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THE MOLE
By
ZULKIFLI MAHMOOD
Guru Cemerlang Kimia
2|Page
Example :
One mole
Each 7g lithium, 12g carbon, 56g iron, 64g copper, 197g gold contains
atom
6.02 x 1023 atoms (1 mole atom)
ACTIVITY 1
Mass of
Symbol Mass of 6.02 x1023 Molar
Substance Ar or Mr
or 1 mole Particles mass
[Bahan]
[Formula] [Jisim 1 [Jisim 6.02 x1023 [Jisim
mol] Zarah] molar]
Carbon
C 12 12g 12g 12gmol-1
[1C]
Aluminium 27g
Helium
He 4g
H2 2x1 2 gmol-1
Hydrogen
[2H]
Carbon 44
Dioxide
17g
Ammonia
Hydrogen
chloride
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x Molar mass
Mass (g)
Number of moles
Molar mass
Or write in formula,
Example 1:
Solution :
mass
Step1 Number of moles =
relative atomic mass
Step 2 28
=
56
= 0.5 mol
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Example 2 :
Solution :
mass
Step 1 Number of moles =
Relative molecular mass
12 + ( 2 x 16 )
0.5 = mass
44
= 22g
Number of particles
[Bilangan zarah] Mass
Number of moles = Number of moles =
[Bilangan mol] NA Ar or Mr
Step 1
Langkah 1
Step 2
Langkah 2
Example 3 :
Solution :
Number of atoms 28
=
6.02 x 1023 56
28
Thus, the number of atoms = x 6.02 x 1023 atoms
56
Example 4 :
Solution :
6.02 x 1023
= 177.5 g
ACTIVITY 2:
[ Relatif atomic mass : Ne,20 ; Zn,65 ; H,1 ; Cl,35.5 ; Na,23 ; O,16 ; Al,27 ; S,32 ; C,12 ;
Ba,137 ;
Avagdro Number, NA = 6.02 x 1023 mol-1 ]
Number of
Mass Number of
No Element moles
(g) particles
( mol )
Neon,Ne
1 4
25 x 1024atoms
2 Zinc, Zn
Aluminium
5 8.5 x 1022 ions
chloride,AlCl3
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7 Iron(II) oxide 72
14 Sodium nitrate 85
18 Sodium oxide 62
20 Lithium oxide 30
24 Magnesium oxide 40
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26 Carbon dioxide 44
29 Ammonium nitrate 80
30 Copper(II) hydroxide 98
40 Acetic acid 60
41 Sulfuric acid 98
43 Nitric acid 63
44 Magnesium hydroxide 58
ACTIVITY 4:
1. Calculate the number of moles in each question :
Hitung bilangan mol bagi setiap soalan:
(a) 10 g Sodium hydroxide
Answer:
i. Formula for sodium hydroxide = NaOH
ii. Relative molecular mass for sodium hydroxide = 1(23)+1(16)+1(1)
= 40
iii. Molar mass for sodium hydroxide = 40g
10 g
iv. Number of mole = 40 g = 0.25 mol
Answer:
1. (a) 0.25 mol (b) 0.0125 mol (c) 0.06 mol (d) 0.05 mol (e) 0.03 mol (f) 0.014 mol (g) 0.013 mol (h) 0.08
mol (i) 0.09 mol
(j)0.005 mol
2. (a) 31.0g (b) 228.0g (c) 31.0 g (d) 33.30 g (e) 19.0 g (f) 59.16 g (g) 46.60 g (h) 51.0g (i) 17.76 g (j)6.80 g
ACTICITY 5 :
Answer:
Answer:
Answer:
Answer:
In this reaction, 300 cm3 carbon dioxide gas are produced when calcium carbonate is
heated.
Dalam tindakbalas ini, 300 cm3 gas karbon dioksida dihasilkan apabila kalsium karbonat
dipanaskan.
[ relative atomic mass for Cu,64;C,12;O,16; Molar Volume is 22.4 dm3 at STP]
Calculate:
Hitung:
When 0.23 g of sodium is added to water, the metal will react vigorously at the surface
of the water.
Apabila 0.23g natrium dimasukkan kedalam air, logam tersebut bertindakbalas dengan
cergas dipermukaan air.
