1

[~:Zk
,
(TENSES) i
[~:Zk
,
X ~zg QgzZ Subject ~ZZzx :Subject-1
X wB~zg QgzZ Object ~Zqk Q;g YHx 6,qT :Object-2
X qZ :} X ~zg QgzZ Verb ~Zx k Q;gx :Verb-3

X Verb Write rgzZ Object wB Letter gzZ subject Aslam Z~kZ

X D&6, g~ C i
E
X {z :}Future ( w ) ZzWX 3X q{z :} Past ( ) Z Zg
/X 2 X q{z :} Present ( wq L ) {X 1
Present Indefinite Tense (Simple)
X @*
W{)z CD D V@* WVzg Q ~ Tense kS X :
C @*~y K~zg Q
X D xg VerbQD Subject
~Zzg QX :iF,
zDF, ~Z
Subject+Ist form of verb

X DZ esc*
sBVerb(Singular Noun) c* /Z :^
(He,She,It)Subject Zg

@YH7Z esc* sBverb Plural noun c*

X* ,we,you,they, IgzZ

I write a letter.X Vq~ X :}

He writes a letter.X q{z

She writes a letter.X {z

Aslam writes a letter.X qZ

Aslam and Akram write a letter.X x ZgzZZ

Present Indefinite Tense (Negative)

Subject+ do not / does not + Ist form of verb

YH7Z es c*s BVerb~]gwEZ DoesX @*

X @* wEZ does not B Singular Noun gzZ He,She,It X :^
@YHwEZ do not BPlural noun c*
X* ,we,you,they, IgzZ

I do not write a letter.X Vq7~ X :}

He does not write a letter.X q7{z

She does not write a letter.X 7 {z

Aslam does not write a letter.X q7Z

Aslam and Akram do not write a letter. X 7x ZgzZZ

Present Indefinite Tense(Interrogative)
Do/Does+Subject+Ist form of verb+?

es c*s BVerb~]gwEZ DoesX @*

wEZ Does ~qz B Singular Name gzZ He,She,It X :^
@YHwEZ ~qz do BPlural noun c*
X* *
,we,you,they, IgzZX @ YH7Z
Do I write a letter? ?Vq~H X :}
Does he write a letter? ? q{zH
 Does she write a letter? ? {zH 2
[~:Zk
, Does Aslam write a letter? ? qZ H
Do Aslam and Akram write a letter? ?x ZgzZZ H
Past Indefinite Tense (Simple)

@* WVzg Q ~ Tense kS X :
W{)z} ~ ,ZD C C @*~y K~zg Q
X D xg ~uz VerbQD Subject
~Zzg QX :iF,
zDF, ~Z
Subject+2nd form of verb

I wrote a letter.X q~ X :}
He wrote a letter.X q{z

She wrote a letter.X {z

Aslam wrote a letter.X qZ

Aslam and Akram wrote a letter.Xx ZgzZZ

Past Indefinite Tense (Negative)

Subject+did not+Ist form of verb

Q @* # ~ InterrogativegzZ Negative1 CwEZxg ~uz , z~Past Indefinite Tense:^

wEZ did Z
/Z ~g7Og c*
CwEZ~Past Indefinite Tense(Simple)sgzZsxg ~uz~%Z X CwEZxg Verb
X @* q Verbn (Negative)X
wEZ did
I did not write a letter.X q7~ X :}
He did not write a letter.X q7{z

She did not write a letter.X 7 {z

Aslam did not write a letter.X q7 Z
Aslam and Akram did not write a letter.X7x ZgzZZ

Past Indefinite Tense (Interrogative)

Did+Subject+Ist form of verb+?

