Science 9

Chemistry
Atoms the smallest unit of matter
Made up of protons
and electrons in the
nucleus
Electrons occupy
orbits around nucleus
 Subatomic Particles
# of protons tell us what it
is
# of neutrons add mass
# of electrons determine
chemical properties
The Periodic Table
 Organization
The Periodic Table organizes elements in the
following way:
Metals are found on the left side, non-metals
on the right, and semi-metals in between.
Chemical families are arranged in vertical
groups.
Periodic Table Information
 How Many Neutrons?
Neutrons = Atomic Mass Atomic Number
Example: Sodium
Atomic mass of 23.0
Atomic number is 11

Therefore neutron # is 23 11 = 12
 Let's complete this table together
Element Standard Mass Atomic Protons Neutrons Electrons
Name Atomic Number Number
Notation
Carbon-12

Bromine-80

Phosphorus-
31

Gold-208

Neutrons = Mass # - Atomic #

That means, Neutrons + Protons = Mass #
 Now you can do it
Complete the worksheet on Subatomic
Particles
There will be a short quiz
 The Periodic Table
Elements in order of atomic number
Columns organized by chemical properties
Properties based on outermost electrons

1 electron in the outer shell = alkali metal

 Electron Are Place in Shells
According to These Rules
1. The first shell can hold
up to 2 electrons
2. The second and 3
shell can hold up to 8
electrons
3. You put electrons in
shells from the inside out
4. Electrons are placed
individually on each side
until you need to pair
them.
Octet Rule = atoms tend to gain, lose or share electrons
so as to have 8 electrons
C would like to gain 4 electrons
N would like to gain 3 electrons
O would like to gain 2 electrons
 IONIC BOND

bond formed between

two ions by the
transfer of electrons
 Formation of Ions from Metals
Ionic bonds join metals with non-metals in a chemical
reaction
Metals LOSE electrons to match the electrons of their
nearest noble gas
Metals form positive ions (cations) when the number of
electrons is less than the number of protons
Group 1 metals ion 1+
Group 2 metals ion 2+
Group 13 metals ion 3+
 Formation of Sodium Ion
Sodium atom Sodium ion
Na e Na +

2-8-1 2-8 ( = Ne)

11 p+ 11 p+
11 e- 10 e-
0 1+
 Formation of Magnesium Ion
Magnesium atom Magnesium ion

Mg 2e Mg2+

2-8-2 2-8 (=Ne)

12 p+ 12 p+
12 e- 10 e-
0 2+
 Ions from Non-Metals
Non-metals GAIN electrons from metals to
match the electrons from their nearest noble
gas
Negative ions (anions) form when the electron
number is more than the proton number
Non-metal ions have charges of 3-, 2- and 1-
 Fluoride Ion
unpaired electron octet
1 -

:F + e : F:

2-7 2-8 (= Ne)

9 p+ 9 p+
9 e- 10 e-
0 1-
ionic charge
 Oppositely charged ions are attracted to each
other and form a strong ionic bond

A sodium ion bonded to a chlorine ion is called

sodium chloride
 A calcium ion bonded to two flourine ions is
called calcium fluoride
It has one calcium ion and two fluorine ions
 Properties of Ionic Compounds
Form crystals
Have high melting points
Hard and brittle
Conducts electricity when dissolved in water
Electrical Conductivity of Ionic
Compounds

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uok7USaC2UU
 Summary
Ionic bonds involve a transfer of electrons between
atoms. Ionic bonding forms ionic compounds.

Ionic bonding forms ionic compounds.

Ionic compounds break up into smaller parts called

ions.
 Lewis (Electron Dot) Diagram
We can represent the outer shell using a Lewis
diagram
Sodium chloride Lewis structure
Sodium and Chlorine An
illustration
 Naming Binary Ionic Compounds
The chemical names are derived from the ion names
Names always include:
the full metal name + the non-metal name + ide.

For example:
NaCl = sodium chloride (sodium ion + chloride ion)
K2O = potassium oxide (potassium ion + oxide ion)
 Formulas for Binary Ionic
Compounds
The chemical formula has two parts:
The symbols of the elements
How many of each element there are
 Example
Calcium fluoride

Ca 1 F 2
 Chemistry Name Game Part 1
Find a group of 2-3 players
Come get a set of cards from me and some
scissors
I will read the rules of the game to you
 Chemistry Name Game - Example
Positive Negative Chemical Chemical Name
Ion Ion Formula

Mg2+ Cl- MgCl2 Magnesium chloride

Na+ N3- Na3N Sodium nitride

Ca2+ S2- CaS Calcium sulphide

You will need to put your chemical formulas in your table.

