ELEMENTARY BASIC

ENGLISH GRAMMAR &

VOCABULARY
FOR LEANERS AND
BEGINERS A Self-Study
Preface
Basic and Elememtary English Grammar & Vocabulary, started with the first purpose for expanding
knowledge of learners and beginers. This book has been elaborated also with the purpose to have
an easy way to learn English, essential vocabulary tells us why English is so important and it is big a
nessecity to improve English language every single day. A learner or beginer learn English throught
easy and understandable list of words having the responsability to look for the meaning for each
word in a good dictionary even in the Internet where it is required to use on the new world. A
comunicative English is easy no if it does not have many vocabulary in mind so it is a big
responsability to increase vocabulary too. On the other hands, English Grammar has the important
acquisition of rules and structures that help learners to imporve by themselves if it has the will to
look for vocabulary and meanings. To be shown an easy way to learn English and keep skills in many
areas for learning a language, speacially, English is considered a world language and it were just for
speaking because it would not be academic. As academic purpose include many skills like learn a lot
of vocabulary, definitions and rules and structure of a language.
Acknowledgment

It is a neseecary to have an easy book for learners or beginers students who ask for studying first
vocabulary then change that knowledge into a communicative way of English language. That is why
Douglas Barquero Elas as an editor kept in mind what a learner has in common for learning.
Experiences have shown us that it is required an easy way to have everything in one book.

Co-editors reference

Betty Azar
Raymond Murphy
David Bolton
Patricia K. Wernner
MacMillan, English Dictionary
https://www.english grammar. Com
Google; WordReference

How to use this book, you have the resposibility to look for the meaning of each word or to find out
the correct translation into your native language for each word. On google you can type
WordReference and this is free, and it is like a dictionary of vocabulary and it is better than google
translator which should not be allowed for tranlating just for looking the correct meaning. Basically
it is necessary to have an excelent dictionary which show you the whole posibility definition.

Dedication

I want to thank God first for giving me this opportunity, to my parerents and my whole family cause
they were the ones whos just gave me real advices base on experiences, to all my students who just
teach me there is a big neccesaty that exist in our real lives. edgargustavorodriguez@gmail.com

First Edition

San Salvador, El Salvador 2014-2015

 1. Common Words
The Aphabeth:

A B C D E F G H I J K L- M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Probably Mistake in Pronuncing:

AI BV CZ EI GJ JY

KQ MN PT S-X

One Alphabeth + Word:

A: Apple N: Note

B: Book O: Open

C: Cat P: Pencil

D: Day Q: Quiz

E: Elephant R: Rose

F: Fig S: Store

G: Grapes T: Tomatoes

H: House U: Umbrella

I: Ivory V: Vacation

J: Jump W: Window

K: Key X: Xerox

L: Learn Y: Yard

M: Movie Z: Zest

The days of the week:

Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday

The Months of the Year:

January February March April May June July August September October November December

The four Season:

Spring Fall (Autumn) Winter Summer
 2. Numbers

Cardinal Numbers
1 one 13 thirteen 50 fifty

2 two 14 fourteen 60 sixty

3 three 15 fifteen 70 seventy

4 four 16 sixteen 80 eighty

5 five 17 seventeen 90 ninety

6 six 18 eighteen 100 a/one hundred

7 seven 19 nineteen 101 a/one hundred and one

8 eight 20 twenty 200 two hundred

9 nine 21 twenty-one 1.000 a/one thousand

10 ten 22 twenty-two 10.000 ten thousand

11 eleven 30 thirty 100.000 a/one hundred thousand

12 twelve 40 forty 1.000.000 a/one million

Ordinal Numbers
1st first 19th nineteenth

2nd second 20th twentieth

3rd third 21st twenty-first

4th fourth 22nd twenty-second

5th fifth 30th thirtieth

6th sixth 40th fortieth

7th seventh 50th fiftieth

8th eighth 60th sixtieth

9th ninth 70th seventieth

10th tenth 80th eightieth

11th eleventh 90th ninetieth

12th twelfth 100th hundredth

13th thirteenth 101st hundred and first

14th fourteenth 200th two hundredth

15th fifteenth 1.000th thousandth

16th sixteenth 10.000th ten thousandth

17th seventeenth 100.000th one hundred thousandth

18th eighteenth 1.000.000th one millionth

There are two common ways of telling the time

1) Say the hour first and then the minutes. (Hour + Minutes)
6:25 - six twenty-five
8:05 - eight O-five
9:11 - nine eleven
2:34 - two thirty-four

2) Say the minutes first and then the hour. (Minutes + PAST / TO + Hour)
For minutes 1-30 we use PAST after the minutes.
For minutes 31-59 we use TO after the minutes.
2:35 - twenty-five to three
11:20 - twenty past eleven
4:18 - eighteen past four
8:51 - nine to nine
2:59 - one to three

When it is 15 minutes past the hour we normally say: a quarter past

7:15 - a quarter past seven
When it is 15 minutes before the hour we normally say: a quarter to
12:45 - a quarter to one
When it is 30 minutes past the hour we normally say: half past
3:30 - half past three (but we can also say three-thirty)

O'clock
We use o'clock when there are NO minutes.
10:00 - ten o'clock
5:00 - five o'clock
1:00 - one o'clock
Sometimes it is written as o'clock (the number + o'clock)
12:00
For 12:00 there are four expressions in English.
Twelve o'clock
midday = noon
midnight

Asking for the Time

The common question forms we use to ask for the time right now are:
What time is it? or What is the time?
The common question forms we use to ask at what time a specific event will happen are:
What time...?
When...?
What time does the flight to New York leave?
When does the bus arrive from London?
When does the concert begin?

Giving the Time

We use It is or It's to respond to the questions that ask for the time right now.
It is half past five (5:30).
It's ten to twelve (11:50)
We use the structure AT + time when giving the time of a specific event.
The bus arrives at midday (12:00).
The flight leaves at a quarter to two (1:45).
The concert begins at ten o'clock. (10:00)
We can also use subject pronouns in these responses.
It arrives at midday (12:00).
It leaves at a quarter to two (1:45).
It begins at ten o'clock. (10:00)
AM vs. PM
We don't normally use the 24-hour clock in English.
We use a.m. (am) for the morning and p.m. (pm) for the afternoon and night.
3am = Three o'clock in the morning.
3pm = Three o'clock in the afternoon.

Parts of a House:

kitchen stairs dishwasher spoon

bedroom apartment washing machine teaspoon

bathroom table ironing board cutlery drawer

dining Room chair toaster cup

living Room armchair blender mug

garden sofa mixer glass

rooms floor broom saucer

balcony ceiling sink jug

sitting room rug tap coffeepot

basement carpet waste bin coffee maker

cellar fireplace worktop teapot

attic radiator tea towel tablecloth

study lamp frying pan napkin

toilet light saucepan bath

door curtain pressure cooker shower

doorbell wall kettle toilet

doormat wallpaper bowl bidet

letter box television tin opener washbasin

window refridgirator corkscrew tap

roof oven fork mirror

chimney microwave oven knife soap

soap dish shampoo nailbrush sheet

towel conditioner bedside table duvet

towel rail safety razor bedside lamp bedspread

bath mat electric razor wardrobe alarm clock

toilet paper shaving foam drawers bed

sponge toothbrush mattress bathmat

comb hair drier pillow

hairbrush toothpaste blanket

Parts of Human Body

leg nail forehead back

ankle palm hair breasts

buttock shoulder lips chest

foot wrist moustache groin

heel head mouth heart

knee ear neck hip

shin beard nose liver

bone brain pupil lung

toe cheek tongue navel

arm eye tooth stomach

elbow eyebrow throat thorax

finger eyelash abdomen waist

hand eyelid armpit rib

Parts of a School

classrooms courts pencil chair

laboratries gardens pen computers

library white boards ruler televitions

academic office sharpener desk phones

teacher marker Principal's office test book

professor glue The Principal note book

Dean scissors the coach print

pencil case backpack librarian scaner

students school bag classmates File cabinet

stapler auditorium secretary shelves

clips cafeteria cook sheets of paper

earaser lockers teacher room Bond paper

masking tape rest rooms dictionary bulletin board

transparent tape gym encyclopedia data show

mechanical pencil field book record tape

Fruits and Vegestables:

almond grapefruit pear cauliflower

apple hazelnut plum celery
apricot lemon raspberry corn
avocado lime starfruit courgette
banana lychee strawberry cucumber
blackberry mandarine watermelon eggplant
blueberry mango artichoke garlic
cherry melon aubergine leek
chestnut morello cherry asparagus lentils
coconut nectarine beans lettuce
cranberry orange beetroot mushroom
date papaya broccoli onion
fig passion fruit brussels peas
kiwi peach cabbage pepper
grape peanut carrot pickle
potato rice squash turnip
pumpkin rye sweet potato watercress
radish spinach tomato wheat

The Clothes

shirt mackintosh sandals belt

t-shirt jacket high-heeled shoes hood

sport shirt duffel coat bathrobe suspenders

blouse pants nightdress handkerchief

sweatshirt trousers pajamas gloves

sweater slacks socks scarf

cardigan jeans ties shawl

dress shorts underwear cloak

evening gown pinafore bra cap

vest sneakers knickers beret

suit boots underpants hat

coat Wellingtons bathing-suit bonnet

raincoat slippers bikini helmet

overcoat shoes swimming shorts

3. Countries & Nationality

This list is about many of the countries or nations in the world with the nationality:

Name of country

Adjective used for that country (also describes nationality)

Look at this example sentences:

He comes from France. He is French. His nationality is French. He is a Frenchman. He drives a

French car. She speaks French.
Country Nationality Iceland Icelandic

Afghanistan Afghan India Indian

Algeria Algerian Indonesia Indonesian

Australia Australian Ireland Irish

Bahamas Bahamian Italy Italian

Bangladesh Bangladeshi Jamaica Jamaican

Barbados Barbadian Japan Japanese

Belgium Belgian Kenya Kenyan

Belize Belizean Lebanon Lebanese

Bhutan Bhutanese Luxembourg Luxembourger

Botswana Botswanan Madagascar Madagascan

Brazil Brazilian Malaysia Malaysian

Britain British Mexico Mexican

Canada Canadian Morocco Moroccan

China Chinese Mozambique Mozambican

Costa Rica Costa Rican New Zealand New Zealander

Croatia Croatian Nigeria Nigerian

Czech Republic Czech Korea Korean

Denmark Danish Norway Norwegian

Dominican Republic Dominican Panama Panamanian

Egypt Egyptian Philippines Philippine

El Salvador Salvadorean Poland Polish

England English Portugal Portuguese

Finland Finnish Romania Romanian

France French Russia Russian

Germany German Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabian

Greece Greek Scotland Scottish

Netherlands Dutch Seychelles Seychellois

Hungary Hungarian Singapore Singaporean

Slovakia Slovak Trinidad and Tobago Trinidadian

Slovenia Slovene Turkey Turkish

Somalia Somali Ukraine Ukrainian

South Africa South African United Arab Emirates Emirati

Spain Spanish United Kingdom British

Swaziland Swazi United States American

Sweden Swedish Vietnam Vietnamese

Switzerland Swiss Wales Welsh

Taiwan Taiwanese Zambia Zambian

Tanzania Tanzanian Zimbabwe Zimbabwean

Thailand Thai

4. Verbs
A verb, it is a word (part of speech) that in syntax conveys an action (bring, read, walk, run, learn), an occurrence
(happen, become), or a state of being (be, exist, stand). In the usual description of English, the basic form, with
or without the particle to, is the infinitive. In many languages, verbs are inflected (modified in form) to encode
tense, aspect, mood, and voice. A verb may also agree with the person, gender, and/or number of some of its
arguments, such as its subject, or object. Verbs have tenses: present, to indicate that an action is being carried
out; past, to indicate that an action has been done; a verb is considered the main part of a sentence.

Example of a sentence:

Noun (common or proper noun) Verb (regular or irregular) Predicate

Subject of a sentence and Sustantive + Auxilary or main verb + Object of a sentence

Subject pronoun Form and Tenses change Complement

Students of this university enjoy studying very hard every semester.

Sub + verb + object

Types of verbs:

Regular: study work talk walk change move ask listen write love sit live call -

Irregular: do hear tell keep come become feel have take speak be can think -

Transitive: bring buy cost get give leave lend make offer owe pass pay - play
Intrasitive: arrive go lie sneeze sit die eat run grow watch give sing rain - add

Linking: feel taste look smell appear grow remain stay turn seem sound - prove

Auxilary: be do can may might must should could would will - ought to

Verbs Followed by Infinitive:

Examples:

Verbs Sentences

agree Tom agreed to help me.

appear His health appeared to be better.

arrange Naomi arranged to stay with her cousin in Miami.

ask She asked to leave.

begin He began to talk.

can't stand Nancy can't stand to work the late shift.

care He doesn't care to participate in the activity.

cease The government ceased to provide free healthcare.

choose I chose to help.

claim She claimed to be a princess.

continue She continued to talk.

decide We decided to go to Hawaii.

demand He demanded to speak to Mr. Harris.

deserve He deserves to go to jail.

dread I dread to think what might happen.

expect They expect to arrive early.

fail He failed to get enough money to pay for the new project.

forget I forgot to lock the door when I left.

get Debbie gets to go to the concert next week! Why can't I?

happen She happened to be at the bank when it was robbed.

hate He hates to clean dishes.

hesitate She hesitated to tell me the problem.

hope I hope to begin college this year.

intend We intend to visit you next spring.

learn I learned to speak Japanese when I was a kid.

like Samantha likes to read.

love We love to scuba dive.

manage He managed to open the door without the key.

need I need to study.

offer Frank offered to drive us to the supermarket.

