Professional Documents
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UNIT 1
Q1. Explain the need of avionics in Civil and military aircrafts.
NEED FOR AVIONICS IN CIVIL AND MILITARY AIRCRAFT AND SPACE SYSTEMS
Need for avionics in Civil Aircraft systems
1) For Mission and Management computation
2) For getting the magnetic field thru Magnetometer
3) For various Payloads and Data-link Control through extended I/O
4) Reduce the crew workload
5) By Avionics in Civil Aircrafts, aircraft mission carried safely and efficiently.
6) By All Weather operation thru avionics reduce the maintenance cost of aircraft
7) For better flight control, performing computations and increased control over flight
control surfaces. (PWM)
8) For navigation, provide information using sensors like Altitude and Head Reference
System (AHRS).
9) Provide air data like altitude, atmospheric pressure, temperature, etc.
10) Increased safety for crew and passengers.
11) Reduction in aircraft weight which can be translated into increased number of passengers
or long range.
Need for Avionics in Space Systems
Thru Avionics, excellent Sensors used around the spacecraft for data acquisition.
Redundancy system and autopilot are the needs using Avionics in Space systems
Fly-by-wire communication system used for space vehicle's attitude and translation
control.
Autopilot redundancy system.
On-board computers used in satellites for processing the data.
Military aircraft
Advantages of Integrated Avionic System:
1. Advanced flight deck functions
The early avionics systems were stand alone black boxes where each functional area had
separate, dedicated sensors, processors and displays and the interconnect media is point to point
wiring
The system was integrated by the air-crew who had to look at various dials and displays
connected to disjoint sensors correlate the data provided by them, apply error corrections,
orchestrate the functions of the sensors and perform mode and failure management in addition to
flying the aircraft
This was feasible due to the simple nature of tasks to be performed and due to the
availability of time
Simple Design
DISADVANTAGES
Potentially greater diversity in processor types which aggravates software generation and
validation
ADVANTAGES
PAVE PILLAR
Pave Pillar is a USAF program to define the requirements and avionics architecture for
fighter aircraft of the 1990s
Lower costs
Backward and growth capability while making use of emerging technology VHSIC, Voice
Recognition /synthesis and Artificial Intelligence
Provides capability for rapid flow of data in, through and from
Integration of the RF & EO sensors Originally designed for Joint Strike Fighter (JSF)
In t e g r a t e d R F S e n s in g
In t e g r a t e d
C o re
P r o c e s s in g
In t e g r a t e d E O S e n s in g
In t e g r a t e d V e h ic le
M anagem ent
In t e g r a t e d S t o r e s M a n a g e m e n t
Q2. Explain MIL STD 1553 B data bus in detail bring out clearly the bus architecture, protocol,
word ad message formats and coupling methods.
Developed at Wright Patterson Air Force Base in 1970s
MIL-STD-1553, Command / Response Aircraft Internal Time Division Multiplex Data Bus,
is a Military standard (presently in revision B), which has become one of the basic tools
being used today for integration of Avionics subsystems. This standard describes the
method of communication and the electrical interface requirements for the subsystems
connected in the data bus
TRANSMISSION MEDIA
BUS ARCHITECTURE
All three elements contains gelatinous combiners as the middle layer, but only the
forward element is curved to collimate the image from the CRT
Only extensive flight testing and field experience will ultimately resolve these questions
Practical problem : HUD occupies large volume and the necessity to be mounted in the
cockpit with the combiner in LOS to the pilot
On high performance aircraft, HUD is mounted at the top of and behind the instrument
panel
So that the combiner is between the top of the panel and the canopy in the pilots LOS
when looking straight ahead
For civil transport, HUD is mounted above the seat of each cockpit crew member, and the
combiner is hinged to swing down into the LOS when HUD is in use, generally only
during approach and landing
HLD avoids physiological limitation on eye refocusing time (as high as 200ms) by
placing directly below the HUD or top edge of the instrument panel display in which an
image and supplement alphanumeric information are focused at a long distance, say
about 50 m
Thus the need for the pilot to refocus his eyes to scan at least some information inside the
cockpit is eliminated
HLD uses high intensity lamp coupled with dichronic filters to sort the white light into
red, green and blue
HMD
High brightness
Excellent Resolution
Lightweight
Small size
Monochrome
Critical aircraft & stores information in in pilots LOS at all times, not just when he is
looking straight ahead
Helmet Aerodynamics: Helmets are not designed for aerodynamics because during
ejection, if designed for aerodynamics then it pulls the pilots neck upwards
HMD is also used by Maintenance Personnel to have hands free and eyes fixed on the
repair task at hand simultaneously viewing maintenance drawings and procedures
Q1. What is GPS and explain the working of it with codes of communication used for locating
the object.
