Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1
Pulleys
Until we get to Chapter 10, all of our pulleys will be
ideal pulleys which are massless and frictionless.
An ideal pulley simply changes the direction of the
tension force in the rope which goes around the pulley.
2
Statics problem
A massless rope is looped over a pulley with
one end connected to a 30 kg box and the
other end held by a person. What force must
the person exert to keep the box stationary?
Free body T Free body T
diagram diagram
30
kg
. for the box for the hand Fhand
FG = mg
Fnet,y = T mg = 0 Fnet,y = T Fhand = 0
T = mg Fhand = T = mg
In a massless rope the tension Fhand = 30 kg 9.8 m/s2
is the same everywhere! = 290 N
3
Statics problem
What is the magnitude of the force exerted
by the rod holding the pulley to the ceiling?
Free body
diagram Frod Fnet,y = Frod 2T = 0
for the from the last problem
pulley
T T
30 . we know T = mg
kg
4
Clicker question 1 Set frequency to BA
The person holding the rope steps back a
few feet. What is the magnitude of the
force exerted by the rod on the ceiling now
(note the angle)?
A. Frod = 2mg
B. mg Frod < 2mg
30
kg
. C. Frod < mg
D. Frod > 2mg
E. Impossible to tell
Frod < 2T and T=mg.
Frod Given the angles, we
could calculate Frod.
Pulley free body diagram T T
5
Clicker question 2 Set frequency to BA
An Atwood's machine is a pulley with two masses
connected by a string as shown. The mass of object
A, mA, is twice the mass of object B, mB. The tension
T in the string is...
A
A. T = mA g B. T = mB g C. Neither of these B
TA TB
A A
F = T mA g = m aA B B
Fnet,y = T mB g = mB ayB
net,y A y
FG = mA g FG = mB g
Since the weights are unequal, it should be clear that there
will be some non-zero acceleration. Thus, since mAa yA and
mB a yB are not zero, neither A nor B can be correct.
6
Full solution to Atwoods machine
TA TB
A T mA g = m a A
A y
B T mB g = mB a yB
FG = mA g FG = mB g
A
B
mA mB
Solving for acceleration: a = B
g so the tension is
mA + mB
y
B m A + mB m A mB 2mA mB
T = mB g + m a B y = mB g + mB g = g
m A + mB m A + mB mA + m7B
Remember circular motion
What is the acceleration for circular motion with
!
varying speed? v2
Can divide acceleration vector into two parts arad
Tangential acceleration is related to atan ! !
a v1
change in speed and is parallel to the d v!
velocity vector with magnitude atan = dt
Radial acceleration is perpendicular to the velocity vector 2
v
and points to the inside of the curve with magnitude arad = r
!
Since they are perpendicular: a = atan2
+ arad
2
9
Vertical circular motion
Consider a motorcycle doing a vertical loop.
10
Vertical loops
What does the free body diagram
look like at the bottom of the loop? n
Lets apply Newtons 2nd law mg
Adding the forces: Fnet,r = n mg
v 2
mv 2
We will have radial acceleration arad = r so mar =
r
Therefore n mg = mv 2
r
making it clear that n > mg
The normal force is what you feel as weight which is why you
feel heavier at the bottom of the roller coaster.
11
Clicker question 3
What is the free body diagram at the top?
n mg
A. B. C. D. E.