Design of

Below-the-Hook

L i ft i n g Devices

AN A M E R I C A N NATIONAL STANDARD

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 Design of

B e l ow - th e - H o o k

l i ft i n g Devlces

AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

The American Sociely of

Mechanical Engineers hree ParkAvenue New York, NV 10016 USA

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 Darn of tssuancc. )anuarv 2, 2012

The next edition of this Standard is scheduled for publication in 2014 Thls Standard will become

effective 1 year alter the Date of !ssuance.

ASME lssues written replies to inquir\es concerning interpretations of technical aspects of ttus

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Cases and interpretations are publlshed on the ASME Web slte under the Committee Pages at

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ln!orn,atior," secttcn

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regulatory agendes. and tne pubtn-at-largc

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i nol to be lnterpreted as

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e or sta ndard.

ASME acccpts resp onslbihty fur nly those interpretatlons ofthis

o d ocument lsued n
I a coordance wlth the estab llshed

A5Mf proted ures an d l

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The American Society or Mechanlcal Engineers

n,ree Pario:. Avenue, New Yotl:.. 10016 5990

Copyright ID 2012 by

THE AMERICAN SOCIETY Of MECHANlCAL ENGINEERS

Alt ngh\s reserved

Printed n U.S.A.
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 CONTENTS

Foreword

Committee Roster vi

Correspondence With the BTH Commiltee . . . -. vii

Summary of Chcnges viii

Chapter 1 Scope, Definttions, and References . . . . . . . . . l

l-1 Purpose l

l-2 Scope 1

l-3 New and Existing Devrces 1

l-4 General Requirements l

1-5 Defrruncns 3

l-6 Symbols . 6

l-7 References 9

Chapter 2 Lifter Classifications. 12

2-1 General 12

2-2 Desrgn Categcry 12

2-3 Servrce Class 13

Chapter 3 Structural Design .. l4

3-l General . . . . . . l4

3-2 - Member Design . , . ]6

3-3 Connection Design 22

3-4 Fatigue Design 29

3-5 Other Design Considerahons 31

Chapter 4 Mechanical Design . , 41

4-1 General 4]

4-2 Sheaves 4l

4-3 wrre Rape 42

4-4 Orive System.s 43

4-5 Gearmg 44

4-6 Bearings . . 44

4-7 Shaftmg .. 46

4-8 Fasteners 48

4-9 Cnp Ratio . 48

4-10 Vacuum Lifting Devrce Design ., ... 49

4-11 Fluid Power Systems 49

Chapter 5 Electrkal Components . 51

s-i General 51

5-2 Electric Motors and Brakes 51

5-3 Operator Interface .. 52

5-4 Controllers and Rectifiers for Lifting Device Motors 53

5-5 Groundmg ..... 54

5-6 Power Disconnects 54

5-7 Barrenes .... 54

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C3-J Selected Examples cf Table 3-1 Reguirements . 23

D-2 Olock Shear . 24

Pm-Connccted Plate Notiltton 26

C33

Stiffened Plate Llfting Beam 26

C3-4

4-1 Sheave Dimensions . .

42

42
4-2 Sheavc Gap

Tables

2-J Servrcc Ctass J3

Service Class Life 13

C2-1

Deslgn Cetegcry A Static Load Spectrum ]5

C3-1

Design Category A Dynnrruc Load Spectrum 15

C3-2

Design Category B Srenc Load Spectrum 15

C33

C3-4 Design Category B Dynarruc Load Spectrum . . . . . 15

Limrtmg wdth-Thrckness Ratios for Compression Elemcnts 18

3-1

Minimum Becnve Throat Ttuckness of Partrnl-Penetrntion Gmove Wclds . . 28

3-2

Minmum Sizes of Fillet Welds 28

3-3

3-4 Al!owable Stress Rcoges, ksi (MPa) . 29

Pangue Desrgn Parnmeters .... 33

3-5

4-1 Strength Fncrors for Calculnting Load Capnoty (A menean Standard Tooth

fotms) t

45
4-2 L10 Lift:

4.3, Key S1c versus Shafl Drarnete (ASME Bl7.I) . 47

Kcy Size Veru. Shaft Diarneter (DJN 6885-1) 47

4-3b

Fatigue Stress Amplification Pactors . 47

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 FOREWORli>

There have becn man y formal requests for interpretation of the limited structura! design cruena

stated withmASME B30.20, Bclow-the-Hook Lifting Devices, a salery standard. As ,1 consequence,

mdustry has for quite sorne time expressed a need for a comprehensive design standard for

below-the hook lifting devrces thnt would complement the sofeey reqmrements of ASME 630.20.

Ali editions of ASME 1330.20 included structurnl design criterm oricnted toward the industrial

mnnufachlring corrununity requirmg a minimum design foctorofthroe, based on thc yield strength

of the mnterml, recent editions alsc included design criteria for the fatigue failurc mode. However,

members of the constructron commurnty exprcssed the need for desrgn criteria more suitable to

their opcratmg condrtions, induding a lowcr design factor, and the necessrty to address other

failure modessuch as frncture,shearand buckling, and design tapies, such as impact and fasteners.

A Des.gn Task Group was created in 1997 lo begm work on a desrgn standard as a compamon

document to ASME 83020 Toe ASME BTH Standards Committec on the Design of Bclow-the

Hook Lifting Devices was lormed out of thc Design 'lask Group and held its organizatlonal

meetmg on December 5, 1999

ASMF. BTH-l-2005, Design of Below-tht:-Hook Lifng Devices, contaned nve chapters Scope

and Definitions, Lrer Clflssificltions, Structural Design, Mechcmcal Des.gn. and Elcctrkal

Componerus. Thrs Standard, in!cnded for general industry and construction, sets forth two

design .categories for Jifters bascd on the mngtutude and variation of loading and operating

and environmenta! conditrons. The two des.gn caregones provide dicrent design factora or

dete.nnimngallowable static stress limits. Five Service Classes, based on load cycles, are provided

The Servrce Class establishes allowable stress rnnge values for hfter strucrural members and

deslgn parameters formechanical components. ASME BTH-1-2005was approved by the American

Natmnal Standards lnslih.Jte en Octobcr 18, 2005.

A nonnurndatory Commentary, which 1mmediately follows applicable paragraphs, is induded

to provide background for the Standard's provisions Users are encouraged to consult it

ASME BTH-1-2008 incorporated editorial revisrons and two new mechamcal design sections

far gnp ranoand vacuum-hftmg device design ASMEBTH-1-2008 was approved by theAmencan

Nanonal Standards lnslitute on September 17, 2008.

Thrs editon of ASME BTHl-2011 mcorporates revsions throughout the Standard and the

addilton of new mechanical des.gn section for fluid power systcms. ASME BTH-1-2011 was

approved by the Americiln Natmnal Stand.uds lnsnh.Jte on Septcmbcr 23, 2011

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 ASME BTH STANDARDS COMMITTEE

Design of Below-the-Hook Lifting Devices

(The Jollowln; Is the rostcr of the Commlttee et the ume of approval of thls Standard.)

STANDARDS COMMITIEE OFFICERS

D. Duerr. (ha,r

O. R. Verenski, Vice Cho;,

T. W. Schellens, Secrewry

STANDARDS COMMITTEE PERSONNEL

G. A. Bond, Wood's Powr-G(p Co., lnc.

P. W. Boyd, rne Boeln (o.

H. Bradley, Honorory Member

R. A. Dahlin, Walker Magnetics roup

J. W. Oowns, n., /lonomry Member. Downs (rane and Hoist lo

D. Ouerr, 2DM Associates rnc.

J. D. Edmundson, Konecranes/P&H

A. Faris, Kiew1t E.n:meerinE (o.

K. M. )ankowski, Walker Magncrics roup

J 1/
. Loschelder, Loschelder Engineering Co

T. C MacJo:ey. Washington R!ver Protect,on gotuncns

O L McCabe, Babcock and WilcW< Co.

D. T, Rebbin, Bradlev Ufting Corp.

J. E. Rea, A/remole, Bradley Llft1ng tcra.

J. W. Row!and 111, (onsultaol

B. E. Schattenbrand, Honorory Member, Consulting tng1neer

T. W Schellens, The Ane11r;;m Sodety or Mechaoical

Eng,neers

R, S. Stemp, Lampson lntemanonal, LLC

P, D. Sweeney, General vnanucs. Electrk acer

D. R. Verenskl, Hunter Llh ttd

T. J. Brookbank. Alternare. Hume, Lift Lid

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 CORRESPONDENCE WITH THE BTH COMMITTEE

General. ASME Srandards are developed and mamtnined wuh the mtent to represen! the

consensus ofconcemed interests. Assuch, users of this Standard may internctwith the Committee

by requestmg lntcrpretanons. proposing revrsions, and attendmg Comrmttee meetings Corre

spondence should be addresscd to:

Secretary, BTH Standards Committee

The American Sccrety of Merhanical Engineers

Toree Park Avenue

New York, NY 10016-5990

Proposing Revisions. Rev.srons are made periodtcally to the Standard to incorpomte chnnges

that appearnecessry or desrruhle, as demonstrated by the cxpcrience ganed from the apphcanon

of the Standard. Approved revisions will be pubhshed periodicnlly

The Committee wetcomes proposals for rcvlsrcns to this Standard. Such proposals should be

a specific as possible, c1!ing the paragrnph number(s), the pmposed wording, and a detailed

description of the rcasons for the proposal, includmg ny pertinent docurncntnbon.

Proposing a Case. Cases may be issued for the purpose of provrdng altcmanvc rules when

justified, to pcrmit early rmplamentanon of an approved revrsion when thc need is urgent, orto

provide rules not covered by existing provisrons Cases are cffective lmmedjately upon

ASME approval and shall be posted on the ASME Comrmtree Web p,ige.

Requests for Cases shall provide a Statement of Need and Background lntormauon. The request

should identify the Standnrd, the paragraph, figure or table number(s), and be wrltten as a

Question and Reply in the same formal as existing Cases Reguests for Casesshould also mdrcate

the apphcable edition(s) of the Standard to which the proposed Case applies.

jnterpratabons. Upon rcquest, the BTH Commrttee will render an interpretation of any reguire

ment of the Standard lnterpretations can only be rendered in response to a written request sent

o
t the Secretary o the 81H Standards Committee.

The request for interpretaticn should be clear nnd unambigucus. [t is further recommended

lhat the inquirer submit his/her request in the followmg formal.

Subect Cite the apphcable parngraph number,) and the topic of the inquiry

Edmon- Cite the applicable edrtion of the Standard for which the interpretation is

being requested

Quest10n Phrase the q_uestmn as a reguest for an interpretancn of a specrfic requiremcnt

suitable for general understanding and use, not as a request for an approval

of a propnetary desrgn or srtuatron The inqrnrer may also include any plans

or drawmgs that are necessary to explam the question, however, they shou/d

not contain proprietary names or information.

Requests that are notin th1sformatmay be.rewntten in the.ippropnate formal by the Committee

prior o
t bemg answered, which may inadvertently change the mtent of the original reqnest.

ASME procedures provide for reconside.ration of .i.ny mtcrpretation when or if additional

infonnation that m1ght afect an mterpretntion is avaih1ble. Further, persons ggncved by an

interpretation may appeal to the cognizant ASME Comm1ttee or SubcomniiHee. ASME does 1101

''npprove," "certify," "rate," or "endorse" any 1tem, construction, propnetary device, or act1v1ty.

Attending Committee Meetings. The BTH Standards Committee regularly holds meetings.

which are open to the public. Persons w1shing to attend any mcctmg should contact the Secretary

of the BTH Standards Committee

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 ASME B T H - 1 - 2 0 1 1

SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Following approval by the ASME BTH Standards Commitlee, and after pubhc review, ASME

IITH-1-2011 was approved by the American National Srnndards lnstitute on September 23, 2011.

Revistons introduced wthin the20ll edition of ASME BTH-1 are idcntihed by a m11rgm note, (11)

Pr1gc Loc11/10n Cliangc

New fourth and sixth pnragraphs addcd

1-5

,_,
Parngrnph 1-4.8 deleted

Reviscd

1-5.2 Revised

1-5.3 Revrsed

15.4 Revrsed

,_, 1-6.l Rcvtsed

9-11 1-7 References updated

-------
.JD 3-2 . Revrsed

Editorinlly revised

Equntions (34.7) and (3-48) revised
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48 4-9 Revrsed

49, so 4-10.2 Revrsed

4-10.3 Revrsed

4-11 J\dded

51 5-1 3

5-3 Title revised

52

s..1.8 Added
53

5-4.6 Revtsed in its entirety

5-6.3 Revisec in its enti.rety

54

5-7.3 Revtsed

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 ASME BlH 1-2011

DESIGN OF BELOW-THE-HOOK LIFTING DEVICES

Chapter 1

Scope, Definitions, and References

l-l PURPOSE
Commentary: ASME BTH1 addresses only des1gn

This Standard sets forth design crtera for requirements. As such, lhis Standard should be used in

ASME 830.20, Below-the-Hook Liftmg Devices. This conjunction with ASME 630.20, which addresses salety

requirements. ASME BTH-1 does not replace

Standard serves as il guide to designers, menufacturers,
ASME 830.20. The design entena set forth are mnimum
purchascrs, and users of below-the-hook hfring devices
requirements that may be increased al the discretion of

the liftmg cevrco manufacturer o r a qualified person.

Commentary: This Standard has been developed
The design of liftmg anachments may be addressed
in response to the need to provrde clarif)cation of the
by existing industry design standards. In the absence of
intent ol ASME 630.20 with respect to the structural
such desrqn standards, a qualified person shou!d deter
design of below-the-hook: lifting devrces. s.oce the origi
mine if the provrslons of BTH 1 are applicable.
nal publication of ASME 830.20 in 1986, users have

requested lnterpretations of the construction {structurat

design) requirements stated tnerem. The level of detall

required to provide adequate answers to the questlons

1-3 NEW AND EXISTING DEVICES
submnteu extends beyond that which can be covered

by interpretations of a 630 safety standard The effective date of this Standnrd shall be one year

after rts date of rssuance. Lifting devices manufoctured

aftcr the eecnve date shall conform to the requirements

of this Standard.
(ll) 1-2 SCOPE
When a hfter is being modifted, tts design shall be

This Standard provides mmimum structural and revrewed relative to this Standard, and the need to meet

mechanical design and electrical componen\ selection th1s Standard shall be evaluated by the manufacturer or

criteria for ASME 8:10.20, Below-the-Hook L1ftrng a qualified person.

De vices
The provisrons in this Stnndnrd apply to the desrgn
Commentary: lt 1s not the intent of this Standard to
or modification ofbelow-lhe-hook lifting devces Com
requ,re retrohning o-f ex,sting lifting devices
p!iance wrth requirements and. critcna that may be

unique to speoabeed industries and environments is

outside of the scope of ttus Standard.

Llftmg devicesdesigned to this Standard shall comply 14 GENERAL REQUJREMENTS (11)

with ASME B30.20, Below-the-Hook Liftmg Devices.

14.l Design Responsibility
ASME B30.20 includes provisions that apply lo the

marking, construction, mstallation, mspectmn, testing, Lifting devices shnll be des1gned by, or under the

maintenance, and cperanco of below-the-hook lifting d1rect supervision of, a qunlified person.

devices.

The prov1s1ons defined in thJs Standard address the Commentary: Although always implied, this provi
most common and brondly apphcuble aspects of the sion now explicitly states that !he design of below-the

design of below-the-hook liiting devrces The quajled hook lft1ng devices is the responsibility of a qualified

person shall determine the appropriate methods to be person. This requirement has been estabhshed in recog

used to address design ssues that are not explidtly n i t i on of !he i m pac t tha1 the p e rf ormance of a l ift!ng

ccvered zn the standard so as to provide design facrors device has on workplace salety, the complexity of the

nnd/or performance consisrent with the mtent of thrs design process, and the level of knowledge and training

Standard required to competently design llfting devices.

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 ASM[ BTHl-2011

1-4.2 unns of Measure Constdaration of the ettecu, of stress ccncontranons is

not normally requrred when deturrnmmq the sterc

A dual unit formal 11-, used. vatues are g1ven in U.S.
strength of a l1fter componen! (see Co mme n rnry for
Customary umts as lhe pnmary unirs fol!owed by the
para. 3-5 .2 ). However, the offects of stress concentra
Intnmaticna) System of Umts (SI) in parenthese, as the
tions are most important when daterminlng fatigue life.
secondary umts. Thc values srared n U.S. Customary
Ufting devices often are constructed wit!i discontinu111es
umts are to be regorded as thc standard. Toe SJ units
or geometrc stress concentrat,ons, such as pin and bott
11, the text have been directly (softly) corwcrted from hales, notches, inside corners, and shaft keyways that

U.S. Customnry umts act as lnitiation s1tes for fatigue cracks.

Analysis of il liftmg device with discontinu1ties using

Commentarv: The reciuirements of ttus Standard li n e ar finite element analysis will typically show peak

are presentad wherever possib!e in a munner that is stresses that ind1cate failure. w!iere tailure is defmed as

dimensionally independent, thus allowing application of the pomt al which the applied load reaches the loss of

these reourrements usmq either U.S. Customary umts function load (or l1mi1 stme) of the pan or device under

(USCUI or lnternational System of Units ;so. U.S. considerntion Th1s is panicularly true wheo evaluating

Customary units are the primarv units usad in this sta11c s treng th . While the use of such methods is not

Standard. proh,bited, modeling of the davice and interpreta!ion of

the results d e mands s ui tabl e ex p e rti s e to ensure th e

reqwrements of this Standard are met wlthout creating

1-4.3 Design Criteria unnecessarily conservatlve Umlts far static strength and

All below-thehook lifting devkes shall be designed fatigue life.

for spccificd r atcd lm,ds. load gcomeh'y, Desrgn

C'llegor;- {sec secrion 2.-2), nnd Serv,ct Ctass [xee

sect10n 2-3) Resolution of loads into forces nnd stress l-4.5 Material

vnluev affecllngstructural rnembers, mecharucal compo

Thc design provismns of th1s Shmdard are basPd on
ncnts, and conne.ctions shnll be perforrned b_y 1111
the use of carbon, h1gh strength low-alloy, or helttreated
eccepted analysis method
conMructional alloy steel far structural mcmbers and

many mecharncal components Other materials may be

Commentary: The original ASME 830.20 structural
ued, provided thc miirgins of siifety and fatigue life are
design reqmremonts refmec a lift1ng oevrce only in
equal to or greater thnn those reqnired by this Stru1dard
rarrns of its rated load. Later editions establ!shed fatigue
Ali ferrous Jnd nonfermu metal usPd m the fabrici'I
life requirements by reference to ANSI/AWS 0 1 4 . 1 .
11011 of lifting devicc&tructural members lnd mechamcal
ASME BTH-1 now uenes the design reQulrements of a
components sh.ill be identlf1ed by an indush'y-w1dc or
lifter in terms of the rated load, the Des1gn Catcgory,

and the servce Class to better match the desipn of the written proprietary spedlication.

lftter to 11s mtended seevice An extended dsscussron of

the bass al the Deslgn Categortes and Service

Commentary. The des1gn provis1ons m Chapters 3
Classes can be found in Chapters 2 and 3
and 4 are based on practices and research for design
cornrnentanes.
using carbon. h1ghstrength low-alloy, and heattrea1ed

constructional alloy steels Sorne of the equat\ons pre"

sented are empir1cal and may not be directly apphcable

14.4 Analysis Methods
to use with other materials. Both ferrous and nonferrous
The allowable stresses and stress ranges deflned in materials, including the construct1onal steels, may be

tjus Standard are based on the assumphon o analysis used in the mechanical c o mponents described in

by classical strength of material methods (models), Chapter 4.

although other analysls methods may be used The anal lndustry-wide specifica1ions are those from organiza

ysm techniques and models used by the qualified person tions such as ASTM lnternational (ASTM). the American

shall accnrately represent the loads, material properties, lron and Steel !nstitute {AISI), and the Society of

and cevrce geometry stress values resultmg from the Automotive Engineers (SAE). A propnetary specificat,on

analysis shall be of suneble form to permit correlaton is one developed by an individual manufacturer.

wnh the al!owable stresses defined in thrs Standard

Commentary: The allowable stresses defmed in 14.6 Welding

Chapters 3 and 4 have been developed based on the
All weldmg designs and procedures, except for the
presumptlon that the actual stresses due to the design
design stTength of welds, shal! be m accordance w1th
loads will be computed using classical methods. Such

methods effecuvely compute average srresses acting on the reqtrements of ANSI/ AWS 014.1 The design

a structural or mechanical elemenL strength of welds shaU be as defined in para. 3-3.4. When

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.. o.ZO!ll>/1 l Zll.l5?." G"l
 ASME BTH-1-2011

conflicts exist between ANSI/ AWS 014.1 and this these temperatures, the mechanical propert1es of mos1

St au dar-d, the reguirements of this Standard shal) materials are greatly reduced over those at amb1ent lf

the ex p osure rs prolongad and cycl1c in nalure, the

govern
creep rupture srrength of the material, wh1ch is lower

Commentarv: ANSI/AWS 0 1 4 . 1 rs cuec as the than the simple elevated temperature va l ue, must be

basls for weld design and welding procedures. Thls used in determimng the design rared load and life of the

requirement is in agreement with CMAA #70 and those dev1ce.

established by ASME 830.20 The allowable stresses for Of importance when evaluaiing the etfects of temper

welds are modified in this Standard to provide the ature is the temperatura of the llfter component rather

higher design factors deemed necessary for llfting than the ambient temperatura. A J!fter may move bnefly

devrces. through an area of frigid air without the temperature of

the steel dropping lo the point of concern. Ukowise, a

Jifter that handles very hot items may have soma com
1-4.7 Temperature
ponents that become heated due to contact.
The design provisons of tlus Smndard are consrdered

applicable when the remperaeure of the lifter structuml

or mechanical component under ronsideranon is withm

1-5 DEFINITIONS
the range of 25F to !SOF (-4( to 66C) When the
Toe p.irngr.iph given after the defm1t1on of a temi
ternperature of the component is beyond these hmts,
rcfers to the paragraph whcrc the term is f1rst used
specia) addrtional desrgn eonsrderntions may be

requrred. These consrderatons may include choosmg a

Commentary: This section presents a list of defini
matenal that has better cold-temperature or high
tions applicable to the design of below-the-hook Jihing
temperature properhes, !m1iling the deagn stresses to
dev,ces. Defini11ons from the ASME Safety Codes .ind
s lower percentage of the allowable stresses, or
Standards Lexicon and other engineering references are
restncting use of the lifter until the cornponent tempera
used wherever possible The defined terms are div1ded
ture falls withm the stated lirruts.
into general terms !para. 1 - 5 . 1 ) that are considered
The desrgn prov1smns for electrical cornponents are
broadly apphcab!e to the subject matter and into groups
considered applicable when ambent temperatures do
of terms that are spedfic to each cha p ter of the
not exceed 104F {40C) Llfters expected to cperate in
Standard.
ambient tempera tu res beyond this hmit shall-have clec

trrca l components desrgned for the higher ambient

1-5.1 Oeflnitions - General (11)
temperature

ambie11t t,mpeml1irc. the tempcrature of the atmosphe.re

Commentary: The tem p e r a t u re hrruts stated are surrounding the lifng devi:e (para. 1-4..7).

based 011 the foUowing. Histcncatlv. tensron brittle foil

below-tlw-lwok ltfli11g devicr (ii[ting dc:via:. /ifter): a dev1ce
ures have occurred during hydrotest in pressure vessels
used for attachmg a load to l hoist. T.he dcvice may
Iabncatec from low carbon steel at te mpor a tur e s as
contain component:s such as shngs, hooks, and ngging
high as 50F (10C). Flaws in steel plate material were
hardware that are addressed by ASME 830 volumcs or
the primary cause of these failures. With tighter produc
other stand11rds (section 1-1).
tion processes, closer metatlurglcal control. and better

quallty checks in current prectlce, the risk of sucf failure cyc/c, load. onc seguence of two load reversals that define

is reduced. Thus, the Committee selected the 25F a rnnge bctwecn max1mum and mimmum load

{-4"Cl temperature as a reasonabte lower limit. This (para. l-5.1).

lower temperature limit is also consistent wrth recom

desig11: the activity in which a quahfied person ere.ates
mendations made by AJSC (2003).
devices, machines, structu.res, or processes to satisfy a
The Commlttee selected the upper temperature limit
human need (section 1-1).
as a reasonable maximum temperature of operation in

a summer desert env,ronrnent. Data from the ASME design faclor: the ratio of the limit stale stress(es) of an

Boler and Pressure Vessel Code material design tables element to the permissible mternal strcss(es) created by

mdicate that sorne carbon steels have already begun to the externa] forcc(s) that acts upan the element

decline in 'both yield stress and allowable tension stress (para 1-6.1).

at 200"F {93C). Sorne materials decline by as much as

fatigur!: the process of progressive localized pennanent
4.6%, but most are less than that amount. A straight-line
matenal damage that may rcsult in cracks or complete
interpolation between the tabulated values for materials
fracture after a suffic1ent numbcr of load cycles
al 1 OOF (38QC) and 200QF {93QC) in this reference gives
(para. l-5.2).
acceptable stress values that have minimal degradauon

at 150"F 166QC) fntigJJ.r lifc the number of load cycles of a speofic type

In sorne ind u stria l uses, lifting devices can be sub and magnitude that a member sustains before fa1lure

jected to temperatures in excess ol 1,000"F (540C). At (p1m1. 1-4.5).