Global positioning system (GPS) is also known as Navigation System with Time and Ranging
Global Positioning System (NAVSTAR) GPS. Originally designed for military purposes, GPS is
being increasingly used by civilians for various applications like marine navigation, surveying,
car navigation. Signals made available for civilian use, known as the Standard Positioning
Service (SPS) can be freely accessed by general public. On the other hand, the more accurate
Precise Positioning Service (PPS) can only be used by authorized government agencies. The
development of GPS system was mainly aimed for these aspects:
a) To provide users with locational coordinates
b) To provide an accurate and continuous 3 dimensional positioning capability operating in all
weather conditions over global extent
c) To offer potential for various civilian applications
Some examples of space based GPS systems include GLONASS (an acronym for Globalnaya
navigatsionnaya sputnikovaya sistema) which is operated by the Russian Aerospace Defence
forces, BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) which is a Chinese satellite navigation
system which has been operational since 2000, Galilieo: global naviation satellite system
currently built by European Union and European Space Agency, Indian Regional Navigational
Satellite System (IRNSS) being developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation.The
configuration of a GPS system is comprised of three distinct segments:
i) Space segment: The space segment comprises of 24 satellites orbiting the earth at
approximately 20200 km every 12 hours. There are 6 orbital planes with nominally four satellite
vehicles in each orbit. The space segment is designed in such a way that there will always be a
minimum of 4 satellites visible above 150 cut off/mask angle at any point of the earths surface at
any time. The reason will be clear by the end of this module. Each of the GPS satellites have
highly precise atomic clocks on board which operate at a fundamental frequency of 10.23 MHz.
These clocks are crucial to generate the signals which are broadcasted from the satellite.
Satellites generally broadcast two carrier waves which are in the L band. These carrier waves are
iv) User Segment- GPS receivers are used to receive the GPS signals which can then be used for
navigation and other purposes. Anyone who avails this facility comprises the user segment. The
various applications for which GPS receivers can be used range from surveying,
aerial/marine/land navigation, defensedefense machinery control etc.
2. Principle
The information broadcasted as a continuous stream of data by each satellite to the earth
is termed as GPS navigation message. In order to calculate the current position of the satellites as
well as to determine the signal transmit times, it is highly essential that we know this navigation
message. The data stream is transmitted at 50 bits per second. Ephemeris and almanac data, the
satellite orbits and the relevant coordinates of a specific satellite can be determined at a defined
point in time.
GPS relies on different methods for estimating location coordinates which are dependent on the
From the initial navigation data obtained from the other navigation system or user, the
navigation computer gives the attitude , position and velocity.
It is of two different configuration based on the Inertial sensor placement. They are
In which the Accelerometer and gyro are placed in the stable platform which is
maintained stable by the gimbal system. Then the acceleration measured in the inertial
coordinates
In this system the accelerometers are mounted on the vehicle platform and are
therefore fixed to the vehicle coordinate system. The acceleration measured are then in vehicle
coordinates
Basic Principle
If we can measure the acceleration of a vehicle we can
integrate the acceleration to get velocity
integrate the velocity to get position
Then, assuming that we know the initial position and velocity we can determine
the position of the vehicle at ant time t.
STABLE PLATFORM
There are three main problems to be solved:
1. The accelerator platform has to be mechanically isolated from the rotation of the
aircraft
Alignment
Before the INS can navigate it must do two things:
Orient the platform perpendicular to the gravity vector
Determine the direction of True North