X ~qz did~ (Interrogative)DZ

Did I write a letter? ?q~H X :}
Did He write a letter? ?q{zH
Did She write a letter? ? {zH
Did Aslam write a letter? ?qZ H
Did Aslam and Akram write a letter? ?x ZgzZZ H
Future Indefinite Tense (Simple)

W{)z ~y
X @* WVzg Q ~ Tense kS X :
K~zg Q
X D xg Verb QD shall c*will QD Subject
~Zzg QX :iF,
zDF, ~Z
Subject+will/shall+Ist form of verb

ZwEZ shall gzZ will Q:}gzi]!*

X wEZ will B
/ZgzZX @*
!*Shall B We gzZ ( W ) I X :^
I shall write a letterX V~ X :}
 We shall write a letter.XK 3
[~:Zk
, He will write a letter.X {z

She will write a letter.X {z

Aslam will write a letter.X Z

Aslam and Akram will write a letter.XKx ZgzZZ

Future Indefinite Tense (Negative)

Subject+will not/shall not+Ist form of verb

I shall not write a letter.X V7 ~ X :}

We shall not write a letter.XK7

He will not write a letter.X 7 {z

She will not write a letter.X 7 {z
Aslam will not write a letter.X 7 Z

Aslam and Akram will not write a letter.XK7 x ZgzZZ

Future Indefinite Tense (Interrogative)

shall/will+Subject+Ist form of verb +?

Shall I write a letter? ?V ~H X :}

Shall we write a letter? ?KH
Will he write a letter? ? {zH
Will she write a letter? ? {zH
Will Aslam write a letter? ?Z H
Will Aslam and Akram write a letter? ?
Kx ZgzZZ H
Present Continuous Tense (Simple)

X @* WVzg Q ~ Tense kS X :
W{)z ggV g gV;g ;g ~y K~zg Q
ingQX D xg Verb QD is/am/are QD Subject
~Zzg QX :iF,
zDF, ~Z
X D
Subject+is/am/are+Ist form of verb+ing

Y1~]g You ~%Z

X @* /ZX @*
wEZ is BuZz areB amB ( W ) I X :^
I am writing a letterX V;g~ X :}
You are writing a letter.Xg ?

He is writing a letter.X ;g{z

Aslam is writing a letter.X ;gZ

Aslam and Akram are writing a letter.X g x ZgzZZ

Present Continuous Tense (Negative)

Subject+is not/am not /are not +Ist form of verb+ing

I am not writing a letterX V;g 7~ X :}

You are not writing a letter.Xg7 ?
He is not writing a letter.X ;g 7{z
 Aslam is not writing a letter.X ;g 7Z 4
[~:Zk
, Aslam and Akram are not writing a letter.X g 7x ZgzZZ

Present Continuous Tense (Interrogative)

is/am/are+Subject+Ist form of verb+ing+?

Am I writing a letter? ?V;g ~H X :}

Are you writing a letter? ?g?H
Is he writing a letter? ? ;g{zH
Is Aslam writing a letter? ? ;gZ H
Are Aslam and Akram writing a letter? ?gx ZgzZZ H
Past Continuous Tense (Simple)

X @* WVzg Q ~ Tense kS X :
W{)zgg g ;g ~y K~zg Q
ingQX D xg Verb QD was/were QD Subject
~Zzg QX :iF,
zDF, ~Z
X D
Subject+was/were+Ist form of verb+ing

/ZX D wereBthey,we,you,plural NounsgzZX @*

~%Z wEZ was B he,she,it,I,singular nounuZz X :^
@Y1~]g You
X *
I was writing a letterX;g~ X :}
You were writing a letter.Xg ?

He was writing a letter.X;g{z

Aslam was writing a letter.X;gZ

Aslam and Akram were writing a letter.Xg x ZgzZZ

Past Continuous Tense (Negative)

Subject+was not/were not+Ist form of verb+ing

I was not writing a letterX ;g7~ X :}

You were not writing a letter.Xg7 ?

He was not writing a letter.X ;g 7{z

Aslam was not writing a letter.X ;g 7Z
Aslam and Akram were not writing a letter.Xg7x ZgzZZ

Past Continuous Tense (Interrogative)

was/were+Subject+Ist form of verb+ing+?