Plan We plan to go to Europe this summer.

prefer He prefers to eat at 7 PM.

prepare They prepared to take the test.

pretend The child pretended to be a monster.

promise She promised to stop smoking.

propose Drew proposed to pay for the trip.

refuse The guard refused to let them enter the building.

regret I regret to inform you that your application was rejected.

remember You remember to lock the door when you left

seem Nancy seemed to be disappointed.

start Marge started to talk really fast.

swear She swore to tell the truth.

tend He tends to be a little shy.

threaten He threatened to leave forever.

try Mary tried to lift the table, but it was too heavy.

wait She waited to buy a movie ticket.

want I want to study Spanish.

wish I wish to stay.

Verbs Followed by Gerunds:

Examples:
admit He admitted cheating on the test.
advise The doctor generally advised drinking low-fat milk.
allow Ireland doesn't allow smoking in bars.
anticipate I anticipated arriving late.
appreciate I appreciated her helping me.
avoid He avoided talking to her.
begin I began learning Chinese.
cease The government ceased providing free healthcare.
complete He completed renovating the house.
consider She considered moving to New York.
continue He continued talking.
defend The lawyer defended her making such statements.
delay He delayed doing his taxes.
deny He denied committing the crime.
despise She despises waking up early.
discuss We discussed working at the company.
dislike She dislikes working after 5 PM.
don't mind I don't mind helping you.
dread She dreads getting up at 5 AM.
encourage He encourages eating healthy foods.
enjoy We enjoy hiking.
finish He finished doing his homework.
forget I forgot giving you my book.
hate I hate cleaning the bathroom.
imagine He imagines working there one day.
involve The job involves traveling to Japan once a month.
keep She kept interrupting me.
like She likes listening to music.
love I love swimming.
mention He mentioned going to that college.
mind You mind waiting here for a few minutes.
miss She misses living near the beach.
need The aquarium needs cleaning.
neglect Sometimes she neglects doing her homework.
permit California does not permit smoking in restaurants.
Postpone He postponed returning to Paris.
practice She practiced singing the song.
prefer He prefers sitting at the back of the movie theater.
propose I proposed having lunch at the beach.
quit She quit worrying about the problem.
recall Tom recalled using his credit card at the store.
recollect She recollected living in Kenya.
recommend Tony recommended taking the train.
regret She regretted saying that.
remember I remember telling her the address yesterday.
report He reported her stealing the money.
require The certificate requires completing two courses.
resent Nick resented Debbie's being there.
resist He resisted asking for help.
risk He risked being caught.
start He started studying harder.
stop She stopped working at 5 o'clock.
suggest They suggested staying at the hotel.
tolerate I tolerated her talking.
try Sam tried opening the lock with a paperclip.
understand I understand his quitting.
urge They urge recycling bottles and paper.

5. Simple Present Tense Rules

The simple present tense in English is used to describe an action that is regular, true or normal. Also
simple present an action that someone or sonthing do every single day.

Example:

1. For repeated or regular actions in the present time period.

I take the train to the office.

The train to Berlin leaves every hour.

John sleeps eight hours every night during the week.

2. For facts.

The President of The USA lives in The White House.

A dog has four legs.

We come from Switzerland.

3. For habits.

I get up early every day.

Carol brushes her teeth twice a day.

They travel to their country house every weekend.

4. For things that are always / generally true.

It rains a lot in winter.

The Queen of England lives in Buckingham Palace.

They speak English at work.

In general, in the third person we add 'S' in the third person.

Subject Verb The Rest of the sentence

I / you / we / they speak / learn English at home

he / she / it speaks / learns English at home

The spelling for the verb in the third person differs depending on the ending of that verb:
1. For verbs that end in -O, -CH, -SH, -SS, -X, or -Z we add -ES in the third person.

go goes

catch catches

wash washes

kiss kisses

fix fixes

buzz buzzes

2. For verbs that end in a consonant + Y, we remove the Y and add -IES.

marry marries

study studies

carry carries

worry worries

NOTE: For verbs that end in a vowel + Y, we just add -S.

play plays

enjoy enjoys

say says

Negative Sentences in the Simple Present Tense

To make a negative sentence in English we normally use Don't or Doesn't with all verbs EXCEPT To
Be and Modal verbs (can, might, should etc.).

Affirmative: You speak French.

Negative: You don't speak French.

You will see that we add don't between the subject and the verb. We use Don't when the subject
is I, you, we or they.

Affirmative: He speaks German.

Negative: He doesn't speak German.
When the subject is he, she or it, we add doesn't between the subject and the verb to make a
negative sentence. Notice that the letter S at the end of the verb in the affirmative sentence
(because it is in third person) disappears in the negative sentence. We will see the reason why
below.

Negative Contractions

Don't = Do not

Doesn't = Does not

I don't like meat = I do not like meat.

There is no difference in meaning though we normally use contractions in spoken English.

* Verb: The verb that goes here is the base form of the infinitive = The infinitive without TO before
the verb. Instead of the infinitive To have it is just the have part.

Remember that the infinitive is the verb before it is conjugated (changed) and it begins with TO. For
example: to have, to eat, to go, to live, to speak etc.

Examples of Negative Sentences with Don't and Doesn't:

You don't speak Arabic.

John doesn't speak Italian.
We don't have time for a rest.
It doesn't move.
They don't want to go to the party.
She doesn't like fish.

Questions in the Simple Present Tense

To make a question in English we normally use Do or Does. It has no translation in Spanish though
it is essential to show we are making a question. It is normally put at the beginning of the question.

Affirmative: You speak English.

Question: Do you speak English?

You will see that we add DO at the beginning of the affirmative sentence to make it a question. We
use Do when the subject is I, you, we or they.
 Affirmative: He speaks French.
Question: Does he speak French?

When the subject is he, she or it, we add DOES at the beginning to make the affirmative sentence a
question. Notice that the letter S at the end of the verb in the affirmative sentence (because it is in
third person) disappears in the question. We will see the reason why below. We DON'T use Do or
Does in questions that have the verb To Be or Modal Verbs (can, must, might, should etc.)

*Verb: The verb that goes here is the base form of the infinitive = The infinitive without TO before
the verb. Instead of the infinitive To have it is just the have part. Remember that the infinitive is the
verb before it is conjugated (changed) and it begins with TO. For example: to have, to eat, to go, to
live, to speak etc.

Examples of Questions with Do and Does:

Do you need a dictionary?

Does Mary need a dictionary?
Do we have a meeting now?
Does it rain a lot in winter?
Do they want to go to the party?
Does he like pizza?

6. Short Answers with Do and Does

In questions that use do/does it is possible to give short answers to direct questions as follows:

Sample Questions Short Answer

(Affirmative) (Affirmative) Answer (Negative)

Do you like chocolate? Yes, I do. No, I don't.

Do I need a pencil? Yes, you do. No, you don't.

Do you both like chocolate? Yes, we do. No, we don't.

Do they like chocolate? Yes, they do. No, they don't.

Does he like chocolate? Yes, he does. No, he doesn't.

Does she like chocolate? Yes, she does. No, she doesn't.

Does it have four wheels? Yes, it does. No, it doesn't.

7. Simple Past Tense Rules

The simple past refers to things that have already happened, and are finished doing their thing.
 World War II reminded us bad memories from 1939-1945.
Mom cooked a delicious supper last Saturday.
I watched the dishes in the morning.
Margaret aced her math exam.

Regular Verbs

Regular verbs are changed to the simple past by adding ed to the end of the root form. If the verb
already ends in e, we just add d.

Play played
Type typed
Listen listened
Push pushed
Love loved

Spelling Rules for Regular Past Tense Verbs

You will learn the spelling of the simple past form (-ed form.) But before you continue the
lesson study the following examples and try to see how the verbs are spelled.
Verbs ending in a...
1. silent e 2. vowel + y 3. consonant + y 4. other forms
close = closed play played marry merried miss - missed

die = died destroy destroyed carry carried watch - watched

phone = phoned study studied fix - fixed

Regular verbs ending in a silent e take /-d/ in the simple past and past participle:
Example:
Close = closed
Regular verbs ending in a vowel + y take /-ed/ in the simple past and past participle:
Example:
Play = played
Regular verbs ending in a consonant + y take /-ied/ in the simple past and past participle
(the y becomes an i followed by /-ed/)
Example:
 Marry = married
All the other regular vebs take /-ed/ in the simple past and past participle.
Example:
Visit = visited
Special cases of the -ed forms:
Follow these rules when there is a consonant after a vowel (stop, ban, open, offer...)
If there is a consonant after a stressed vowel at the end of the word, double the consonant
but also if the word has one syllabel only and if there is a vowel in midle of two consonants.
stop stopped
ban - banned
swap - swapped
If the vowel is not stressed, we do not double it:
open - opened (Here the stress is on'o', not the 'e'.)
offer - offered ( Here the stress is on 'o', not the 'e'.)
In British English we double the last l even though the last vowel is not stressed. Here are
some examples:
travel - travelled
cancel - cancelled
level - levelled
marvel marvelled

Affirmative sentences:
Use the same form of the auxilary verb every time regardless the subject in the simple past
tense.
Example; look the chart bellow for regular and irregular verbs.

regular verbs irregular verbs

I played football. I went to the supermarket.

Negative sentences:
Use the auxiliary did (Simple Past of do) every time regardless the subject.

regular verbs irregular verbs

I did not play football. I did not go to the supermarket.

NOTE: Short forms in negative sentences in the Simple Past are used quite often.

regular verbs irregular verbs

I didn't play football. I didn't go to the supermarket.

Questions:
Use the auxiliary did (Simple Past of do) every time regardless the subject.

regular verbs irregular verbs

Did you play football? Did I go to the supermarket?

Spellinh-final Rule verbs -Ing

For many verbs we make the ING form by simply adding -ING to end of the verb.
eat - eating
speak - speaking
cook - cooking
start - starting
do - doing
stay - staying
fix - fixing
try - trying
Verbs ending with -e (with the exception of verbs ending in -ee and -ie). Drop the -e and
add ING
hope - hoping
ride - riding
 make - making
write - writing
Verbs ending with ee Just add -ING
agree - agreeing
flee - fleeing
see - seeing
Verbs ending with ie. Change the -ie to -y and add -ING
die - dying
tie - tying
lie - lying
Verbs ending with one vowel and one consonant (with the exception of w, x, and y). For one
syllable verbs double the consonant and add -ING
jog - jogging
sit - sitting
run - running
stop - stopping
For two syllable verbs; If the 1st syllable is stressed, just add ING
answer - answering
offer - offering
listen - listening
visit - visiting
If the 2nd syllable is stressed, double the consonant and add ING
admit - admitting
prefer - preferring
begin - begining
 8. Present Continuous: Negatives and Questions
Introduction
In the present continuous tense, negative and question forms is needed The Verb To Be as
an auxiliary, and question forms are made by changing the word order of the sentence.
1. Forming a negative
Negatives in the present continuous are formed by adding not or n't after the verb BE:

Positive sentence Negative sentence Contracted negative

I am eating. I am not eating. I'm not eating.

You are working. You are not working. You aren't working.

He is driving. He is not driving. He isn't driving.

She is teaching. She is not teaching. She isn't teaching.

It is raining. It is not raining. It isn't raining.

We are reading. We are not reading. We aren't reading.

They are writing. They are not writing. They aren't writing.

2. Forming a question
Yes/no questions are created by moving the verb BE to the beginning of the sentence. WH-
questions are formed by moving the verb BE, and then adding the WH- word. Here are the
rules:

Statement Yes/no question WH- question

I am eating. Am I eating? What am I eating?

You are crying. Are you crying? Why are you crying?

He is going. Is he going? Where is he going?

She is arriving. Is she arriving? When is she arriving?

It is sleeping. Is it sleeping? Why is it sleeping?

We are leaving. Are we leaving? When are we leaving?

They are fighting. Are they fighting? Why are they fighting?
Statement Yes/no question WH- question

9. Parts of Speech:
Article - nouns pronouns adjectives - verbs adverbs prepositin connectors - interjection

Article: Definite and Indefinite

Definite: a an

Indefinite: the

Nouns:
A noun, it is a word that functions as the name of some specific thing or set of things, such as living
creatures, objects, places, actions, qualities, states of existence, or ideas. Linguistically, a noun is a
member of a large, open part of speech whose members can occur as the main word in the subject of
a clause, the object of a verb, or the object of a preposition. Lexical categories are defined in terms of
the ways in which their members combine with other kinds of expressions. The syntactic rules for
nouns differ from language to language. In English, nouns are those words which can occur with
articles and attributive adjectives and can function as the head of a noun phrase.