--- --,

.......
$1!;. .....,,,-

..
...,....
....,,,,-" ...... _..,,,
8oadto'"-"PllfOU,;J"RtfS. 01'"111

"'" ... R..-201:1/llll ns,. PMJ

 ASME DTff.1-2011

uos: a machinery u n i t that is used for liftmg and slinr an assembly to be used for lifting whcn ccnoecrect

Iowermg (para. 1-5.1). to n hoist or liftmg ccvrce ar the sling's upper end and

liftinx11ttnc/Jmeut:aloadsupportingdevicetlrntisbolted whcn suporting a lond nt the sling's lowcr end

or permanently attached to the lfted Joad,such as hfting (para l-S. )

lugs, padeyes, trunnions, and similar appurtenances 1 lrength iinnt sl11/e: linnting condition affectlng thc safety)

(para. 1-2). ;-.::.

' of the structure, m which the ultimare load carrying

/imil slate: a condition in which a structurc or componen! l. capaciry is reached (para 1-5.1). ./

become, unfit /or scrvcc, such as brittle fracture, plnstic $/TC5S conemmuoc: localized stress considerably higher

collapse, cxccssrve deformation, d urability, fatigue, than avernge (even in uniformly loaded cross secnons

instability, nnd is judged either to be no longer useful of uniform thickness) due toabrupt chunp;es in geomctry

far its intended fundan (sero1cenbility limif stnte) o r t o or tocatzed lo<1ding (para. 3-4.1).

be unsafe (slre11gtl1 iimit stald (para. 1-5.1).

strl!ss, 111axim11m; hi;hesl algehrlic stress per cyclc

!OJtd(s), applied externa] force(s) act1ng on a structurnl (pra. J-5.1).

member or machmc elcmcnt due t,l thc rntcd loud, dead

strr:ss, minm111m lowesl algebrn1c stresi, per cyele
load, and other /orces crcmed by the operation and
(pani. l-5.1).
geomctry of the lifting devlce (para. 1-5.2).
stress rnngc: algebraic difference between maximum and
lood, dend: thc wcights o thc parts of thc lifting dcvrce mnimum stress. Tension stres!. is considcred lo have

(para. 1-5.1) thc opposltc lgcbraic sign from compression stress

(p;irn. 1-4.4).
loor/, rnied thcmaximum load for which thcliftm.; device

1!> dc1>1t,'llaled by the manufacturcr (pnra. 1-4.3) slrucluml mcmbcr. a componcnl or ng1d ac;semhly of com

poncnts fabncMed from i.tructurll shapc(s), b,1qs),

mmrnfacturer: thc pe.rson, company, or agency responsr
plate(s), forging(s), or casting(s) (para 1-4.3).
ble for the dcs.gn, hibncatrnn, or performance of a

below - the - hoo k l iftng devrce or lifting device

1-5.2 Definitions for Chapter 3 (l l)
componen\ (secuon 1-1).

block shenr: a mode of fojlure in a bo!ted or we!ded

mccfumlcnl compouent- a combination of one or more
connection that is due to a combmatmn of shear and
machme elements along with their fmmewcrk, lasten-
ten s 1 o n acting on orthogonal planes around the
1ngs, etc., designed, assernbled, and arranged to support,
minimum net failure path of the connecling elements
modify, or transrrut motion, mdudmg, but not hmitcd
(paril 3-3.2)
to, thc pillow block, screw jack, couplmg, clutch, brakc,

ge;ir reducer, and adjustnble speec tr.msnussron b1itllc frncture: abrupl de.avage w1th littlc or no pnor

(para. 1-4.3) ductile deformatmn (parl. 1-5.2).

modificntion- any change, nddirion to, or reconsrrucncn compncl scc/ion: a structural member cross-section thal

of a \ifter componcnt (secnon 1-2). cnn develop a fully plastic stress distribution bc.fore the

onset of local bucklm (par.i. 3-2.3.l).

qunlif1ed persow a person whu, by pcssessto of D rccog

mxed degrec m a n applicable field or cerncete of pro cffcctivc lc11gth the e q u i v l e n t length K/ used 111

fessional standing, o r who, by extenstvc knowledge, compression formulas (para. J-5.2).

tra ining a nd ex pericnce, has successfully demonstrated

effeclive lengt/J fnc!or: the ratio between the effective

the ability to salv e or resolve problems l

re atmg to the
length and the unbraced length of the member mea su red
subject matter an d work (section 1-3).
between the renten, of gravity of the brac:ing members

rlggmg hardware: a detachable load supportmg device (para. 1-6.1).

such as a shnckle, hnk, eyebo\t, nng, sw1vel, or dev s i

effcctruc ne! tcnsile mea: port10n of the gross tensHe arca
(para. 1-5.1)
that is assumed to carry the des1gn tension load at lhe

serviceability hmil state. hm1 ting cond ition affec ting th

member's connections or at location of hales, cutouts,

<1 bility of a struct ure. to preserve 1llJ ma intamability, dura or other reductions of cross-secHonal area {para 3-2.1)
(
bility, or fun ction of machinery under normal usage
effectroe widlh the reduced width of a plate which, with
(para. 1-5.1).
an assumed unilorm stress distribution, produces !he

sira//: mdicat es that he

t rule ,
s ma ndatory and mu st be
Silme effect on the behavior of a structural member as

followed (section 1-2) the actual plate width w1th its nonuniform stress

distribution (para 1-6J).

sllould: indica tes that the rul e
s a recomrnendation, the

adv isa bility of which depends on t he facts in e ach fnying surfnce; !he pl;me of contact between two plics of

a bo!ted connection (para. 1-5.2).

situation (para 2-2 .1).

---,,. .,,,-..,
..,_,,,.,11.-.-...-.-.s .. e ""' ;C,\ID 1NOU$11\!U, ...-, 91
io

.... .,.R,.....'<llY.1111 >M1:" Glll

"' __ ., ........ klns, ...---""'-

 ASME BTHl-2011

gross area full cr oss-secnonat area of the membcr L10benr111g life the basic:: rlling or specihration !ifo of a

(pam. 3-2.1). bearing (para. 4-6.2),

local bHcklmg: lhe buckling of 11 compression elemenl /ock-11p: l cond1t10n whereby fnction in tht: drive system

that may precpitate the failure of lhe whole member prevents back-dnving (para. 4-55).

at a stress leve] below the yreld stress of the material

pilch dmmeter the diameter of a shelve measured at the
(parn. 1-5.2).
centerlme of thP rope (para. 4-2.2).

noncompaa section: a structural member cross section

sheavc: a grooved wheel used with n rope to change
that can develop the yreld stress in compreaston elements
d1rection and pomt of applicat1on of a pulhng force
befare local buckling occurs, but wi\J no! resrst Inelasnc
(para 1-5.3).

local buckhng at strain levels requred for a fully plasuc

sheave, equaiing: a sheave used to equahze tensJOn m
stress disrribution (para. 3-2.3.2).
opposite parts of a rope. Beca use of 1ts sllghL movement,
prismatic mcmber 11 member with a gross cross aecnon 11 is not termed l1 run11i11g shemx {paro. 4-2.3).
that does not vary along its length (para. 1-6.1).
slm1ve. rmmmg: a sheiwe tha! rotates as the load 1 lifted
pryingforce: a force duelo the Iever acnon that exists in or lowered (par.i 1-5.3).
connecnona m whzch the !ine of applrcanon of the
vncuum: pressure Jess than a mbi en t atmospheric
applied load is eccenrnc to the axis of the bolt, causing
pressure (para. 1-5.3).
deformahon of the fitting and an amplicanon of the

axial force in the bolt (paro. 3-4 5) vacmm1 lifter- a below-the-hook liflmg dev1ce fot Jifting

and transporting lot1ds using a holdmg force by me.ins

sl>-cr1t1cu/ a type of bolted cormecnon in which shcar
of vncuum (sect10n 4-10)
is h-ansrrnned by means of the fr iction prnduced

between the faymg surtaces by the rlampmg arnon of vnc1111111 pad: a dev1ce th.it applics l holding force on the

load by mea.ns of vacuum (p,ua. 4-10.1).

the bolts (para. 1-6.1).

uubmced length: thc dlstance bcrween braced pomts ) 1-5.4 Definitions for Ct-iapter 5 (11)

a member, measured between lhe centers of gravrty of

brnke a device, other than a motor, used for retarding
the bracing members; for beams not braced against tw1sl
or stopping motion of an apparatus by friction or power
or la t er al displacemeru. ma xr m u m span bet w ee n
mea.ns (section 5-2).
supporls or pomts of apphed load (para 1-5.2).

control(s): a devce used to govern or r egu!a te the

(11) 1-5.3 Deflnitions for Chapter 4 functions of an apparatus (parn 1-5 4).

bnck-dnvmg: a condition where the load rmparts motion con/rol panel. an assembly of romponents tha! governs

to the drivc system (para. 4-55) theflow ofpower to or from a motor or otherequipment

m responst' to u s1 g na l ( s) from a control de v1ce( s )

coefficienl o
j stonc Jriction: the nondimcnsional number
(para. 5-4.8).
obtained by drvrdmg the friction force resistmg initml

monon betwecn two boches by the normal force pressmg co11/rol syste,w c1r1 assembly 01 group of deviccs that

the bodies together (para. 4-9.1). g ov ern or r egu l a\, the o pNation of aJ) pp<irltus

(para 5-3.1).
drim: system: an assembly of components that govems

the starting, stopping, force, speed, and direction con/ro/ler. a dev1ce or group of dev1ces that govern, in

imparted to a moving apparatus (para. l-5.3). a predetermined manner, the power dehvered to the

motor to which it is connected (sect1011 5-4).

uid power- energy trans.mitted and controlled by mean)

J.
J of a pressunzed fluid, either liquid or gas. Toe term
duty cyclc:

'(' apphes o
t both hydrauhcs, which uses a pressurized
tune on

U iquid

ompressed
such as

arr
oil

or
or water,

other gases
and pneumatics,

(section 4-11)
whir:.h uses duty cydc =
1 1me on + !Jme o
ff x 100

grip ratio. the ratio of the sum of the horizontal forces and is expressed as .o percentage (para 521).

on one side of the load t

o the hve weight of the Jo11d.
EXAMPLE 3 min on, 2 min off equJs
For example, if the total horizontal force on one side of

the load rs 100,000 lb end the lve load is 50,000 lb, the

gnp rallo s
i 2. For purposes of this calculation, the 3
3T2 ,. 100 = 60%
weight of the load does no! mclude the wcight of the

!ifter (section 4-9)

c/ectro111ag11el, axt-rnnlly poiuered: li f t mg m11gnet,)

gripping force. the force thal the liftmg devrce excrts on suspended from a crane, that requ1res powcr from a
(
the load (para. 4-9.1). source externa] to the crane (para 5-6.3)

-,.- ......-
P,- .... 1,..:--...- ....E
,.,,..,....,- .. ,,.-- ..,.,...,,,.-"""' -s
SoldoCAIDll'ltllmRI

..... -- ;D1ll]"' ,,.,

D'"'ll>H

I< .....
 ASME BTHi-2011

gr01111il (growtdet/J: electrically connected to earlh or to b, = ucrunt ne! width of a pm-connccted plate

sorne conductm; body that serves 111 place: of the cartl, betwecn the cdgc of the hcle and the edgo

(secnon 5-5) of tht plute on n lnc perpendiculnr to

the !me of action of the app!led load, m

motor, e/t!ctnc: a roee tlng mnchinc that nansfcrme
(mm) (para. 3-3.3.1)
etecrrlcal energy into mec:hamcal energy (sccncn 5-2).
: effechvc width to em:h sidc o the pin
'efl
()()11,J(!r supply, elcc1ric11/. the specihcattons of thc required
holc, in. (mm) (para. 3-3.3.1)
or supplied electncity, such as type (AC or DC), volts,
(,1 : width of the compression flange, m.J
amps, cycles, and phase (para. 5-1.3).
(mm) (pma. 3-2.3.2)

rctif1cr: a device for convertin; alternating curren[ mto e, : bending coeffic1ent dependen! u pon

dircct curren\ (secnco 5-4). moment grnd1cnt (para. 3-2.3.2)

scnsor(s): a devce that responds to a physicnl slimulus

e, column slendcrness ratio sep.1rating

el as tic and inelastic bucklin; (para. 3-2.2)

and rrnusmits the resultmg signa\ (section 5-3).

C
: stress category const.int for fatigue
swilclr a devicc for makmg, breakmg, or changing the
analys1s (paro. 3-4.5)
connections m an elecmc crcwt (para. 1-5.4)

sunch, master: a manual switch that dorrnnates the

{C1.ra
- ]atera!-torsiom,l

cocfficient (p.ira. 3-2.3.2}

buckling streng1n

fl
operation of contactors. relnys, or other rcmote!y
c. : coefficient applied to bending term in
operated dev.ces (parn. !>-3.1).
interlction equation for prismat1c.

member ;:ind dr:pendent upon column

curvatun clused hy npplH:d moml:!nt.

1-6 SYMBOLS
(para .3-2 4)
Thr pnragrnph 6lvcn nftc th; dcfnunor- of :i symbol
e, . ,,
rcfers to the parn;raph whcre the symbol ts frrst useo.
Cm
- coeffic1ent app!1ed to bending

interac;t1on equation aboutther or y 11xis,

tcrm in

Each <ymbol 1s dcfincd wherc tt is firsl used

a mdicated (para. 3-2.4)

NOTE; Sorne symbots m3y have d!fferem defmitions w11hm this e, : strength reduction factor for pin

Stlndard. connected plates (para 3-3.3.1)

D outside diametcr of circ.ulnr hol\ow

Commentary: The symbols used in th1s Standard
sectmn, in (mm) (Te1ble 3-1)
are generally in conforrnance with the notation used in
d : depth of the section. in. (mm)
olher design standards that are rn wrde use in the
(para, 3-2.3 1); diameter of roller, in. (mm)
United States, such as the AISC specification
(pura. 3-3.1)
(AISC, 1989) and the crane design specifications
Oh = hale diameter, in (mm) (para. 3-3.3.1)
pub!ished by AIST and CMAA (AIST Technical Report

No. 6 and CMAA #70, respecnvelv). Where notation d1d D, = plil diameter (parl. 3--3.3.1)
1

not exrst. urnqve symbols are defmed herem and have E = modulus of e!11sticity

been selected to be clear m meanmg to the user. = 29,000 ksi (200 000 MP11) for steel

(pura 3-2.2)

Exx = nominal tcnsile strcng:th of thc we!d

(11) 1-6.1 Symbols for Chapter 3
metal, ksi (MPa) (para. 3-3.4.1)
,, : Jength of the nonwelded roo! tace in the
F. allowable axial compre%1on stress, ksi
direction of the thsckness of the tensron
(MPa) (para. 3-2.2)
loaded plate, in. (mm) (para. 3-4.6)
2) J. ""' computed axial compress1ve stress, ks1
A c.ross-sectional area, in.'' (mm
(MPa) (para. 3-2.4)
(para 3-2.3.1)
Fb = allowable bending stress, ks, (MPa)
a : drstance from the edge of the pinhole to
(para. 3-2.3.1)
the edgc of the plate in the directron of
Fx, F = allowable bending stress about the x or
the applied load (para 3-33.1)
2 2) y axis, as indicated, ksi (MPa)
A area of the compresaron flan ge, in. (mm
(para 3-2.3.5)
(para. 3-2.3.l)

1 ox.r = compuled bending streo;s about the x or

A, : tensilc. stress aren, in. (mm2) (para. 3-3.2)
y axis, as indicated, ks1 (MPn)
A, total area of the two shear planes beyond
2) (para 3-2.3.5)
the pinho!e, in.2 (mm (para. 3-3.3.1)

factor for bending stress in +ees and

Fer allowable critica] stres!. dueto corobmed
B
shear and normal stresses, ks1 (MPa)
double angles (para. 3-2.3.2)
(para. 3-25)
b : wideh of a compression element, m (mm)

(Table 3-1)
!,, = cr1t1cal stres!., ksi (MPa) (para. 3-2.5)

"""""""''A:lllt ......_.., s.1410 CJ,IO INC,U5fJ!tU.Jl"07N

P,...- .. ll15""'"--...SJ,IE
..., "" ..o1c.zmlll11 Z2:""-,. GMl
N1- .,..-'"'9-"'"-'_k_,-ttS
 ASMt 6Ttt-1-2011

F,' distance between cross secnons bmced 1

= Euler stress for
1 pri sma tic m em b er

divided by the design factor, ksi (MPa) cgmnst twJSt or lateral displncement of

(para. 3-2.4) the compresswn flange; for beams not

f:/, Fey
'
= E ul e r stress abou! the x or y axis, as
braced agatnst rwrst or lateral displace
)
indicated, drvrded by the design factor, ment, maxrrnom span between supports

ksi (MPa) (para. 3-2.4)

or ponts of applied load, in. (mm)

(para. 3-2.3.2)
F, = a ! l ow a bl c bee nng stress, ksi (MPa )

(para 3-3.1) L,, mximum laterally unbmced length of a

F, compress1ve residual stress in ksi bending member lor which the full
= lange,

(MPa) (Table 3-1)

plashc bending cnpacity can be realized,

umform moment case (C = l_Q), in.

F., = allowable stress rnnge {Qr tnc detnil
(mm) (para 3-2.3.1)
under considerntwn, ksi (MPa)

(para 3-4..6) L, laterally unbraced length of a bendmg

mernber above which the limit state wi!J

F, = .nllowabl e !ensile stress, ks r (MPa)
be lateral-torsional buckling, in. (mm)
(p.nra. 3-2.1)
(p11t11. 3-2.3.2)
F,' = allowabJe tensile stress for a bolt

subjected to combined tension and shear M = a!lowable maJOr axis momenr for tees and

stresses, ksi (MPa) (pnra. 3-3.2) double-angle-members loaded m the

pl,rne of symmetry, krp-m. (Nmm)

!, = .computed axial tensile stress, ks (MPa)
(para. 3-2.3.2)
(para. 3-2.4)

Frn = threshold value for FM, ks r {M P n)

m = number of shp planes in !he connecnon

{pnra. 3-3.2)
(para 3-4.5)

M = plastir moment, klp-m (Nmm)

F,. = spedhed nunimurn u t um a t e tensdr 1,

(para. 3-2.3.1)
strength, ksi {MPa) (para. 3-2.1)

Fv = allowable shear stress, ksr (MPa) M1 = smaller bending moment al the end of

the unbraccd length of a beam taken

(para. 3-2.3.6}
about the strong axis of thc member,
f,, = compu ted s hear stress, ksr (MPa)
kip-m. (Nmm) (para. 3-2.3.2)
(para ..'3-2.5)

M2 = largcr bending momcnt at the end of the

J..J computed normal stress in the x or y
unbraced lcngth of a beam taken about
di r ectmn, ns indrcated, ks (MPa)
the strong axjs of the member, .kip-in.
(para 3-2.5)

(N-mm) (para 3-2.3.2)

F = specified mnimum yield stress,

ksi (MPa) (para 3-2.1) N = des1red des1gn fatgue life m cydes of the

detail bemg evaluated (pnra 3--4.6)

F,1 = specrfred mnimum y1eld stress of the

flange, ksi (MPa) (Table 3-1)

N,1 = design factor (para. 3-1.3)

r!ffl" specified rrunrmum yreld stress of the

Nr, = eqmvalentnumberof constant amphh1de

web, ksi (MPa} (Table 3-1) cydes at stress range, SR,, (pMa 3-4 2)

u1 number of cycles for the 1

,h portian of
G = shear modulus of elastmty

a variable amplitude loading spectrum

11,200 ksi (77 200 MPa) for steel
(para. 3-4.2)
{para. 3-2.3.2)

h = clear depth of the plate parallel to the P,, = allowable single plane fracture strength

applied shear force at the section under beyond !he pinhole, kips (N)

(para. 3-3.3.1)
iovestigation For rolled shapes, this

va!ue may be taken as the clear distance P, = al\owable shear capaciry o a bolt in a

between flanges less the fillet ar comer slip-criticaJ connection, kips (N)

radrus, in. (mm) (para. 3-2.3.6). (paril. 3-3.2)

4 4)
Iy mmor axis moment of inertm, in. (mm P, = allowable !ensile strength through the

(para. 3-2.3.2) pmhole, kips (N) (para. 3-3.3.1)

4)
J = torsional constant, in.4 (mm P = .allowab!e double plane shear strength

(para. 3-2.31 ) beyond the pinhole, k1ps (N)

K = effectrve Jength /actor based on the (para. 3-3.3.1)

degree of fixity at each end of thc rnember R = d1stance from the center of the hole to

(para 3-2.2) the edge of the plate in the dtrection of

= the actual unbraced length of the the applied lond, in (mm) (para 3-3.3.1)

member, in. (mm) (para. 3-2.2) varinble used in thc cumulatJve fatigue

e_""' .....HS
,,,_.., ,
,..""'"'"
....
..,....
. ,.
'""' - ASl.l!l - 10 CI\I
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 ASME BTHl-2011

nnalysis (para. 3-4.6), radius of edgc of F = rmmmum gripp1ng force on each side of

plate (Tnble 35) thc load, lb (N) (pam 4-9.1)

r = radius of gyrntion about the lXIS under F, = radia l cornponent of thc actual becrtng

consideration, in (mm) (pnrn 3-2.2), load, lb (N) (para. 4-6.3)

radrus o curvature of the edge of the GR,.,,., = minimum gr1p ratio (para. 4-9.1)

plate, ln (mm) (Comrnent ar y for H bcarmg power factor {para. 4-6.3)

plr,1. 3-3.3.1) fa ti g u e stress cmpltce nor- factor

Rr allowable bearmg load on rollers, (para 4-7.6.1)

kips/m. (N/mm) (para 3-3.1) = stress amplificalion factor far tors.onnt

rr radius of gyration of a section comprising shear [para. 4-7.63(b)J

the compression flangc plus one-third of
Kn = stress amplrficaticn factor for b e n d m g
the compression web aren, raken about [para. 4-7.6.3(a)J

nn axis in the planc of rhe web, in. (mm)