Was I writing a letter? ?;g~H X :}

Were you writing a letter? ?g?H
Wa she writing a letter? ?;g{zH
Was Aslam writing a letter? ?;gZ H
Were Aslam and Akram writing a letter? ?g x ZgzZZ H
Future Continuous Tense (Simple)

W{)zVg Vg g V;g ;g ~y
X @* WVzg Q ~ Tense kS X :
K~zg Q
 will be/shall be
QD Subject ~Zzg QX :iF,
zDF, ~Z 5
[~:Zk
, X D ingQX D xg Verb QD
Subject+will be/shall be+Ist form of verb+ing

ZwEZ shall gzZ will Q:}gzi]!*

@YHwEZ willB
/ZgzZX *
!* wEZ shall B wegzZ ( W ) I X :^
gzZX @*
X
I shall be writing a letterX V;g~ X :}
You will be writing a letter.XVg ?

He will be writing a letter.X ;g{z

Aslam will be writing a letter.X ;gZ

Aslam and Akram will be writing a letter.XVg x ZgzZZ

Future Continuous Tense (Negative)

Subject+will not be/shall not be+Ist form of verb+ing

I shall not be writing a letterX V; g7 ~ X :}

You will not be writing a letter.XVg7 ?

He will not be writing a letter.X ;g 7{z

Aslam will not be writing a letter.X ;g 7Z
Aslam and Akram will not be writing a letter.XVg7x ZgzZZ

Future Continuous Tense (Interrogative)

will/shall+Subject+ be+Ist form of verb+ing

Shall I be writing a letter? ?V;g~H X :}

Will you be writing a letter? ?Vg?H
Will he be writing a letter? ?;g{zH
Will Aslam be writing a letter? ?;gZ H
Will Aslam and Akram be writing a letter? ?Vgx ZgzZZ H
Present Perfect Tense( Simple)

X @*
W{)z } } ~ c* WVzg Q ~ Tense kS X :
` _V[ [~y K~zg Q
X D xg ~ Verb QD has/have QD Subject
~Zzg QX :iF,
zDF, ~Z
Subject+has/have+3rd form of verb

yougzZ ( W ) IX @*
wEZ haveBThey, we,you,I,plural nouns gzZ hasBhe,she,it,singular noun uZz X :^
X @*
wEZ have B
I have written a letterX V[~ X :}
You have written a letter.X` ?
He has written a letter.X [ { z
Aslam has written a letter.X [Z
Aslam and Akram have written a letter.X ` x ZgzZZ
Present Perfect Tense( Negative)

Subject+has not /have not +3rd form of verb

I have not written a letterX V[7 ~ X :}

 You have not written a letter.X` 7 ? 6
[~:Zk
, He has not written a letter.X [ 7{z
Aslam has not written a letter.X [ 7Z
Aslam and Akram have not written a letter.X ` 7x ZgzZZ
Present Perfect Tense( Interrogative)

has/have+Subject+3rd form of verb+?

Have I written a letter? ?V[~H X :}

Have you written a letter? ?` ?H
Has he written a letter? ? [{zH
Has Aslam written a letter? ? [ Z H
Have Aslam and Akram written a letter? ?` x ZgzZZ H
Past Perfect Tense( Simple)

W{)z} ~ c*
X @* WVzg Q ~ Tense kS X :
` _ [~y K~zg Q
~ m,
Z TensetX D xg ~ Verb QD had QD Subject
~Zzg QX :iF,
zDF, ~Z
Z~x gzZ @* k Q Zx ~]g+Z ( [%!%WZ e )X :}X @*
YH~Past Perfect TenseF, wEZ~V
%
{kZ c* {kZ=Z Z%!%~Zz6,
W~Z egzZ, Past Perfect Tense ~F, k Q
@YH~ Past Indefinite TenseF,
zZX *
The patient had died before the doctor came.X,~Past Indefinite Tense
F,
Subject+had+3rd form of verb

I had written a letterX[~ X :}

You had written a letter.X` ?
He had written a letter.X [ { z
Aslam had written a letter.X [ Z
Aslam and Akram had written a letter.X` x ZgzZZ
X :BVV
%[Z
The bell had rung when I reached the school.X _ #pwj~Z
#
The patient had died before the doctor came.X [%!%WZ e

He had gone out before finished his work.X

H`C x {z
!*
X @* -Zs~XDwEZ
wEZ Tenseq %,Z~Tense kZ
He had never seen the lion before.X 7LkZX :}

I had already finished my work.X 1 x ~

Past Perfect Tense( Negative)

Subject+had not+3rd form of verb

I had not written a letterX [7 ~ X :}

You had not written a letter.X `7 ?
He had not written a letter.X [7 {z
Aslam had not written a letter.X [7 Z
 Aslam and Akram had not written a letter.X` 7 x ZgzZZ 7
[~:Zk
,

Past Perfect Tense( Interrogative)

had+Subject+3rd form of verb+?