[Relative atomic mass for Na,23;H,1;O,16;Molar volume is 24 dm3 at room temperature]
Calculate:
Hitung:
4. 2Mg + O2 2MgO
21 | P a g e
A strip of magnesium has a weight of 1.2 g are being burn with surplus oxygen to
produced magnesium oxide.
Kepingan magnesium seberat 1.2g dibakar dengan campuran oksigen untuk
menghasilkan magnesium oksida.
[Relative atomic mass Mg,24;O,16]
Calculate:
Hitung:
Chemical equation above shows when propane gas was burned in oxygen. If 3.36 dm3
of carbon dioxide gas are produced in this reaction at STP,
Persamaan diatas menunjukkan apabila gas propane dibakar didalam oksigen.
Sekiranya 3.36 dm 3 gas karbon dioksida dihasilkan dalam tindakbalas ini pada STP,
[ relative atomic mass for C,12;O,16;H,1; Molar Volume is 22.4 dm3 at STP]
Calculate:
Hitung:
1.35g of aluminium powder and copper (II) oxide was heated strongly in laboratory to
produced aluminium oxide and copper.
1.35g serbuk aluminium dan kuprum(II) oksida dipanaskan dengan kuat didalam
makmal untuk menghasilkan aluminium oksida dan kuprum.
[ relative atomic mass for Al,27;O,16;Cu,64]
Calculate:
Hitung:
Answer
1. (a) 2 g (b) 0.56 dm3 2.(a) 1.25 g (b) 0.7 g 3. (a) 0.4g (b) 0.12 dm3
4. (a) 2 g (b) 0.8 g 5.(a) 2.2 g (b) 5.6 dm3 6.(a) 6 g (b) 2.55 g (c) 4.8 g
1. 4K + O2 2K2O
Calculate:
Hitung:
Calculate:
Hitung:
3. 2Mg + O2 2MgO
24 | P a g e
Calculate:
Hitung:
4. 2KNO3 2KNO2 + O2
5.05 g of potassium nitrate was heated strongly to produce potassium nitrite and oxygen
gas at standard temperature.
5.05g kalium nitrat dipanaskan dengan kuat menghasilkan kalium nitrat dan gas oksigen
pada suhu piawai.
[Relative atomic mass: K, 39; N, 14; O, 16; Molar Volume is 22.4 dm3 at standard
temperature]
Calculate:
Hitung:
Calculate:
Hitung:
3.24 g of aluminum powder are added to hydrochloric acid in a conical flask. The reaction
released a hydrogen gas and produced a aluminum chloride solution.
3.24g serbuk aluminium ditambahkan kedalam asid hidroklorik didalam kelalang kon.
Tindakbalas tersebut menghasilkan gas hidrogen dan larutan aluminium klorida.
[Relative atomic mass: Al, 27; Cl, 35.5; H, 1; Molar Volume is 24 dm3 at room
temperature]
Calculate:
Hitung:
3 g of magnesium powder was added to iron (III) oxide and heated very strongly. The
reaction produced a white fume of magnesium oxide and a brown metal of iron.
3 g serbuk magnesium ditambah kepada ferum(III) oksida dan dipanaskan dengan kuat.
Tindakbalas tersebut menghasilkan wasap putih magnesium oksida dan logam perang
besi.
[Relative atomic mass: Mg, 24; O, 16; Fe, 56]
Calculate:
Hitung:
Answer
1. (a) 14.1 g (b) 1.8 dm3 2.(a) 97.5 g (b) 21.6 dm3 3.(a) 6.4 g (b) 1.92 dm3
4. (a) 4.25 g (b) 0.56 dm3 5. (a) 4.906 g (b) 0.9856 dm3 (c) 0.2464 dm3
3 3
6. (a) 13.14 g (b) 16.02 g (c) 4.32 dm 7.(a) 6.67 g (b) 5 g (c) 4.67 dm
1 The equation below represents the reaction to extract aluminium from aluminium oxide.
Persamaan dibawah mewakili tindakbalas pengekstakan aluminium daripada aluminium
oksida.
2Al2O3 4Al + 3O2
What is the mass of aluminium that can be extracted from 102 g of aluminium oxide?
Apakah jisim bagi aluminium yang boleh di ekstrak daripada 102g aluminium oksida?