<ro = stress ampllficatlou factor far drrecr tcn.10J1

(para 3-2.3.2)
[para. 4-7.6.3(a)]

,, = minor axis radus of gyrntion, i11 (mm)

L = bearing length, m. (mm) (parn. 4-6.4)
[para 3-2.31)
Le all owabl e tooth load in bendlng, lb (N)
SR; = stress rangc for the ti. portian of vanable
(para. 4-5.3)
amplitude loading spectrum, ksi (MPa)
L10 = baste r,1ting \ife exceedcd by QQ% o
(para. 3-4.2)
bcarmgs tested, hr (p<ira. 4-6.2)
S1trr1 = referencc stress range to which N,,
N rotanona! spced, rev./rnin (pnra 4-6.3)
relates, ksi (MPn) (para. 3-4.2)
N, = vacuu m pn d dcs1p1 foct(u t,;i,cd 011
s. = milur ilXIS sectmn modulus, m (rnm3)
oncntnnon of load [pare. 4,--10.J)
(para 3-2.3 1)
P = veragl' pressure, psJ (MPa) (parn 4-t 4)
thickness of the pla te, in (mm)
P, = dynamic equivalent rndia l loa d, lb (N)
(para 3-23.3); thickness of a compression
(para. 4-6.3)
elernent, in. (mm) (Table 3-1)
S = computed combined a,ual/bendmg stress,
11, thickness o the tension-loaded platc, in.
ksr (MPa) Lp1m1. 4-7.S(a)]
(mm) (para. 3-4.6)

I, thickness ofthe web, m. (mm} (Table 3-1)

s. = computed axial stress, ksi (MPa)

[para 4-7.S(a)]
w = leg size of the remforcng Or rnntoming

filie\, rf any, in the direction of the tluck

s.,. = portion o the computed teosile stress not

d1.1c to f\uctuating lo,1ds 1 ks1 (MJ!i)

nessof the lension-loaded plate, m. (mm)
!para. 4-7 6.3(d)]
{para. 3-4.6)
3 511 = computed hending stress, ksi (MP.i)
Z, = majar axi p!astic modulus, in'.! (mm )

!para 4-7.S(n)l
(para 3--2.3.1)

Z' loss of length of the shear plane m l pin

Sr computed combmed stress, ks1 (MPn)

[para 4-7.S(c)]
connected plate, m. (mm) (Commentary

for para. 3-3.3 1) 5r = fatigue (enduranc.e) l i m 1 t of polishe d ,

d
, = s h e ar plaue ! o c a ti n g angle for p in unnotchcd spec1men in reversed bending,

connected plntes (para 3-3.3.1) ks1 (MPa) (para 4-7.6.2)

S., = corrected fatigue (endurance) limit of slmft

16.2 Symbols for Chapter 4 m reversed bending, ksi (MPa)

{para. 4-7 .6.2)

A = ef.fectJve area of the vacuum pad enclosed

S
= computed fatigue stress, ksf (MPaJ
berween the pad and the material when the

[pi!ra 4-7 6.3{a)J

pa d is fu[ly compressed agamst the

material surface to be lifted (para. 4-10.1)

SR porhon of the computed !ensile stress due

to fluctuating loads, ksi (MPa)

C, basic dynamic load ranng to theorettrally

!para. 4-7.6.3(d)J
endure one million revolutions, per bearing

manufacturer, lb (N) (para. 4-6.3)

51 computed axial tensile stres, ksi (MPa)

d nominal shaft diameter or bearing mside

[para. 4-7.6.3(a)J

diameter, in (mm) (para 4-6.4) Su spedfied mmimum ultimale tcnsile

Dr diametral prtch, in. -l (mm'") (para 4-5.3) strength, ksi (MPa) [para. 4-7.S(a)]

F face w idt h of s m a ll e r gear, in. (mm) Sy = specified mmimu m y 1 eld stre.ngth,

(para 4-53) ksi (MPa) [para. 4-7.6.3(d)J

F. = axial component of the actual bearmg load, UPC calculated ultirnate vacuum pad capticity

lb (N) (para 4-6.3) (para 4-10.1)

e.a,,,.,,.,,.,...,..-
---""""
....lo"CA.ll>INOlJSTIUU Olfl,07'"
....... _ .. _...,9 __ ,_, __
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 ASME IITIH-2011

V = surface velodty of shaft, ft/mm (m/sec) ASME 017.1-1967 (R2008J, Keys and Keyseats

(para. 4-6.4) ASME BJ0.20-2010, Below-the-Hook Lifting Devrces

V, mlmmum vacuum leve] spedfied at thepad Publishe.r: The American Society of Mechanical
1

(para. 4--10.1) Engineers (ASME), Toree Park Avenue, New York,

VPR = maxun um calculated pad rnting NY 10016-5990; Order Department: 22 Luw Dnve, P.O.

(para. 4--10.1) Box 2900, Patrficld, NJ 07007-2900 (www.asme.org)

W = bearlng load, lb (N) (para. 4-6.4)
ASTM A325, Standard Specification for Structural Bolts,
X = dynamic radial load factor per beanng
Steel, Heat Treated, 120/105 ksi Minimum 'Iensile
manufocturer {para. 4-6.3)
Strength
Y = Lew.s form factor (Iable4-1); dynarruc axial
ASTM A490, Standard Specification for Structural Bolts,
load factor .pcr beanng manufacturer
Alloy Steel, Heet Treated, 150 ksi Mnimum Tensile
(parn. 4-63)
Strength
s,- = codfident of static frrction (parn. 4-9.1)
Pubhsher: American Society for Testing and Materials
,r
!I = specified mmimum yreld stress, psi (MPa)
(ASTM .lnternauonal), 100 Barr Harbor Orive, West
(para. 4-5.3)
Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959 (www.astm.org)
-t = computed cornbmed snear stress, ksr (MPa)

[para. 4--7.S(b)l
DIN 6885-1, Orive Type Fastenings W t t h ou t Taper
r.v = portian of the computed shear stress not
Aclion; Paraliel Keys, Keyways, Deep Pattern
d u e t o the fluct u a ti ng !oads, ksi (MPa)
Publisher: Deutsches lnstihll f-i.Jr Normung, e V. (DIN},
[para 4r7.6.3(d)J
Am DIN-Platz Burggrafenstrnl'.se 6, 10787 Berlm,
"
J = computed combmed fotigue shear stress,
Germany (www.din.de)
ksr (MPa) Jpara 4-7.6.3{b))

r
p_ = portian of the computed shear stress due !CS 2-2000 (R2UOSJ, lndustrrn.l Control ancl Systems:

to f l u c :t u a t i n g l o a ds , ksi (MPaJ Controllers, Contactors, and Overlond Relays Rnted

[para. 4-7.6.3(d)J
600 Volts

r, = computed tors.cnal shear stress, ksi (MPa) ICS 6-1993 (R2001, R2DU6), l n du s t na l Control and

[para. 4-7.S(b)J
Systems: Enclosures

Tv = computed transverse shcar stress, ksi (MPn) MC 1-2006, Revision 1-2007, Motors and Generators

(para. 4-7.S(b)J P u b lis h e r : Na nona! E l e ctr i c a l M an u fo c t ur e r s

O = angle of vacuum pad interface surface mea Assodation (NEMA), 1300 North 17th Street, Rosslyn,

sured from horizontal (para 4-10.1) VA 22209 (www.nema.org)

Pilkey, W. D , 2008, Peterson's Stress Conrentratron

(11) 1-7 REFERENCES Factors, 3rd edition

Publisher John Wiley & Sons, lnc., 111 River Street,

The fo\low\ng ts a hst of pubhcatlons referenced in
Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774 (www wiley.com)
this Standard

ANSI/AGMA 2001-C95, Fundamental Ratmg Pactors Commentarv: ASME BTH-1 is srructured to be a

and C alculaon Methods for l!wolute Spur and s t a n d-al o ne standard to the greatest extent pract1caL

Helical Gear Teeth1 However. sorne areas are best su1ted to be covered by

reference to estabhshed rndustry standards. Section 1-7

Publisher: American Gear Manufocturers Assccranon
lists codes, standards, and other d ocume nt s that are
{ACMA), 500 Montgomery Street, Alexandria, VA
cited within the main body of this S t a n dard and
22314-1581 (www.agma.org)
provtdes !he names and addresses of the publishers of

ANSI/ AWS 014.1-2005, Specification for Welding !hose documents.

Each chapter of this Standard is ac:companied by a

of lndustrial and Mili Cranes and Other Material

Handling Equrpment! commentary that explains, where nec:essary, the basis

of the provisions ot that chapter. AII publications cited

Pubhsher American Welding Sccery (AWS), 550 NW
ln these comme n tar i es are l i s ta d below. These
LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126 (www.aws.org)

references are c:ited far information only

ANS!/NFPA 70-2006, Natlonal Electrical Code1

Cornell, C. A., 1969, "A Pr o bability-Based St r uc:tural
Publisher: Natlonal Fire Protection Assocmtion (NFPA),
Code," ACI Journal, Vol. 66, No. 12
1 Batterymarch Park, Qumcy, MA 02169-7471
P u blishar: A merican Con cr ete l n stitute (ACI), 38800
(www.nfpa.org)
Country Club Dnve, Farmington Hills. Ml 48331

EHifnn, D. S., Wme, G., Sputo, T.. and Samuel. S.. 1992,

1 "Flexural S trength ofWT Secti o ns. Engineering

May aiso be obtamed from the American National Standards

lnsttrute (ANSI), 25 Wesl 43rd Srreet, New York, NY 10036 Journal, Vol. 29, No. 2

'
c_..,. ..E.,.,,_
..-. ... ,HS-....,...,.,AS,,.E Solf1<CAIOll'IOl!STRIU.Ot0Mlllg

... ,_...._ .. ,,,_'"<! - ..... Nallo<R"""'-"'lll>/1122.S.HGMT

 /\SME eru-i-acn

"Engineering FAOs Section 4.4.2." (2003) Pub lis her American Petroleum lnstitute (API), 1220 L

Gurde for thc Anelvsrs of Guy ami Stiffleg Derricks, 1974 srreet. NW, W a s hi ngton , DC 20005-4070

Load and Aesistance Factor Desgn Specicancn for (www.api.org)

Structurel Steel Buildings, 1994 end 2000

ASME 817 l-1967 {A1998), Koys and Kevseats
Spaclcation for Structural Steel Buldings, 2005
ASME 83 0.2 - 2001 , Overhead and Gantry C rnnes
Speciflcation for Strucruret Steel Bui!dings - Allowable
(Top Aunning Bndgo, Single or Multiplc Girder, Top
Stress Deslgn and Plasuc Des1gn, 1989
Aunmng Tro!ley Hoist)
Yura, J. A., and Frank. K. H., 1985, "Testng Method to
ASME 830.20-2003, Below-theHook Liftlng Davrces
Determine the Slip Coefficent far Coatings Usad m
ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code, Section IJ. Pan D,
Bolted Connections." Engineermg Journal, Vol. 22.
2001 Edition, 2002 Addenda
No 3
ASME HST-4-1999, Performanr:e Standard for Overhead
Publisher: American lnstitute of Steel Construcuon
Electric Wire Aope Hoists
(A!SC), 1 East Wacker Orive, Suite 700, Ctucaqc,
Bibber, L. C.. Hodge, J. M., Ahman, A. C., and Doty, W
IL 60601-2001 {www.aisc.org)
D., 1952. "A New High-YieldStrenglh AUoy Steel for

Madsen, J , 1941, "Repon of Crane Grder Tests," /ron Welded Strucrures." Transactions, Vol. 74, Pan 3

and Sreel fngineer, November

Publisher The American Society of Mechanical
Technical Aeport No. 6, Specificotion for Electdc
Enginr.ers (ASMEI. Threo Park Avenue, New York,
Dverhead Traveling Granes for Steel Mili Servlce,
NY 10016-5990; Order Department; 22 Law Orive, P.D.
2000 Box 2900, Fairfield. NJ 07007-2900 (www.asrne.org)

Pubnsner: Association lor !ron & Steel Technology

(AIST), 186 Thorn H!l Aoad, Warrendale, PA 15086 Bjnrhovde. R., Galambos, T. V., and Ravindr e. M K.,

1979, "LA F D Crnena for Steel B e a m - C o l u rn n s , "

(www.atst.orq]

Joumal of the Strucwral Division, Vol 104, No ST9

ANSI 815.1-2006 (Reaturmauon o ASME 815.1-2.000),
Duerr, D., 2006. "' P mned connecuon Strength anc
Safety Stam1ards for Mechanical Power 'transmissron
Behevior." Journal o( Strucwral Engineering,
Apparatus
Vol. 132, No 2
Publisher: Assoc,ation for Manulaccunng Technology
Dux, P. F., and K1tipornchai, S (1990L "Buckl1ng of
(AMT), 7901 Westpark Orive, McLean, VA 22102-4206
S uspended 1-Beams." Joumal of Structural
(www.amtonline.org)
Engineering, 116(7). 1877-1891

ANSI/ABMA 91990 (R2000), Load Aat1ng and Fatique Fisher, J. W., Galam b os, T V., Kulak, G. L., and

Ufe far Ball Bearlngs

1
Ravmdra, M. K .. 1978, "Load and Aesistance Des1gn

ANSI/ABMA 11-1990 (R1999), Load Rat1ng r1nd Fatigue Cr1tem1 for Connec1ors," Journal of the Srrucrural

Ufe for Roller Bearmgs

1
D1vis1on. Vol. 104, No. ST9

Galarnbos, T. V., and Ravindra. M K.. 1978, "Proper1ies

Pubhsher American Bearing Manufacturers Assccrauon
of Steel far Use m LAFD." Journal ofrhe Strucrural
(ASMA). 2025 M Street, NW, Washington. D.C. 20036
OIVIS/On, Vol. 104, No. ST9
jwww.abma-dc.org)
Kitipornchai, S., and Trahair, N S., 1980, "Buc k ling
ANSI/AGMA 2001C95, Pundarneruat Rating Factors md
Propert1es of Monosymmeuic I Beams," Journal of
Calculat,on Methods for lnvolute Sput and Helical
rhe Structural Divis,on, Vol. 109. No ST5
1
Gear Teeth
McWhorter, J. C., Wetencam, H. R., and Sidebottom,
Putihsher: American Gear Manufacturers Associahon
O M., 1 971, "F1nite Deflections of Curved Beams,"
(AGMA). 500 Montgomery Street, Alexandrla,
Journal of rhe Engineering Mechanics Ovlsion,
VA 22314-1582 (www.agma.org)
Vol 97, No. EM2, April

Ravindra, M. K., and Galambos, T. V., 1978, "Load and

ANSI/AWS 0 1 4 . 1 - 1 9 9 7 Specicanon for Weld!ng of

Industrial and Mili Granes and Other Material Resistancc Factor Des1gn for Steel," Journal of the

1
Structural Divis,on, Vol. 104, No. ST9
Handling Eqwpment
Yura, J. A., Galambos, T. V., and Ravindra, M. K., 1978,
Publisher: American Weldtng Society (AWS). 550 NW
"The Bendmg Resistance of Steel Beams," Journal o(
Le Jeune Aoad, Miami, FL 33126 (www.aws.org)
rhe Structural Divis1on, Vol. 104, No. ST9
1
ANSIINFPA 70-2005, National Electrical Code
Publisher: Amencan Society of Civil Engmeers (ASCE),
ANSI/NFPA 79-2002. Electrical Standard lor Industrial
1801 Alexander Bell Dnve, Reston, VA 20191-4400
Machinery1
(www.asce.org)
Publisher: Notional Fire Protection Association (NFPA),

1 Battery march Park, Oumcy, MA 0 2169 Lyse, l.. and Godlrey, H. J., 1933, "Shearing Propertles

lwww.nlpa.org) and Poisson's Ratio of Structural and Atloy Steets,"

Proceedmgs
APl RP 2A-WSD, 2000, P lann ng , D es 1g ni ng , an d

Constructmg Fixed Dffshore Platforms - Workmg Pvbl1sher: American Society lor Testng and Matenals

Stress Design (ASTM l n ternatlonal), 100 Barr Harbar Orive, P.O.

!O

""""""...-1.....-
p,.- .. 1
11& ....
. .-..- ME
-,oC.IIU>llf[)lll<flllEl.01900111

.................. _. ,
.
""'-l>uolollN\\=1'GMI
 ASME BTH-1-2011

Box G700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959 Avallone, E A., and Baumcrster, T., eds., 1987, Marks'

(www.estm.org) Standard Handbook for Mechan,cal fng,neers,

9th ednion, McGraw-H11I, lnc., New York, NY

Specrcation No. 70-2004, Specifications for Top
Blodgett, O. W., 1966, Design of Weided Structures,
Runn!ng Bndge & Gantry Type Multiple Girder
Tho James f. ttncctn Are Welding Foundation,
Electric Overhead Travelinq Granes
Cloveland, OH
Specleeuon No. 74-2004, Specihcations for Top

Runnlng & U n d e r Running Single Girder Electric Boresi, A. P., and Sidebottom. O.M., 1985, Advanced

Traveling Granes Utilizing Under Running Trolley Mechanics of Materiais, 4th edmo n, John Wiley &

Hoist Sons. lnc., New York., NY

Publisher: Grane Manufacturers Aseocrauon of Americe,

Galambos, T. V., ed., 1998, Guide to Srabi/ity Design
lnc. {CMAA), 8720 Red Oak Bou!evard, Gharlotte,
Crirerie for Metal Structures, 5th edition, John
NG 28217 (www.mhia.org/industrygroups/crnaa)
Wilcy & Sons, lnc., New York, NY

DIN 6885-1 (1968), Orive Type Fasternngs Wtthout Tapar

Ku!ak, G. L., Fisher, J. W., and Struik, J. H. A., 1987,
Action, Parallel Keys, Keyways, Oeep Pattern Guide to Des1gn craene for Bo/ted and Rweied Joints,

Publisher: Deutsches Instnut fr Normung, e. V. {DJN) 2nd edincn, John Wiley & Sons, lnc., New York, NY

Am DIN-Plat:z BurggrafenstraBe 6, 10787 Berln,

Melcon, M. A., and Hoblit, F. M., 1953, "Dovelopmcnts
Germany iwww.din.de)
in the Analysis of Lugs and sbeer Pins," Producr

Engineering, Vol. 24, No. 6, pp. 160---170, McGraw-Hill,

SAE J1078-1994, A Recommended Method of
lnc .. New York, NY
Aoetvnceuv Determining the Competence ot Hvdraulic

rercecccc Gantilevered Grane Booms Pllkev. W D.. 2008, Peterson's Stress Concentration

Publisher: Soctetv of Automot1ve Engineers (SAE Factors, 3rd e drnon, John Wiley & Sons. lnc., New

lntcrnational), 400 Gommonwealth Orive, Warrendale, York, NY

PA 15096-0001
Shrqlav, J . E., and Mischke, C R., 2001, Mechan,ca/

Engineenng Design, 6th edition, McGraw-Hrn, lnc.,

U.S. Departmen! of Defensa, 1998, DOD Handbook
New York, NY
MILHDBK-1038, Weight Handling Equspment

29 CFR 1910.179, Overhead and Gantry Granes Tolben. R. N., 1970, "A Photoelastic lnvestigation of Lug

Publlsher: Supenntendent of Documents, U.S. Stresses and Failures," Master's Thesrs, Vanderbilt

Government Printing Otce lGPO), 732 N. Universuv, Nashville, TN

Cap1tol Street, NW Washington, D.C. 20401

Wilson, W. M., 1934, The Bearing Value of Rol/ers,
iwww gpoaccess.gov/index.html)
Bulletm No. 263, University ol lllinois Engineering

Expenment Station, Urbana, IL

Wire Rope Users Manual, 3rd ednron. 1993

Publisher: Wire Rope Technical Board (WRTB), 801 N Young, W. C., and Sudynas, R. G., 2002, Roark's

Fairfax Street, Alexandna. VA 22314-1757 Formulas for Stress and Strem, 7th edition,

(www.domesticwirerope.org/Wrtb/mdex.html) McGraw-Hi!J, lnc .. New York. NY

11

Ca"""""\ A!iME

.,
...,, 4 IH$
_ _.._,
"'""'-al
-
....... ... ....
, ,
s.lOH>.cMlR,u.o,no,u
Nol ... R..
. )[llll>fll2202..l<G"1
 I\SME OTH-1-2011

Chapter 2

Lifter Classifications

21 GENERAL spec 1fi ed in para. 1-4.7 may r eguire a dd i ti o n n l

consideration.

A Design Ceregory and Service Class s hall be

desgnnted fer ench lifter. Co mmentary: Am b i e n t operat,ng te mpera ture

hmits are i nten de d o n ly to be a guidelinc. Thc

2-1.l Se\ection
component 1emperature of each part of the lifter must

The selection o n Dcsi C11te o s a n th be c on s, de re d when the device is o pe r ati ng in an

cnteria) and Servrcc ass {fatigue life criterm described en v i r onm e n t cutstde the limits defined in para. 1-4.7.

-'m secnons 2-2 and 2-3 shol e ased en the opernting Thc effects of dust, moisture, and corrosive atmnsphenc

substances on the integnty and performance al Jifter

conditions (use) and expcrted life of the lifter. a

c annot be speclhcallv d efi n ed . The.se design

consroerattons must be eva!uated and accounted for by

Commentary: The selectmns ot Design Categorics
the lihing device manufacturar or qualified person
and Service ctasses allow rhe strength and useful lile of

rho ltter to be mmched to the necds of rhe user. A

qualifred person or manufacturer must assure that the

Dcscqn Category and Service Class speci he d far a 2-2 DESIGN CATEGORY

panicular Ufter are approprieie for thc mtended use so

Thc desrgn Ci'ltegones defined in pl.ras. 2-2. l ,md 2-2.2
as to provide a design w11h ac1equate structural
provide for different design factors that estabhsh the
reliabillty and expected servrce lile.
stress 1im1t to be used in the des1gn. Toe design factol'S

Me g1vcn l.fl para. 3-1.3.

2-1.2 Re sponsibility Liftcrs shall be des1gned to Des1gn Category B, unlcs$

a qualified person determmes that Destgn C.otegory A

The seleclion of Desgn Category and Service ClaSS

shall be the responsibility of a

------------
qualfred perso1\
appropnate.

representmg the nwner, purc:haser, or user of the hftmg

Commentary. When selecting a Design Category,
device. Jf not specified by the owner, purchaser, or uscr,
cons1deration shall be 91ven to ali opera1ions that will
the Design Cetegcry and Service Class shall be
aftect the lifting device des1gn. The discussions of the
designaled by the qualified pcrson responsible fm the/
Desi g n Categories below and in Commentary for
dcsgn.
para. 3-1.3 reter to considerations g1ven to unimended

overloads in developrnem of the design laciors. These

2-1.3 ldentification
comments are in no way to be interpre1ed as pennining

The Design Category and Serv.ce Class sha!! be a li1ng device to be used above its rated load under

marked on the t and appear on _9ll__<Jtati(gis, any c i r c um s t a n c e s other t han for load testing n
l

rawmgs. and documentation assodated wuh the lifter. accordance wi th ASME 830.20 or other aoplicable sa fetv

standards or re gulat1ons.