Types of nouns:

Proper: Michael Gerardo Barrios university John F. Kenedy airport Saint Catarina church El Salvador

Common: table chair book computer cell pone pencil soda school cake sandwhich plane - cup

Concrete: white board car wall floor picture chair table book wood plant - pencil glass - cap

Abstract: love air wind feeling dream ghost honesty power evil hate faith belief - happiness

Collective nouns: team furniture zoo group crowd - family staff gang choir band forest - army

Uncountable noun: sand salt sugar stars money electricity air dust water calm confidence - fear

Countable noun: people cars students friends pencils books cell phones chairs tables computers -

Pronouns:
Personal /

Subject Object Pronouns Possessive Adjetives Possessive Reflexive Pronouns

Pronouns Pronouns
I me my mine myself
You you your yours yourself
he him his his himself
she her her hers herself
 it it its its itself
we us our ours ourselves
you you your yours yourselves
they them their theirs themselves

Demontrative Pronouns:
This singular These plural near

That singular Those plural far

Indefinite Pronouns:
everybody nobody somebody anybody

everyone no one someone anyone

everything nothing something anything

Relative Pronouns:

who which that whom whose

Reciprocal Pronouns:

each other / one another

Adjectives:
In linguistics, an adjective is a "describing word", the main syntactic role of which is to
qualify a noun or noun phrase, giving more information about the object signified. Adjectives
are one of the traditional eight English parts of speech, although linguists today distinguish
adjectives from words such as determiners that formerly were considered to be adjectives. In
the immediately previous sentence, "traditional" is an adjective and "eight", while known
traditionally as an adjective, is now classified as a determiner; and in the preceding
paragraph, both "main" and "syntactic" are traditional adjectives.

Note: Colors are also adjectives

Example:
adorable agreeable amused anxious

adventurous alert angry arrogant

aggressive alive annoyed ashamed

attractive crazy evil healthy

average creepy excited helpful

awful crowded expensive helpless

bad cruel exuberant hilarious

beautiful curious fair homeless

better cute faithful homely

bloody dangerous famous horrible

bored dark fancy hungry

brainy dead fantastic hurt

brave defeated fierce ill

breakable defiant filthy important

bright delightful fine impossible

busy depressed foolish inexpensive

calm determined fragile innocent

careful different frail inquisitive

cautious difficult frantic itchy

charming disgusted friendly jealous

cheerful distinct frightened jolly

clean dizzy funny joyous

clear doubtful gentle kind

clever dull gifted lazy

cloudy eager glamorous light

clumsy easy gleaming lively

colorful elated glorious lonely

combative elegant good long

comfortable embarrassed gorgeous lovely

concerned enchanting graceful lucky

condemned encouraging grotesque magnificent

confused energetic grumpy misty

cooperative enthusiastic handsome modern

courageous envious happy motionless

muddy poor sparkling ugly

mushy powerful splendid uninterested

mysterious precious spotless unsightly

nasty prickly stormy unusual

nervous proud strange upset

nice puzzled stupid uptight

nutty real successful vast

obedient relieved super victorious

obnoxious repulsive talented wandering

odd rich tame weary

old-fashioned scary tender wicked

open selfish tense wide-eyed

outrageous shiny terrible wild

outstanding shy testy witty

panicky silly thankful worried

perfect sleepy thoughtful wrong

plain smiling thoughtless zany

pleasant smoggy tired zealous

poised sore troubled

Color in English:
Amaranth Blue-green Coffee Desert sand

Amber Blue-violet Coral Electric blue

Apricot Bronze Crimson Electric green

Aquamarine Brown Dark blue Electric pink

Azure Carmine Dark brown Electric yellow

Baby blue Champagne Dark green Emerald

Beige Chartreuse green Dark orange Gold

Black Chocolate Dark red Gray

Blue Cobalt blue Dark yellow Green

Ivory Olive Raspberry Spring bud

Jade Orange Red Spring green

Jungle green Orange-red Red-violet Tan

Lavender Orchid Rose Teal

Lemon Peach Ruby Turquoise

Lilac Pear Salmon Violet

Lime Persian blue Sangria Viridian

Magenta Pink Sapphire White

Magenta rose Plum Scarlet Yankees Blue

Maroon Prusian blue Silver Yellow

Navy blue Puce Slate gray

Ocher Purple Spring

Adjectives; Comparatives and Superlative

One-syllable adjectives.

Form the comparative and superlative forms of a one-syllable adjective by adding er for the
comparative form and est for the superlative.

One-Syllable Adjective Comparative Form Superlative Form

tall taller tallest

old older oldest

long longer longest

Mary is taller than Max.

Mary is the tallest of all the students.
Max is older than John.
Of the three students, Max is the oldest.
My hair is longer than your hair.
Max's story is the longest story I've ever heard.
If the one-syllable adjective ends with an e, just add r for the comparative form and st for
the superlative form.
One-Syllable Adjective with Final -e Comparative Form Superlative Form

large larger largest

wise wiser wisest

Mary's car is larger than Max's car.

Mary's house is the largest of all the houses on the block.
Max is wiser than his brother.
Max is the wisest person I know.

If the one-syllable adjective ends with a single consonant with a vowel before it, double the
consonant and add er for the comparative form; and double the consonant and add est for
the superlative form.

One-Syllable Adjective Ending with a Single Consonant with a Comparative Superlative

Single Vowel before It Form Form

big bigger biggest

thin thinner thinnest

fat fatter fattest

My dog is bigger than your dog.

My dog is the biggest of all the dogs in the neighborhood.
Max is thinner than John.
Of all the students in the class, Max is the thinnest.
My mother is fatter than your mother.
Mary is the fattest person I've ever seen.

Two-syllable adjectives.
With most two-syllable adjectives, you form the comparative with more and the superlative
with most.

Two-Syllable Adjective Comparative Form Superlative Form

peaceful more peaceful most peaceful

Two-Syllable Adjective Comparative Form Superlative Form

pleasant more pleasant most pleasant

careful more careful most careful

thoughtful more thoughtful most thoughtful

This morning is more peaceful than yesterday morning.

Max's house in the mountains is the most peaceful in the world.
Max is more careful than Mike.
Of all the taxi drivers, Jack is the most careful.
Jill is more thoughtful than your sister.
Mary is the most thoughtful person I've ever met.

If the two-syllable adjectives ends with y, change the y to i and add er for the comparative
form. For the superlative form change the y to i and add est.

Two-Syllable Adjective Ending with -y Comparative Form Superlative Form

happy happier happiest

angry angrier angriest

busy busier busiest

John is happier today than he was yesterday.

John is the happiest boy in the world.
Max is angrier than Mary.
Of all of John's victims, Max is the angriest.
Mary is busier than Max.
Mary is the busiest person I've ever met.

Two-syllable adjectives ending in er, -le, or ow take er and est to form the comparative
and superlative forms.

Two-Syllable Adjective Ending with -er, -le, or -ow Comparative Form Superlative Form

narrow narrower narrowest

Two-Syllable Adjective Ending with -er, -le, or -ow Comparative Form Superlative Form

gentle gentler gentlest

The roads in this town are narrower than the roads in the city.
This road is the narrowest of all the roads in California.
Big dogs are gentler than small dogs.
Of all the dogs in the world, English Mastiffs are the gentlest.

Adjectives with three or more syllables.

For adjectives with three syllables or more, you form the comparative with more and the
superlative with most.

Adjective with Three or More Syllables Comparative Form Superlative Form

generous more generous most generous

important more important most important

intelligent more intelligent most intelligent

John is more generous than Jack.

John is the most generous of all the people I know.
Health is more important than money.
Of all the people I know, Max is the most important.
Women are more intelligent than men.
Mary is the most intelligent person I've ever met.

Exceptions.
Irregular adjectives.

Irregular Adjective Comparative Form Superlative Form

good better best

bad worse worst

far farther farthest

Irregular Adjective Comparative Form Superlative Form

little less least

many more most

Italian food is better than American food.

My dog is the best dog in the world.
My mother's cooking is worse than your mother's cooking.
Of all the students in the class, Max is the worst.

Two-syllable adjectives that follow two rules. These adjectives can be used with -er and -est
and with more and most.

Two-Syllable Adjective Comparative Form Superlative Form

clever cleverer cleverest

clever more clever most clever

gentle gentler gentlest

gentle more gentle most gentle

friendly friendlier friendliest

friendly more friendly most friendly

quiet quieter quietest

quiet more quiet most quiet

simple simpler simplest

simple more simple most simple

Adverbs:
An adverb is a word that changes or simplifies the meaning of a verb, adjective, other adverb, clause,
or sentence expressing manner, place, time, or degree. Adverbs typically answer questions such as
how?, in what way?, when?, where?, and to what extent? This function is called the adverbial
function, and is realised not just by single words but by adverbial phrases and adverbial clauses.

Types of Adverbs:

Adverbs of place:

About above abroad anywhere away back backwards behind below down
downstairs - east elsewhere far here in indoors inside - near nearby off on out
outside over there towards under up upstairs - where

Adverbs of time:

now then today tomorrow tonight yesterday annually daily fortnightly hourly -
monthly nightly quarterly weekly - yearly

Adverbs of manner:

accidentally angrily anxiously awkwardly badly beautifully blindly boldly bravely -

brightly busily calmly carefully carelessly cautiously cheerfully clearly closely
correctly courageously - cruelly daringly deliberately doubtfully eagerly easily elegantly
enormously enthusiastically equally eventually exactly faithfully fast fatally fiercely
fondly foolishly fortunately frankly frantically generously gently gladly gracefully
greedily happily hard hastily healthily honestly hungrily hurriedly inadequately
ingeniously innocently inquisitively irritably joyously justly kindly lazily loosely
loudly madly mortally mysteriously neatly nervously noisily obediently openly
painfully patiently perfectly politely poorly powerfully promptly punctually quickly
quietly rapidly rarely really recklessly regularly reluctantly repeatedly rightfully
roughly rudely sadly safely selfishly sensibly seriously sharply shyly silently
sleepily slowly smoothly softly solemnly speedily stealthily sternly straight stupidly
successfully suddenly suspiciously swiftly tenderly tensely thoughtfully tightly
truthfully unexpectedly victoriously violently vivaciously warmly weakly wearily well
wildly wisely

Adverbs of degree:

Almost absolutely awfully badly barely completely decidedly deeply enough

enormously entirely extremely fairly far fully greatly hardly highly how incredibly
indeed intensely just least less Little lots most much nearly perfectly positively
practically pretty purely quite rather really scarcely simply so somewhat strongly
terribly thoroughly too totally utterly very virtually - well

Adverbs of certainty:

actually admittedly altogether certainly clearly definitely evidently honestly

literally maybe - of course obviously naturally presumably probably reportedly
simply surely undoubtedly virtually

Prepositions:

Prepositions are words which link nouns, pronouns and phrases to other words in a sentence.
Prepositions usually describe the position of something, the time when something happens
and the way in which something is done, although the prepositions "of," "to," and "for" have
some separate functions. Prepositions can also be used to end sentences.

In general, we use as preposition of place and time:

at POINT in ENCLOSED SPACE on SURFACE

at the corner in the garden on the wall

at the bus stop in London on the ceiling

at the door in France on the door

at the top of the page in a box on the cover

at the end of the road in my pocket on the floor

at the entrance in my wallet on the carpet

at the crossroads in a building on the menu

at the front desk in a car on a page

also in these standard expressions:

at home in a car on a bus

at work in a taxi on a train

at school in a helicopter on a plane

at university in a boat on a ship

at college in a elevator on a bicycle

at the top in the newspaper on a horse

at the bottom in the sky on the radio

at the side in a row on the reception

Preposition of place:

above across against along among - around behind below beside between -
close to down from - in front of inside into near - next to onto opposite out
outside over round - through under up

Preposition of time:

after ago before between - by during for - from past since till until - to up
to within

Connectors:

1. Examples: (making contrasts)

Although - In spite However Nevertheless - Even though

2. Examples: (adding)

Also Besides - In addition That Moreover - On the one hand - Furthermore

3. Examples: (expressing the result or consequence of something)

Therefore - For this reason - As a result Properly why Because - What

4. Revision exercise.
Much as Consequently - On account of So - Even if Since Through But For - All
the same

5. Examples: (ways of expressing an opinion)

In my opinin - As far as

6. Examples: (reaching conclusions)

Into account Briefly - After all - All in all - In short

7. Esamples: (organising the sequence of events, facts and so forth)

First of all - In the first place Firstly - In the second place Then Next - After that
Finally - To begin with - To end with - To conclude with

8. Examples: (giving examples)

For instance - As a case in point - Such as

Others:

by comparison - on the contrary - in any case - all the same likewise similarly - in the
same way - above all - most significantly particularization - in fact actually - talking of
rather meanwhile anyway

Interjection:

In grammar, an interjection or exclamation may be a word used to express an emotion or sentiment

on the part of the speaker although most interjections have clear definitions. Filled pauses such
as uh, er, um are also considered interjections. Interjections are often placed at the beginning
of a sentence. An interjection is sometimes expressed as a single word or non-sentence
phrase, followed by a punctuation mark. The isolated usage of an interjection does not
represent a complete sentence in conventional English writing. Thus, in formal writing, the
interjection will be incorporated into a larger sentence clause. Several English interjections
contain sounds, or are sounds as opposed to words, that do not or very rarely exist in regular
English phonological inventory. For example:

Ahem [m] - Gah [h] Oops - Psst [ps] - Shh [] - Tut-tut [tt tt] - Ugh [x] - phew [u]
Yeah [j]

10. WH - Question Words

We use question words to ask certain types of questions. We often refer to them as WH words
because they include the letters WH-.