Had I written a letter ? ?[~H X :}

Had you written a letter? ? ` ?H
Had he written a lette? ?[{zH
Had Aslam written a letter? ? [Z H
Had Aslam and Akram written a letter? ?` x ZgzZZ H

Future Perfect Tense( Simple)

W{)zV` V_ _ V[ [~y
X @* WVzg Q ~ Tense kS X :
K~zg Q
X D xg ~ Verb QD will have/shall have QD Subject
~Zzg QX :iF,
zDF, ~Z
Subject+will have/shall have+3rd form of verb

YHwEZ will haveB

X @* !* wEZ shall haveB wegzZ ( W ) I X :^
gzZX @*
I shall have written a letterX V[~ X :}
You will have written a letter.X` ?
He will have written a letter.X [{z
Aslam will have written a letter.X [Z
Aslam and Akram will have written a letter.XV` x ZgzZZ

Future Perfect Tense( Negative)

Subject+will not have/shall not have+3rd form of verb

I shall not have written a letterX V[7 ~ X :}

You will not have written a letter.X` 7?
He will not have written a letter.X [7{z
Aslam will not have written a letter.X [7Z
Aslam and Akram will not have written a letter.XV` 7x ZgzZZ

Future Perfect Tense( Interrogative)

will/shall+Subject+ have+3rd form of verb+?

Shall I have written a letter? ?V[~H X :}

Will you have written a letter? ?` ?H
Will he have written a letter? ? [{zH
Will Aslam have written a letter? ? [Z H
Will Aslam and Akram have written a letter? ?V` x ZgzZZ H
 8
[~:Zk
,

) PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSES

$
( ~g Yd

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE ]{z @*

W{)zg C gC ;g @* ~y
Vg Cg D V;g @* Wzg QT:yT
/ZgzZX DwEZ since~f Point of Time
zx zm{~ @YHf
/ZX * z~ Tense kZ :^X @*

zV zgzZX @*
wEZ sinceB V V x X @*
zx wEZ for ~]g+Z wEZ ( Y:x ) Period of time
X D wEZ for BV[
R
Subject+has been/Have been+Ist form of verb+ing ~Z
:iF,
wEZ have been B Plural Noun gzZ has been BHe,She,It, singular noun
X @*
Rz {z:}
He has been playng hockey for two hours.X ;g ;V[

He has been playng hockey for two days.X ;g ;Vz {z

You have been singing a song since 8'clock. Xg **

WJW?
I have been building this house since 1970.X V;g ykt1970
~
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Negative)

Subject+has not been/Have not been+Ist form of verb+ing

Rz {z:}
He has not been playng hockey for two hours.X ;g7 ;V[

He has not been playng hockey for two days.X ; g7 ; Vz {z

You have not been singing a song since 8'clock. Xg 7**

WJ W?
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Interrogtive)

Has/Have+Subject+ been+Ist form of verb+ing+?

Has he been playng hockey for two hours? Rz {zH :}

? ;g ;V[
Has he been playng hockey for two days? ? ;g ;Vz {zH
Have you have been singing a song since 8'clock? ?g **
WJW?H
Has Zahid been remaining absent fron school for two days? ? ;g q)wjyz @Zi H