Commentary: The purpose of ttus reccrrement is

to ensure thal the designar, manufacturar, and end user

2-2.1 Design Category A -J.,--

are aware of the assigned Desrqn Category and Service c---

Class. Typ1cally, documents that require the indicated (a) Design Category A shou!d be des1gnated when

markmgs may mctuce top level drawings, quotauons. the m agn1tude a nd wmatmn of !oads a pphed to the t
lif er

calculations, and manuals. a re ,,ered1ctab!e, where the loadi11g and nvironmental

c

c onditJons are acc urately defined or not severe

(b) Design C ateg ory A lifting devices shal l be h m1ted

2-1.4 Environment
tice Class o ---

A!l lifter components are assumed to operare withtn (e) The nomina! des1 fa ctor for Des g i n Category A

----- -- _
...,, '""'
the temperature range defmed in para. 1--4.7 and normal sha!I be in accord,:mce with para, 3 1 .3 .

atmospheric condmcns (free from excessvc dust,

moisture, and ccrrosive environments). Lifter Commentar y : The design fac tor s pe c ilie d in

ccmponenrs operating at temperntures outside the range Chapter 3 for De sign C at e g or y A lifte r s is b a se d on

12

"-'" ... ............ S l<ICAlrt ..;M;IRIES o,,,..,..

....,......,.11,----
....... -.,_.,_...,.., __ \G...., .
.... ,... ,/
' Ruol&.2>1llll, 1 :iz.,w CM!
 ASME BTH-1-2011

presumptions of ra re and only minor unintended Table 21 Servlce Class

overloading, mild impact loads durrng routine use, and

Servrce Clas5 Load Cycles
a maximum impact multiplior of 50%. These load
o 0-20,000
conditions are charactenstic of use of the liher in work
l 20.001-100.000
envrronments where the weights of the loads being
2 100,001-500,000
handled are reasonably well knowa and the liftjog
500,001-2,000,000
operations re con ed in a controlled ma ' Over 2,000,000
yp1cal charactertsucs of the applicauon or this Dosign '
Category inc!ude lifts at slow speeds utilizing a well

maintained llfting device under t h e contrl of a lih

supervisor and experienced crane ocerercr. This Design Table C21 Service Class Life

Category should not be used in any onvironment ;tlhere

Oesired Ufc, vear s
severe cond1bons or use are..pr:esent
Cydes pe, Oy 5 ic zo JO
Design Category A is intended to apply to llfting

devices used in controllod cond1tiO!:!], as discussed 5 o o o l l

10 o o l
,
above. Practicaf constcerations of vertous work
o l l 2
,
environments indrcate that the high numbers of load

cycles that correspond to Service Class 1 and hicher

"
50 o 2 2 J

100 2 J J
commonly equate to usage cond1t1ons under whch tho
200 2 J
design factor ol Design Categor.v A is mapprcpriate. ,
300 J '

Thus, the use of Deerpn Categofy A IS resfr1cted to liing
750
, '
devrce appllcatlons wtth low numbars of load cycles , ' ' ' '
1.000 J
'
(Servlce Class O)

22.2 Design Category B lifters that are to be usad in severe environments.

(a) Design Catcgory B s.hould be designated when However, the Design Category B design factor does not

necessari!y account far ali adverse environmental

the magmtude and vananon of Joads apphed to the
effects
lifter ere not predic+able, where the loadlng and

environmenlal condrnons are severo, or not accurarely

defmed

(b) TI1e nominal design factor for Design Category B 23 SERVICE CLASS

shall be in accordance wrth para. 3-13

The Service Clas;, of U1e lifter shall be determined

from Table 21 based on the specified fatigue hfe (load

Commentary: The design factor specified in
cycles). The selected Scrv1ce Class estab!ishes allowable
Chapter 3 1 o r Des,gn Category B lifters is based on

presumpnons (compared to Design Category A) of a stress range v.ilues for structural members (section 3---4)

greater uncertainly in the werqht of the load being and des1gn parameters for mechnnical componentl'

handled, the possibillty of somewhat graater (sectmns 46 and 47).

unintended overloads, rougher handlrng of the load,

wtuch will result in higher impact loads, and a Commentary: Des1gn lor fatigue involves an eco

maximum rmpact mulnpfier of 100%. These load nom1c dec1sion batween des1red lifc and cost. The rntent

condiuons are characmristic of use of the lifter in work is to provide the owner with the opportunity for more

environments where the weights of the loads being economical designs for the cases where duty serv1ce ts

handled may not be well known and the lifting less severe. A choice of five Service Classes is provided.

operations are conducted in a more rapid, production The load cycle ranges shown in Ta ble 2 1 are consisten!

orterued manner. Typicat charactertsrlcs of the with the requrements of ANSI/AWS 014.1.

appllcatlon for this Design Catagory rnclude rough Table C21 has been ncluded to assist in determinrng

usage and lihs In adverse, tess controlled conditions. the required Service C!ass based on load cycles per day

Design Category B wll generally be appropriate for and service life desired.

- 13

""""ll"'I\Sj,\t ..... -

"'-""IHS- --SMf
"'-'" .--...,,,_. ..... _..._,, ... I
H S
.&oldoo c11101ND1JSm1u.1""""
,..... r..r N, ....ll'lllVII 12 '"-" '"'T
 ASME BlH-l-2011

Chapter 3

Structural Design

3-1 GENERAL All o w able stresses for desi;n conditions nat

addrcssed herem shall be based on thc following design

3-1.1 Purpose
factors:

This chapter sets forth design entena for pnsrnafic (a) Desrgn factors for Design Carogory A liftmg

structurnl members and connecnons of l below-the devlces shall be not less than 2.00 far hmit states of

hook lifting dcvrce y1eldmg or buckling and 2.40 fer lirrut seates of fracture

and fer connection design.

Commentary: The member allowable stresses
(b) Design factors for Desrgn Category B hftm:;
deflned in cnecte- 3 have generally been derivad basad
dcvices shall be not less than 3.00 for !imit states of
on the assumption of the members being prismatic
y1elding or buck!ing .ind 3.60 for hmit states of fracture
Design ol tapered members mev -eourc addmonat
and for connection design.
c:onsiderations. Referencos such as A!SC (2000).

Appendx F3, and Blodgen (1966), Section 4.6, may bo

Commentarv: The stat1c strength des1gn proY1sions
uscul lor ttie dnsmn of tapered memben,
defined in C hapter 3 have been deri11ed u s ing a

probab11is11r. analysis of the static. and dynamic loads to

3-1.2 Loads whiclt llfters may be subjected and the u n cortainties

wlth whch the strength ol the lifter membars and

Below-tbe-hok hfting dcvlces shall be designed to
connect1ons may be calculated. The load and strangth
resist rhe actual applied Joads These loads shall indude
unce r tamt1es are r elated to a design factor Nc1 us1ng
the rated load, the weights of lhe indtvrdual components
eq, (C3-1) {Cornell, 1969, Shigley and Mischke, 2001).
of the Hfter, and other Iorres created by the operation

of tl\e !Jfter, such as grippmg force 01 la t eral loads.

1 Jv v- fiVhvi
.Resolulion of thesc loadc mto member and connectian
N,,,,, (C31l
forces shall be performed by an accepted structural 1 - p2V

analysis methad.

The term V11 1s tha coefflclent of vana!lon af t he

Co mm e nt a r y: The srructural me m be rs and element strength Vatues of the coefficient ol variatlon

m e c han i cal components of a b e l ow- t h e -ho o k l i fti ng far different types o! s tr u ctural members and

device are to be desrqneu for the forces tmposed by the connect1ons have been determined in an extens1ve

lifted load (a value normally equal to the rated load), the research program sponsored by thc American lran and

weiqhts ol the device's oans, and any forces, sucn es Steel lnstitute (AISI) and pubhshed m a ser,es of p<1pers

grlpping or lateral forces, that result from the rvncuon in the September 1978 1ssue (Vol 104, No ST9) of the

of the de vic e . The mc lu smn of lateral forces in ths Journal of the Structural D,v,sion of the Ame r ican

pa r agrap h rs i n t e nde d to r ef e r to c a lc u l n ted lateral Society of Civil Engmeers. Maximum values of VR equal

forces that occur as a resull of the intended or expected to 0.151 for strength limits of yielding or buckling and

use of the Jlftor. This provision is not intended to require 0.180 for strength limits of fracture and for connection

the use of an arbitrary lateral load in lifter design. For design were taken lrom this research and used far

most d e s ig n s, an add ed i mpact allowance is development of the BTH design factors.

not required. Thrs rssue is discussed further in The term V5 rs the coefficient of variation of the

Commentanes for paras. 3-1.3 and 35.1. spectrum of loads to which the lifter may be subjected.

The BTH C ommrttee developed a set ol stat1c and

d y nemic load spectra based on limrted crane loads

3-1.3 Static Design Basis
research and the ex p erience of the C ommittee

The static strength design of a below-the-hook liftmg members.

device shall be based on the allowable stresses dehned Des1gn Category A lihers are considered to be u sed at

m sectlons 3-2 and 3..J. The mimmum va!ues of the relatively high percentages of the1r rnted loads. Due to

nom in a l des.gn factor, N,, m the a! lo wab l e stress the !evel of planning generally associated with the use

equations shall be as fo!lows of these lifters, the llkelihood of liftng a load greater

N, = 2.00 for Design Cetegory A !ifters than the rated load s

1 considerad small and such over

= 3.0Q for Design Category B lifters loadmg s not )ikely to exceed 5%. The distribution of

14

-
c.a-,,...... SMs.....,_

.............. - ...... ....,..-...s ..e - ...CAll}ffl!VSTft\Eli ot!&),..

........ .- .. _ ... ....... 11-.;,o,:,,11:r.:01,o....

 ASMt BTHl-2011

Table C3-1 Design Category A Table C3-3 Design Category B

Static Load Spectrum Static Load Spectrum

Percenl of Percent Perrent er Percent

Rated Load of LJft5 Rated Lllad of Lifts

80 40 50

75
'
50
90

100 ",. 8
'
10;
"

Table C3-2 Design Category A Table C3-4 Design Category B

Dynamic Load Spectrum Dynamic Load Spectrum

Dynamlc Load Percenl percen!

Dynamc Load

as Percent of of Lls of Llft5 as Percent ol Percent

Llfled Load (Standard) (Specral Case)

Llfted lod of Ltfts

o 25 20
o
io .,
10 17

20 20 " o 25

30 7 " )O

2

ec "
'
50 50 "
60 '
6

70
'
80 3
lifted loads rerauve to rated load is considered to be as
90 2
shown in Table C31.
100
A similar drstributicn was developed lar dynamic

loading. AISC (1974) reports the results al load tests

perlormed on st!ffleg derricks in which dynamic loading

to the derrick was measured. Typical dynam,c loads or b uckllng and 2 40 fer IJmits of fracture and for

were on the arder of 20% of the lifted load and the cormecncn desi g nare calculated using eq. (C3-1).

upper bound dvnarmc load was about 50% of the lifted Prior to the first issuance of ASME 830 20 in 1986,

load. Tests on overhead cranes (Madsen, 19411 showed engineers in construcuon cornmonly designad lifting

somewhat less severe dvnarmc loading. GJVen these devices using AISC allowable stresses and perhaps an

published data and experience-based judgments, a load impact factor tvprcallv not greater than 25% of the litted

spectrum was e st a blish e d far dy n a rn ic loading load The AISC spuclhcarton provrdes nominal design

(Table C32). factors of 1.67 fer y,elding and buckl1ng and 2.00 far

A second d ynam ic load specr-um was d eve lop e d fracture and connectio n s. Thus, the prior design

for a s p e c i al case of Desrqn Cat e g o r y A. S o rn e method, wh1ch is generally recogn,zed as acceptable fer

ma nu fac tu r ers of heavy aqurprne nt s uc h as power lifters now classifted as Design Category A, provided

g e ne r ati o n ma chin e r y build lifters to be used for the design lactors wlth respect to the rated load of 1.67 to

han dl tng ol their equipment. As such, the li ft e r s are 2.08 far member design and 2.00 to 2.50 far connection

used at ornear 100% of rated load far every lift, but due design. The agreement of the computed BTH design

to the nature of those lifts, the dynarnic lo a din g can factors with the pnor practice was felt to validate the

reasonably be expected to be scmewhat less than the resutts.

normal Design Category A lifters. The distribution A similar process was co n ducted far D esign

developed ior this special case is shown in Table C3-2. Category 8. In this application, lifters are expected to

The range of total loads was developed by computing serve reliably under rnore severe cond1tmns, includmg

the total load (static plus dynamlc) for the combinatrcn abuse, and may be used to lift a broader range o1 loads.

of the spectra shown in Tables C3-1 and C3-2 'rhe Thus, the ran g e of both static and d y namtc loads is

app ro pr i at e s t a tis l i ca l analysis yie l ded load i ng greater fer Design Category B !han fer Des1gn Category

coefhcients of variation of O. 156 far the standard des1gn A. The BTH Committee developed a set of static and

snectrorn and O 131 for the spemal case. d y namic load spt1ctra based on the judgment and

The las! term ln eq (C 3- 1) to be established is the experience of the Commttee members. Table C3-3 is

re!iabillty mdex, /3. The Com rnl ttee notad t h at the the sratic load spec t ru m ; T able C3-4 is the. dynamic

curren! structural steel specification (A!SC, 2000) is spectrum. .r

basad on a value of f3 = 3. Thts value was adopted far A ga1 n , the total load spectrum was deve!oped and

Design Category A. Using the va!ues thus established, the statisttcal anal y sis performed. The coefficient of

design factors (rounded off) of 2.00 fer Jimits of yielding variation far !he loadmg was found to be 0.392

15

"""I\SME ..,,,,
_

,,_., .,..,-1c, -A E llo.t:,\KI lllJSTIIIE& 0190075'

.... ,....... - ......,, ._......,,.,.HS N..... 11 _..,llll/'1 :t."5

l 1'G,.T
 ASME OTt-J.1-2011

Duc to the greater uncunamtv of the loading that are higher !han wou(d be compu1ed using thc

conditions associated wrth Design Category B, thr. conventional bending stress formulas. As with stra1gh1

Committee elected to use a higher vaue of the raliability beam bending theory, the derivatiori of the equations by

mdex. The value of 3 usad lar Design Category A was which the bending s1rasses of a curved beam may be

incraased by 10% far Deslgn Category B (/J = 3.3) computad are basad on the fundamental assumption

Using these values, eq (C3-1) rs used to compute that plane sectlons remain plane (Young and Budynas.

(roundad off) design tactors of 3.00 for timits of yiclding 2002).

and buckllng anu 3.40 far limits of fracture and for This stress disuibution ex1sts in the elastic ranga only.

connection desrqn In arder to maintain the same Members that are ol such proportions and matenal

relationshio betwean member and connection de srqn properties that allow deve!opmant al a plastic moment

factors for both Design Carecortes. the connect!on will have tha same maximum bending strength (u::.,

des1gn factor is spacified as 3.00 x 1.20 = 3.60. plast1c moment) as a streight member (McWhonar et

Uhers usad in the industrial applications of !he typas al., 1971; Boresi and S,debottom, 1985). Thus, thc peak

for which Design Category B is appropnate have bending stresses due to the curvature must be

traditionally been proponioned using a design factor ol evaJuated lor members subject to cyclic loading and far

3, as has becn requirad by ASME 830.20 smce its which the fatigue lile mus! be assessed. but need no\

inception. As wnh the Dasign Category A design factor, be considerad for static. strength deslgn lor membert in

this agraement betwaen tne oeerco lactar calculated on which the plastic momant can be attalned.

C l a ss1cal desig n aids such as Table 9 . 1 in Roark's

the basis ol the load spectra shown in Tables C3..J and

C3-4 and the design factor that has baen successfully Formulas for Stress and Stroin (Young and Budynas,

2002) may be used to sa1isfy the requ1rement def1ned in

usad for decades validares lhe process

ThP. provtsrons in this Standard addreas the mos1 this section.

common types of members and connecrlons usr.d 111 the

desrqn o! below-the-hook liftlng oevrces. In sorne ceses.

3-1.6 Allowable Stresse
it will be necessarv far the qualled person to employ
All structural members. connections, and connectors
design mathods not specifically addressed he reln.
shall be proport1oned so the stresses due to the loads
Regardless o! the method used, the required membor

and ccnnecucn design factors musr be provided. stipu!.itcd in para. 3-1.2 do not e.xceed the allow.ible

The design tactors specred in para. 3-1.3 are stated stresscs and stress ranges specifled in sections 3-2, 3-J,

to be mlnrmum verues. Sorne lifter aoollcencns may and 3-4. The al!owable stressesspecilied in these sectwns

result in graater dynamic loadlng that wilf necessuate do no! apply to peak stresses m regions of connections,

h i g h e r design factors. lt Is the respc nsibihtv of a provided the reguirements of section ,?,-4 are satisfied.

qualified person to determine when higher desrqn

factors are requlred and to determine the approprata Commentary. The allowable stresses and stress

values )n such cases ranges deflned in sections 3-2, 33, and 3-4 are to be

comparad to average ar nominal calcul a ted strnsses

dueto the loads defined in para. 31.2. lt is not intended

3-1.4 Fatigue Desrgn Basis
that highly localized peak stresses that may be
- .
Membcrs and connecnons subect to repeared loa ding determmed by computer-a1ded mcthods of analysis,
shall be designed so tbat thc mnxrmum stress does not and wh1ch may be blunted by confinad yielding, must

exceed the values g1ven in sectrons 3-2 and 33 and the be less than the specified allowab!e stresses.

maximum range of stress does not exceed the values

g1ven m section 3-4. Membcrs and connect1ons subted

to fewer than 20,00.Q.illfo:t.(Sei:viceLlass...0)..necd-,nat

3-2 MEMBER OESIGN
be an"afyzed for fotgue.

------ Commentary: The raquirements for the des1gn of

3.:.1.5 Curvad Members
flexura! and compression members make use of the

.The design of curved members that are subjected to terms compact section" and "noncompact section. A

bending in the p!anc of the curve shall account for the compact section is capable of developmg a fully plasuc

mcrease in maxrmum bending stress due to the stress distribution befare the onset of local buckling in

curvature, as applicable. one or more of its compression elements. A

Toe stress increase due to member curvature need not noncompact saction is capable of developing the yield

be considerad for flexura! members that can develop stress in its compresslon elements befare local buckling

the full plastic moment when evaluatmg stat1c strength. occurs, but cannot res1st inelastic local buckling at the

strain Jevels required for a fully p!ast1c stress

This stress increase shall bt considered when evaluatmg
distribution.
fotigue
Compact and noncompacl sactions are defined by the

Commentary: Curved members subject to bending width-thickness ratios al their compression elements.

exhibit stressas on the 1ns1de lconcave sida) of the curve The appropriate l1m11s for various compression

16

"5ME.,uo.-ol
._.._c,JOINOUSTU. Oll>SOI"'
...- .. MS..-0<0"'-1,Sr,r,;
No,.,....,_, "' ,.._..,, ....,..... _, ......
.
- IHS "''"' ..... )tl131ll'I >?l.><,....
 ASME BTH-1-2011

elements common to smrcture! members are given in to 0.50Fy, as is commonly used in structural design

Table 3-1. Compression elements that are more slender specif1cations 10day (e.g., A!SC. 1974; AISTTechn 1ca)

man is permitted for noncornpact shapes may fml by Repon No. 6; CMAA #70; SAE J1078). The slenderness

local buckling at stress revats below the yleld stress ratio equal to Ce defines the bordar botween elastic and

Aefer to Commentary 10 paras. 3-2.3.6, last paragraph, inelastic buckhng.

and 3-2.6, last paragraph, for comments on slender As Is the practice In the a bo v e -c i te d standards, the

elements. doslgn factor wlth respect to b uckling tn the i n e l as tl c

range [eq. (3-3)] varies from N,, to 1 15N,,. The desgn

factor in the elastic range (eq. (3-5)] is a constan! 1.15N,,

32.1 Tension Members
with respect to buc k l in g . The Iower design factor for

The allowable !ensile stress, F,, shall not exceed the very short compresston members rs justifled by the

value given by cq (3-1) on the gross area nor the value lnsensjtivrtv of such members to the hendmq that may

occur dueto accidental eccentricities. The higher design

g1ven by eq. (3-2) on the effective ne! tensile area
factor for m o re slender members prcv.des added

F, protechon against the effect of such bending stresses.

(3-1)
F, = N,1
The effective length factor, K. provrdes a convenient

m e thod of de te rm i ni ng the b u c k ling s tr e n gth ol

compression m e mbe rs other th a n pin - e nded struts.

(3-2)
G ene r a l gu d anc e on the v a lue of K for various

situations can be found in Chapter C of the A ISC

where Commentar y (AISC, 1989 or AISC, 2000). Extensive

F" = specihed mnimum ultimate !ensile strength covernge of the tapie can be found in Galambos (1998).

F. = specrfled mnimum yicld stress

Refer to para 3-3.3 for pinncd connecnon design 3-2.3 Flexura[ Members

requirements.
32.3.1 Strong Axis Bending ol Compact Sections.

32.2 Compression Members Thc allowable bendmg stress, Fb, for membcrs wrth

compact sections as defined by Table 31 symmetnc<1J

The a!lowable axial compressron stress, F., on the gross
about, nnd loaded in, the plane of the mmor axis, w1th
area where a.11 of the elements of the section mee! the
the flanges contmuously connected to the web or webs,
noncompactprov1sionsofTable3-1 and when the largest
and laternl!y braced at intervals not exceeding L as
1,
slendemess rauo, Klh, is less than C, is
defined by eq. (3-7) far 1-shape members nnd by cq (3-8)

far box members is

(Klfr)'l
l --- F,
[
2C; .
F
. = ---=---=--=--- (33)
(3-6)

N f + 9(Kl/r) _ 3(Kl!rf]
1
"l. 40C, 40C}

fE 0.67E
(3-7)
1 76r, { f.- :!. F ti/A
\ ' I
(3-4)

0.13r.E r;.
1 (38)
.,
. = -----;'-.;/A
When Kl/r exceeds Ce, the allowable nxial compress1ve p

stress on the gros. section is

where

A = cross-sectmnal area
'E
f,=--- (3-5)
A = area of the compression flnnge
l.15NA (Kllrf
d = dcpth of t:he scction

1 = lorsional constan!
where

M, = plastk moment
E = modulus of elasticity

K = effecnve Jength factor based on the degree of = r Z, s 1.5 Fy s. for homogeneous sect1ons
1

fixity al each end of the member

,, = minar axis radius of gyration

the actual unbraced length of the member S, majar axlS sect1on modulus

r = radius of gyration about the axis under Z, = majar axis plastic modulus

conssderation

Por circular tubes with compact walls as defined by

Table 3--l or square tubes or square box sections with

Commen t ar y : The f ormu l a s that define the

a ll owa ble axial compression stress are based on !he compact ft.nges and webs as defined by Table 3-1 nnd

assumpton of peak residual compress,ve etresses equal with thc flanges contmuously connected to the webs,

17

OIISME ...,.,.

p,_,..,...,i_ --1\S"'E "" IO.CAID o,cy,n..,Es. OlO!>OIN
........ ..,......... ,_..,..., ..,..... -...
.. ,,_1HE -''Ra.>0=1 22,>""CIM"!
 J\SME BTHl-20l1

Table 3-1 Umiting Width-Thickness Ratios tor Compression Elements

Width- Umltlng Width-Thickness Ratios

Thick

ness

Ratlo Compact Noncompact

nescncuen of Elemen!