Question Word Function Example

asking for information about something What is your name?

what
What? I can't hear you.
asking for repetition or confirmation
You did what?

what...for asking for a reason, asking why What did you do that for?

when asking about time When did he leave?

where asking in or at what place or position Where do they live?

which asking about choice Which colour do you want?

asking what or which person or people

who Who opened the door?
(subject)

asking what or which person or people

whom Whom did you see?
(object)

Whose are these keys?

whose asking about ownership
Whose turn is it?

why asking for reason, asking what...for Why do you say that?

asking about manner How does this work?

how

asking about condition or quality How was your exam?

 How far is Pattaya from
how far distance
Bangkok?

how long length (time or space) How long will it take?

how many quantity (countable) How many cars are there?

how much quantity (uncountable) How much money do you have?

how old age How old are you?

How come
asking for reason, asking why How come I can't see her?
(informal)

11. Words with almost similar pronounciation, different in meaning and written form,
one phoneme only change:
Amuse abuse Lame same name
Fear bear wear tear near dear - Jar car far -
Site cite lite - Mea seal deal peal -
Pow bow tow - cow row sow now - Look - cook took book - hook
Bill pill gill hill - Dust just
Set met pet net bet let - Nick - sick pick tick dick lick - chick
Hat bat mat sat fat cat Shame share shake shave shape
Gold sold cold fold - Call - mall ball wall hall tall fall -
Cool pool wool - Sell cell gell bell well dell tell -
Right might night sight tight light Back pack sack lack
Take make cake pake lake sake - Feet meet sheet heet beet
May say lay day way bay Hut cut but nut gut put
Tan pan pan man van Fun run nun gun sun -
Watch match catch Wine mine shine line nine fine -
Seat beat neat heat feat meat - Need seed speed
Some come Five live give dive -
Lit sit pit hit - Send lend spend mend
Land sand Mike - like dike pike -
Sink pink Try fry cry dry
Sound pound

12. Tag Ending or Tag Questions

Tag questions are something like negative questions. They are used when someone thinks he
or she knows an answer and wants confirmation. There are two very commonly used types
of tag questions--one made from affirmative ( + ) sentences, the other made from negative (
- ) sentences:

*Three basic rules that you should keep in mind:

1. Tag questions it is used auxiliaries verbs.
2. Affirmative Sentences use one tag question in NEGATIVE.
3. Negative sentences use one tag question in AFFIRMATIVE.

Examples:
With verb to Be in affirmative sentences:

It's a beautiful day, isn't it?

Martha is angry, isn't she?
You are really tired, aren't you?
They're very nice people, aren't they?
You are coming tomorrow, aren't you?
Pedro's flying now, isn't he?
Exception cases:

I'm late, aren't I?

I'm arriving late at night, aren't I?
Verb to Be in negative sentences:

I'm not late, am I?

It isn't a beautiful day, is it?
Martha isn't angry, is she?
You aren't really tired, are you?
They aren't very nice people, are they?
You aren't coming tomorrow, are you?
Pedro isn't flying now, is he?
Verb to Be in Past Tense; affirmative and negative sentences:
It was a beautiful day, wasn't it?
Martha was angry, wasn't she?
You were really tired, weren't you?
You were studying at 6, weren't you?
He was flying when I phoned, wasn't he?
It wasn't a beautiful day, was it?
 Martha wasn't angry, was she?
You weren't really tired, were you?
You weren't studying at 6, were you?
He wasn't flying when I phoned, was he?
Another auxiliary verbs:

You went to Costa Rica in 1990, didn't you?

Elena has traveled a lot, hasn't she?
Ann will be here soon, won't she?
Tom should pass his exam, shouldn't he?
You can play the violin, can't you?
He could find a job, couldn't he?
Imperative, suggestions or invitations:

Let's go out for a walk, shall we?

Let's study tomorrow morning, shall we?
Open the door, will you?
Don't smoke in this room, will you?
Summary:
He's from Italy, isn't he?
He isn't from Italy, is he?
She's living in London, isn't she?
She isn't living in London, is she?
There were at the party, weren't they?
They weren't at the party, were they?
She speaks Estonian, doesn't she?
She doesn't speak Estonian, does she?
He had a good time, didn't he?
He didn't have a good time, did he?
She's lived here a long time, hasn't she?
She hasn't lived here a long time, has she?
They'd left when you arrived, hadn't they?
They hadn't left when you arrived, had they?
He can help us, can't he?
He can't help us, can he?

13. Use of Passive Voice

Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what
is performing the action.
Example: My bike was stolen.
In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not know, however, who did it.
Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the following example shows:
Example: A mistake was made.
In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone (e.g. You have made a
mistake.).
Form of Passive
Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs)
Example: A letter was written.
When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:

the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence

the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)

the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)

Examples of Passive

Tense Subject Verb Object

Active: Rita writes a letter.

Simple Present
Passive: A letter is written by Rita.

Active: Rita wrote a letter.

Simple Past
Passive: A letter was written by Rita.

Active: Rita has written a letter.

Present Perfect
Passive: A letter has been written by Rita.

Active: Rita will write a letter.

Future
Passive: A letter will be written by Rita.

Active: Rita can write a letter.

Modal aux.
Passive: A letter can be written by Rita.

Examples of Passive

Tense Subject Verb Object

Active: Rita is writing a letter.

Present Progressive
Passive: A letter is being written by Rita.

Active: Rita was writing a letter.

Past Progressive
Passive: A letter was being written by Rita.

Active: Rita had written a letter.

Past Perfect
Passive: A letter had been written by Rita.

Active: Rita will have written a letter.

Future II
Passive: A letter will have been written by Rita.

Conditional I Active: Rita would write a letter.

 Passive: A letter would be written by Rita.

Active: Rita would have written a letter.

Conditional II
Passive: A letter would have been written by Rita.

Passive Sentences with Two Objects

Rewriting an active sentence with two objects in passive voice means that one of the two objects becomes the
subject, the other one remains an object. Which object to transform into a subject depends on what you want to
put the focus on.

Subject Verb Object 1 Object 2

Active: Rita wrote a letter to me.

Passive: A letter was written to me by Rita.

Passive: I was written a letter by Rita.

Active / Passive Overview

Active Passive

Simple Present Once a week, Tom cleans the house. Once a week, the house is cleaned by Tom.

Present
Right now, Sarah is writing the letter. Right now, the letter is being written by Sarah.
Continuous

Simple Past Sam repaired the car. The car was repaired by Sam.

Past The salesman was helping the customer when The customer was being helped by the salesman when the
Continuous the thief came into the store. thief came into the store.

Present Perfect Many tourists have visited that castle. That castle has been visited by many tourists.

Present Perfect
Recently, John has been doing the work. Recently, the work has been being done by John.
Continuous

George had repaired many cars before he Many cars had been repaired by George before he received
Past Perfect
received his mechanic's license. his mechanic's license.

Chef Jones had been preparing the

Past Perfect The restaurant's fantastic dinners had been being prepared
restaurant's fantastic dinners for two years
Continuous by Chef Jones for two years before he moved to Paris.
before he moved to Paris.
 Simple Future
Someone will finish the work by 5:00 PM. The work will be finished by 5:00 PM.
will

Simple Future Sally is going to make a beautiful dinner

A beautiful dinner is going to be made by Sally tonight.
be going to tonight.

Future
At 8:00 PM tonight, John will be washing the At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes will be being washed by
Continuous
dishes. John.
will

Future
At 8:00 PM tonight, John is going to be At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes are going to be being
Continuous
washing the dishes. washed by John.
be going to

Future Perfect They will have completed the project before

The project will have been completed before the deadline.
will the deadline.

Future Perfect They are going to have completed the project The project is going to have been completed before the
be going to before the deadline. deadline.

Future Perfect The famous artist will have been painting the
The mural will have been being painted by the famous
Continuous mural for over six months by the time it is
artist for over six months by the time it is finished.
will finished.

Future Perfect The famous artist is going to have been

The mural is going to have been being painted by the
Continuous painting the mural for over six months by the
famous artist for over six months by the time it is finished.
be going to time it is finished.

Used to Jerry used to pay the bills. The bills used to be paid by Jerry.

Would Always My mother would always make the pies. The pies would always be made by my mother.

Future in the
I knew John would finish the work by 5:00
Past I knew the work would be finished by 5:00 PM.
PM.
Would

Future in the
I thought Sally was going to make a beautiful I thought a beautiful dinner was going to be made by Sally
Past
dinner tonight. tonight.
Was Going to

14. Used to:

We use 'used to' for something that happened regularly in the past but no longer happens.

I used to smoke a packet a day but I stopped two years ago.

 Ben used to travel a lot in his job but now, since his promotion, he doesn't.
I used to drive to work but now I take the bus.
We also use it for something that was true but no longer is.
There used to be a cinema in the town but now there isn't.
She used to have really long hair but she's had it all cut off.
I didn't use to like him but now I do.
We use 'to be used to doing' to say that something is normal, not unusual.

I'm used to living on my own. I've done it for quite a long time.
Hans has lived in England for over a year so he is used to driving on the left now.
They've always lived in hot countries so they aren't used to the cold weather here.
We use 'to get used to doing' to talk about the process of something becoming normal for us.

I didn't understand the accent when I first moved here but I quickly got used to it.
She has started working nights and is still getting used to sleeping during the day.
I have always lived in the country but now I'm beginning to get used to living in the city.

15. Conjugation of Important Verbs: In these conjugations you better pay attention these verbs, they
have different role as principal verbs or an auxiliary verbs, others do not have third pronoun conjugations and
proggressives and perfect tenses. An asterisk tells you that is not common in English.

Be
Personal Present Past Future + Present Past Present Past Perfect +
Pronoun (will) Progressive Progressive Perfect + (had)
+ am, is /are + was/were (have)
I Am Was Will be Am being* Was being* Have been Had been
You Are Were Will be Are being Were being Have been Had been
He Is Was Will be Is being Was being Has been Had been
She Is Was Will be Is being Was being Has been Had been
It Is Was Will be Is being Was being Has been Had been
We Are Were Will be are being Were being Have been Had been
You Are Were Will be Are being Were being Have been Had been
They Are Were Will be Are being Were being Have been Had been

Do
Personal Present Past Future + Present Past Present Past Perfect +
Pronoun (will) Progressive Progressive Perfect + (had)
+ am, is /are + was/were (have)
I Do Did Will do Am doing Was doing Have done Had done
You Do Did Will do Are doing Were doing Have done Had done
He Does Did Will do Is doing Was doing Has done Had done
She Does Did Will do Is doing Was doing Has done Had done
It Does Did Will do Is doing Was doing Has done Had done
We Do Did Will do Are doing Were doing Have done Had done
You Do Did Will do are doing Were doing Have done Had done
They Do Did Will do Are doing Were doing Have done Had done
Can
Personal Present Past Future + Present Past Present Past Perfect +
Pronoun (will) Progressive Progressive Perfect + (had)
+ am, is /are + was/were (have)
I Can Could * * * Been able *
You Can Could Been able
He Can * Could Been able
She Can Could Been able
It Can Could Been able
We Can Could Been able
You Can Could Been able
They Can Could Been able

Have
Personal Present Past Future + Present Past Present Past Perfect +
Pronoun (will) Progressive Progressive Perfect + (had)
+ am, is /are + was/were (have)
I Have Had Will have Am having * Was having * Have had Had had
You Have Had Will have Are having Were having Have had Had had
He Has Had Will have Is having Was having Has had Had had
She Has Had Will have Is having Was having Has had Had had
It Has Had Will have Is having Was having Has had Had had
We Have Had Will have Are having Were having Have had Had had
You Have Had Will have Are having Were having Have had Had had
They Have Had Will have Are having Were having Have had Had had

Study
Personal Present Past Future + Present Past Present Past Perfect
Pronoun (will) Progressive Progressive + Perfect + + (had)
+ am, is /are was/were (have)
I Study Studied Will study Am studying Was studying Have studied Had studied
You Study Studied Will study Are studying Were studying Have studied Had studied
He Studies Studied Will study Is studying Was studying Has studied Had studied
She Studies Studied Will study Is studying Was studying Has studied Had studied
It Studies Studied Will study Is studying Was studying Has studied Had studied
We Study Studied Will study are studying Were studying Has studied Had studied
You Study Studied Will study Are studying Were studying Has studied Had studied
They Study Studied Will study Are studying Were studying Has studied Had studied

Write
Personal Present Past Future + Present Past Present Past Perfect
Pronoun (will) Progressive Progressive + Perfect + + (had)
+ am, is /are was/were (have)
I Write Wrote Will write Am witing Was writing Have written Had written
You Write Wrote Will write Are writing Were writing Have written Had written
He Writes Wrote Will write Is writing Was writing Has written Had written
She Writes Wrote Will write Is writing Was writing Has written Had written
It Writes Wrote Will write Is writing Was writing Has written Had written
We Write Wrote Will write Are writing Were writing Have written Had written
You Write Wrote Will write Are writing Were writing Have written Had written
They Write Wrote Will write Are writing Were writing Have written Had written
 16. Places, Buildings and Monuments
Places: Building: Monument:
School Empire State Capitol
University ONU Building Brige Tower
Hospital House Eifiel Tower
Bank Apartment Pissa Tower
Book store Condonminium
Pharmacy Bungalow
Church Castle
City Hall Masion
Restaurant Chack
Cafeteria Hut
Store Cathedral
Justice Hall
Park
Discotec
Mall
Supermark
Car Wash
Convention Center
Gas Station
Stadium
Police Station
Library
Theater
Museum
Gymnasium
Art Gallery
Court House
Bakery
Emabassy
Fire Station
Factory
Post Office
Bus Station
Taxi Station
Air Port
Floristry

Vowels
IPA Examples
cup, luck
: arm, father
cat, black
e met, bed
away, cinema
: turn, learn
hit, sitting
i: see, heat
hot, rock
: call, four
put, could
u: blue, food
a five, eye
a now, out
e say, eight
o go, home
boy, join
e where, air
near, here
 pure, tourist

Consonants
IPA Examples
b bad, lab
d did, lady
f find, if
g give, flag
h how, hello
j yes, yellow
k cat, back
l leg, little
m man, lemon
n no, ten
sing, finger
p pet, map
r red, try
s sun, miss
she, crash
t tea, getting
t check, church
think, both
this, mother
v voice, five
w wet, window
z zoo, lazy
pleasure, vision
d just, large
 17. The Verb To Be
Probably the best known verb: "To be"

Forms of To Be

Perfect Continuous
Present Past
Form Form

I am was have / had been am / was being

he / she / it is was has / had been is / was being

you / we / they are were have / had been are / were being

Normally we use the verb to be to show the status or characteristics of something or someone. It says what I
am, what you are or what something is.