[Relative atomic mass: O, 16; Al,27]
A 13.5 g
B 27.0 g
C 54.0 g
D 108.0 g
2 XCO3 XO + CO2
The equation above shows the action of heat on the carbonate salt of metal X.
How many moles of XCO3 are needed to produced 4.0 g of oxide X?
Persamaan diatas menunjukkan tindak balas pemanasan garam karbonat bagi logam X.
Berapa mol XCO3 yang diperlukan bagi menghasilkan 4.0g oksida X ?
[Relative atomic mass: C, 12; O, 16; X, 64]
A 0.03
B 0.05
C 0.08
D 0.09
3 Sulphuric acid used as an electrolyte in a car battery has a concentration of 0.5 mol dm-3.
How many moles of sulphuric acid is there in 100 cm3?
Asid sulfuric digunakan sebagai elektrolit bateri kereta yang berkepekatan 0.5 mol dm-3 .
Berapakah mol asid sulfuric didalam 100 cm 3 asid itu?
A 0.025
B 0.05
C 0.1
D 0.5
4 Diagram 1 shows the set-up of apparatus for the titration of potassium hydroxide solution
with sulphuric acid.
29 | P a g e
Rajah 1 menunjukkan susunan radas bagi pentitratan larutan kalium hidroksida dengan
asid sulfuric.
Sulphuric acid
0.1 mol dm-3
Diagram 1
What is the total volume of the mixture in the conical flask at the end point of the titration
in Diagram 1 ?
Apakah jumlah isipadu campuran didalam kelalang kon pada titik akhir pentitratan pada
Rajah 1
A 10 cm3
B 20 cm3
C 30 cm3
D 40 cm3
Energy
H=-220kJmol-1
J 2+ (aq)+ T (s)
Diagram 2
A 4.4 0C
B 5.5 0C
C 8.8 0C
D 11.0 0C
[Relative atomic mass: H, 1; C, 12; O, 16; Avogadros Constant: 6 X 1023 mol -1]
I 1.8 g water
II 1.0 g hydrogen gas
III 3.2 g oxygen gas
IV 4.4 g carbon dioxide
A I and II only
B III and IV only
C I, III, and IV only
D I, II, III, and IV
Which of the following are produced when 1 mole of hydrogen peroxide is decomposed
completely?
Manakah antara berikut menghasilkan 1 mol hydrogen peroksida apabila penguraian
lengkap berlaku?
I 2 moles of water
II 12x dm3 of oxygen gas
III 3 x 1023 of oxygen molecules
IV 1.2 x 1024 of water molecules
10. A compound with formula X2CO3 has a relative formula mass of 138.
What is the relative atomic mass of X?
31 | P a g e
Use the information that the relative atomic mass of C = 12 and O = 16.
Sebatian yang berformula X2CO3 mempunyai jisim formula relative 138.
Apakah jisim atom relative bagi X ?
Gunakan maklumat dimana jisim atom raltif bagi C = 12 dan O = 16
A 39
B 69
C 78
D 110
11. The equation shows the reaction between sulphuric acid and sodium hydroxide.
Persamaan menunjukkan tindakbalas antara asid sulfuric dan natrium hidroksida.
What is the volume of 1.0 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution which can neutralize
25.0 cm3 of 1.0 mol -3 sulphuric acid?
Apakah isipadu bagi 1.0 mol dm -3 natrium hidroksida yang boleh meneutralkan 25.0
cm 3 asid sulfuric 1.0 mol dm -3 .
A. 12.5 cm3
B. 25.0 cm3
C. 50.0 cm3
D. 75.0 cm3
12. 3.2 g of cooper(II) oxide powder is reacted with excess dilute nitric acid.
What is the mass of cooper(II) nitrate formed in the reaction?
3.2 g serbuk kuprum(II) oksida berttindakbalas dengan asid nitric cair secara
berlebihan.
Apakah jisim kuprum(II) nitrat yang terbentuk dalam tindakbalas tersebut?
Use the information that the relative atomic mass of N = 14, O = 16 and Cu = 64.
Gunakan maklumat dimana jisim atom relative bagi N=14, O=16 dan Cu=64.