Flanges of 1-shaped rolled beams and channels

0,38 0.83../fifi. lNote (1)1

In tlexure b/<

flanges of 1-shaped hybrid or welded beams in

b/< O.JB.Jfff:r 0.9S)k, E/F1 [Notes (1). (2)1

excre

Flangcs proiccllnr. lmm bultt-up compression

06Jk,E/1 (Note (2)1

members b/<

Flangcs of 1-shaped sectlons In purc compres-

sion. plates projectinf frnm comp,esslon ele-

o.sGJ[F.,
ments, o utstandln: lcgs of palrs of a ngles in M

co ntinuous contact: flanges of c hannels in

p ure ccmpresstcn

Legs o ingle
s a ngte suuts. legs o! do uble a ngle

uts separatcrs: nstlffened etements. U A5,/fir.,

str w!th u
bJ' - - -

Le., SUPPOl!Cd alOllE onc edr,1

.. 0.7/fr.
Stems ol lees rJ/1

l;in::, of rectangular hox and n ollow su uctural

secnons of i
un tu,m thick ness subject lo benu-

1.12Jf/F, 1 AD,/Eff.
r ng o, co mpression: fla nge cose r ctetes ano b/<

diaphragrn olarns between !lnes of tasteners

or we ds l

Uns upported wldth of cover ptates perforated

b/< t.86
w t l h a success.co of access h oleo !Note (3)]

Wcbs m flcxura l compresslon INote {4)) h/1., 3.76./lfy !Noto (S)] 5.70.jfff. /N ote (S)J

We bs m cumh incd lexural and a,al com-

f
Far N,/0/F,5 0.125 \Note (5))

press,on

3.76 fi.(1 - 2.75 N;f)

\ ' ' !'i.70
fl(
' F,
1 - 0.74--
"')
r,
/!/! .. Far N.1,/F, > o l 25 (Note (5))

INotc (5))

1.12,A(2.33- N,')

2 lA9JEfr,

Ali other unilormly compressec stiffened b/<

1.49./frr
elements: Le., supported along two edges

Circular hollow sectlons

""
lfl axial compresslon Dh .. O.tlf/f,

\n tlexure 0.07 EfF, 0.31 f/f,

NOTES:

(l} t, smaller of (F,1- f) or F

, I""' ks (Mf>a)

F
, ccmpressivc residual stres in flange

10 ksl (69 MPa) fnr rolled shapes

16.5 ks (1 U MPa) for welded shapes

(2) I

k, ,. r.:.:- and 0.35 k, S 0.763

,hit

(3) Assumes net area o tate at tnc wldest hale.

p

(Ji} far hybrld beams, use !he yield stress of lhf f(ange f
v1-

(S) Valid only when llimges are of eaoet size.

18

-
C-A>Mfll<"__,..

-
SoldlO.<:IJOllfDVSTIIIES, 01111
..._ .. IHS..,._.....,,....,Asl,IIS

....... ..- .... """ ... l\<IIM,1'0lW'1 2lOVHlMT

 ASME BTfi-1-2011

the allowable bending stress is given by eq. (3-6) for cmy rect,mgular 1n shape, and that hos an are.i not less than

length between pmnts of lateral bracmg. the tens1on fmge. For channels bent about thr. major

i!XIS, the a!lowable compressive stress is g1ven by

Commantary: The bendmg hrrur stete lor members eq. (3-17).

with compect aecnons and braced at lntervals not

exceeding the spacing defined by eq. (3-7) ar (3-8) is the

(313)
creenc mamen\. Generally, structural shapes have a
majar axis shape factor (ratio of plasuc modulus to sec

tion moduJus) that ls 12% or greater (AJSC 1989 . _ [ r(4/rrfl r.

(3-11)
Commemary). The allowable stress for members with h - l.lO - 31.9EC J S Nrl

cornpact eecnons provides a lower bound design factor

of N,, wlth respect tc-the plastic momem. f:!. > j17.59EC1,

(3-15)
'
; F.,

{11) 3-2.3.2 Strong Axis and Weak Axis Bending of

Compact Sections With Unbraced Length Greaterthan LP

(3-16)
and Noncompact Sections. "The al!ownble bending

stress for members with compoct or noncompact sec

tions as deflned by To.ble 3-1, loeded through the shear

center, bent about either the ma1or or minar axis, and For any value. of 4/rT

latcrnlly braced at intervals no! exceedmg L, for maor

axis bendlng as defined by eq. (3-10) for l-shnpe mem

(3-17)
bers and by eg. (3-11) for box mcmbers is g1ven by

eq. (3-9). For channcls bent about the strong axis, the
where
allcwable bending stress rs given by eq. (3-17).
w1dth of the compre.ssion f111ge

1.00 for beams braced against tw1st or h1teral

(3-9)
d1splacernent of the compression flange at the

ends of the unbraced length

3 OONJ
(3-10)
= L,/ b
-5 1.00 for beams not braccd agmnst

twist or lateral displacement of the compres

(311) sion flange al the ends of the unbraced lengt.h

L.. d1stance between cross sections braced agamsl

twist ar lateral displacement of the compres

C : 1.75 + l .05(M1/ Mi) + U 3(M/ M2f 5: 2.3 (3-l 2)
smn flange for beams not braced agamst twist

or lateral displ.1cement, maximum sp11n

where M1 is the smaller and M2 is the larger bendmg
between supports or points of applied load
moment al the ends of the unbraced length, taken about
IT : Iadius of gyration of a seclion compnsi.ng the
the srrong axis of the member, and where Mi/Mi is
compress1on flange plus one-thrd of the com
positive when M1 and M2 have the same sign (reverse
pression web are,1, taken about an axis m the
curvature bending). Cb may be conservnnvery taken as
plane of the web
untty, When the bending moment at any point withm

an unbraced \ength rs larger than that at both ends of

The allowable majar axis moment, M, for tees and
this length, C, shall be takcn as unity [see eq. (3-12)).
doubie-angle members !oaded in the plane of
For I-shape members and channels bent about the
symmetry 1&
strong axis and with unbraced lengths that fal! in the

ranges defmed by eithereq. (3-13) or (3 15), the alJowable

_ C .,, JE 11GJ (B B')
r;---,; F.,nS
bending stress in tension 1s given by eq. (3-9). For an M - !.TA - --- + /l + /j"
1 S - (3-18)
1
N 4 N a
1-shape rnember for wluch the unbraced length o/ the

compreasion flange falls mto the range defned by

where
eq. (3-13), the allowable bendmg stress m compression
n 1.0 if the &tem is m compression
is the lnrger of the values g1ven by eqs. (3-H) nnd (3-17).
"" 1.25 if the stem is in tension
For an [-shape member for which the unbrnced length
B = i23(d/4))1,I!
of the compression flange fa lis mio the range defmed by
C1.TB = 1.00 for beams braced agamst twisl or lateral
eq (3!15), t:he allcwnble bending stress 111 compression is
disp!acemenl of the compressmn elemental the
the larger of the values given by eqs {3--16) and (3-17).
ends of the unbr;ired length
Equation (3-17) is applicable only to secticns with a
O.BON]
compression fJange that 1s sohd, 11ppro:ximately = L / ,, + 025 S 1.00 for beams not braced

, "
!

19

AS .. <-
.._,_.O.SI-IE
-o,1f1s ...... "'" .. CAIOINUUtO<IES. OIOS01511
No\'' AUOl<.:ii> )1)11' :!2.',10 Ql,I
T
N,-"""' ..""'-"""'""-'"_.,......,.,..,IHs
 ASMf BlH-1-2011

agam,;l twist or lateral drsplncemcnt of the 4"\!:,1 r, 1.251,

F,, = e, 1.52-U.271
(
---;;- J E JN,; s ----;;;;- (322)
compression flange at thc ends of thc unbrnced 1

lcngth if thc stem ts in tensiun

,.,s;
L./ b
+ 0.20 'f 1.00 fm beams no! braced L.,i 1.9[
-,-- {3-2..1)
1 fy
agninst twist or latera! displaccment of thl'

compression flange at the ends of the unbraced

1.9EC0
length if the stem is 111 compression (3-24)

G = shear modulus of elastrcny

' NiLp,tl/r J
2

/ = mmor axis momcnt of mema

Commentary: The prov1sions of this section are

1aken from AISC (2005) The coefficient 1 .25 111

The vaue, B, is positive when the stem i in lensmn
eqs. {3-20) and (322) is based on the discussion m
and neganvc whcn thestem is in compression lnywhere
Commentary for para. 3-2.3.4.
clong thc unbraced length

3-2.3.4 Weak Axis Bendlng of Compact Sections,

Commentary. Noncompact shapes that are braced
Salid Bars, and Rectangular Sections. For doubly
at mterva!s not exceeding the spac1ng defined by
.ymmctric J- and H-hape members with compact
eq. (3-10) or ( 3 - 1 1 ) have a limit state momem that
flanges as defmed by Table 3-1 contmuously connected
ecuates to outer ftber yield. The allowable bending
to thc web and benl about their weak .ixes, ohd round
stress for members with noncompact sections provldes

a riestqn factor of N,1 with respect to cuter ber y1e!ding. nnd squarc bars, and so!id rect,mgular sect1ons bent

l-shape members ancJ r.hannel!: bent ebcut the strong al.mut thc1r wcak nxs, tlw .11lowablc bcnding stress is

axis may feil in luter al torslonal buckling Equnuons

(3 13) through (317) deflne allowable Mndmg compres (3-5)

sion stresses that provide a design factor of Nr1 with

respect 10 this !imit state.

The aliowable momant expresaren for tees and dou

For rectangulnr tubes or box shapes w1th compact
ble angle mambers ec. ( 3 - 1 8 ) defines the allowable
flangcs and webs as defined by Table 3-1, with the
rnoment basad on the lesser limit state of lateral
flanges continuously connected tn th1; webs, and bent
torsional buckling (KHipornchai and Traha+r, 1980) or
abt1ut thcir weak axes, the ,1llowablc bcndmg stres5 1
yield (Ellifritl et al.. 1992). The velue of a = 1.25 ro; based
g1ven by eq. (3-6)
on the drscussion 111 Commentary for para. 3--2.3 4

Equatons (3 -10) through ( 3 - 1 8 ) are based on the

Commentary: Many shapes commonly used m
behavior of beams that are restramed against twist or
lifting devices hilve shape factors that are significantly
lateral displacement at the ends of the unbraced length,
greaterthan 1.12 Thcse 111c l u d e do u b !y symm etric.
L Suspended beams exhibit different behavior wrth
0
1- and H-shape members with compact flanges bent
respect to lateral torsional buckllng [Dux and Kitiporn
about the1r weak axes, solid round und square bars, and
cner. 1990) 1-shape beams show a buck.lmg strength tess
solid rectangular sections bent about their weak axes.
than that predrcter by !he standard etasnc buckl
The shapc factors for these shapes are typ1cally 1.50 or
equatlons at proporttons where (Lbfb,) iu:
greater.
is greater than about 3. Tee shape beams show reduced
The allo wa b !e b en ding sHess for th ese shapes
buckling strength at ali proponions The coefficient c,TB
eq. (3-25) gives a design factor of 1.20NO' or greater w1th
in eq s. (3-16), (3-17), and (3-18) accounts for ttus
respect to a limit state equal to the plastic moment. Th1s
reduced buckling strength.
a ll ow a bl e stress resuhs in a c ondit w n in wh ich the

ben dm g stress w i ll not exceed yield under the

3-2.3.3 Strong Axis Bending of Solid Rectangular maximum loads defined m the load spectra upan which

Bars. Toe allowable bending stress for a rectangular the des1gn factors are based The Design Category A

section of depth, d, end thickness, 1, is g1ven as fotlows spectra defme a maximum static load eoual to 105% of

the rated toad and a maximum impact equal to 50% of

the lifted load. Thus. the theoretical maximum bendmg

(3-19)
stress is 1.25Fy (1.05 x 1.50) / 2.00 = 0.98FI'" The Design

Category B spectra define a maximum static load aqual

to 120% of the rated load a n d a maximum 1mpact equal

(3-20)
to 100% of the lifted load. Thus, the theoretical max1-

mum bendmg stress is 1.25Fy (1.20 x 2.00)/3.00 = F.,.

O.OSE 4d 1.9[ 3-2.3.5 Biaxiat Bending. Members other than

- - <-< - - (3-21)
fy rl F, cylindrical members subjecl to biaxial bendmg with no

20

e_,.,...., ...,.,-.,
.s.lOIO c,,r,INl)UISTRIU. n11oa

,. 1
1
_ -.o.s ..
.-.. .......
__ ,_, ..,,,>tS "'"" ,,.,.... ,00l/ll11 22"-':t"I IWT
 ASME STH-1-2011

lxial load shall be proportioned to satisfy eq. (3-26),

(3-29)
Cylindrical members subject to btaxml bendmg wuh no

axial load sha\l be proportioned to satisfy eq (3-27).

f
. !
1ct ,,,
(3-26)
+-F +rsl.O (3-30)
fy/Nn .. ..
!.. Jo, Ji,,"' l O
(3-31)
Sl.0 (3-27)
F.
+F
.
-+ F
.. :. '

(e) Cytmdrtcal members slrnll satisfy eqs. (3-32) and

f,1 or Ji,y = computed bending stress about the x or
(3-33) or (3-.34).
y axis, as mdicated
= atlowable bending stress about the x or (d) When f,.JF0 5 0.15, eq. (3-34) is pcrmittcd in lieu

of eqs (3-32) and (3-33).

y axis, as indicated, from p;m1. 3-2.3

(11) 3-2.3.6 Shearon Bars, Pins, and Plates. Theaverage

(?,-32)
shear stress F on bars, pins, and plates for which
1,

hit$ 2.45)E/Fy shall not exceed r1'' 1 - --; F

F,

(3-28) J
.
(3-33)
FyfNJ + Fb :s 1.0

where

f
J = clear depth of the p!ate parnllel to the applied
f_ -+ r;jf., < 1 O
(3-34)
F. F - .
shear force al the secncn under mvesngarion.

For rolled shapes, this value m,1y be taken as

(e) Members subject to combined axial tension and
the deat drstance between flanges less the filie!
bending srresses shall be proportioned to satisfy the

or comer radrus.
fo!Jowmg equauons. Equabon (3-35) apphes to al!
1 = uckness of the plate
members except cylindncal members. Equauon (3-36)

apphes to cylindrical members.

Methods used to determine the sttength of plates

subected to shear forces for which /1/I::, 2.45,IE!Fy shall

l_ b, Ji,., "' 1 0
(3-35)
provrde a design factor with respect to the hmit state r, + F,.,.,. Fi,y"' .

of buckh.ng not less than the apphcable value given in

para 3-l.3
(3-36)

C om m en t a ry: The a ! lo w abl e shear stress

expression is based on CMAA 1170, which specifies the ln eqs. (;t--29) through (336),

allowable sbear stress as a tuncnon ol the shear vreld F. = al!owoble axial compn:ssive stress from

stress The shear yield stress is based on the Energy of para 3-2.2

Distorti o n Theory (Sh1gle y and Mrscbke, 2001 ). The f

= computed axial compressive stress

llm i t i ng slenderness ratio of plates in shear is taken

,rE
from AISC !2000), ,: =
Experience has shown that the members of below 1.15N,1(Kl/rfl

the-hook lifting devices are not generally composed of

F, = eowable tensile stress from para. 3- 2 1

slender sheer elements. Therefore, provisions for the

, = computed axial lensile stress
des1gn of slender shear elements are not mcluded in the

Standard.

where the s!enderness ratio, Kl/r, is that in the plane of

bendmg under consideratron

3-2.4 Combined Axiat and Bending Stresses

Members subject to combined axial compression and

e,. = cll/Z = c,,,Y = 1.0
bendmg stresses shnll be proportioned to sDtisfy lhe

following requrremerus Lower values for C111, Cu,z, or C,"Y may be used 1f

{a) Ali members except cyhndrical members shall justif1ed by DnalysIS.

satrsfy eqs (3-29) and (3-30) or (3-31).

(b) Whenf,/f05. 0.15, eq. (3-31) is perrrutted m lieu of Commentary: The deslgn of members subject to

eqs. (3-29) nnd (3-30). c ombi n ed axial c o m pressi o n and bc n dmg must

2J

"""".... -',$"1.,, ...-

Ho,
- .. ---ASME
....,. ........ --,-tl$ $o10,. C
N,., R
Alll ll<OIJ$1RIE$. "''""
a ...,,.,llll/11 2>'.!llc1' IIMI
 ASME ITTIH-2011

recognirn thc moment amp!ification that results from

As wnh slender plates subjected to shear. bolow-the

hook l i lt mg dev lc es are not gen er ally c om posed of

P-t:,. ettects Thc formulas glven in thrs secnon are takan

from AISC {1989) with rnodicaticns as necessarv to sle n der compression elemeets. Therefore, provrstons

account lor the deslgn tectors qrven in this Standard An

lor the cleslgn of eenoc- compression e!emems are not

in-depth discussion ol axial-bendinq tnterectlcn Dnd the lnc!uded in th1s Standard

derivation of these formulas may be lound in Galambos

(1998).

The interaction formulas far cylindrical members rec 3-3 CONNECTION DESIGN

ognize tbat tne maxrmum bending stresses about twn

3-3.1 General
mutua11y perpend!cu)ar axes do not occur at the same

point. Equations (3-32). (3-33), and (3-34) are based on In connection design, bo!L sh11!l not be considered os

the assu m p t i on th at Cm, F,'. and F have rhe same sharmg .tress in rombmation w1lh wPlds. Whcn the

values far both axes. lf different values are applicable, v1ty axes of connectmg, axmlly stressecl mcmber1, dn

d if f e r e nt i n t e r ac t i on aquarions rnust be used (e.g., nol mtcrsecl a! onc' point, provision sha!J bt! made for

API RP 2A-WSD) bendin& and shc.ir stresse:,: duc tn eccentriaty m the

connectlon.

The <11lowable bc,mng stres,, F on the cont11ct arca

3-2.5 Combined Normal and Shear Stresses 1,,

of milled surfaces, fitted bearing stiffeners, and other

Regions of memben, subject to combined normal and
sted parts in statlr contact is
shear strcsses shall be proportioned such that thc critlcal

stress f., computed wlth eq (3-37) does not exceed the l.flFw
Tr:-- (3-38)
allownble stress F., delinee! in thr- equanon 1.20N,1

. . . . Th!' nllnwahlt bc:irmh lold, J.:. m J..1p, pcr i11ch uf

(:'---37)
JJ, - M r 3/; s 1" = -
1.,

.
.
lenglh (N/mm) nn rollers is

wherc
(3-39)
t; = atlowablc crlhcal stress duet o combined shear

and normal stresses

computed shenr stress whcrc

t. =
computed normal stress In the dirertion
I.2 if d $ 25 m {635 mm)
t, = J
'
y direcnon = 6.0 if d > :!5 m. when using U.S. Custom.iry
, = computed normal stress 1n the

UJ1ith (F, ksi)

C omm e n tar y : Equatiun (3 - 37) is the E n e r g y of = 30.2 if d > 635 mm when usmb SI unit, (F., MPa)

Drstor rion Theory relarlcnsfup be t w e e n n ormal and = d if d S 25 in. (635 mm)

'
shear stresses (S h ig l ey and Mischke, 2001). The = fe if d > 25 m (635 mm)

all o w a b l e cmical stress is the m a t e ria l y i el d stress d = diamelcr of roller

d i vi d e d by tbe app l i c a bl e des ign factor, Nr1 For t he 13 when usmg U S. Customary un1ts (F, ksi)
f =

pUrpose of ttus reqwrnrnent, me cnrecnonc x and y are 9U when usm; SI umts (F. MJ>a)
=
mutually perpendicular orientatlons of normal stresses, lower yleld stress of th<' p11rts m cont.ict
F, =
not x-axis and y-axts bending stresses

C o mm en tary: Deslgn of bolted and welded

connections follows the same bas1c procedures as are

3-2.6 Local Buckling
deflned in AISC (1989) and ANS!/AWS 014.1. The

Toe wldth-ttnckness ratios of compression elements primary changes are in the levels of allowable stresses

shall be tess than or equal to the val ues g1ven in Table3-1 that have been established to provide design factors of

to be fully effectlve. 2.40 or 3.60 with respect to fracture for Design

Methods used to determine the strength of slender Categories A or B, respect1vely

compresslon elements shall provrde a design factor wilh The allowable baarlng stress defined by cq. (3-38) is

respect to the limit state of buck!ing not less than the based on AISC 1 1989) and AISC (2 000). A ower
l

a11owable bearing stress may be re qu1red between parts

appllcable value given m para. 3-1.3.
that wi ll move r elative to one anothe r u nde r load.

Commentary: Compression element wi dt h- Equati on { 3-39) is based on AISC (2000) an d Wilson

thl c k ne ss ratios are defined for compact and no n (193 4). As u sed throughout this S t a ndard , the terms

comcect sections in Tabl e 3 - 1. The {rmus expressed mi!led surface, mi/led, an d milling are inte n ded to

therein are based on Table 85.1 of AJSC (2000). Dem mc lude surfaces that h av e been a ccurately sawed or

tions of the dlmensrons used in Table 3-1 lor the most finished to a true p a l ne by any su itable means

common co rn pr e ss i on e leme nts are dlustratad in T he s e b e a r 1 ng stress l i m i ts a pp ly onl y to b e a n n g

between parts in the liftmg de vice. Be aring between

Flg. C3-1.

22

c-A&M.:...,.-
.......... ..,l'<S ...,..f
..., .. c,,,c,..ouST10u 01no1u

"" .
....... -.._..... ................. .._........... ........ ..... .l<J,31>'1'22:lo2.10"''
 ASME BTH-1-2011

fig. CJ-1 Selected Examptes of Table 3-1 Requirements

I ' + 1

'

' 1 'I
+'
1 '

t,
r

h,:
'
h - ------- b

'
h,
b
,____

(b) Welded Beam (el Structural Tube (d) Structural Tube

1111 RolLed B1111m

Strong Axis Bending

W11ok Axis Bendlng

I '
+ 1

t.

------- b

"
'

(el Welded Box

lf) Welded Box !g) Tee

Strong Axis Bending W1111k Axis Bending

parts of the hfter and the itern being handled must be The actual shear stress,fv, shall be based on the gross

evaluatec by a qualified person taking into account the area of the bolt if the shear plane passcs through the

nature ol the item and its practica! sens1tivity 10 local bolt shank, or the roo! area if the shear plane passes

compressive stress through the threaded length of the bolt and the bolt

shear dueto the applied loads as defmed in para. 31.2

3-3:2 Botted Connections The allowable. bearing stress, F1,, of the connected p;irt

on the projected area o !he bolt is

A bolted connecnon shall conslst of a mnimum of

two bolts. Bol! spacmg and edge drst ance shall be

determined by an accepted design approach so as to

provide a mnimum design factor of 1.20Nd with respect (3-4.2)

to fracture of thc connected parts in tensin. shecr, or

block shear.