( ~g Y PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Simple)

f
@* Past Perfect Continuous Tense ]{zW{)zg D g C ;g @*
z~ Tense kZX @* ~yWzg QT:yT
wEZ for BPeriod of Time gzZ sinceBPiont of Time X
X @*
Subject+had been+Ist form of verb+ing :iF,
,
I had been reading this book for two months.X ;g| 7 [ t{ z~:}
*
He had been sleeping since morning.X ;g @{z
You had been playing hockey for two hours.Xg ;V[
Rz ?
,$tg Z Z
We had been reading this lesson since Sunday.Xg| 7
 PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Negative) 9
[~:Zk
, Subject+had not been+Ist form of verb+ing

,
I had not been reading this book for two months.X ;g| 7 7 [ t{ z~:}
*
He had not been sleeping since morning.X ;g @7{z
You had not been playing hockey for two hours.Xg7 ;V[
Rz ?
We had not been reading this lesson since Sunday.Xg| 7
,7 $tg Z Z
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Interrogative)

Had +Subject+ been+Ist form of verb+ing+?

Had I been reading this book for two months? [ t{ z~H :}

X ;g| 7,
Had He been sleeping since morning? {zH
X ;g @*
Had You been playing hockey for two hours? Xg ;V[
Rz ?H
Had We been reading this lesson since Sunday? Xg| 7,$tg Z ZH

E
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Simple) ( ~g YwL )

PAST
@* *
PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE]{ z @ W{)zVg CVg D V;g @*
gCX ;g @*
~yWzg QT:yT
wEZwEZ for BPeriod of Time gzZ sinceBPoint of Time ~kZX @*
X @* f
z~TensekZX
X DwEZ will have been B!*
gzZ shall have beenBwe gzZ ( W ) I

Subject+will have been/shall have been+Ist form of verb+ing:i~Z

I shall have been reading this news for two months.X V;g k7
, t{ z~:}
You will have been playing since noon.XVg Pz\ W

The farmer will have been ploughing the fields since morning.X ;g @
* Ry
`I~VX
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Negative)

Subject+will not have been/shall not have been+Ist form of verb+ing

,7 t{ z~:}
I shall not have been reading this news for two months.X V;g k7

You will not have been playing since noon.XVg 7Pz\ W

The farmer will have not been ploughing the fields since morning.X ; g @
* Ry
`7I~VX

FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Interrogative)

Will/Shall+Subject+ have been+Ist form of verb+ing+?

Shall I have been reading this news for two months? t{ z~H :}
?V;g k7,
Will You have been playing since noon? ?Vg Pz\WH
Will The farmer have been ploughing the fields since morning? ?;g @* Ry H
`I~VX
 10
[~:Zk
,

ACTIVE VOICE / PASSIVE VOICE

PERSONS OF PRONOUNS
Cases First Person Second Person Third Person

q
1 q $
T
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural

Subjective I We You You He/She/It They

Case ~ ? ? -Z ) {z
(q ( { c*
i ) {z
qZ

Objective Me Us You You Him/Her/It Them

Case = Q 7Q
q B

Possessive My Our Your Your His/Her/Its Their

Case Mine Ours Yours Yours k Q Theirs

G4 $
q -G
Z Zg Zg v Zg v yQ
s {(Y~ } X *
X V@* @YHpx ~ Active Voice
YHs {(Y }X *
X @* Zx ~ Passive Voice
@Yc*
Object Subject gzZD by xg ~ verb is/am/areQ * Subject Object
@Yc* ~Z
X :iF,

X
*
I clean the blackboard.X V@s {(Y~X :}
@YHs {(Y
The blackboard is cleaned by me.X *

Present Indefinite Tense (Simple) Passive Voice

by xg ~ Verb is/am/are s verb object

Q * Subject Object
@Yc* X :i
X Object Subject
s { (~X :}
X V@*
subject verb object
Voice) I clean the blackboard. ( Active

@YHs {(
X *
The blackboard is cleaned by me. (Passive Voice)

Present Indefinite Tense (Negative)

~ verb *
not is/am/areQ @ Subject S verb
Yc* object Object ~Z
X :iF,
X Subject Object gzZD by xg
s { (~X :}
X V@*
I clean the blackboard. ( Active Voice)

@YH7s {(
X *
 The blackboard is cleaned by me. (Passive Voice) 11
[~:Zk
, sub object