A. 3.76 g
B. 4.96 g
C. 5.04 g
D. 7.52 g
13. The following equation shows the combustion of heptane, C7H16, in excess oxygen.
Tindakbalas berikut menunjukkan pembakaran bagi heptana, C7H16, didalam oksigen
berlebihan.
C7H16 (l) + 1102 (g) 7CO2 (g) + 8H2O (l), H = -5 512 kJ mol-1
Use the information that the relative atomic mass of H = 1 and C = 12.
Gunakan maklumat dimana jisim atom relative bagi H=1 dan C=12.
A. 25.0g
32 | P a g e
B. 36.0g
C. 77.0g
D. 88.0g
14. The diagram shows two balloons filled with oxygen gas and hydrogen gas.
Rajah menunjukkan dua belon yang disikan penuh dengan gas oksigen dan gas
hirogen.
C. The number of oxygen gas molecules is greater than hydrogen gas molecules
Bilangan molekul gas oksigen adalah lebih besar berbanding molekul gas hydrogen
D. The number of oxygen gas molecules is fewer than hydrogen gas molecules
Bilangan molekul gas oksigen adalah kurang berbanding molekul gas hidrogen
15. A hydrocarbon compound is burnt completely in air to form 17.6 g of carbon dioxide gas
and 7.2 g of water.
What is the molecular formula of the hydrocarbon compound?
Sebatian hidrokarbon terbakar lengkap diudara membentuk 17.6g gas karbon dioksida
dan 7.2 g air.
Apakah formula molekul bagi sebatian hidrokarbon tersebut?
A. C2H6
B. C3H8
C. C4H8
D. C4H10
16. The picture shows a waste disposal site. The activity of microorganisms in the waste
produces methane gas.
33 | P a g e
Given that the relative atomic mass of H=1, C=12, and 1 mol of gas occupies 24dm3 at
room temperature and pressure.
Diberikan jsim atom relatif bagi H=1, C=12 dan 1 mol sebarang gas memenuhi 24 dm 3
pada suhu bilik dan tekanan piawai.
A.12g
B.16g
C.21g
D.27g
17. 5 g of element X reacted with 8 g of elements Y to form a compound with the formula
XY2.
What is the relative atomic mass of element X?
5g unsur X bertindakbalas dengan 8g unsur Y untuk membentuk sebatian berformula
XY2.
Apakah jisim atom relatif bagi unsur X?
A. 25
B. 40
C. 50
D.100
18. 0.12 g of magnesium reacts with excess hydrochloric acid to produced hydrogen gas.
Given that the relative molecular mass of H=1, Mg=24, Cl=35.5 and 1 mol of gas
occupies 24 dm3at room temperature pressure.
34 | P a g e
I. Mg + 2H+Mg2+ +H2
II. Volume of gas released is 120 cm3
Isipadu gas yang dibebaskan ialah 120 cm 3
III. Mass of the salt formed is 0.30g
Jisim garam yang terbentuk ialah 0.30g.
IV. This is a redox reaction
Ini merupakan tindakbalas redox
A. I and II only
B. I and III only
C. I, II and IV only
D. II, III and IV only
19. In an experiment, the decomposition of 25cm3 of 0.1 mol dm-3 hydrogen peroxide
solution produces oxygen gas.
Didalam eksperimen penguraian 25 cm 3 larutan hidrogen peroksida 0.1 mol dm -3
meghasilkan gas oksigen.
A 121
B 199
C 251
D 329
21. If the Avogadro number is represented by the letter x, what is the number of hydrogen
gas particles, H2, with the molar volume of 24 dm3 mol-1 at room temperature and
pressure?
Sekiranya nombor avogadro diwakili oleh huruf x, apakah bilangan zarah gas hidrogen,
H2 dengan isipadu molarnya ialah 24 dm 3 mol -1 pada suhu dan tekanan piawai ?
A x
B 2x
C x2
D 1x
2
22. A dibase acid, H2J has the concentration of 0.5 mol dm-3
Letter J is not the actual symbol of the element. What is the volume of potassium
hydroxide, KOH, 1.0 mol dm-3 that can neutralize 25.0cm3 of the H2J acid solution?
Asid dwibes, H2J mempunyai kepekatan 0.5 mol dm -3.