The allowable tensile stress, Fi, of the bolt is

where

F, Fw = the specfied m t mm u m ulhmate tensfle

(:HO)
F, = 1.20N,
strength of !he connected part

The actual tensile stress,/,, shall be based on the tensi!e

stress aree of the bolt and the bolt tensmn due to the
The allowable !ensile stress, F,', for a bolt subected

applied loads as defined in para 3-1.2. to combined tension and shcar stresses is
The allowable shear stress, Fv, of th bol! is

0.62.f,
(3-41) F,' = jr - 2.60f (3-43)
r. = 1.20N

23

c_,.-.s..e ...... -1
-,a.CAIOINDIISTAIU O!flOJ

"' .. -.>l)ll/:l,tl
................. .-.. ...... ,..i-- ....
r,,..-.,..,JHS--"'"""t,11[
72.:tl< GM!
 ASMf OTIH-2011

The allnwahle shcar capacny, P. of a bol! m n s!ip Fig. C3-2 Block Shear

crluca! conneclmn in whtch th.e foym; surfuces ure dcao

Top fttmoo c:Ul l>Dck
and unpainted is

7
>' D,,ec11on ol
(:1-41) co11nec1Jon

i load

whcrc

A, tensile stress arca

,u = number of slip planes io the connectlon

Ten1le are11 --

The hol e di.amclcrs for bolts in slp-c r itical

connedioosshall not be more than Yi, m. {2 mm) greater

than thc bolt diametc.r H lnrger hole<: are nccess.,ry, the

cepaciry of the connection sha\1 be reduced accordiogty.

GENERAi NOTE allure occurs by toanng out ol shaded po,tlnn.
Thc slip ressrancc of connect[ons in whkh the faying

surfaces nrc painted or othcrw1sc cuntcd shall be

dctermincd by testin;.

Bolts in slip-critica] coonections shall be tightened

durm; mstnllntion to provide an mltlal tcoson equal to oieces other than to require that the strength o thi:,

connected pieces within thfl connection prov1di:, a

at lcast 70% o{ the specihed mnimum ten<;il( stren;th
dcs1gn factor of at least 1 .20N,.
of thc bol\. A hardcncd Ilat washcr sh;,11 bC' used under
Frgure C3-2 illustrales thc soecwl case of block shoar
the part turned (mu or rn,11 hcad) dunng mstallation
h1ilure of a connected part The strength of 1he pan i!;
washcrs Ahilll be used under both thc boh hcacl .ind nu
thc sum o the alJowabl tensrie stress ilcting on thc
or ASTM All'ICI bolrs whcn the conncctt:d mntunal has
mdicated tonsile area plus the allow.able shear stress
a specteo rrumrnurn y 1eld stress tess than 40 ksi
acting on the indicated shear area. Ahhough lho figure
(276 MPtt) Only ASTM A32.5 or ASTM A490 bolts shall
shows a bohed cormec1ion, this type of faiture can atso

be used m slip-critica! connecttons.

occur in a welded connection.
loltcd connecnons subjected to cycfic shenr londing
A s l1 p - c r itic a l c onn ec tio n is a conn ec11 o n th 11 1
shall be designed ac: shp-c:rlticaJ connectons unless the
transmns shear load by means of the frlct1on botween
shear load IS trnnsferrcd between the connecled parts
the connected parts. Oevelopmeot of this lriction, or shp

by
_ menns of dowels, keys, or othcr close-fit elements.
resistance, 1s dependen1 on !hll' installation tenston of

the bolts and the coofflcient of lriction at th e faying

Commentary: A bo/ted c:onnection is deflned for
surfaces. E q u a t io n {3-44) 1s basad on II m e 11n s l ip
rhe purpose of this Standard as a nonpermanent
coefficient of 0.33 af'\d a conf1dence level of 90% based
c o nnec1io n in which two or more parts are joined
on a calibra1ed wrench installatron (Kulak et al., 19871.
toqether with threaded fasteners in such a manner as to
The sho resstance of connections in which the bolt
prevent relative motion. A connection in whn:h a single

fastener is used is ccosrdereo a pinned connection ano holcs are more than 1/1& in (2 mrn) greater than the tiolts

ex h i b1 1 a reduced slip resistance lf l ar g e r holes are

shall be designed es such.

Allowable stresses or aUowable 1oads in bolts are necessary, the test resutts reoorted in Kulak et al. !1987)

estabhshed as the ulumate tensile strength, the ul11mate can be used to determine the reduced capacity of the

shear strength, or sli p resistance dlv 1 ded by the connection.

appropriate design factor. The ultimate shear strongth is The slip resistance defined in this Standard i
s basad

taken as 62% of the uhimate tensile strength (Kulak et on faylng surfaces that are free of loose mili scale, paint,

al., 1987). TI1is value is reasonable for relatively compact and other coatings. The slip resistance of painted or

bohed conneclions. lf the length of e bolted connection coated surfaces vanes greatly, depending on the type

exceeds aboul 15 in. (380 mm), the allowable shear per and thickness of coating. lt is not practica! to define a

bolt should be reduced to account for the increaslng general acceptable slip resis1ance for such connections.

inefficiency of the connection [Kulak et al., 1987). Testing to determine !he slip resistance is required for

Equation (3-43) is derived from Kulak et al. (1987), slip-res1stant connections in which the faying surfaces

ec. (4-1). Actual stresees dueto applied loads are to be are painted or otherwise coated (Yura and Frank, 1985).

cornputed basad on tho bolt's gross area, root area, or Toe design provis1ons for slip-critical connections are

tensile stress area, as applicable. based on experimental resoarch (Kulak et al., 1987) on

The configuration of bolted connections in lifllng connections made with ASTM A325 and A490 bohs.

dcvices wlll likely vary greatly from the standard types In the absence of similar research results using other

of connections used in s1eet construction. This Standard types and grades of botts, para. 3-3.2 timits the types of

does not auompt to address the many variances wi!h bolts that mav be used in slip-critical connections to

respect 10 evaluating the strength of the connecled ASTM A325 and A490.

24

..._.,.e ,.._
c..o.,,ohl

... .....-._ ...

- .. 00 "91.l
E

,_.,. - IO CAIOIOfCIUS'lfll[IJ. OIHD116

---.,.un1,,u,.a..1
 ASME BTH-1-2011

33.3 Pinned Connections where

R = distrmcc from the ccnter of the hole te the edge

Commentary: A pinned connection is defmed for of thc plate in the drrectrcn of the apphed load

the purpose ol ttus Standard as a nonpermanent

ccnnecncn in which two or more parts are )oined Toe allowable double plane shear strength beyond
together m such a manner as to a!low relativa rotanon thc pinhole P is

Even il a threaded fastener is used as the pin. the

connection is still considered a pinned cormecnon .and 0.70F

(3-50)
shall be designed as such. p = 1.20 N/1

(11) 3-3.3.1 Static Strength of the Plates. The strenglh where

of a pm-connectcd plate in the regt0n of the pinhole A,, = total area of the two shcar planes beyond the

shall be taken as the least value of the tenslle s!:rength pmhole

o( the eflcctive area on a plane through the center of

thc pinholc> perpendicular to the line of actmn of thc

A. = 2(11 + i' (I - cos di)] 1 (3-51)
applied load, .the fracture strength beyond the pinhole

on a single plane parallel to the lne.of acnon of the

where
applied load, and lhe.double plane shear strength
ll = distance from the edge of thc pmholc to thc
beyond the pinhole parallel to the hne of cenen of the
edge of the plate in the direclion of the app!ied
npplted load.
load, and
The allowable tensile slrength through the pmhole,

P,, shall be catculated as follows.

(3-52)
r.,
(J-45)
l', = C, 1.20N/lb,JJ

Commentary: A pm connected plate may fall III the

where
reton of the pmho)e in any al four modes. These are
b,0 = effecuve wrdth to each sde of the pinhole
tansion on the effective area on a p l a n e through the

center ol the pinhole perpendicular to the !ine of action

e, = 1 - o.21s C6f. (3--46)

of the applied load, fracture on a single plane beyond
.. 1 -
the pinhole para!lel to the line of act1on al the applied

load, shear on two planes beyond the pinhole parallel to

where the line of action of the applied load. and by out of

D, = hale diameter plane buckling, commonly called d1shing.

D, = pin diame!er The strength equahons for the plates are emp1ncal,

based on research (Duerr. 2006). The effect1ve width

The value of C, may be taken as 1 DO for valucs of
lim1t of the tensile stress a rea defined by eq. (3-47)
Dp/01, greater than 0.90
serves to eliminate dishmg (out ol plane buckling ol the
The effecrive widlh shall be taken as the smaller of
platel as a failure mode. Otherw1se, the strength
the values calculated as fcllows:
equat1ons are fined to the test results. T he dimenstons

used in th e formul a s fa r pin - c onn e c t e d plat e s are

b,p = 41 S b, (3--47)
ill ustrated m Fi g. C3-3

The ultimate shear stre ngth of steel is often given m

F {o;.
(3-48)
b<[J = 11, 0.6 F,jb, S: b, textbooks as 67% to 75% of the ult1mate tens'ile strength.

T ests have shown values commonly in the range of 80%

1
where t o 95% fa r mild steefs (L yse a nd G odfrey, 1933; Tolben,

b, = actual wrdth of a pin-connected plate between 1970) a nd a bout 70% far T-l steeJ {Bi bber et al., 1952).

the edge of the hale and the edge of the plate Toe u tl imate shear s\ rength is taken as 70% ol the ulti

mate tensi!e strength in eq. (3-50)

on a !me perpendicular to the !me of nction of
The shear p lane area d efined by eq (3-51) is basad on
the applied load
the g eometrv of a plate w 1th a straight e dge beyond e
th

The width lnnit al eq. (3--47) does nol apply to plates h a le that is pe r p endicula r to the l i n e oi action of the

that are stfened ar ctherwise prevented from buckhng ap pl1ed load N ote that the term in brackets 111 eq. (3-5 1)

out of plane. is the length o one she ar p lana. lf the edge ol the p late

The allowable. single plane fracture strcngth beyond is curved, a s illustrated in F ig. C3-3, the !o ss ol shear

area due to the curv ature mu st be acco unted for. lf the

the pinhole P is
curved ed ge s circular and symmetrical
i a bou1 an axis

P=
F._[
C,UON..ll.13
( J
R - T +
0.92b,
+b,/D,
} (3-49)
defined by the lme of actlon of the apphed oad,
l then

1 the loss of length of one shear plane, Z', is given by

25

c-...-1n--..1
..,_,.._,s_._..,_...,.,.E 4""' I0-""'0 OIIOU!H>IIEI.. om10III

No,..,....._. __,...,., ...-._..,,..,tttS ,..,.,.,,..,.,..,.,:,ni,, n,...,.,1

 /\SME BTH-1- 2011

Fig. C3-3 Pin-Connected Plate Notation Fig. C34 Stiffened Plate Llfting Beam

Dirnction ol Flnt pinte beom /SC- Shackle Ir,

applled load ShMr planes rounrJ notes

Curved edge
Z'

_.: --,, ")

,
l

r .'
'
. '
.

'
<

.
'
.
/
r
'
',
.
.
R

Stilleners pravent

o,. CL hole
out-ol-plane bucklmg

.,
3-3.3.3 Fatigue Loading. Thc flVerage tens!le stress

on the net area through the pinhole shall not exceed the
o,,
Jimits defined in p;mi. 3-4.3 for Stress Catcgory E.

Pmholes in cormections designed far Service Classes 1

through 4 shall be drilled, reamed, or otherwise finished

to provrde a ma,dmum surfacc roughness of 500 in.

(12.5 m) around the ms.de surtecc of the holc

eq . (C3-2), where, r, rs the raruos of curvature of thc

Commentary: nu, fatigue dcaiqn requirnmcms in
!ltl\W ni the nlare
secucn 3-4 are gr.nf:rdlly basert on tne provrstuna ol

ANSI/AWS 0 1 11 l. Th1s soeciflcatmn deos not adclres<o

(C::t-2)
pmned connections AISC (1994) defines the same

load1ng conditions, jomt categor1es, and stress ranges

Pin connected plates may be des.qned with doubler as ANSI/AWS 0 1 4 . 1 . but mcludes p1nned c:onnected

plates and eyebars Th1s forms the basis for classifying

plates to re.ntorce the pinhole repten. There are two

mcthods commonly used in precuce to determine the pinned connec:t1ons as Stress Categary E for fatigue

s1rength contribtrnon of the doub)er plates. In one des1gn.

method, the strength of each plate is ccmputed and the Pinholes 1n liftmg dev1c:es used in construction

values summed to arrive at the total strength of 01e {Servic:e Class OJ are at times flame cut. Experierice

detail. In the second method, the toad is assumed to be shows that this is acceptable prac:tice for devices not

sharnd arnong the individual plates in proportion to subect to cydic: !oadmg. Connections in dev1ces

their rtucknesses (i.e., uniform bearing between the pin des1gned for Service Classes 1 through 4 shall be

and me plates ts assumed). The method to be used for machmed as required !U avoid the notches thal result

lrom flame cvtting

design of any particular connection shall be determinad

by a quallhed person based on a ranona! evaluation of

the detail. 33.3.4 Bearing Stress. Thc beanng stress between

thc pm 1md th plltc, based on the projected arN of thc

33.3.2 Combined Stresses. lf n pmhole is locatcd pin. shall not exceed the value given by eq. {3-53), where

al a point where signficant stresses are induced from Fy is the y1eld stress of the pm or plate, whichever is

membcr be.havior such as tensin or bending, local smaller. The bcaring stress between the p1n and the plate

stresses from the function as a pmned connedion shall in connectmns that will rotate under load for a !arge

be combined with the gross membcr stresses in accor number of cydes (Serv1ce Class 1 or higher) shall not

dance with paras. 3-2.4 and 3-2.5. exceed !he value given by eg. (3-54).

l.ZSFy
Commentary: lf a pinhole is located a t a point
F , : -;;- (3-53)

where significant stresses are induced from member

behavior such as tension or bending, the interactmn of

0.63Fy
local and gross member srresses must be cons.dered.
F --- (3-54)
P - N
A s a n example, consider the lifting beam shown in

F1g. C3-4

Bending of the lifting beam produces tension at the Commentary: The bearing stress limitat1on serves

top of the plata. The vertical load in the pmhote to control deformation and wear of the plates. 11 1s nota

produces shear stresses above the ho!e. The critica! strength llmit. The allowable bearing stress given by

stress in this region is due re the combination of these eq (3-53) is based on the requ1rement o! CMAA lf70.

shear and tensite stresses. The allowable boaring stress for connections that will

26

...S,,,f .._
,.._ .... a_,,...,., __
$old<oC.,.,[IIIIOIJSTI\LE$ 0..00190

.......... .,.llll{ll;S..-. ,
1
"", ....-..-.... _...,_ ....... .... ""- - ..s
 ASME BTH-1-2011

rotare under load fer a large nurnber of cvctes This is the bas1s for"the allowable stresses for welds

[eq. (3-54)) is 50% of the P.Q. (3-53) allowable bearing in AISC (2000) and ,ANSI/AWS 014.1, and for the

stress. requirement in eq. (355).

3- 3.3.5 Pin-to-Hole Clearance. Pin-to-hole dearance.

3-3.4.1 General. For purposes of th1s section, welds

in connections that wi!J rotare under load or that will

loaded para\Jel to the axis of the weld shall be designed
expenencP load reversa! in servtce for a largc numbc.r
for shenr forces Welds Joaded perpendicular to the axis
of cycles (Service Class J or tugher) shall be as required
of the weld shall be designed far tension or compression
to permil proper function of the connection.
forces. Welded connection desgn shall provide !ldequatc

lccess for depositing thc weld metal. The strength of

Commentary: The static strength of a plate m a
welds is govcrncd by either the base material or the
pinned ccnnecnon in the region of the pinhcle is a
depositad weld material as noted in the followmg:
maximum when the pin is a neat fit in the hole. As the
(n) The design strength of welds subect to tension or
clearance between rhe pin and the hole increases, the
compression shall be equal to the effective area uf the
strength of the plate decreases. Research (Ouerr, 2006)

weld multiplied by the allowablestress of the base metal

has shown that the loss of strength Is relatively slight
defmed in section 3-2.
for lates m which the'bcle diameter does not exceed
(b) The design strength of welds subject to shear shall
110% of the pm diameter This strenglh loss In

connec1ions wfth large pin-to-hale clearances is be equal lo the effective area of the weld multiplied by

accounted far by the C, and tf

, terms. the allowable stress Fv g1ven by eq. {3-55). Stresses in

Pmned connections that must accommodate large the base metnl shall not exceed the limits defmed m

angles of rotation under load or that will relate under ;,ection 3-2.

load for a large number of cycles should be detailod

with a small pinto-hole clearance to minimize wear and F = 0.60fa.r

(3-55)
play in service. The clearance to be used will depend on 1.2DN,

the actual detail and load conditions. A quallfied person

shall determine an acceptable clearance. where

Exx = nominal tensile strength of the weld metal

33.3.6 Pi11 Design. Shear forces and bending

(e) Combmnlion o
f Welds. lf two ar more of the general
moments in the pm shall be computed based on the
types of welds (pa r as 3-3.4.2 through 3-3.4.4) are
geometry of the connection Distribution of the Joads
combinad m a smgle Joint, the eflect1ve capacity of each
between the plates and the pin may be assumed
shall be separntely computed with reference to the axis
to be uniform or may account fer the effects of local
of the group in arder to determine !he a\lowablecapac1ty
deformatmns.
of the combination.

Effective arcas and limitations far groove, fillet, plug,

Commentarv: Pin design based on the assumption
lnd slot welds are mdicnted in p11ras. 3-3.4.2 through
that the loads from each plate are apphed to the pin as
3-34 4
a uniformly distributed load across the thickness of the

plate is a common approach. When the plates are

3-3.4.2 Groove Welds. Groove wclds may be e1ther
relatively thick, however, this method can y1eld
complete-m nt-penetra tion or partm 1-oint-penetration
excessivelv conservative resuhs. In such a case, use of a
type welds The effect1ve weld area far either type 1s
method that accounts for the effects of local
defined as the effective length of weld multlphed by thc
deformations of the plates may be used (e.g., Melcon
effective throat thickness.
and Hob!it, 1953).

The effective length o! any groove weld is the length

When des 1 gn in g a pin ior a connec t i on in w h i ch

over which the weld cross-section has the proper

doublar plates are usad to reinforce the pinhole region,

the assurnpnon of lo11ding 10 the pin shall be conststont effective throat thickness.' lnterm1ttent groove welds are

with the assump1ion of how the load is shared among

not permitted.

the main (center) plata and the doubler plates. The effedive throatthickness is thc mnimum distance

from the root of the groove to the face of the weld, less

any reinforcement (usually the depth of groove). For a

3-3.-4 Welded Connections

complete-penetration groove weld, the effective throat

thickness is the thickness of the thinner part joined.

Commentary: Structural welding procedures and

In partial-penetration groove welds, the effective throat

configurations are based on ANSJ/AWS 014.1, except

thickness for J- or U-grooves and far bevel or V-grooves

that destqn strength of welds are defined in thrs section
with a minimum ang!e of 60 deg is the depth of groove.
10 provide the required desrqn factor

The !oWer bound shear strength of depositad weld For Y-groovcs from 45 deg to 60 deg, the effective throat

metal is 60% al the tensile strength (Fisher et al .. 1978) thickness is !he dcpth of groove less \ in. (3 mm).

27

c.-, - ..
..._ """' -"'....,, uo'" c""o IHIJUS!IIIEI<. o,m,11
No_ .-,.......,......,_., ... -... ..,....., ._ltlS "" .. "'ol,.7111lllfll 22"Ua< <1''1
 ASME BTH-1-2011

Table 3-2 Mnimum Effective Throat Thickness of Table 3-3 Minimum Slzes of Fillet Welds

Partial-Penetration Groove Welds

Materlnl Thlckness of Thicker Mlnlmum Slze of Flllet Weld,

Pa1t Jo1ned. io {mm) in. (mm)

Material Thkkness of Thitker Mlnlmum enecuve Th1oa1

?art Jo1ned, in, (mm) tmckoess. in. (mm) i,,

10 Y. (6J (J)

Ovl.'r '!
. (6) to 1/ (13) }, (5)
te Y
, (61 Y
a C3l 1

1 Over Y, (1)) to 1,. (19) i

. (6)
Over '!. {6) to / (1 J) i,,;, (5)
1
Over !. (19) %.
, (8)
Ove, Yi (13) ti, '!. (19) '/.. {6)

Over X {19) to 1 "/; (38) %1 (8)

1
o-er l 1,
1, (38) to 1'/.. (57) 1
(10)

ovcr 2Y. (57) to 6 (lO) 1

1, (13)

;. (16)
1
Over 6 (150)

GENERAL NOTE lh eectwe !ilroat does not neec to cceed me

lh1ckness of thc thmner part oined.

i!pply to fillcl weld rernforcements o( parta!- or

complete-oinl-penetrntion welds

The maximum fillet weld size is based on the th1ckness

The m n i m u m partial-penetrntion groovc weld
of the connected p11rts. A long edges of miltenals o
effective thrcae thrckness is given in Table 3-2. Thc
thidmess less than 14 in. (6.mm), thc weld sizc shall not
rrururnum throat thickness rs detennined by thc. thickcr
cxceed thc th1cknes.<. of thcmaterial. Along edges wf,ere
partjm.ned. Howcver, in no case shall the effecttve thrnat
the m.1terial thickness i in. (6 mm) or greatcr, thc
thickness be lcss thrm thc s1zc requrred to rransmtt thr
weld ',1zeshall nol bt grcntcr tlwn !he m<1tcriI th1cknes.<.
c:ilr:u!ated Force,
mmu Yi in (2 mm)
Porbevcl 1111d V-gl"i1nvt' arc wcfds thr- cecuve throat

ln ter m i ttent f ill et weld may bt used !(I transfer

thidmess rs bascc on thc radrus of llu: bar or bend to
c,1!culated stress acres a JOint or faymg surfan when
wrucb lt rs arracned and the fiare weld type. Por bevel
5
/ H, the strcngth reqmred is less !han that developed by a
wclds, the cffecuve throat thickness is times
continuous fillet weld of thc smallest permitted s1ze and
the radies of thc bar or bend. For v-groove welds, the
to orn components of built-up membcrs. The effechve
effecrive throat th,ckness rs 'I? times thc radius of the
length of any intenmttenl fillet shall be nol less than
bar or bend.
four times the weld s1ze with il mmimum of 1 \'i in.

