary,

Pretreatment, Screening, Sedimentation, secondary and advanced
treatment methods for
L7.2 Discrete settling phenomenon, design of water and wastewater.
sedimentation tank
L7.3 biological treatment, study and design of
7. Wastewater treatment Ch. 8, T1
activated sludge process
L7.4 zone settling process, design of secondary
clarifier
L7.5 ultrafiltration, microstraining, adsorption
L7.6 Reverse osmosis, ion exchange

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L8.1 Solid waste: Sources and Classification, To know the sources

Public Health Aspects, Methods of Collection, of solid wastes, their
11, T1 types, effects,
Disposal Methods, Potential Methods of
methods of collection
disposal
& methods of
L8.2 Hazardous Wastes : Definition and disposal. To study
Sources, Hazardous Waste Classification hazardous waste
management
L8.3 Potentially Non Compatible Wastes, including radioactive
Hazardous Waste Management Strategy, waste management.
8. Solid and Hazardous waste management Treatment Methods, Solidification and Ch 12 T1
Stabilization

L8.4 solid waste management regulation,

hazardous waste management regulation

L8.5 Basics of radioactivity & radiation,

Ch. 11, T1
effects of radiation and protection methods
L8.6 types of radioactive wastes, disposal
Ch. 11, T1
methods
L 9.1 characteristics of sound wave, sources of To know the sources
noise, effects of noise pollution, its
effects, measurement
9. Noise pollution Ch.10, T1 of noise & control
L9.2 measurement of noise, control techniques,
techniques for noise
noise regulation act
pollution.

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Evaluation Scheme
Weightage
EC Evaluation Duration % Date, Time & Nature of
No. Component (Marks) Venue Component

During
1. Surprise Quizzes lecture 16 CB*
hour

Assignments/Semi **
2. 14
nar
CB and/or
3. Mid Semester Test 90 min 30 -
OB

Comprehensive CB
4. 3 hr. 40
Exam. and/or

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