Physical Science

Is the study of inanimate natural objects including physics, chemistry, astronomy, and other related subjects.

Matter
Anything that has mass and occupies space. BIG BANG
Composed of tiny particles called atoms.
QUARKS
Composition of Universe
92 Elements from Lightest H to the heaviest U. PROTON NEUTRON

ATOM
Nuclear Reaction
Collision of two elements and describes the birth life and death of the stars. 73% - Hydrogen

25% - Helium
Synthetic Elements
3% - Others
Made by the scientists in the laboratory.

Nucleo Synthesis
Nucleus putting together.
Combining the simple nuclei or atomic particle by nuclear reaction.

Mass Upper part / Charge Lower Part

Atom
Basic building blocks of matter.
Smallest complete unit of an element.

Components of an Atom
PROTON = Positive Charge NEUTRON = No net charge
ELECTRON = Negative Charge NUCLEUS = Protons + Neutrons

8 Philosophers (T.A.H.P.E.A.L.D.)
Thales Water Empedocles Combinations and Proportions
Anaximenes Air Aristotle Infinitely divisible
Heraclitus Fire Leucippus Atomos means indivisible
Pythagoras Various combinations of 4 elements Democritus Student of Leucippus
Characteristics of an Atom Atomic Number = Number of protons
Invisible because it is so small. Atomic Mass = The number of protons + the number
Solid, spherical, not empty of neutrons.
Surrounded by an empty space
Immeasurable number of shapes
Isotopes
Atoms that have the same number of protons,
ALCHEMY or The Dark Age of Atomism but have different number of neutrons.
Medicine
Continued the study after 2000 years.
What are we made of?
Particles (Matter)
Pierre Gassendi
French priest philosopher.
Composition of Matter
Rejects the idea that matter is infinitely
divisible. Empedocles
- Thought that matter was made up
of four elements.
Robert Boyle Democritus
Father of Chemistry - Viewed matter as being made of
Propose the similar idea through the atomos but he had no way of
experiment of gas. testing.
3 States of Matter
The 5 Models of an Atom Solid Rigid substance
Liquid Definite volume but takes the shape
Daltons Billiard Ball Model
of container.
Thomsons Plum Pudding Model
Gas Takes the shape and volume of its
Rutherfords Model of Atom container.
Bohrs Planetary Model of the Atom
Schrodingers Electron Cloud Model
Melting (Solid Liquid)
1. Daltons Billiard Ball Model Distillation (Gas Liquid)
Atoms couldnt be divided. Evaporation (Liquid Gas)
Atoms were indestructible. Freezing (Liquid Solid)

2. Thomsons Plum Pudding Model

MATTER
Composed of Electrons surrounded by a soup
of positive charge.
MIXTURE PURE SUBSTANCE

3. Rutherfords Model of Atom HOMO HETERO ELEMENT COMPOUND

Mostly empty space
Small, positive nucleus One Two or One Two
Element more Atom Atom
4. Bohrs Planetary Model of the Atom element

Electrons move in definite orbits.

5. Schrodingers Electron Cloud Model

Wave Model
Spherical cloud of varying density.
Plasma Dispersion Forces
Is an ionized gas. Ion-induced Dipole
Is a very good conductor of electricity and is Dipole-Induced Dipole
affected by magnetic fields.
Hydrogen Bond
Radioactivity and the Nuclear Reaction Strongest
Between the hydrogen atom in a polar.
Ernest Rutherford
Developed a nuclear model of the atom. Ion-Dipole Forces
Discovered the 3 types of radiation. Between an ion and a polar molecule.

1.) Alpha () = Positively charged particle. Dipole-Dipole Forces

2.) Beta () = Negatively charged particle. Between polar molecules.
3.) Gamma (y) = Uncharged ray.
Alpha Emission Dispersion Forces
The radioactive nuclide is changed into an Weakest
element with an atomic number and mass London Forces
number. Arise as a result of temporary dipole induced.

Beta Emission Ion-Induced Dipole

Proton to Neutron 1 ion and 1 non-polar.

Positron Emission Dipole Induced Dipole

Neutron to Proton 1 polar and 1 non-polar.

Electron Capture Non-Polar = Dispersion

Proton combine proton to form neutron. Polar = Dipole-Dipole
Ionic = Ion-Dipole
Polarity of a Molecule
Non-polar = 0.0 to 0.4 Chemical Reactions
Polar = 0.5 to 1.6
Making new substance
Ionic = 1.7 to any number
Process in which one set of substance
reactants is converted.
Intermolecular Forces
Are attractive forces between molecules. Factors Affecting Rate of Reaction
Weaker than Intramolecular Forces.
Concentration of reactants
Particle Size
Intramolecular Forces - The amount of surface area is
considered.
Hold atoms together in a molecule. Temperature
- Leads to increase kinetic energy.
6 Types of Intermolecular Forces Presence of Catalyst
- Sensitive to heat and the
Hydrogen Bond reactants.
Ion-Dipole Forces
Dipole-dipole Forces
Amounts of Reactants and Products Law of Conservation of Mass and Atoms
Lavoisier, French chemist detected that mass
Stoichiometry before and after chemical reactions are the
same.
Is the study of quantitative relationship
involved in chemical reactions.
Law of Conservation of Energy

Chemical Reactions Energy is either nor destroyed but changed

from one form into another.
(+) = Separates more than one reactants or
products.
(>) = Separates reactants from products.
(s) = Solid Taste
(aq) = Identifies that something is dissolved in
matter.
(L) = Liquid state
(g) = Gaseous state

Chemical Equation
A symbolic way of presenting a chemical
reaction in terms of chemical formula.

5 Types of Chemical Reactions

Synthesis Reaction
Decomposition Reaction
Single Displacement
Double Displacement Reaction
Combustion Reaction

Synthesis Reaction
In which two or more substances combine to
form one single complex substance as a
product.

Decomposition Reaction
In which a single complex substance break
upon heating or passed through electric
current.

Single Displacement
In which one element replaces another in a
compound.

Double Displacement Reactions

In which two compounds exchange atoms
with and other to form new sets of
compunds.