Present Simple

I am a You are He /She

is a It is a car. We are all teachers. They are students.
teacher. a student. student.

Past Simple

You He /She
I was a We were all students
were a was a It was a nice day yesterday.
once.
They were students.
student.
student. student.

Future Simple

I will be You will He / She

a be a will be a It will be nice later. We will be teachers. They will be students.
student. teacher. teacher.

When used with the present participle of other verbs it describes actions that are or were still continuing -
auxiliary verb be [+ ing form of the main verb].

Present Continuous

I am You are
being being He /She is being silly. It is being silly. We are being silly. They are being silly.
silly. silly.

Past Continuous

You
I was
were He /She was being
being It was being silly. We were being silly. They were being silly.
being silly.
silly.
silly.
 18. Do and Does as an Auxiliary and and as a Main Verb
The verb do can be an auxiliary verb and a main verb in English.
Simple Present (do, does, don't, doesn't)

Pronouns Affirmative sentences Negative senteces Questions

I I do my homework. I do not do my homework.* Do I do my homework?*

you You do your homework. You do not do your homework.* Do you do your homework?*

he, she, it He does his homework. He does not do his homework.* Does he do his homework?

we, you, they They do their homework. They do not do their homework.* Do they do their homework?

Simple Past (did, didn't)

Pronoun Affirmative Sentence Negative Sentence Question

I
You
He
She
did a special activity. did not a special activity. Did _____ a special activity?
It
We
You

They

*Past participle (done)

Pronouns Affirmative sentences Negative senteces Questions

I, you, we, you, they We have done the shopping. We have not done the shopping. Have we done the shopping?

he, she, it He has done the shopping. He has not done the shopping. Has he done the shopping?

Present Progressive, Gerund, present participle) (doing)

affirmative negative

I am doing my homework. I am not doing my homework.

Doing my homework is not always fun. Not doing my homework is not clever.

I saw Jane doing her homework. I didn't see Jane doing her homework
 19. Wh Question
For asking information

Question Answer Example

What Thing What is that?
When Time When is the game?
Who Person Who do you live with?
Where Place Where do you live?
Why Reason Why are you happy?
How Directions/Feelings How are you?

Example:
 20. The Direct / Indirect Object

Direct Object

A direct object is a noun or pronoun that receives the action of a verb or shows the result of the action. It answers
the question "What?" or "Whom?" after an action verb. An action verb with a direct object is called a transitive
verb. The direct objects on this page are italicized.

Notice each question being answered: "Receives what?" "The action"; "Shows what?" "The question"; etc.

Recognize a direct object when you see one.

Direct objects are nouns, pronouns, phrases, and clauses that follow transitive verbs [a type of action verb]. If
you can identify the subject and verb in a sentence, then finding the direct object--if one exists--is easy. Just
remember this simple formula:

Subject + verb + what? [sometimes who?] = the direct object

Examples:

Zippy accidentally kicked Maurice in the shin.

Zippy = subject | kicked = verb | Zippy kicked who? Maurice = direct object
Sometimes direct objects are single words like soccer and Maurice; other times they are phrases or clauses. The
formula nevertheless works the same.

Even worse, Sylina hates when Mom lectures her about hand care.
Sylina = subject | hates = verb | Sylina hates what? When Mom lectures her about hand care [subordinate clause]
= direct object

Direct objects can also follow verbals--infinitives, gerunds, and participles. Use this abbreviated version of the
formula:

Verbal + what? (sometimes who?) = direct object

Examples:

To see magnified blood cells, Gus squinted into the microscope on the lab table.
To see = infinitive | To see what? Blood cells = direct object

Dragging her seventy-five pound German shepherd through the door is Roseanne's least favorite part of going
to the vet.

Dragging = gerund | Dragging what? Her seventy-five pound German shepherd = direct object

Don't confuse direct objects and subject complements.

Only action verbs can have direct objects. If the verb is linking, then the word that answers the what? or who?
Question is a subject complement.

The space alien from the planet Zortek accidentally locked his keys in his space ship.

Alien = subject | locked = action verb | The space alien locked what? His keys = direct object.

The space alien was happy to find a spare key taped under the wing.

Alien = subject | was = linking verb | The space alien was what? Happy = subject complement.

Example:

After giving my dog Oreo a scoop of peanut butter, she always kisses me with her sticky tongue.
She = subject | kisses = verb | She kisses who? Me = direct object

Because Jo had cut Mr. Duncan's class five times in a row, she ducked out of sight whenever she spotted him
on campus.

She = subject | spotted = verb | She spotted who? Him = direct object

Inside the Predicate

Now we will look inside the Predicate, and assign functions to its constituents. Recall that the Predicate is
everything apart from the Subject. So in David plays the piano, the Predicate is plays the piano. This Predicate
consists of a verb phrase, and we can divide this into two further elements:

[plays] [the piano]

In formal terms, we refer to the verb as the PREDICATOR, because its function is to predicate or state
something about the subject. Notice that Predicator is a functional term, while verb is a formal term:

FORM FUNCTION

Verb Predicator

Indirect Object

An indirect object precedes the direct object and tells to whom or for whom the action of the verb is done and
who is receiving the direct object. There must be a direct object to have an indirect object. Indirect objects are
usually found with verbs of giving or communicating like give, bring, tell, show, take, or offer. An indirect
object is always a noun or pronoun which is not part of a prepositional phrase.

Example:

She gave me the report.

The indirect object is often used right before a direct object and does not follow a preposition, as illustrated in
the phrases above. If a preposition is used, then the word becomes the object of that preposition, as in the
following, where to and for are prepositions and man and yourself are their objects:

We will make an offer to the man. Get a job for yourself.

Example:

Suellen gave Thomas the answers to the test.

You will recall, that in our discussion of direct objects, the way to find them is to state the action verb in a
question ending with "What".

In the sentence above we have an action verb, "gave", and an answer to the question "Gave what?", "answers".

Therefore we have the direct object, "answers".

Is there anything in the sentence that received the direct object?

You bet, Thomas!

"Thomas" is the Indirect Object.

Examples:

An indirect object is really a prepositional phrase in which the preposition to or for is not stated but understood.
It tells to whom or for whom something is done. The indirect object always comes between the verb and the
direct object. Example: She gave me a gift. The indirect object always modifies the verb. It may have modifiers
and be compound. It is used with verbs such as give, tell, send, get, buy, show, build, do, make, save, and read.
Example: She sent the man and me a gift.

Find the verb, direct object, and indirect object in the following sentences.
1. Has your boss sent you a notice about the next convention?

2. John read his tiny nephew an exciting story.

3. Our father built the family a redwood picnic table.

4. The doctor sent me a bill for his services.

5. We gave my mother a book for her birthday.

 21. The Punctuation Marks in English
The Comma (,)
The comma is useful in a sentence when the writer wishes to: pause before proceeding add a
phrase that does not contain any new subject separate items on a list use more than one
adjective (a describing word, like beautiful)
For example, in the following sentence the phrase or clause between the commas gives us
more information behind the actions of the boy, the subject of the sentence:

The boy, who knew that his mother was about to arrive, ran quickly towards the
opening door.

Note that if the phrase or clause were to be removed, the sentence would still make sense
although there would be a loss of information. Alternatively, two sentences could be used:

The boy ran quickly towards the opening door. He knew that his mother was about
to arrive.

Commas are also used to separate items in a list. For example:

The shopping trolley was loaded high with bottles of beer, fruit, vegetables, toilet
rolls, cereals and cartons of milk.

Note that in a list, the final two items are linked by the word and rather than by a comma.
Commas are used to separate adjectives. For example:

The boy was happy, eager and full of anticipation at the start of his summer holiday.

As commas represent a pause, it is good practice to read your writing out loud and listen to
where you make natural pauses as you read it. More often than not, you will indicate where
a comma should be placed by a natural pause. Although, the rules of where a comma needs
to be placed should also be followed. For example:
 However, it has been suggested that some bees prefer tree pollen.

The Period (.)

A full stop should always be used to end a sentence. The full stop indicates that a point has
been made and that you are about to move on to further explanations or a related point. Less
frequently, a series of three full stops (an ellipsis) can be used to indicate where a section of
a quotation has been omitted when it is not relevant to the text, for example:
The boy was happy at the start of his summer holiday.
A single full stop may also be used to indicate the abbreviation of commonly used words as
in the following examples:
Telephone Number = Tel. No.
September = Sept.
Pages = pp.

Exclamation Mark (!)

An exclamation mark indicates strong feeling within a sentence, such as fear, anger or love.
It is also used to accentuate feeling within the written spoken word. For example:
Help! I love you! In this way, it can also be used to indicate a sharp instruction
Stop! Police! or to indicate humour
Ha! Ha! Ha!
The exclamation mark at the end of a sentence means that you do not need a full stop or
period. Exclamation marks are a poor way of emphasising what you think are important
points in your written assignments; the importance of the point will emphasise itself without
a sequence of !!! in the text. An exclamation mark should only be used when absolutely
essential, or when taken from a direct quote. The exclamation mark should be used sparingly
in formal and semi-formal writing.

Question Mark (?)

The question mark simply indicates that a sentence is asking a question. It always comes at
the end of a sentence: For example:

Are we at the end?

Note that the question mark also serves as a full stop.
Semi-colon (;)
The semi-colon is perhaps the most difficult sign of punctuation to use accurately. If in
doubt, avoid using it and convert the added material into a new sentence. As a general rule,
the semi-colon is used in the following ways: When joining two connected sentences. For
example:

We set out at dawn; the weather looked promising. or

Assertive behaviour concerns being able to express feelings, wants and desires appropriately;
passive behaviour means complying with the wishes of others. The semi-colon can also be
used to assemble detailed lists. For example:
The conference was attended by delegates from Paris, France; Paris, Texas; London, UK;
Stockholm, Sweden; Colombo, Sri Lanka; and Mumbai, India.

Colon (:)
The colon within a sentence makes a very pointed pause between two phrases. There are two
main uses of the colon:

It is most commonly used when listing. For example:

She placed the following items into the trolley: beer, fruit, vegetables, toilet rolls,
cereals and cartons of milk.

Or it can be used within a heading, or descriptive title. For example:

Human Resource Management: Guidelines for Telephone Advisers

Apostrophe ()
The apostrophe, sometimes called an inverted comma has two main uses. The apostrophe
indicates possession or ownership. For example:
The girl's hat was green, (girl is in the singular).
This shows the reader that the hat belongs to the girl. The girls' hats were green, (girls in this
instance are plural, i.e. more than one girl, more than one hat). This indicates that the hats
belong to the girls. Another use of the apostrophe is to indicate where a letter is omitted: For
example:

We're going to do this course. (We are going to do this course.)

Isnt this a fine example of punctuation? (Is not this a fine example of punctuation?) The
time is now 7 o clock. (The time is now 7 of the clock)

Note that a common mistake is to confuse its with its. Its indicates to the reader that a letter
has been omitted. For example:

Its a lovely day is an abbreviated way of saying: It is a lovely day.

Note that in most formal writing, the practice of using abbreviated words is inappropriate.

Quotation or Speech Marks (.)

Quotation or speech marks are used to: to mark out speech when quoting someone else's
speech. For example:
My grandpa said, "Share your chocolates with your friends."

"George, don't do that!"

"Will you get your books out please? said Mrs Jones, the teacher, and quieten
down!"

It is worth noting that to report an event back does not require speech or quotation marks.
For example:
Mrs Jones told the pupils to take out their books and to quieten down.
Hyphen (-)
The hyphen is used to link words together. For example:
sub-part
eighteenth-century people
week-end
second-class post
gender-neutral
non-verbal

The hyphen is also used when a word is split between two lines. The hyphen should be
placed between syllables at the end of the upper line and indicates to the reader that the word
will be completed on the next line. Computer applications such as Word Processors can be
set to automatically hyphenate words for you, although it is more common to use extra
spacing to avoid hyphenation.

Brackets ( )
Brackets always come in pairs ( ) and are used to make an aside, or a point which is not part
of the main flow of a sentence. If you remove the words between the brackets, the sentence
should still make sense. For example:
The strategy (or strategies) chosen to meet the objectives may need to change as the
intervention continues.
Another example is as follows:
We can define class as a large-scale grouping of people who share common
economic resources that strongly influence the types of lifestyle they are able to lead.
Ownership of wealth, together with occupation, are the chief basis of class
differences. The major classes that exist in Western societies are an upper class (the
wealthy, employers and industrialists, plus tops executives those who own or
directly control productive resources); a middle class (which includes most white-
collar workers and professionals); and a working class (those in blue-collar or manual
jobs).