Huruf J bukan merupakan symbol sebenar bagi unsur. Apakah isipadu bagi kalium
hidroksida, KOH, 1.0 mol dm -3 yang boleh meneutralkan 25.0 cm 3 larutan asid H2J ?
A 6.25 cm3
B 12.50 cm3
C 25.00 cm3
D 50.00 cm3
23. Which of the following reactants produces the highest rate of reaction with zinc powder?
Manakah antara berikut bahan tindakbalas yang menghasilkan kadar tindakbalas yang
tinggi bagi serbuk zink ?
Diagram 2
A I and II only
B III and IV only
C I, II and IV only
D I, III and IV only.
25. Which of the following gases contains 04 mol of atoms at room temperature and
pressure?
Manakah antara gas-gas berikut mengandungi 0.4 mol atom pada suhu bilik dan
tekanan piawai ?
[1 mol of gas occupies the volume of 24 dm3 at room temperature and pressure]
[1 mol gas memenuhi isipadu sebanyak 24 dm 3 pada suhu bilik dan tekanan piawai]
A 4 8 dm3 He
B 4 8 dm3 H2
C 4 8 dm3 SO3
D 4 8 dm3 CO2
26. The following equation shows the decomposition reaction of copper(II) carbonate
when heated at room temperature and pressure.
37 | P a g e
Which of the following is not true when 1 mol of copper (II) carbonate is
decomposed?
Yang manakah antara berikut tidak benar apabila 1 mol kuprum(II) karbonat
diuraikan ?
[Relative atomic mass: C=12, O=16, Cu=64 and 1 mol of gas occupies the volume of
24 dm3 at room temperature and pressure.]
[Jisim atom relative: C=12; O=16 dan 1 mol gas memenuhi isipadu 24 dm 3 pada
suhu dan tekanan piawai]
27. Diagram 13 shows the neutralization reaction between a strong acid and a strong
alkali.
Rajah 13 menunjukkan tindakbalas penenutralan diantara asid kuat dan alkali kuat.
Diagram 13
A 0005 cm3
B 0025 cm3
C 5000 cm3
D 25000 cm3
A -042 kJ mol-1
B -048 kJ mol-1
C -420 kJ mol-1
D -480 kJ mol-1
29. Propane burns completely in oxygen according to the equation shown below.
Propana terbakar dengan lengkap dalam oksigen mengikut persamaan dibawah.
If 1.0 mole of propane gas is burnt completely, which volume of gaseous product is
obtained, measured at room temperature and pressure ?
Sekiranya 1.0 mol gas propana terbakar dengan dengkap, manakah isipadu gas
yang dihasilkan, diukur pada suhu bilik dan tekanan ?
30. A mixture containing 1 mole of ethane and 4 mole of oxygen is ignited, in a sealed
container at 100 0 C. The reaction occurring is shown by the equation below.
Campuran yang mengandungi 1 mol ethane dan 4 mol oxygen dinyalakan didalam
bekas yang tertutup pada suhu 100 0 C . Tindakbalas terbentuk ditunjukkan pada
persamaan dibawah.
What was the total number of moles of gas at the end of the reaction?
Apakah jumlah bilangan mol bagi gas pada akhir tindakbalas ?
A 2 C 4
B 3 D 5
What is the number of moles of Ag+ ions that reacted with Cl- ions?
Apakah bilangan mol bagi ion Ag + yang bertindakbalas dengan ion Cl - ?
3. When 10cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 sodium sulphate solution is added to excess lead(II)
nitrate solution, a white precipitate lead(II) sulphate is formed.
Apabila 10 cm3 larutan natrium sulfat 0.5 mol dm -3 ditambah kepada larutan
plumbum(II) nitrat berlebihan, mendakan putih terbentuk.
4. Chemical equation below shows how a nitrogen dioxide is converted into nitric acid.
Persamaan kimia dibawah menunjukkan bagaimana nitrogen dioksida ditukarkan
kepada asid nitrik
42 | P a g e
Calculate :
Hitung:
(b) The maximum mass of nitric acid which can be produce from 720 dm 3 of
nitrogen(II) oxide, NO at room temperature and pressure.
Jisim maksima asid nitric yang dihasilkan daripada 720 dm3 nitrogen(II)
okside,NO pada suhu bilik dan tekanan.