Present Idefinite Tense (Interrogative) Passive Voice

Subject by xg ~ Verb Q * Subject ObjectQD is/am/areObject

@Yc* X :i
X Object

I polish the shoes. X V@* D~X :}

0*
Are the shoes polished by me ?D YG0*
D H
Are the shoes not polished by me? ?D YG 70*
D H
Past Indefinite Tense (Simple) Passive Voice

X Object Subject by xg~ Verb was/were Q * Subject Object

@Yc* X :i

Past Indefinite Tense (Negative) Passive Voice

Object Subject by xg ~ Verb was not/ were not Q * Subject Object

@Yc* X :i
X
Past Indefinite Tense (Interrogative) Passive Voice

Object Subject by xg~ Verb Q subject objectQD was/were

X :i
X

Future Indefinite Tense (Simple) Passive Voice

Object Subject by xg ~ Verb will be/shall be Q * Subject Object

@Yc* X :i
X

Future Indefinite Tense (Negative) Passive Voice

Subject by xg ~ Verb will not be/shall not be Q * Subject Object

@Yc* X :i
X Object
Future Indefinite Tense (Interrogative) Passive Voice

Subject by xg ~ Verb Q D beQ subject objectQD will/shall

X :i
WgzZX Object
X D ?~y
 12
[~:Zk
,

Direct and Indirect Narration

h7bzt }p Z q
X : M -Z
t }p Z1
X N YybZ!* X1
X 0* ~x|kZYH7bkZw$
W: t +zgZ h~p Z1 X2
Narration ~X Sentences, ZX Indirect Narration j}uzgzZ Direct Narration j
p Z-Z1z{zq
6,
7Z gzZ Reported Speech Z @* -ZX YYH~ Vz
zp Z-Z Zz%1 @*
LZZC Y3g~ ( "
{zzZuzgzZX @* " ) Inverted commas

Verb{kZgzZ Reporting Speech ZX @

* Inverted Commas
!*
C tX @* p Z 1
6,
YZ e (,) Commap Z ~y
X @* zOg c*
WReporting speech tX Reporting Verb
]!*
X N Y Z Z{Vz @*

{%$
+~Indirect Speech Direct speech
zDsp~Indirect Speech~Future Tense
Reported c*Present Tense
/Z Reporting Verb 1
shall c*will say ~ Tell say c*
( wB ) Object kZ
/ZpX : W,
Z 6,
TenseVerbSpeech

} X s$
+~shall tell c*will tell say
Direct speech: He says, " I am going to the post office." (present Tense)

Indirect speech: He says that he is going to the post office.

Direct speech: They will say, " We have done our duty." (future Tense)

Indirect speech: They will say that they have done their duty.

} X w$
+~told said ~Past Tense
/Z Reporting Verb X2
Direct speech: He said to me, " I sing a song." (past Tense)

Indirect speech: He told me that he sang a song.

X D that (yZ Uinverted commasReported Speech gzZ comma~y

W Reporting speech X3
( ) subject Reporting Verb pronouns ( I, we, ) First person Reporting Speech X4
} X w$
+._
Direct speech: He says to me, " I am ill.

Indirect Speech: He tells me that he is ill.

+._( wB) object Reporting Verb pronoun (you) second person Reported Speech
w$ X5
X
 pronouns(he , she, it, they ) Third PersonReported speech X6 13
[~:Zk
,
X C7~pn~
Drect speech: She will say, " You are at fault."

Indirect speech: She sill say that you are at fault.

X Dsp ~Past Tense verbsx Reported speech ~Past Tense

/Z Reporting Verb X7
Present Perfect ~Past continuous Present Continuous ~Past Indefinite Present Indefinite

+~Past perfect continuous Present Perfect continuous

w$ gzZ~Past Perfect
present ~past continuous present continuous ~past perfect Past Indefinite {zkZ
+~past perfect continuous present perfect continuousgzZ~past perfect perfect
X w$
+~past perfect continuous past continuous gzZ~past perfect indefinite
w$ past {z kZ
} X ~would will c* shall gzZX
Direct speech: He said tome," I sang a song today."