Square Brackets []
A different set of square brackets [ ] can be used: to abbreviate lengthy quotations, to correct
the tense of a quotation to suit the tense of your own sentence, to add your own words to
sections of an abbreviated quotation, to abbreviate lengthy quotations in an essay or report
 We can define class as a large-scale grouping of people who share common
economic resources that strongly influence the types of lifestyle they are able to lead.
Ownership of wealth, together with occupation, are the chief basis of class
differences. The major classes that exist in Western societies are an upper class [];
a middle class [] and a working class [].

To adjust a quotation to suit your own sentence. For example, if you were writing about class
structure, you might use the following:

According to Giddens, (1997, p.243) the [o]wnership of wealth, together with

occupation, are the chief basis of class differences.

Note, that when using square brackets, only the occasional letter as in the above example or
the occasional word (for example when changing the tense of the sentence) would be placed
in square brackets in this way.

Slash (/)
Many people use the slash instead of or, and etc., but this is not always helpful to the reader.
There is, however, a modern convention in gender-neutral writing to use s/he. Slashes are
important symbols in web-addresses.
22. Transition Words
Transitions are phrases or words used to connect one idea to the next, transitions are used by
the author to help the reader progress from one significant idea to the next, transitions also
show the relationship within a paragraph (or within a sentence) between the main idea and
the support the author gives for those ideas, different transitions do different things.

Transitions may be "Additive," "Adversative," "Causal," or "Sequential."

Additive Transitions Identification Concession Cause/Reason

Addition Clarification Dismissal Effect/Result

Introduction Adversative Replacement Purpose

Transitions
Reference Consequence
Conflict
Similarity Causal Transitions
Emphasis
 Numerical Conclusion Resumption

Causual Continuation Digression Summation

Transitions

Additive Transitions:
These show addition, introduction, similarity to other ideas, &c.

Addition:

indeed, further, as well (as this), either (neither), not only (this) but
also (that) as well,
also, moreover, what is more, as a matter of fact, in all honesty,

and, furthermore, in addition (to this), besides (this), to tell the truth,

or, in fact, actually, to say nothing of,

too, let alone, much less additionally,

nor, alternatively, on the other hand, not to mention (this),

Introduction:

such as, as, particularly, including, as an illustration,

for example, like, in particular, for one thing, to illustrate

for instance, especially, notably, by way of example,

Reference:

speaking about (this), considering (this), regarding (this), with regards to (this),

as for (this), concerning (this), the fact that on the subject of (this)

Similarity:

similarly, in the same way, by the same token, in a like manner,

equally likewise,

Identification:

that is (to say), namely, specifically, thus,

Clarification:

that is (to say), I mean, (to) put (it) another way in other words,

Adversative Transitions:

These transitions are used to signal conflict, contradiction concession, dismissal, &c.

Conflict:

but, by way of contrast, while, on the other hand,

however, (and) yet, whereas, though (final position),

in contrast, when in fact, conversely, still

Emphasis:

even more, above all, indeed, more importantly, besides

Concession:

but even so, nevertheless, even though, on the other hand, admittedly,

however, nonetheless, despite (this), notwithstanding (this), albeit

(and) still, although, in spite of (this), regardless (of this),

(and) yet, though, granted (this), be that as it may,

Dismissal:

either way, whichever happens, in either event, in any case, at any rate,

in either case, whatever happens, all the same, in any event,

Replacement:

(or) at least, (or) rather, instead

Causal Transitions:

These transitions signal cause/effect and reason/result, etc. . .

Cause/Reason:

for the (simple) reason that, being that, for, in view of (the fact), inasmuch as,

because (of the fact), seeing that, as, owing to (the fact),

due to (the fact that), in that since, forasmuch as,

Condition:

on (the) condition (that), granted (that), if, provided that, in case,

in the event that, as/so long as, unless given that,

granting (that), providing that, even if, only if,

Effect/Result:

as a result (of this), consequently, hence, for this reason, thus,

because (of this), in consequence, so that, accordingly

as a consequence, so much (so) that, so, therefore,

Purpose:

for the purpose of, in the hope that, for fear that, so that,

with this intention, to the end that, in order to, lest

with this in mind, in order that, so as to, so,

Consequence:

under those circumstances, then, in that case, if not,

that being the case, if so, otherwise

Sequential Transitions:

These transitions are used to signal a chronological or logical sequence.

Numerical:

in the (first, second, etc.) place, initially, to start with, first of all thirdly, &c.)

to begin with, at first, for a start, secondly,

Continuation:

subsequently, previously, eventually, next,

before (this), afterwards, after (this), then

Conclusion:

to conclude (with) as a final point, eventually, at last,

last but not least, in the end, finally, lastly,

Digression:

to change the topic incidentally, by the way,

Resumption:

to get back to the point, to resume anyhow, anyway, at any rate,

to return to the subject,

Summation:

as was previously stated, so, consequently, in summary, all in all,

to make a long story short, thus, as I have said, to sum up, overall,

as has been mentioned, then, to summarize, to be brief, briefly,

given these points, in all, on the whole, therefore,

as has been noted, hence, in conclusion, in a word,

to put it briefly, in sum, altogether, in short,

23. Tips of Listening Skills

The Technique. Active listening is really an extension of the rules or tips. To know how to listen to someone
else or a speaker, think about how you would want to be listened to.

While the ideas are largely intuitive, it might take some practice to develop some skills like listening. Heres
what good listeners know.

1. Face the speaker; Sit up straight or lean forward slightly to show your attentiveness through body language.

2. Maintain eye contact; to the degree that you all remain comfortable.

3. Minimize external distractions; Turn off the TV. Put down your book or magazine, and ask the speaker
and other listeners to do the same.

4. Respond appropriately to show that you understand; Murmur or raise your eyebrows. Say words such as
Really, Interesting, as well as more direct prompts: What did you do then? and What did they say?

5. Focus solely on what the speaker is saying; Try not to think about what you are going to say next. The
conversation will follow a logical flow after the speaker makes her point.
6. Minimize internal distractions; If your own thoughts keep horning in, simply let them go and continuously
re-focus your attention on the speaker, much as you would during meditation.

7. Keep an open mind; Wait until the speaker is finished before deciding that you disagree. Try not to make
assumptions about what the speaker is thinking.

8. Avoid letting the speaker know how you handled a similar situation; Unless they specifically ask for
advice, assume they just need to talk it out.

9. Even if the speaker is launching a complaint against you; wait until they finish to defend yourself. The
speaker will feel as though their point had been made. They wont feel the need to repeat it, and youll know
the whole argument before you respond. Research shows that, on average, we can hear four times faster than
we can talk, so we have the ability to sort ideas as they come inand be ready for more.

10. Engage yourself; Ask questions for clarification, but, once again, wait until the speaker has finished. That
way, you wont interrupt their train of thought. After you ask questions, paraphrase their point to make sure you
didnt misunderstand. Start with: So youre saying

Tips of Speaking Skills

There are so many exciting ways to learn English and make the learning process fun. Tips of things you can
do to improve your speaking skills:

1. Speak and practice every single time; Be confident and speak as often as possible to as many people as
you possibly can! Do not be shy to make mistakes! The more you practice the better and more confident you
will become in your pronunciation and vocabulary.

2. Read many book you have on your hands; When you are unsure of a word or a pronunciation of a word,
ask google! It's easy to use! Enter the word in Google Translate and listen to the correct pronunciation by
clicking on the audio button.

3. Listen yourself when you speak; Listen to news bulletins and songs in English to listen to the pronunciation
of words. You can also learn new words and expressions this way. The more you listen, the more you learn!

4. Read Out Loud; Read the newspaper or a magazine out to yourself. Hearing yourself read will help you
spot your mistakes better.

5. Learn a new word everyday; Choose a word you would like to work on and use practice it in different
sentences. Use the word until you have learnt it and keep using it regularly.

6. Watch Films with or without written interprertation; Watch movies in English and pay attention to new
vocabulary and pronunciation. Imitate the actors and have fun with it.
7. Attend to conversation clubs; Make friends with English speakers or others learning to speak English and
compare notes. Talk about things that you have learnt and exchange ideas.

8. Do Interesting activities in English; Take a cooking course in English or join a book club! Anything you
enjoy doing, make sure you do it and communicate it in English.

9. Have a frum and debates; Debate all the topics that interest you with friends in English. Try to use as
much vocabulary as you can to get your point across.

10. Use any simple technique to talk; The dictionary has millions of words to choose from! Look up different
words and their synonyms and alternate how and when you use them in sentences.

Tips to Improve Your Reading Skills

In the modern age of information, reading truly is a fundamental survival skill. Here are ten tips you better use
to improve their reading skills:

1. You don't have to be a great reader to get the point; Some people read fast and remember everything. Others
read slowly and take a couple of times to get all the information. It doesn't matter, really, so long as when you
read, you get the information you're seeking.

2. Know What and Why you are Reading; Are you reading for entertainment or to learn something? Decide
why you're reading before you start and you'll greatly improve your comprehension and your enjoyment.

3. You don't need to read everything; Not every magazine, letter, and email you receive contains information
you need. In fact, most of it is simply junk. Throw it away, hit the delete key! Just doing this will double the
amount of time you have available to read.

4. You don't need to read all of what you DO read; Do you read every article of every magazine, every
chapter of every book? If so, you're probably spending a lot of time reading stuff you don't need. Be choosy:
select the chapters and articles that are important. Ignore the rest.

5. Scan before you read; Look at the table of contents, index, topic headers, photo captions, etc. These will
help you determine if, a) you have a real interest in this reading, and b) what information you're likely to get
from it.

6. Prioritize your Reading; You can't read everything all at once (and wouldn't want to). If it's important, read
it now. If it's not, let it wait.

7. Optimize your reading environment; You'll read faster and comprehend more if you read in an
environment that's comfortable for you.

8. Once you start, don't stop; Read each item straight through. If you finish and have questions, go back and
re-read the pertinent sections. If you don't have questions, you got what you needed and are ready to move on.

9. Focus; Remember, you're reading with a purpose, so focus on that purpose and the material. If you lose
interest or keep losing your place, take a break or read something else. You can keep track of where you are by
following along with your hand. This simple technique helps you focus and increase your concentration.
10. Practice; The more you read, the better reader you'll become (and smarter, too)! So, feed your mind: read!

Tips of Writing Skills

Whether we're composing a blog or a business letter, an email or an essay, our goal should be to respond clearly
and directly to the needs and interests of our readers. These 10 tips should help us sharpen our writing whenever
we set out to inform or persuade.

1. Lead with your main idea. As a general rule, state the main idea of a paragraph in the first sentence--the
topic sentence. Don't keep your readers guessing.

2. Vary the length of your sentences. In general, use short sentences to emphasize ideas. Use longer
sentences to explain, define, or illustrate ideas.

3. Put key words and ideas at the beginning or end of a sentence. Don't bury a main point in the middle
of a long sentence. To emphasize key words, place them at the beginning or (better yet) at the end.

4. Vary sentence types and structures. Vary sentence types by including occasional questions and
commands. Vary sentence structures by blending simple, compound, and complex sentences.

5. Use active verbs. Don't overwork the passive voice or forms of the verb "to be." Instead, use dynamic
verbs in the active voice.

6. Use specific nouns and verbs. To convey your message clearly and keep your readers engaged, use
concrete and specific words that show what you mean.

7. Cut the clutter. When revising your work, eliminate unnecessary words.

8. Read aloud when you revise. When revising, you may hear problems (of tone, emphasis, word choice,
and syntax) that you can't see. So listen up!

9. Actively edit and proofread. It's easy to overlook errors when merely looking over your work. So be on
the lookout for common trouble spots when studying your final draft.
 10. Use a dictionary. When proofreading, don't trust your spellchecker: it can tell you only if a word is a
word, not if it's the right word.