There will be a quiz on naming and writing the formulae of
binary ionic compounds.
 Demo Burning Magnesium
This demo shows you how we can combine two
elements: magnesium and oxygen
DO NOT LOOK AT THE LIGHT FROM THE
REACTION
 We combined magnesium and oxygen. What is
the name of the compound?
Magnesium oxide

What is it's formula?

MgO
 Polyatomic Ions
Some ions are made of a group of atoms
chemically bound together and act as one unit.
 You do not have to memorize this table but you do have to
recognize when you see a polyatomic ion and how to use it
 Naming Compounds with
Polyatomic Ions
When we name polyatomic ions in the same
way that we name binary ionic compounds
1. Name the metal ion (first part) with it's full
name
2. Give the name of the polyatomic ion (usually
the second part)
 Naming Polyatomic Ions
Examples
calcium and hydroxide
calcium hydroxide
Ca2+ OH- --> Ca(OH)2

silver and carbonate

silver carbonate
Ag+ CO32- --> Ag2CO3
 Chemistry Name Game Part 2
We will now add polyatomic ion cards to your
game
Everything else is the same!
 Chemistry Name Game
Part 2
Positive Negative Chemical Chemical Name
Ion Ion Formula

Mg2+ CO32- MgCO3 Magnesium carbonate

NH4+ N3- (NH4)3N Ammonium nitride

Ca2+ SO42- CaSO4 Calcium sulphate

You will need to put your chemical formulas in your table.

There will be a quiz on naming and writing the formulae of
polyatomic ions.
 Naming Compounds with
Multivalent Metal Ions
Multivalent elements are metals that have more
than 1 ion charge.
Which ion charge you have is shown by using
the Roman numerals.
For example:
CuO is copper (II) oxide
FeCl3 is iron (III) chloride
 How do we know which charge?!?
When given a chemical formula:
REVERSE CRISS-CROSS your numbers

FeCl3 Fe3+ Cl
If there is no number, like beside the Fe,
then we show a 1
 FeCl3 Fe3+ Cl
If there is no number, like beside the Fe,
then we show a 1

Fe1Cl3 Fe3+ Cl1+

Now we know that we used Fe3+
What about when we have a name?
This is EASY!

Example
Iron (III) chloride
This tells us what our number is! It's just
shown in Roman Numerals
 Chemistry Name Game Part 3
Positive Negative Chemical Chemical Name
Ion Ion Formula

Fe2+ Cl- FeCl2 Iron (II) chloride

Cu1+ N3- Cu3N Copper (I) nitride

Cu2+ SO42- CaSO4 Calcium sulphide

You will need to put your chemical formulas in your table.

There will be a quiz on naming and writing the formulae
of multivalent ions.
 Naming Covalent (Molecular)
Compounds
We use a prefix naming system for molecular
compounds
We state the number of each atom using the
prefixes below
 Naming Covalent Compounds
Writing formulae from the chemical names is easy
because the name tells you how many atoms are
in the molecule!
You DO NOT NEED ION CHARGES because
they aren't ions combining but rather atoms
 Examples

You just name the first element and the number using the prefix,
then name the second element and the number using the prefix.
When the first element has only 1 atom, we can drop the mono
 COVALENT BOND
bond formed by the
sharing of electrons
 Covalent Bond
Formed by sharing electron pairs
Examples; O2, CO2, C2H6, H2O, SiC
2. Covalent bonds- Two atoms share one or more pairs of outer-shell
electrons.

Oxygen Atom Oxygen Atom

Oxygen Molecule (O2)

 7.4 Molecular Compounds: Chemical
Formulas and Naming
We use a prefix naming system for molecular compounds
We state the number of each atom using the prefixes below
When the first element has only 1 atom, we can drop the
mono
 7.4 Molecular Compounds: Chemical
Formulas and Naming
Writing formulae from the chemical names is easy
because the name tells you how many atoms are in
the molecule!
You DO NOT NEED ION CHARGES