Indirect speech: He told me that he had sung a song that day.

custom c*( C K) Universal Truth ~Reported speech p~Past Tense

/Z Reporting Verb X8
} X Lg~ Present Tense {zX @* Z 6,tense verb Reported speech Q ( ` Zzg)
7W,
Direct speech: The teacher said, " God is one."

Indirect speech: The teacher said that God is one.

X @*
Yc* . well gzZ all right, No, Yes
sv X9
X :CVpsfzgq~p Z ZzC
(gzZ
z X 10
hither ~ then now ~ thence hence ~those these ~ that this ~there here
next ~ next day tomorrow ~ that day today ~before ago ~ so thus ~ thither
previous last night gzZ~ previous day yesterda ~ that night tonight ~ following day day
+~ night
X s$
X :OgwV!* zDsp~ Indirect Narrations ( iZ c*) Imperative Sentences
sfzgq X 11
forbade, commanded, ordered requested,advised ._VzL Reporting Verb VzL, Z (Z)
X @*
Yc* +~ proposed c*
w$
e infinitive verb Z To verb Imperative Sentences
X f ( [)
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X 4 not to verb~]g Negative Sentences (`)
 c*proposed Reporting Verb YHwEZn ? let
c*m, /Z ( ) 14
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} piZ let YHwEZ should
/ZpX @* kZgzZX @* +~ suggested
w$
Yc*
X @*
YHwEZ permit c* allow kZw$
+~ Requested Reporting Verb
(is, are, am, was, were, will. Helping verb ( 1)Dnz ( }LDZ) Interrogative sentences X 11
sentences {z ( 2)X @* BNo c*yes[ Z yZgzZDqzBshall, has,have,had may, might)
Yc*
DqzB How c*who, where, when, why, which, whom, whose, what ) Zz wh
W]~[ ZyZgzZ
X @*
+~ inquired c*asked Reporting Verb
X s$ +~ Indirect Interrogative Sentences, Z
z s$
Reporting yZDq z helping verb }L X that :gzZ @* To :~yZZ h Z commas
Yc*
7wEZ that ~kZX @* 6 statement }LgzZ @*
Yc* whether c*if object verb
Yc*
X D
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+iDZX g (ZZz wh +~ Indirect ZDqzZz wh}LDZ
zs$
X D7wEZ that gzZsp~( 6) statement

sp~ indirect direct VzL, ZX @*

Y Exclamatory Sentences 7Zg Z " _
.~g ~X}L, Z X 12
X :cegwV!*
sfzgqn
+~ Exclaimed joyfully c*Exclaimed with joy Reporting Verb kZ g Z p}L
w$ /Z (Z)
X , that kZX ,
Exclaimed c*Exclaimed with sorrow Reporting VerbkZ g Z " _
.}L
/Z ( [)
X , that kZX ,w$
+~ sorrowfully
X K: {)z Hurrah , Alas, Oh, Aha }p Z ZzC
] c* /_
. (`)
Y Optative Sentences Zg Z Zp c* ~X}L, Z
sp~ Indirect Direct ZX @* X 13
X :ce gwV!*
sfzgqn
X , that kZgzZ ,sp~ wished c*Prayed Reporting Verb (Z)
X N respectfully Reporting Verb {sp Sir
/Z~ Reporting speech X 14
+~ bade farewell Reported Speech qz Farewell Reporting speech
X ,w$ /Z X 15
Reporting q z Good day c*Good night c*Good evening c*Good morning
/Z Reported speechX 16
+~{)zbade good night c*bade good evening c*bade good morning speech
bade X s$
X @*
wEZ wished (
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PERSONS OF PRONOUNS

Cases First Person Second Person Third Person

q
1 q $
T
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural

Subjective I We You You He/She/It They

Case ~ ? ? -Z ) {z
(q ( { c*
i ){z
qZ

Objective Me Us You You Him/Her/It Them

Case = Q 7Q
q B

Possessive My Our Your Your His/Her/Its Their

Case Mine Ours Yours Yours k Q Theirs

G4$
q -G
Z Zg Zg v Zg v yQ

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