24. Words with Prefixes

Dis im in mis pre

disagree impatient inactive misbehave prearrange

disappear imperfect incomplete mislay precook

disarm impolite incorrect mislead prepaid

disconnect impossible indefinite misplace preschool

dishonest impure mispronounce pretest

dislike misread preview

disloyal misspell

dismount mistreat

disobey misuse

disorder

disown

distrust

re un
reappear remove unable unheated

rearm rename unafraid unkind

rearrange renumber unbroken unknown

recount repack uncertain unlike

redo repaint uncommon unlock

reenter repay uncooked unlucky

refill replace uncover unpainted

refresh replay undecided unreal

refried reread undress unselfish

regrew rerun unequal untangle

regroup resale uneven untied

reheat reshape unexpected unusual

rehire retell unfair unwrapped

reload rethink unfamiliar

remade retrace unfasten

remake reword unhappy

remarry rewrite unhealthy

Words with Suffix

able usable thicken rancher restful

admirable washable toughen robber successful

agreeable whiten ruler thankful

approachable wearable widen scraper useful

avoidable workable settler wasteful

believable en wooden sharpener wonderful

breakable blacken er youthful

comfortable brighten bomber shopper

curable cheapen catcher speaker ible

desirable dampen commander stinger collapsible
enjoyable darken dancer teacher collectible
excitable fatten defender trapper convertible
excusable flatten designer washer defensible
exchangeable freshen dodger ful digestible
imaginable gladden driver armful expressible
laughable golden dryer careful forcible
likable harden explorer cheerful reversible
manageable lengthen follower colorful

moveable lighten gambler delightful

noticeable loosen golfer fearful

observable moisten invader forgetful

pleasurable quicken juggler helpful

readable ripen leader hopeful

respectable sadden manager joyful

salable sharpen painter painful

teachable shorten performer peaceful

trainable strengthen pitcher playful

understandable sweeten pointer respectful
 25. Words with Different Roles

Adjective Adverb Noun Verb

Accurate accurately accurateness _____

agreeable agreeably agreement agree

amazing, amazed amazingly amazement amaze

annoying, annoyed annoyingly annoyance annoy

artistic artistically art ______

associate _______ association associate

attractive attractively attractiveness attract

behaved _______ behaviour behave

believable believably belief believe

beneficial beneficially beneficiary benefit

bold boldly boldness ______

casual casually casualness ______

clear clearly clear ______

comfortable comfortably comfort comfort

convenient conveniently convenience _______

commercial commercially commerce _______

creative creatively creation create

critical critically criticism criticize

dated dateless datedness date

decided decidedly decision decide

decisive decisively decisiveness ______

deliberate deliberately _______ ______

different differently _______ ______

discussion discuss ______

disputable disputably dispute dispute

distracted distractedly distraction distract

ethical ethically ethic ______

exact exactly exactness exact

extraordinary extraordinarily _______ ______

fashionable fashionably fashion fashion

fascinated, fascinating ________ fascination fascinate

forgivable ________ forgiveness forgive

fortunate fortunately fortune ______

friendly friendlily friendliness ______

happy happily happiness ______

harmonious harmoniously harmony harmonize

hidden ________ _______ hide

heightened height heighten ______

honest honestly honesty ______

honourable honourably honour honour

imaginable, imaginary imaginably imagination imagine

important importantly importance _______

improvable ________ improvement improve

inspirational inspirationally inspiration inspire

intrigued / intriguing intriguingly intrigue intrigue

intelligent intelligently intelligence ______

inventive inventively invention invent

irritable irritably irritant / irritation irritate

justified justifiable justification justify

legal legally legality legalize

legible legibly legibility _______

legitimate legitimately legitimacy legitimize

liberal liberally liberal liberalize

likely likely likelihood like

logical logically logic _______

lucky luckily luck _______

mature maturely maturity mature

moral morally morality moralize

mortal mortally mortality _______

noticeable noticeably notice notice

offensive offensively offensiveness offend

ordinary ordinarily _______ _______

patient patiently patience _______

perfect perfect perfection perfect

________ _________ performance perform

polite politely politeness _______

possible possibly possibility _______

powerful powerfully power power

preventable _________ prevention prevent

probable probably probability _______

professional professionally professionalism _______

protective protectively protection protect

rational rationally rationale /rationality rationalize

recommended / recommending recommendation recommend

regular regularly regularity _______

relevant relevantly relevance _______

reliable reliability reliability _______

religious religiously religiousness _______

replaceable ________ replacement replace

representative ________ representative represent

respectful respectable respectability respect

responsable responsibly responsibility _______

reversible reversibility reverse reverse

romantic romantically romantic romanticize

satisfactory satisfactorily satisfaction satisfy

significant significantly significance signify

soluble ________ solubility solution

speedy speedily speed speed

successful successfully success succeed

symbolic symbolically symbol symbolize

talkative ________ talk / talkativeness talk

tasteful tastefully tastefulness taste

taught / teaching ________ teacher teach

thrilled / thrilling ________ thrill thrill

valid ________ validity validate

26. A Little / A Few

The expressions a little and a few mean some. If a noun is in singular, we use a little

Example:

a little money

If a noun is in plural, we use a few

Example: a few friends

27. Countable / Uncountable Nouns

In connection with a little / a few people often speak of countable nouns and uncountable nouns.
Countable nouns have a singular and a plural form. In plural, these nouns can be used with a
number (that's why they are called 'countable nouns'). Countable nouns take a few.

Example: 4 friends a few friends

Uncountable nouns can only be used in singular. These nouns cannot be used with a number
(that's why they are called 'uncountable nouns'). Uncountable nouns take a little.

Example: 3 money a little money

Note: Of course you can count money but then you would name the currency and say that you
have got 3 euro (but not 3 money). A Little / A few or Little / Few

It's a difference if you use a little / a few or little / few. Without the article, the words have a
limiting or negative meaning. a little = some little = hardly any

Example: I need a little money. - I need some money.

I need little money. - I need hardly any money.

a few = some few = hardly any

Example: A few friends visited me. - Some friends visited me.

Few friends visited me. - Hardly any friends visited me.

Without the article, little / few sound rather formal. That's why we don't use them very often in
everyday English. A negative sentence with much / many is more common here.

Example: I need little money. = I do not need much money.

Few friends visited me. = Not many friends visited me.

28. Much / many

The words much and many mean a lot of. If a noun is in singular, we use much

Example: much money

If a noun is in plural, we use many

Example: many friends

Use of much / many

In everyday English, we normally use much / many only in questions and negative clauses.

Example: How much money have you got?

Carla does not have many friends.

In positive clauses with so, as or too, we also use much / many.

Example: Carla has so many friends.

She has as many friends as Sue.

Kevin has too much money.

In all other positive clauses, however, we prefer expressions like a lot of / lots of.

Example: Carla has a lot of / lots of friends.

Kevin has a lot of / lots of money.

In formal texts, however, much / many are also common in positive clauses. This you will notice
for example when you read English news.

Countable / Uncountable Nouns

In connection with much / many people often speak of countable nouns and uncountable nouns.
Countable nouns have a singular and a plural form. In plural, these nouns can be used with a
number (that's why they are called 'countable nouns'). Countable nouns take many.

Example: 100 friends many friends

Uncountable nouns can only be used in singular. These nouns cannot be used with a number
(that's why they are called 'uncountable nouns'). Uncountable nouns take much.

Example: 100 money much money

 29. Some & Any

The words some and any are used for countable and uncountable nouns. In general, we could say
that some means a few / a little and any means none in negative clauses or a few / a little in
questions.

Positive Clauses

In positive clauses, we usually use some.

Example: I have bought some bread.

I have bought some apples.

Negative Clauses

In negative clauses, we use any. Note, however, that any alone is not a negative - it must be not ...
any

Example: I have not bought any bread.

I have not bought any apples.

Questions

In questions, we usually use any.

Example: Have you bought any bread?

Have you bought any apples?

30. Compound Words with some & any

Some & any can also be part of compound words such as:

Something / anything

Someone / anyone
Somewhere / anywhere

Note that some & any have to be used with a noun while compound words with some & any can
stand on their own.

Example: I have bought some bread.

I have bought something.

However, some and any need not stand directly before the noun. Sometimes, the noun appears
somewhere before some or any and is not repeated. So if you are not sure whether to use some or
something for example, check if there is a noun in the sentence that you can place after some.

Example: I do not have to buy bread. Rachel has already bought some [bread].

Exceptions

Positive Clauses with Any

We usually use some in positive clauses. But after never, without, hardly, we use any.

Example: We never go anywhere.

She did her homework without any help.

Theres hardly anyone here.

Also in if clauses, we usually use any.

Example: If there is anything to do, just call me.

Questions with Some

We usually use any in questions. But if we expect or want the other to answer yes, we use some.

Example: Have you got any brothers and sisters?

Some people have brothers or sisters, others don't

We cannot expect the answer to be yes- Would you like some biscuits?

We offer something and want to encourage the other to say yes

One Verb for each letter of the Alphabet

A ---- Apply N --- Need

B --- Begin O --- Observe

C --- Clean P --- Perform

D --- Drink Q --- Qualify

E --- Enjoy R --- Read

F --- Feel S --- Save

G --- Gain T --- Treat

H --- Happen U --- Unite

I --- Iron V --- Visit

J --- Jump W --- Write

K --- Kneel X --- Xerox

L --- Learn Y --- Yearn

M --- Mean Z --- Zoom

31. Quoted Speech and Reported Speech

1. Quoted speech has quotation marks; reported speech does not use quotation marks.

2. In reported speech, the pronoun often changes. For example, in the above sentence with quoted speech the
pronoun I is used, whereas the sentence with reported speech uses the pronoun he.

3. In reported speech, the word that is often used after said, but that is optional.

4. Quoted speech is exactly what the person said.

5. The verb in reported speech is changed to the past; some modal verbs do not change. There are rules to
follow when changing the verb. Please see the chart below.
Quoted Speech (EXACT) Reported Speech (NOT EXACT)

Jordan said, "I cook rice every day." Jordan said that she cooked rice every day.

Jordan said, "I am cooking rice." Jordan said that she was cooking rice.

Jordan said, "I cooked rice."
Jordan said, "I have cooked rice."
Jordan said, "I had cooked rice."
Jordan said that she had cooked rice.
Jordan said that she had cooked rice.
Jordan said that she had cooked rice.
Note: The past tenses all
use had + past
participle. To see a list of
irregular past participles.

Jordan said, "I will cook rice." Jordan said that she would cook rice.

Jordan said, "I am going to cook rice." Jordan said that she was going to cook rice.

Jordan said, "I can cook rice." Jordan said that she could cook rice.

Jordan said, "I may cook rice." Jordan said that she might cook rice.

Jordan said, "I must cook rice." Jordan said that she had to cook rice.

Jordan said, "I have to cook rice." Jordan said that she had to cook rice.

Jordan said, "I should cook rice."
Jordan said, "I ought to cook rice."
Jordan said, "I might cook rice."
Jordan said that she should cook rice.
Note: These modals do
Jordan said that she ought to cook rice. not change when used in
reported speech.
Jordan said that she might cook rice.

Jordan says, "I cook rice every day."
Jordan has said, "I cook rice every day."
Jordan will say, "I cook rice every day."
Jordan says that she cooks rice every day." Note: When you use the
words say, has said, or
Jordan has said that she cooks rice every day." will say (not said), the
verb tense remains the
Jordan will say that she cooks rice every day."
same for both the quoted
speech and reported
speech.

Jordan said, "Cook rice."
Jordan told me to cook rice. Note: For commands, use
the word told instead of
said, and use an
infinitive for the main
verb.

32. Clauses noun clause, adverbial clause,

A clause is a part of a sentence. There are two main types: independent (main clauses), dependent
(subordinate clauses).

Independent Clauses

An independent clause is a complete sentence; it contains a subject and verb and expresses a
complete thought in both context and meaning.
For example: The door opened.

Independent clauses can be joined by a coordinating conjunction to form complex or compound

sentences.

Co-ordinating Conjunctions

And but for or nor so - yet

For example: Take two independent clauses and join them together with the conjunction and: "The
door opened." "The man walked in." = the door opened and the man walked in.

Dependent Clauses

A dependent (subordinate) clause is part of a sentence; it contains a subject and verb but does not
express a complete thought. They can make sense on their own, but, they are dependent on the
rest of the sentence for context and meaning. They are usually joined to an independent clause to
form a complex sentence.

Dependent clauses often begin with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun (see below)
that makes the clause unable to stand alone.

Subordinating Conjunctions

after although as because

before even if even though if

in order that once provided that rather than

since so that than that

though unless until when

whenever where whereas wherever

whether while why

Relative Pronouns

that which whichever who whoever

whom whose whosever whomever

For example: The door opened because the man pushed it.

Dependent clauses can be nominal, adverbial or adjectival.

A nominal clause (noun clause) functions like a noun or noun phrase. It is a group of words
containing a subject and a finite verb of its own and contains one of the following: that | if | whether

For example: I wondered whether the homework was necessary.

Noun clauses answer questions like "who (m)?" or "what?"

An adverbial clause (adverb clause) is a word or expression in the sentence that functions as an
adverb; that is, it tells you something about how the action in the verb was done. An adverbial clause
is separated from the other clauses by any of the following subordinating conjunctions: after |
although | as | because | before | if | since | that | though | till | unless | until | when | where |
while

For example: They will visit you before they go to the airport.

Adverbial clauses can also be placed before the main clause without changing the meaning.

For example: Before they go to the airport, they will visit you.

Note - When an adverb clause introduces the sentence (as this one does), it is set off with a comma.

Adverb clauses answer questions like "when?", "where?", "why?"

An adjectival clause (adjective clause or relative clause) does the work of an adjective and describes
a noun, it's usually introduced by a relative pronoun: who | whom | whose | that | which

For example: I went to the show that was very popular.

This kind of clause is used to provide extra information about the noun it follows. This can be to
define something (a defining clause), or provide unnecessary, but interesting, added information (a
non-defining clause).
For example: The car that is parked in front of the gates will be towed away. (Defining relative
clause.)

Information contained in the defining relative clause is absolutely essential in order for us to be able
to identify the car in question.

My dog, who is grey and white, chased the postman. (Non-defining relative clause)

A non-defining relative clause is separated from the rest of the sentence by commas. If you take
away the non-defining clause the basic meaning of the sentence remains intact.

For example: My dog chased the postman.

Adjective clauses answer questions like "which?" or "what kind of?"

Summary

An adjective clause functions as an adjective (modifies a noun or pronoun); an adverb clause

functions as an adverb (describes a verb, adjective or other adverb); a noun clause is used as a noun
(subject of a verb, direct object, indirect object, predicate nominative or object of the preposition).