3-J.,I.) Fillet Welds. Pillet weld size is speced by (3B mm) 1.ntermittent we!d. shall be made on both sides

leg width, but stress is detennmed by effective thrmlt of the jomt far at least 25% of Jts length. The maximum

rhickness The eectwe throal of 11 fillet weld shall be

spadn; of interm1ttent fillet wclds is 12 in (300 mm).

the shnrtest distance from thc root to the fnce of the wcld.
ln lap joints, thc mrn1mum amount of l11p sholl be five
In general, ths e.ffective throat uuckness ts considcred to
t1m the thickness of the thmner part omed, bul not
be on a 45-deg angle from the leg and have a dlmension
less than 1 in. (25 mm). Where lap jomts occur lI1 plntr;:s
equal te, 0.707 tmes the Jeg wrdth. The effecnve wcld
or bars tha\ are subect to 11x1al stress, both lapped parts
areo of a fillet weld is defmed as the effecttve le11gth of
sh11ll be welded along thc1r ends
we!d mulnpbed by the effective throat tluckness.
Fillet welds shaH nol be used in skewed T-omts that
The eecnve !ength of a fillet weld shall be the overa!!
have an induded angle of less than 60 dcg or more
length of the full-s,ze fil!et induding end retums. When
than 135 deg. The edge of the abutting member shal!
ever possible, a fillet weld shall be termmated with end
be beveled, when necessary, to Jimit the root opening
retums. The mnimum length o end returns shall be
to Y in (3 mm) milumum
two times the weld size. These retums shall be in the
Fillet welds in holes or slots may be used to transmit
same planeas the rest o the weld.
she.ir in lap oints or to prevent the buckhng or
The mmimum effective length of a filie! weld shall
separation of lappcd parts and to JOin components of
be four times the specified weld size, et the weld size
bui\t-up members. Fillet welds in ho!es or slots are no!
'shall be consrdered not to exceed nne-Iourth of the
to be considered plug or slot we!ds.
0

effective weld length.

For fil!et welds in holes or slots, the effective lcngth

3-3.4.4 Plug and Slot Welds. Plug and s\ot we!ds
shall be !he length of the centerline of the weld along
may be used to transmit shear m lap JOints orto prevent
the plane through the center of the weld throat The

effective weld arca shall .not exceed the cross-sectional buckling of lapped parts and to JOi.n componen\ parts

of built up mernbers The. effective shear area of plug

'area of the hole or slot.

The mmimum fillet weld size shall not be less than and slot welds shall be considered as the nominal cross

the s12e requ1red to transmil calculated forces nor the sect1onal are.a of the hale or slot in the plan e of the faymg

size givcn lI1 Table 3--3. These tabu!ated sizes do not surfoce.

28

'-""" t ..... _...

.,_ (Hs,.,. .. --..,..,.,f<O.ME ...... .<:IJ[)IND\IS1 ..E5 ..... ,..

"'"' ,i.
, ..
. :201S(Jll l 1l'.S:'.,. G.M'i
"'"'-""""'_...., ..,-- ............ ..,,,>JS
 ASME BTli-1-2011

Table 3-4 Al\owable Stress -Ranges, ksi (MPa)

Servrce Class
Stress Clegory

(From lb(e 35) l 2 3 4

6) (435) 37 (255) 24 (165) 24 (165)

A

6 19 (340) 29 (200) 18 (125) 16 (110)

39 (270) 2) (160) 15 (100) 12 (80)

B'

2J (145) 13 (90) I o (70) [Note (1)]

e 35 (240)

o 28 (190) 16(110) 10 (70) 7 (50)

E 22 (150) 13 (90) 8 (55) 5 (34)

E' H, (ll O
) 9 (60) 6 (40) 3 (20)

15 (100) 12 (80) 9 (60) 8 (55)

'

NOTE:

(!) Flexura! stress range of 12 ksr (80 MPa) permllted al thc toe of stJnener welds on flanges.

The diameter of the hole for a plug weld shall not be 3.1.2 Ufter Ctasslfications

less than the thickness of the par! contaimng it plus

Lifter classlcanons sha!J be as g1ven in Chapler 2.
6 in (8 mm) rounded up to the next larger odd \.- n.
These dassifications are based on use of thc lifte.r at loads
(2 mm), nor grealer than the mnimum drameter plus
of varying magmtude, as discusscd m the Chapter 3
in. (3 mm) or 2!'4 times the thickness of the weld,
Cnmmentary. In reality, actual useofthe liftermay differ,
wluchever is greater. The mimmu.m center-to-cenler
possibly significantly, from the deHned load spectra Jf
spacing of plug welds shaJI be four times the diameter
sufficienl lift data are known or can be assumed, the
of the hole.
equivalen! number of constan! amphtude cycles can be
The length of the siol for a slot weld shall not exceed
detenmn,:,d using eq. (3-56)
10 times thc thrckness of the weld. Toe w1dth of the slo!

shall mect the same cnteria as the dramerer of the hole

,,, )'
{3-56)
for a plug weld. 'fhe ends of the slot shall be serrucrrcular Ni = (Srrf u,

or shall have the corncrs rounded to n radms of not less

than the thrckness of !he part containing il, cxcept for where
those ends that extend to the edge of the part. The N = equivalent number of constant amplltude
nummum spacmg o !ines of slot we!ds in il dircctlon cycles at stress rnnge SRrr_
transverse to their length shall be four nmes the width 111 = number of cycles for the 11h port"ion of a van

of the s!ot The mnimum center-te-cenrer spacmg in a able amplitude Joading spectrnm
longitud mal drec!in on any lme shall be two times the 511, = stress range for the th portien of a variable

length of the slot. _

amplltude loading spectrum
Toe thickncss of plug or slot wclds in materml m s,,, = reference stress range to wh1ch N,.,, relates.
(16 mm) or Jess in thickness sh a ll be aqual to the This ,s usually, but not necessarily, the mc1x1
5
thickness of the material In material over 4 in. (16 mm) mum stress range considered.
thrck, the weld thickne.ss shal! be at least one-half the

Commentary: The allowable stress ranges given m

tfuckness of the material but no! Jess than % m. (16 mm).
Table 3-4 were derived based on the assumption of

constan! amplitude load cycles. Lifting devices, on the

34 FATIGUE DESIGN other hand, are nonnally subjected to a spectrum of var

ying loads, as discussed in Commentary for para. 3- 1.3.

3-4.1 General
Thus, evaluation of the fatigue life of a !ifting device in

When applying the fatigue design provisions defined which service stresses for the maximum loading (stat1c

in U,1s secnon, calculated stresses shall be based upon plus 1mpact) were comparad to !he allowable ranges in

elastic analysis and stresses shall not be amplified by Ta ble 3-4 would be excessively cservative.

stress c o nc entration factors for geometrical A nalyses have been performed as part of the

discontiauites. development of this Standard in which the equivalent

numbers of constan! a m plltude load cycles were

Commentary: The fatigue design requirements in computed for the load spectrn drscusssd in

this section are d erived from AISC (2000) and Commentary for para 37.3 using eq. {356). The rcsu!ts

AIST Technical Report No. 6 and are appropnate for the showed that the calculated lile durations due to these

types of stee uoon which the provismns of Chapter 3 spectra are s!!ghtly greater than the resultsthat are

are based The use of other ma t erials may r equrre a obtained by cornparmg service stresses d u e t o rated

different means of evaluannq the fatigue lile of the lifler. load static loads to the allowable stress ranges given !n

29

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Tablo 34 Thus, assessmen! of the fatigue life of a lifler o therr muumum tensilc strcngth, then all tension sha!I

may normally be performcd using only stauc stresses be assumed to be carried exclusrvely by thc tasteucrs

calculmed from the rated load.

The fatigue lile of a Hhmg oevice that wiU be used in Commentary; The provisions of pera. 3-ll.5 are

a manner such tha! the standard load spectra are not taken from Appendix K3.4 of A!SC 12000). The valtJes for

representative of the expected load1ng can be evaluated use in eq. (357) are also shown in loble 3-5

using eq. (3-56), whith is taken from AIST Technical

Report No. 6.
3-4,6 Cumulative Fatigue Analysis

If l more refmed component fatigue armlysis thc1n

provlded by the four Se1vicc: Classes given m Chapter 2

3.4.3 Allowable Stress Ranges
is deSJl'f'd, eq. (3-57) m;iy be used tn obtnin the lllowablc
The m axunu m stress rangt> shall be that g-1vcn In
stre.s rnngc for c1ny number of load cycle for thc Stress
Table :-H. Cntegmies p;iven in T,1ble 3-5

Tensile strcsses m the base metal of ali lcad-bcnnng

structurn! elements, mdudmg shafts and pms, shall not

r,, "" 1
1 ')" ? Fm (3-57)
cxceed thc stress range; for Stress Coregory A. (e

When.- U = 1, except as follows

Commentary: The maximum stress ranges
(n! for Stress C11tegory C' when slTesses re m ksi,
perm11ted for the vanous servrce Classes and Stress

Cmegories are based on the values mven m Table 3 of

ANSI/AWS 014 l , _ 0.&5 - 0.5) + O 71()

R - ,o.,w _ UI
.,.

34.4 Stress Categories

(b) for Stress Category C' when stresses are in MPa,

The Stress Category can be determmed from thc joint

details given in Table 3-5 1.12 - 1.01() + 1.24()

R = ILW :S: J.0

Commentary: Table 3-5, Fatigue Dus.qn '

Parameters is taken from A!SC (2000). The jomt ceteus (e) for Stress C;itegory C" wtlen stresses are lI1 ksi,

in ttns table include ali of the details shown in ANSI/

AWS D14 1, F1g. 1, as well as additmnal details, such as

pinned connections, that are of valuc m lifter design.

O.U6 + o n()
R = IL!l 'E \.O
This table atso has the added benefit ol !llustrating the ,,.

liko!y rocauons of fatigue cracks, which wlJI be of value

to lifting devicc inspectors. (d) for Stress Category C" when stresses are m MPa,

O.JO+ 1.24()
34.5 Tensile Fatigue in lhreaded Fasteners
R = f?.,ll'I 'E l O
,
.

Hlgh strength bolts, common bolts, and threaded rods

subjected to tensile fatigue loading shal\ be designed so Use the requiremcnts for Stress Category C if R = 1.0,

that the tensile stress calculated on the tcnslle stress area

due to the combmed applied load and prymg forces 21l = length of the nonwelded root face in the

do not exceed the design stress range computed using dJtection of the thickness of the tension

eq. (3-57). The factor, C, shall be taken as 3.9 x 108. The loc1ded pinte

threshold stress. FrH, shall be taken as 7 ksr (48 MPa). C = constan t from Table 3-5 for the Stress

For jornts in which the fasteners are pretensmned to Category

11
at least 70% of their m n imum lensile strength, an C(q) = 14.4 x 10 for Stress Categor1es C, C', and

analysis of the relative stiffness of the connected parts C" when stresses are in MPa

and fasteners shall be penmtted to determine the tensile er =- 0.167 for Stress Category F

stress range m the fasteners due to the cyclic loads : 0.333 for ali Stress Categories except F

Allemately, the stress range in the fasteners shall be F" allowable stress range for the detail under

assumed to be egual 10 the stress on the net tensile area consideration. Stress range is the algebra1c

due to 20% of the absolute value o the desrgn !ensile difference between the m;;iximum stress and

load. If the fasteners are not pretensioned to at leas! 70% the mmimum stress.

30

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F711 threshold value for F., as g1ven in 1able 3-5 specrra in whrch peak rmpact loads are egua! tn 50% of

N = desired desrgn fatigue hfe in cydes of the the maximum lifted load for Design Category A lifters.

detail bemg evaluated N i s the expected and 100% of the maximum lifted load for Design

number of constan! amplitude stress range Category B lifters. ln the event that lifter 15 expected

cycles and b to be provided by the owner. lf to be subccted to 1mpact Jodmg gre11ter than these

no desired fatigue life is specifled, a qualifted values, quJified person shall mdude an additional

person should use the threshold values, Frn, impactfactor to account for such loads.

as the allowable stress range. F.,. Far

cumulative damage annlysis of n vnrymg Commentary: The design req uirements defmed in

amptude load spectrum, an equivalen! this 'chap ter are based, in pan, on upper bound vani cal

number of constan! amphtude cydes can be im p a ct fac tors of 50% of the liftod l oad for D e s i gn

calcu!ated using eg. (3-56). Cacegory A a nd 100% for D esign Cacegory B. (Th e loads

q 1.0 when stresses are m ksi u sad for the de v e lo p m ent of this S t a ndard are

= 329 Of' all Stress Categories oxcept F when d i s cuss e d n depth

i in C ommentar y fa r p a r a. 3-1.3.)

Th e r e f o re, 1he d es ig n of lift i ng devices mad e in

stresses are ln MPa, except as noted
accordance with this Standard will not n ormally requ r i e
= 110,000 for Stress Category F when strcsses
th e use of an 1mpact factor. The wording of this section
are in MPa, except as noted
permits the u se of a n addi t 1 onal 1mpact fac tor at e
th
i,, ==- tluckness of the tension-loaded plate
discret1on of a q ual i fie d person if rt s
i am icipaced that
w Jeg srze of the reinforcmg or contounng filleL,
the device wil! be used under c onditions that may resuh
if any, in the direction of the thickness of the
m unusual dynarnn: loa ding.
tensron-loaded plate

Commentary: Typlcally, allowable fatigue stress

3-5.2 Stress Concentrations
range values for a particula1 jomt detail and serv.ce

Class are selected from a table such as Table 3-4 that Stress concentrat1ons due to ha les, c:ha nges m sechon,

treats the stress range as a step tuncnon. These values or s im i l a r d e t a i ls s h a ll be <1ccountcd for when

are based on the maximum number of cycles for eacn determming peak stresses m load-carrying elements

Ser vice Class and consrder every cycJe to be of lhe subect t o cyclic loading, tmless stated otherwse in this

sama m a g n il ude , as di scuss ed m C o m m e nt ary lor chapter. The. need to use peak stresses, rather than

para. 3-4.2. average stresses, when calculating stahc strength shall

lf o ne de sires a design far a numb e r of cycles
be determmed by a qualif1ed person based on the natun.,
somewbere between the maximum and mmimum of a
of the detai.l and the propcrties of the material being
part i cular S ervic e Class and lor a k no wn varying
use d.
amplitude, a cum u l ati ve fa t ig ue approa c h u ti l i z1 n g

eq (3-57) in para 3-4.6 in conjnncuon wuh eq. (3 56) in

Commentary. Peak stresses due to d1scontinu1t1es
para 3-4.2 wi ll qrve a more refined a llo w a b le stress
do not affect the ult 1 m ate strength of a s tructural
range. Ttns can be particularly useful in evaluating an
e l e m e n t unless !he material is brit tle. [M a terials are
existing lifting dev.ce for its remaming lile.
generaliy consldered brittle, rather than ducti)e, ii the
The threshold stress range, F1H, is rhe level ar which a
ut11mate elongat1on is 5% or less (Young a nd Budynas,
fatigue failure will not occur. Tha\ is, if the service load

2 002 ) .J The types of s t e e l on which t h i s S tanda r d is

stress range does not exceed FTH, then the d etail will
based are ali ductile mater1als. Thus, stat1r. strength may
perform througti an unlimlted nurnber of load cycles

reasonably be computad based on average stresses.

Equ at ion (3-57) and the coefficients g1ven m
However, fatigue design mus! r e co g nize stress
para. 3-4.6 address the pnmary fatigue lile considera
ranges. Since fat1gue-related cracks initia!e at points of
tions of mterest in lit1l n g device design. AISC (2000)
stress concentration due to either geometri c or
Appendrx K3.3 provrces equations for evaluatmg other
metallu rg ical discontinuities, peak stresses created by
soecttc d e tails that may be of use in cenain
these discontinulties may need to be considerad In the
applications. A qualified person shall evaluare the need
design of a lifter.
for fatigue analysis beyond that provrded by section 3-4
Stress concentration factors useful far design may be
and apply such analyses as needed.
found in Perersan's Stress Concentration Facrors (Pilkey.

2008) and other similar sources.

3-5 OTHER OESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

3-5.3 D eflection
3-5.1 lmpact Factors

The design of below-the-hook liftmg dev.ces does not lt is the responsib1lny of a quaiified person to

nonnally require the use of un rmpact factor. The des.gn determtne when deflection hmits should be applied and

tactors estabhshed in this chapter are based on load to establish the magmtudes of those Jim;tsfor the desgn

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of the mechanisms and structural efemcnts of lifting

devices

Commentary: The ability of a /lfting device to fulfill

lts intended function may require the t it possess a

certain minimum stiffness in addition to strength. For

example, a clampmg devrce will not be able to maintain

ns grip il the members ol the device flex excesstvelv

uncfer load.

D u e t o the verv broad ranga of lifting devrces that

may fall under the scope of this Standard, definmg

actual deecnon Hrnits for differen1 types of devrces is

not practica! The intent ol this section is simply to call

attentton 10 the need for considerat,on of def!ectlon in

the design of lifting devices.

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Chapter 4

Mehanical Design

4-1 GENERAL lf !he design factor of a commercial componen! is

unknown, the maximum capacity of that componen!

4-1.1 Purpose should be ctvrced by the applicable value of Nd

This chapter sets fotth design critcra for machine

elements of 11 below-the-hook lifting device.

4-2 SHEAVES

4-2.1 Sheave Material

Commentary: Chapter 4 is iocused on the design

of machine elements and thoseparts of a Hftlnq-devrce Sheaves shall be Iabncated of material specified by

not covered by Chapter 3. Chapter 3 is froquently usad the liftmg devrce manufacturer or qualified person

in the deslgn of mechanical components to address the

srrength requiromcnts of the framework that jcms the Commentary: This section applies to sneaves that

machine elements together. Mechanical drive systems. are conminad in the envelope of me below-the-hook

machine elements and components, and other uxiharv lilting devrce. Sheaves tb at are part of a separate

equipmem are covered n ttus chapter. bottom block or crane system are not covered by ths

Many lifting devrces operate while suspended from Standard.

building cranes and hoists, and hence need to -have a

eeemtess interface wnh this equipment. Therefore,

4-2.2 Running Sheaves
varmus design crheria set forth by CMAA #70,

Pitch diameter for runmng sheavcs should not be lcss

AIST Technical Repon No 6, and ASME HST --4 are the
than 16 times the nominal diameter of the w1re rope
basis for many parts ofthe desrqn cntera estab!ished in
used. When the liftin; device's sheaves 11re reeved into
thrs chapter
the sheaves on the hoist, the pitch diameter and

conf1guration o the hoist shall be considered in the

desig:n.
4-1.2 Relation to Chapter 3

Mechanirol components of the lifting devce Ihat are Commentary: The pitch diameter of a sheave has a

direct retationship with wire rope wear and fatigue that

strcssed by the force(s) crcaled during the hft or
determines the number of cycles that the assembly can
movement of the load shall be sized In accordance wth
wi1hs1and. The Commtte, recognizes that In sorne
ttus chnpter and Chnpter 3 of this Standard. The most
spec1al lw-head room appllcattons the sheave size may
conservanve design shall be selected for use. Ali other
need to be smaller to accommodate the limited space
mecharucal components shall be designed to the
"ailable. Extra precaution would need to be established
requirements of this chapter.
in these cases to allow for increased wire rope wear.

For cases where the lifter'ssheaves are reeved into

Commentary: When failure of a mechantcal the overhead crane's sheave package, spacing, and fleet

component cou!d directly result m the unintended angle between the two p ara ll e l systems ne e d to be

dropping or hazardous rnovement of a load, the aligned to ensure proper operation.

requirements of Chapter 3 shall be used to size the

component coupled with the mechanical reqtnruments

4-2.3 Equalizing Sheaves
of this chapter. Examples nclude, but are not !imited to,
The p1tch diame!er of equalizing sheves shall not be
drive systams on slab tongs that ho)d !he load, fosteners
less than one-half of the diameter of the rwming .!.heaves,
that hold hooks onro beams, and sheave shafts. There
nor less than 12 times the w1re rqpe dmmeter when
may be requirements in both Chapters 3 and 4 that

need to be followed when designing a cornponent. using 6 x 37 d<1ss wire rope. or 15 times the w1Te rape

Along wnh the forces produced by normal operation, diame:ter w.hen usmg 6 x 19 dass w1re ropc

mechanical components of !ifting devices should be

4-2.4 Shaft Requirement
designed to resist the forces resulting from operating

irregularities that are common in mechanical systems, Sheave assemb!ies should be des1gned based on a

lncluding jams, locked romr torque, and overloads removab!e shr1ft

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Fig. 4-1 Sheave Dimensions Fig. 4-2 Sheave Gap

Out81do ninmeter

Note O) j

Note(11__/

NOTE.
Aope raorus
(1) 'Ai 111 (3 mm) ora distance or % times the mpe dlamet<?r,

wh1ch<?ver 1 smaer.
NOTE.

(1) <lroovc rildlus "' root rndlu1 x 1 06.

s1zing thc wrre rope groove with respect to the wire

rope to allow for a proper soating surface.

Commentary; lnspection and m a i n t e n a n c e of

sheaves and beanngs recurre that these components be

cccessibte A design that requires moolcauon or 4-2.7 Sheave Guard

alrnration of the liher's structure to perfotm t he

Shcaves shall be- i;unrded te preven! inadvcrtcnt wire
insuection 01 maintcnance ol shenves and bear1ng:; cut
ropi- lmm!ng or cnrnin:; out o the- sbe.wc. Thc guarci
an undue hardshlp 011 the usut aner can deter proper
shall lw place-d withm \i; in. (3 mm) or a distance of
care ol the equipmem.
\ times the WJTC rape diametcr, whichever is smoller,

to the sheave, as shown m f'g. 4-2

4-2.5 Lubrication

Commentary Guards that wrap around a large

Means for l ubricatmg shcove beanngs shall be
ponion of the sheave need to be placed close to the
provrded
flange of the sheave. The guord's purpose 1s to prevent

the wire rope frorn jumping frorn the sheave The guard
Commentary: Lubrication systems. grease llnes,
needs to be placed close to the runn1ng sheave to
self-lubricating bearings, or oil-impregnated bearmgs
ensure that !he wire rope r:annot get jammed or lodged
are ali methods that wi!I ensure !he lubricaton of thc
between the sheave and the guard.
bearings. Particular cate should be taken when

evaluating the lubrication method eince sorne types of

sel'f-lubr1catmg beanngs cannot wnhstand severe

loadmg envrroornents. 4-3 WIRE ROPE

Commentary: ASME HST-4 and ASME 830.2 pro

4-2.6 Sheave Desgn
vide the basis of this section, wh1ch covers the w1re rape

Sheave grooves shall be smooth and free from surface applicaltons tha\ are a whotly attached or 1ntflgral

irregularities that could cause wire rope damage. The component o l a below-the-hook lihing dev1ce.

groove radius of a new sheave shall be a mimmum of

6% larger than the radius of the wrre rope as shown in

4-3.1 Relation to Other Standards
Fig 4-1 . Toe cross-seconal radius of the groove should

form a clase-fitting saddle for the size of the wire. rope Wire rope reeved through the liftmg device and the

used, and the sides of the grooves should be tapered hoist shall conform to the rcqu1rements of the hoist.

outwardly to assist entrence of the wire rope into the

groove. Flange comers should be rounded, and rims Cornmentary: This sect1on addresses wire rope

should run true around the axis of rotahon requ!fements for the rare application when the ho1st

rope of the crane (hoist) is reeved through the l i h i n g

Commentary: The interface between tbe w1re rope dev1ce.

and the sneave has a direct retationstup on the longev1ty

af the wire rooe. To orevent prematura weanng of the

4-3.2 Rope Selection
wire rope. the sheave surfaces need to be smooth and

tapered to allow the wire rope to easily shp into and Wire rope shall be o a rccommended construct1on for

sea! in the shaave ropa groove The Wire Rope Users liftmg servicc The qualif1ed pcrson shall consider other

Manual, 3rd edition, Table 12, previdas 1nformation on foctors (1.e., type of end connection, D/d ratio. sheave

42

::.,,.,v,o11,.,.,_
........... ,.. ._ .._ .-.si,,
,w,j IO C.,,,,O""DIJS!>UE. o,oJU
,.. ........ - .. - -k .....
. ,
_ ..
. Nei '' lltu1 101lllll 1 22.52 " GMT
 ASME BTH-1-2011

bearing lrictJon, !'te.) that eect the wrre rope strength Loase chains or belts will experience accelerated wear

to ensure the 5:1 safety factor is maintained. and result 111 prematura failure of the system

Commental)': Users o'thrs Standard may elect to

4-4.2 Orive Oesign
reference the Wire Rope Users Manual as a guideline
Toe lifting device mnnufacturer or qucuned person
for properly selecting wire rape.
shnll sp ecrfy drive system components such as

couplings, belts, pulleys,chains,sprockets, and dutches.