Note - The difference between a clause and a phrase is that a phrase does not contain a finite
verb.

Relative Clauses

A relative clause follows the noun it modifies. It is generally indicated by a relative pronoun at the
start of the clause, although sometimes you can tell simply by word order. The choice of relative
pronoun, or choice to omit one, can be affected by the following:

Human or Non-human

We make a distinction between an antecedent that is a human who (m) and an antecedent
which is a non-human which.
 Who (m) is used when the antecedent is a person.
That is used to refer to either a person or thing.
Which is used to refer to anything exept a person.

I met a man and a woman yesterday. The woman, who had long blonde hair, was very pretty.
The man she was with, was the man that / who won the race.
The race was the one that I lost.
The man, to whom the winnings were given, was with the woman who was very pretty.

Note - Whom is not used much in spoken English.

Restrictive or Non-restrictive

Restrictive relative clauses are sometimes called defining relative clauses, or identifying relative
clauses. Similarly, non-restrictive relative clauses are called non-defining or non-identifying relative
clauses. In English a non-restrictive relative clause is preceded by a pause in speech or a comma in
writing, unlike a restrictive clause.

For example: The builder, who erects very fine houses, will make a large profit.

This example, with commas, contains a non-restrictive relative clause. It refers to a specific builder,
and assumes we know which builder is intended. It tells us firstly about his houses, then about his
profits.

The builder who erects very fine houses will make a large profit.
This second example uses a restrictive relative clause. Without the commas, the sentence
states that any builder who builds such houses will make a profit.

Restrictive and Non-restrictive

Human Nonhuman

Subject who, that, which, that who which

Object who, whom, that, which, that, who, whom which

After preposition whom which whom which

Possessive whose, of whom, whose, of whom, whose, of which

Adjective, Adverb, and Noun Clauses

A clause is a group of related words which has both a subject and a predicate. A clause is different
from a phrase because a phrase is a group of related words which lacks either a subject or a
predicate or both.

Adjective Clauses

Adjective clauses modify nouns or pronouns. An adjective clause nearly always appears immediately
following the noun or pronoun.

To test for adjective clauses there are a couple of questions that you can ask. Which one? What
kind? Most adjective clauses begin with "who," "whom," "which," or "that." Sometimes the word
may be understood. The words "that" or "who," for example, might not specifically be in the
sentence, but they could be implied. To determine the subject of a clause ask "who?" or "what?"
and then insert the verb.

Example: The book that is on the floor should be returned to the library.

Occasionally, an adjective clause is introduced by a relative adverb, usually "when," "where," or

"why."

Example: Home is the place where you relax.

Adverb Clauses

Adverb clauses usually modify verbs, in which case they may appear anywhere in a sentence. They
tell why, where, under what conditions, or to what degree the action occurred or situation existed.
Unlike adjective clauses, they are frequently movable within the sentence.

Example: When the timer rings, we know the cake is done. OR

We know the cake is done when the timer rings.

Adverb clauses always begin with a subordinating conjunction. Subordinating conjunctions

introduce clauses and express their relation to the rest of the sentence.
Noun Clauses

Noun clauses are not modifiers, so they are not subordinators like adjectives and adverbs, and they
cannot stand alone. They must function within another sentence pattern, always as nouns. A noun
clause functions as a subject, subject complement, direct object, or object of a preposition.

A noun clause usually begins with a relative pronoun like "that," "which," "who," "whoever,"
"whomever," "whose," "what," and "whatsoever." It can also begin with the subordinating
conjunctions "how," "when," "where," "whether," and "why."

Example: Whoever wins the game will play in the tournament.

33. Verb with Similar Meaning and Different Spelling and Usage and Sentences
Subject + main verb + object

Noun (Subject pronoun) + (auxiliary) + verb + complement

Substantive + (auxiliary) + verb (-s ed ing) + predicate

List of Verbs by group Sentence for each verb

Rise The sun rises from the east every morning.

Arise Every nation arises its flag in the morning.

Get up Mr. Smith gets up from bed early at 6:00 a.m.

Stand up I stand up when my teacher ask me to do.

Lift A strong man lifts 300 pounds at the gym.

Raise Tom raises his hand in class.

Pick up My cousin picks up a coin with his finger.

________________________________________________________________________________

Begin Classes begin at 7:00 a.m.

Start The concert starts early at 9:00 p.m.

________________________________________________________________________________

Set The librarian sets some books in order on the shelf.

Lay My maid lays the pillow on the bed.

Place I place a flowerpot on the floor.

Put Someone puts his notebooks under the desk.

________________________________________________________________________________

Win Barcelona wins the golden cup every season.

Earn A big company earns a lot of money every year.

Gain Today professionals gain some experiences at work.

________________________________________________________________________________

Be Rose and Mark are at home every Sunday.

Stay The housekeeper stays at home doing her duties.

________________________________________________________________________________

Love A chef loves cooking apple pie every party.

Want Children want to watch TV after school.

Wish People wish to have wonderful life opportunities.

________________________________________________________________________________

Write The secretary writes a letter to her boss.

Type Young people type their document in the computer.

________________________________________________________________________________

Ask The teacher asks a question every single class.

Question The police question about your ID. Cards.

Claim Religious people claim about their rights.

________________________________________________________________________________

Speak Mr. Van Dame speaks English and French languages.

Talk My friend talks every single day about vacations.

________________________________________________________________________________

Laugh People laugh because the clown is funny.

Smile Young girls smile with their funny thing.

________________________________________________________________________________

Steal Someone steals some apples from the supermarket.

Rob A thief robs a necklace from the jewelry.

________________________________________________________________________________

Make The cook makes a delicious pineapple pie.

Do Students do their homework on time.

________________________________________________________________________________

Can A sport man can play some different sports.

May The client may deserve to be assisted by the waitress.

________________________________________________________________________________
Take Guys take some subjects at the university.

Carry A worker carries a pizza by motorcycle.

________________________________________________________________________________

Touch My friends touch a stone during a camping.

Play Nice singers play the guitar and the piano in a concert.

________________________________________________________________________________
Hit Somebody hits a person on his head.

Beat Human heart beats every emotion they feel.

Knock A stranger knocks my door very hard.

Strike The baseball player strikes the ball strength away.

Bang She bangs with her feet when she moves.

________________________________________________________________________________

Wed Miss Royer weds with her husband at the church.

Marry Sandy and Danny marry together in a lovely season.

________________________________________________________________________________

Collect My aunt collects some stamps for collection.

Pick up Children pick up everything they find on floor.

________________________________________________________________________________

Get Mr. Smith gets nice results about their students.

Obtain A healthy person obtains vitamins from fruits.

________________________________________________________________________________
Throw Someone throws a stone from the Street.

Drop A correct person drops garbage inside of the trash.

Pitch The baseball player pitches the ball out of the ground.

________________________________________________________________________________
Hold A boy holds the hands of his girlfriend.

Support A lonely mother supports their kids by herself.

________________________________________________________________________________

Live Mr. Boyles lives in California.

Dwell The moppets dwell under the water.

________________________________________________________________________________

Owe Mrs. OConner owes lots of money to the bank.

Must Students must do their homework every day.

________________________________________________________________________________

Guide A leader of boy scouts guides his group to the wood.

Drive The chofer drives a bus to down town very well.

Conduct That road conducts to the big city.

Lead The boss leads his employees successfully.

Manage A mayor manages his institution with humble.

________________________________________________________________________________
Go She goes to the supermarket.

Leave My neighbor leaves from El Salvador to Los Angeles.

Head The president of United States heads a whole nation.

________________________________________________________________________________

Finish Students finish their homework on time.

End The film end at the same moment than other one.

________________________________________________________________________________
Call My classmates call to their friends every single day.

Name Shusmita named as a Godess name from India.

________________________________________________________________________________
Listen Young people listen carefully to the radio.

Hear Adult people hear with a lot of patience.

________________________________________________________________________________
Keep Rose keeps her luxury inside of her bag.
Save Mr. Amstrong saves his money in the bank.

Store A computer technician stores information in a USB.

________________________________________________________________________________
Observe The meteorologist observes changes in the weather.

Look at You look at her face very well.

Watch Kids watch TV everyday in the afternoon.

See People see a nice landscape from the mountain.

________________________________________________________________________________

Find A butler finds a watch on the floor.

Meet Two friends meet each other at the airport.

________________________________________________________________________________

Take Students take some books from the table.

Catch A basketball player catches the ball far away.

________________________________________________________________________________

Cut The tailor cuts a shirt with some scissors.

Slice The cook slices a cake in four pieces.

Peel Mrs. Grut peels a cucumber for eating.

Break A mechanic breaks a cane from the car.

________________________________________________________________________________

Split A seller splits a banana in two pieces on the ice cream.

Divide My grandmother divides a pizza for seven people.

________________________________________________________________________________

Believe Religious people believe in God every year.

Think I think that an idea is strong when it comes from heart.

Guess People always guess about weather reporter.

________________________________________________________________________________

Wait A boy waits for his girlfriend at the bus stop.

Hope People hope peace one day in our country.

Expect The whole world expects new signs form the nature.
________________________________________________________________________________
Lend My friend lends me money every end of month.

Borrow A student borrows a pen to another one in class.

________________________________________________________________________________________

Investigate A scientific investigates about the cure of migraine.

Research Students research about a topic project in many books.

________________________________________________________________________________

Reach Children reach everything they find on their road.

Achieve New professional achieve their efforts at the university.

________________________________________________________________________________

Occur A traffic accident occurs every single day in our country.

Happen The same story happens to me when I was a child.

________________________________________________________________________________

Cry The baby cries for milk every morning.

Weep A housekeeper weeps every single time.

________________________________________________________________________________

Move The Flynns move to a new house in Los Angeles.

Quake A main church in the United States quakes to society.

Shake The earth shakes every ten years in summer season.

________________________________________________________________________________

Shout Someone shouts for asking help in the beach.

Yell A baby yells because he is afraid around strange people.

________________________________________________________________________________
Return He returns from his origins.

Come back He usually comes back when she goes to the market.

________________________________________________________________________________

Spin The planets spin around the sun.

Turn She just turns away when she smiled.

________________________________________________________________________________

Spend Lovers spend beautiful times when they are in love.

Waste Young people waste their money in shoppings.

________________________________________________________________________________

Allow English allows you to be in touch with the world.

Permit Parents permit their sons to have relationship.

Let Teacher lets his students to do their homework.

________________________________________________________________________________

Jump Martin jumps highest as a gymnastic person.

Hop Beyonc hops with her waist when she is dancing.

________________________________________________________________________________

Teach Mr. Peterson teaches English as second language.

Show John shows a gift to his girlfriend.

________________________________________________________________________________

Taste A chef tastes a delicious fig pie at the restaurant.

Like People like different fruits for eating.

_______________________________________________________________________________
Remember Students remember everything when they really study.

Remind My friend reminds me to buy a new cellphone.

________________________________________________________________________________
Know She knows the correct answer for that question

Realice You realize that the weather changes every day.

________________________________________________________________________________

Search A student searches a specific word in the dictionary.

Seek One kid seeks other kids behind the tree.

Look for An old lady looks for her glasses on the ground.

________________________________________________________________________________

Mail An adult person mails his letters by a post office.

Send Today, young people send their letters by Internet.

________________________________________________________________________________

Enjoy Salvadorean family enjoy together their free time.

Delight On Sunday, people delight a nice piece of cheese cake.

________________________________________________________________________________

Animate Group dancers animate every musical festival.

Encorauge Teacher encourages students to participate.

________________________________________________________________________________
Try Children try to do the best in the kindergarten.

Treat The clerk treats very well to the customers.

________________________________________________________________________________

Buy My cousin buys a new computer for doing his task.

Purchase Girls purchase different clothes at the mall center.

________________________________________________________________________________

Enter I enter to the theater before the movie.

Get in You better get in cause it is raining.

Come in Mr. Royer come in early to the class.

Access Tom accesses in the new software.

________________________________________________________________________________

Seem They seem to be interested on technical words.

Appear Mr. Konrad Zuse appears to be the first inventor of Pcs.

________________________________________________________________________________
Annoy Kids always annoy when they want something.

Bother My younger nephew bothers me for my TV programs.

Disturb Patients disturb at silent place of the hospital.

Mind People mind when I open the windows in the bus.

________________________________________________________________________________

Say The president says to the people all of his expectations.

Tell I tell you the true of my wishes.

________________________________________________________________________________

Go They go to the beach every vacation.

Address The cup address a group of tourist people.

________________________________________________________________________________

Inhale A man inhales smoke from the fire.

Pull An old lady pulls the door of the restaurant.

________________________________________________________________________________

Give My mom gives me a delicious meal every Saturday.

Provide Students provide excellent answer to the teacher.

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Hurry Guys always hurry when they ask for a cake.

Speed up Men speeds up with their cars on the Street.

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Respond Tom responds Jerry about his noisy movement.

Answer Excelent student answers evry question correctly.

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Comprehend Adult people comprehend the real exsistences of life.

Understand You understand the reading if you read it three times.

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Resquest She requestes more time to finish the report.

Demand He demands to to be paid more for his work.

Ask They ask to change the time of the exam.

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Evaluate The teacher evaluates students with a simple exam.

Assess The arquitec assesses the demages of the house.

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Provide The workers provide their afforts evey day.

Give A nice mother gives to her chirdren the best food.

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