4-3.3 Environment

4-4.3 Commercial Components

wrre rope material selection shall be appropriate for

the envuooment in whic.h u t<; to be used. Commercial components used in the drive system of

a lifting devrce shall be sized so the maxrrnum load

Commental)': Tha Cornmittae left open the use of mtmg speced by the manufacturer is not exceeded

synthe1ic or other nonmetalllc rape for scecet under worst case loadings.

applteatrone that occur in hazardous or abnormal

industrial environments Comrnentary: The use of commercial (of-the-shelf)

componems Is encouraged in order to provide more

!Jexibility to the usar. A qualified person needs to

4-3.4 Fleet Angle
consider the same operating and abnormal scenarios

Thewire rope fleet angle lorsheavesshould be limited used in the dcsign of the structural components,

to fl 1 in 12 slopc (4 deg, 45 mm) incltidmg environment, shock and operating cycles,

when mcorporating commercial components 1mo the

4-3.5 Rope Ends liftrng device. Add1tional design considerations 1nc!ude,

but are not limitad to, jams and excessive torques

Wtre rope ends shall be attached to the liftmg device
Mechanical components of the lifting device that are
in a manncr to prevent drseogegeroeru during operanon
strnssed by the force(s) created during the lih or
of the lifting devrce
rnovement of !he load shaH be si2ed in accordance with

para 4-1.2
4-3.6 Rope Clips

Wire ropc chps shall be drop-forged steel of the

4-4.4 Lubrlcation
single-saddle (U-bolt) or double-saddle type Malleable

cast jron clips shall not be used For spacing, number of Means for lubncatmg and inspecting drive systems

clips, and torque values, rccr to U1e clip manufacturer"s shall be provided

recommendatlons. Wrerope cbpsattached with Ll-bclts

4-4.5 Operator Protection
shall have the U-bolt over the dead end of the wrre rope

and live rope restmg in the dip saddle. Chps shall be All motion hazards associated with the operation of

tighlened evenly to the recommended torque After the mechanicnl power trnnsm1ss1on components shall be

initlal load 1 applied to the wae rope, the clip nuts shall eliminated by des1gn of the eqmpment or protection by a

be retightened to the recommended torque to guard, device, s.ife distance, or safe location. All mot1on

compensate far any decrease in wrre rope diarneter hazard guards shall

causcd by the load. (11) preven! entry of hands, fingers, or other parts of

the body into a poinl of hDzard by reachmg through,

over, under, or aro.und the guard

4-4 ORIVE SYSTEMS
(b) not create additional motion hazards between the

guard and the movmg part

Commentary: Section 44 covers genaric
(e) utilize fasteners not readily removnble by people
requirements for a drive system, while sections 45

through 4-8 provide specific requirements for other than authoriz.ed persons

mechanical components of a drlve system. (d) not cause any additional hazards, if openings are

provided for lubrication, adustment, or inspection

(e) reduce the like!ihood of personal injury due to

4-4,l Orive Adjustment
breakage of componen! parts

Orive systems that contam belts, chams, or other (

f ) be designed to hold l:he we1ght of a 200-lb (91-kg)

flexible transrmssmn devices should heve provisions for person without pemmne.nt deformation, if used as a step

adushnent

Commentary' The qualified person needs to con-

Commentary: An adjusrment mechanism. such as sider the ASME 830.20 requ1rement that the operator

a cham or be!t ughtener, is recommended to maintam perform inspections prior to eech use. The guards and

the dastpn tension in flexible nansrmsston devices protective devices need to allow the operator 10 perform

43

c--
..._... OHS
- .-...sw. - .. CAID!IT"1ES, atgJ ..

,..,_...,_. - ........... -i-...1 ... ....s .... """-..Ol3/ll\1 22.>l:1' ,..,.,

 ASM( BTHI-2011

these maoecncns and not creare edduro ne! hazards method to size g e e r ln g . Based on a review o r a large

when the mspecnons are heing perlormed. ANSI 815.l numbor of gear designs, thc Lewis Equation couptad

provides the basis of these requirements. with the desrqn factm, N., provrces conservative results.
1

Although guards and personnel protective equpment As an atternanve, the qualifie d person can use

are salcty equlpmem, they were mcorporetad into this A N SI /AGM A 2 001 - C95 to p r o v, d e a mo re refmed

design standard. Tne Committee believes these tssues analytical approach where the design parameters of the

need to be addressed in the design phase to ensure thet lilter are more constralned.

inspection and maintenance can be adequately

performed wbne a ssunnq that operator safety rs

4-5.5 Bevel and Worm Gears
maintamed.

The requirement tor rne 200lb (91-kgf person comes Bevel and worm geanng shall be rated by the gcnr

lrom OSHA (29 CFR 1910.1791.

manufacrurcr wlth servce factors apprcpnaec for the

specthec Servrce Class of the liftmg devrce. Whcn

back-driving could be a problcm, duc conideration

45 GEARING hall be given to selcctmg a worm gcar ratio to estabhsl1

lock-up.
4-5.1 Gear Design

The lifting device mnnufocturcr or qualied person 4-5.6 Spllt Gears

shall specfy the typcs o gcaring. Sphl ge.irs slrnll nol bl' uscd.

4-5.2 Gear Material

4-5.7 Lubncation

c.ir-. and pin ons shull be fab ricatud of matenal

Mi,111 hll lw prt1V1dt.:d to nlkiw for thi.: Jubnc.itim1
hav1ng adcqunte trcnth nnd durnbil!ty to med thl
nnd mspect1on nf c.iring.
n.qurrements or llit" m t e n de d Scrv1c Cfuss and

rnnnufactured to ACMA quality class 5 or bettcr

C om me n t ar y: Me thods to lub ncate g e arin g

in clude , but are not li m 1 t ed 10, autornatic l ubr1cat1on

4-5.3 Gear Loading
systems and manual applicat,on 11 manual application

The nllowabk- tooth load m bending, Le;, of spur and is us ed, the qualified person needs to provide

hchc<1I genrs is accessibilrty to the gears lor maintenance.

(4-1)
45.8 Operator Protection

Expoed gcaring shall be guarded per para 4-4 5 with

where
1
<1ccess prov1sioni:. for lubncation lnd mspt>ction.
D1 "' diametral puch. m -\ (mm -

F = foce wrdth of smuller ge.ir, in. (mm)

4-5.9 Reducers
Le = allowable tooth loac in bendmg, lb (N)
Ge.ir ducer CD.ses shlll
Nd = design factor (per par.i. 3-1.3)
fo) be oil-hght and sealed with compound in gaskets
Y = Le.wis form Factor a defined m Table 4-l
(b) .have an accessible dram ptug
o = specified mnimum yield stress, psi (MPa)
(e) have a means for checkmg oil Jvel

Commentary: The Lewrs Equation, as defined by

Sh1g l ey and Mischke (2001). crcvroes the basrs of

4-6 BEARINGS
eq (4 - lL The Lew-s Eq u at io n has been modified to

a cc o rn modat e m ater ial vreld stress and the BTH-1 4-6.1 Bearing Design

design factor, Nri, frorn para. 3 - 1 . 3 of this Standard.

Toe type of bcarings sha\1 be specified by the lifting
Table 4--1 comes from Avallone and Baumeister (1987).
device rnanufacturer or gualified person.

(11) 4-5.4 Relation to Other Standards 46.2 l1c Llfe

A s an altemative to the Lewrs formula tn eq. (4-1), L1u bcaring life for ro!ling element beanngs shall equal

spur and helical ge.irs may be based upon or exceed the values given in Table 4-2 for the lit'ting

ANSI/ AGMA 2001-C95, Fundamental Rntmg Factors device Service Oas.s.

and Calculahon Mcthods for lnvo!utc Spur and Helical

Cear Teeth Commentary. Table 4-2 comes from a compilation

of Table 2 of M!LHDBK- 10 38 and several bearmg

Commentary: The Committee declded to provide companies. Toe resulting table was cross referenced to

the Lewis formula to the quallfied person as a simpler CMAA #70 to verily that it does not s,gniflcantly deviate.

'""""' ..SIE .,_,

P_, .. ,,;...,_.._._,..ME. SoJo" CNC "'DUSlAlU, ...... ,..

''' Rnol.Jll:1.<Vt1 ir.'

.,U HGMI
,i.,..,.......-.,_"'lQ_"'"'"-1<""'''""'"
 ASME STH-l-2011

Table 4-1 Strength Factcrs for Calculating Load Capacity

(American Standard Tooth Forms)

Strength Factcrs, Y. for Use W1th Diametral f>itch

20 deg 20 deg

141;; deg Full Oepth Stub-Tooth

Number Composlte and lnvolute rnvenne

of Teeth tnvclute System System

12 0.210 0.245 0.311

0.220 0.261 0.324

" 0.226 0.276 0.339

" 0.236 0.289 0,348

"
16 0.242 0.295 0.361

17 0.251 0.302 0.367

0.261 0.308 0.377

" 0.273 0.314 0.386

"
,o 0.283 O 320 0.393

0.289 0.327 0.399

'1

0.292 0.)30 O 40S

" 0.298 0.336 O 415

" 0.307 0.346 0.474

" 0.314 0.352 0-430

"
30 0.320 0.)58 0.4)7

0.327 0.371 0.4,6

"
38 0.336 0.383 0 /156

0.346 0.396 0.467

"
50 0.352 O 408 0.471,

60 0.358 O 421 0.4114

75 0.364 0.4)4 O 496

100 0.371 O 446 0.506

150 0.377 0.459 0.518

300 0.383 0.471 0.534

Rack 0.390 0.484 0.550

GENERAi NOTE. The strength racrcrs above are used 111 tcrmutas wntainmg dtametral pltch. Thes factor5

are 3.1416 times those used m lortnulas based on circular pltch.

Table 4-2 L10 Ufe

Servlre cass L,0 Bearlng Liie. hr

O 2,SOO

1 10,000

2 20,000

3 J0,000

4 40,000

ft!S---
"- ASM"E ,,,.,. .......

P,-,"' >.SME
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Not .. 11Ho1,.20l>lllll :1Z:51,.GMT
............ - ...... _...... ......
. ..,................ _IH$
 ASME BTH-1-2011

46.3 Bearing Loadings d norrunn l sh;ift diamotcr or b{'arin; insid,

dmmotcr, 111. (mm)

Toe basrc ratmg hfe, L111, IDr a rndral be,rnng is gtven
L = bcanng length, m. (mm)
by eq. (4-2)
/! = averilge pressure, psi (MPa)

V = surfuce velocity o shaft, ft/min (m/s)

(4-2)
W bcanng load, lb (N)

4-6.S Lubrication

The basir dynamic kmd rntmg C, for a bearmg with Means shall be provided tolubncatebeartngs. 13caring

L bcilrins lifc from Tablc42 is dctcrmined by eqs. (4-3) cnclosures should be desrgned to cxcludc dlrt nnd
10

and (14). preven\ leakage of ail or gre11e

Commentary: Lubricatlon svstems. qreasc lines,

e , :, (4-3)
L self-lubrcating bearmgs, or oi1-impregnated bcari n gs
16,66711
are ali methods that woulcl ensure the lubncetjcn of the

b e e rm q e . P a ruc ul ar e are nee ds to be t aken when

I ' , "" xr,1 YJ,2cr, (4-4)

evaluatmg the lubrication methad since sorne tvpes ol

s e l f lubri c a t i n g boarmgs c a nno t wlth s tand severa

wherc
loading envirooments
e, = busrc dynarrnc load rtrng to thenret\c11!ly

endure nne million rcvolunons. per bcanng

manuforturcr, lh (N)

nx1,1] rompom:nl uf the actual bcaring load,

1" 4-7 SHAFTING
Jh (NJ

t. = r.rdial wm,unenl of .e actual bearm; load. 4-7.1 Shatt Design

lb (N)
S h n ft i n g sha l l be fnbricated ol m a t e na l ha vmg

= 3 for ball bearlngs, 10/3 for rcller bcanngs

'1 ndequatc strPngt.h nnd durnbility s u t a bl e for the
Lw = basic r;itm; lifo cxceeded by 90% of bc11rmgs
apphcanon. The shaft drameter and method of supporl
tested. hr
sha\l be specified by lhe fting devrce manufacturer 01

N = rotaona speed, rcv /min

q ualiftcd perseo and satisiy the condnoru, of
r, dynarmc equiva!enl radial load, lb (N)
p;irns. 4--7 .:! througli 4-7 .7
X = d ynarruc rndal Iond foctoi pcr bcnrmg

manufacturar
4-7.2 Shatt Alignment
y dynamic ax1;1I lon d factor per benrmg
Alignment o the shafting to gcarboxes. couplin;s,
manuf-ilcturer
ncnnngs, und otner dnve companents shall mee! or

Commentary: The equatlon for bearing lile l:!xceed th( component manufocturer'!. specif,cnt,ons

[Q. !42)l. L is based an the oasrc load rallng eqcauon

10.

for be arinqs, faund in ANSI/ABMA 9, ANSI/ABMA 1 1 , 47.3 Operator Protection

and Avallone and Bevrnerster (1987).

Exposed shafting shall be guarded per pnra. 4-4.5 w1th

access provisions for Jubrication ,md ,nspcction.

4-6.4 Sleeve and Journal Bearings

4 7 .4 Shaft Details
Sleeve ar journal beanngs shall nol exceed pressure

and velocity ratings as defmed by eqs (4-5) through Shafting, keys, hales, press fits, and lilkts shall bt:

(4-7). The manufacturers' values uf P, V. and PV shall dcs1giied for the forces encountered in actual operatian

be used. under the worst case loadmg

w 4-7.5 Shaft Static Stress

(4-5)
p = t!L

Toe nammal key 1ze used to transmit torque through

a shaft/bo r e interface shall be determined from

(4-6)
""'
V = -
Tables 4-3a and 43b based an the nominal shaft
'
diameter

(4-7) Stat.Jc stress on 11 shaft element shall not exceed the

followmg values:

where (a) axial or bending stress

e = 12 when usmg US. Customary units

5= S , + 5 , S 0 . 2 5 . (HI)
= 60,000 whcn using SI units

46

c.,..,....,,,.SM!;_o_
s..... C,,,,
0 INOUl'f<lES. otMOlll
..._ ..... ..- ...... -.u'l!s
...,,,....,,,..20,w11n-1 cr.rr
........... ...., ..... _.... ...-..-"" ....-JI<"
 ASMEBTHl-2011

Table 4-Ja Key Size Versus Shaft Diameter Table 4-4 Fatigue Stress Amplification Factors

(ASME 81 7 .1)
Fatigue Stress

Nomina! Shaft Drameter, in. Servlce ttass Amp!llicalion Factor, K

Nominal Key

Over To see. In. o 1.015

1.030

'l6 '1. ,ll1

2 1.060
1I6
}"
y,
) 1.125

. '!, :Y,6
1,250

'!, l '/
, '/.
l 't. 1% %,
1Y, 11;, %
11/, 2'/, Y
,
(e) Shaft elements subect to combined ax1J/bendmg
2'!. 2);. '
!.
2\ and shear stresses shall be proportioned such that the
3'!. %
3'/, 31/.i '!, combined stress does not exceed the following volue:

)}', 4'h l

s'h 1 1;.
'h
11, (4-10)
5 'l
i 6'/,

where

S, = computed combined stress, ksi (MJ'a)

Table 4-3b Key Size Versus Shaft Diameter

Commentary: Tables 43a and 4-3b p rovide
(DIN 6BB51)
mimmum auowab!e key srze versus shaft diameter

Nommal 5haft Dlame1er, mm requirements anrl comes d1recUy from ASME 817.1 and
Nominal K!y
DIN 6885-1.
Over To Sue, mm

The static and she ar stress equations represent

6 8
modifications to those equations found in CMAA
' " -1170.

8 1 0
3 " ' Only the nomenclature has been modiied to more
ro 4 X '

" 5 X 5
closely follow Chapter 3 of this Standard.

"
ll " 6 , 6

"
JO 8 X 7

"
JO 36 10 X 8
47.6 Shaft Fatigue

38 12 X 8
Shafting subjected to fluctuating stresses such us
"
50 14 X 9
bendmg in rotation or torsion m reversing drives shall
"
50 58 16 X 10
be checkcd for fatigue. This ched: s in addition to the
58 65 18 X ll

20 X 12
statrc checks in pMa 4-75 and need only be performcd
15

"
15 8S 22 X 1A a pmnts of geometrrc discontirunty where stress

concentrations eost. such as hales, fillets, keys, and press

fits Appropnate geometric stress concenrration factors

far the d.scontinuities shall be derermined by the lifting

devrce manufacturer or gualihed person from a

where
reference such as Peterson's Stres. Ccmcentrntion Fnaors
s
- computed combined

ksi (MPa)
axial/bcnding stress,
by W. O Pilkey.

s.
- computed axal stress, kst (MPa)
Commentary: Stress concentration factors need to
s.
- computed bending stress, ksi (MPa)
be conservatively determinad to account far the
S,
- specred

ksi {MPa)
mnimum ultimate tensile strcngth,
Huctuahng stresses resulting from the stopping and

starting of the drive systern. Since fatigue is the prirnary

concern in this secnon. t ha.strass a m p l i t u d e s seen

(b) shear stress during normal operating.conditions naed only to be

evaluated. Peak stresses resulting from locked rotor or

jamming incidents iabnormal corrdrnorrs] are not

(4-9}
applicable in the fatigue calculation. Table 4-4 ts basad

on CMAA #70. .

where

-r =. computed combincd snear stress, ksr (MPa) 47,6.1 Fatigue Stress Amplification Factor. The

,,-
T = computed torslonal shear stress, ksr (MPa) fatigue stress amplification factor, K,.,, based on Service
TV computed transverse shear stress, ksr (MP11) Class shall be setccted from Table 4-4.

c_,.,.....,..
"
,.,_,,.. ..s_...,,.._"""E Sold lo.CAIOINDliS1RIE.S-, 0'910)11

H,u,. Rn ...,1'11llY1t 2i Ol 1
4 <lt,I
T

.... e.o .. -....... --""""'"'""

No ,...
 ASME BTH-1-2011

4-7.6.2 Endurance Limlt. The corrected bcndmg 47.7 Shaft Displacement

endumncc lrmil, 5.., for the sha.ft mMerinl 1

Shnfts ehaf be alzed or supported so !l to l ! m t t

drsplacementx undcr load when necessory for proper

S,. = 0.55, = O 25S. ('<-11)
functloning of rnecharusms orto prevcnt exccssrvc wear

of componcnts
whcre

S, = fotiguc (cndurnncc) l rrru l of pohshcd,

unnolched spccimen U'I rcversed bondmg, 4-8 FASTENERS

ksi (MPa)
48.1 fastener Markings
S = corrected tangue {endurance) lirru! of shaft in

revcrsed bending, ks (MP,1) Al! bolts, nuts, and cap screws shall hnve requrred

ASTM or SAE grade denncnncn markings.

4-7,6.3 Fatigue Stress. Fatigue stress on a shaft

clement sha!l nol exceed the fcllowmg values: 4-8.2 Fastener Selection

(11) Dlrect nxial tmd/or bendmg tangue stress shall

Fasteners for machinc doves or nther npcrarional
not exceed
cntical components shall use ASfM A3'.!5, SAE Grade

5, ASTM A490, or SAE Grade B bolts. c.ip screws. or

(<1-12)
eqiuvalents

4-8.3 Fastener Stresses

where

Kr,1 stress ampllbcaticn fac tor for bcndmg flntt stress s hatl not exceed thc allowablr-stress values

Kn, stress amplificntion fo ctor for direct tcri'>HUl !'!tobli.hcd by ni:-.- (.'--4{1) through (:t-4'.ll and parir. )--4 5

S, = computcd fattgm, stress. ks (Ml'ti)

4-8.4 Fastener lntegrlty
S, = computed axial tcnsuc stress, ksi (MPa)

Locknuts, dnuble nuts, lock was he rs , chermcn!

(u) Combmed shear fatigue stress shall not exceed
methods, or other rneans dererrmned by the lifting

device mnnufacturer ora qualified per.on shall be used

(4-13) to prevent the fastener from loosemng dcc to vibranon.

']' "' (Ksr)T:S ---
'"
K,.JJ
An_y loss of strength in lhe fastener caused by thc locking

method shall b.. accounted for in thP des1gn.

whert

K51, = stress amphhcntmn fac ot r lor tormonnl shear 4-8.5 fastener lnstallation

'T
/ = comp ut ed cum bined fa tigue shear stress.
Fastencrs shall be msta!led by .in <1ccepted mc thod
ksi (MP.i.)
.is detcrmi.ned ly the liftmg drvicc mnufodurer r
o 11

(e) Combmed axial/bcnding and shear Ianguc q ualified per... on

stresses whcre all ore fluctuating shall nol exceed

Commentary Since fasteners provide little va lue if

rhey are no t p r o (l ti r l y torqued, the i n s t a ll a t i o n of thl-'

(4-J4)
fastener is 1rnp ortan1 Acceptatile in statlation m ethods

include, but re
a no\ limitad to, turn-ol-the-nut meth od,

(d) Combined tensile and shear fatigue stresses where to rque wrenches, and l
e ectr omc sensors.

only part of the stresses are flucrnating shall not exceed

48.6 Noncritical fasteners

S"'
(
s."s,
' " + KrSR ) ' 3( .,-'
.. s,
.+ Ksr-r,.
) 's'K
11 (4-15) Fastenerli for covers, p ane ls , brackets, or othcr

noncrilical components shal\ be selected by the lifting

device manufacturer o r a qualified person to meet the

whe re
needs of the apphcntion.
K,
=
larger of either Krn and KTII

portmn of the computed tenerte stress not due

'
=

to f\uctuating loads, ksi (MPa)

4-9 GRIP RATIO {11)

s, portian of thc computed !ensile stress dueto

uctuang loads, ksi (MPa) Tlus section sets forth requ1rements for the grip ratm

specrfied mmimum yreld strength, (MPa) for pressure-gnppmg lifters (friction-type) Factors
s, =
ksr

, such as type an d condition of gripping surfaces,

- portian of

to fluctuatmg
the computed

loads, ksi
shear stress

(MPa)
not due

environmental c ond 1 t o n s . coefficients of friction,

dynamic \oads, .ind product temperntu1e can affect the

' - portian

fluctuat.ng
of the computed

loads, ksr (MPi'I)

shcar stress due to

required grip ratio and should be cons1dered dunng the

"
--
,,,_ .. ...,s ,.,,,.

,...,..,. ...,_ .. -"""oeo__ ....,..,_IHll

S-olO,.CA,OH>U:slF!IU

"I .. R
Ol!IOOIN

u ....>Dllll'1' l'!.S.:.,. GWf

 ASME BTIM-2011

design by <1 qualied person. ln addnon, lifters such as where

bar tongs and vertical axis coil grnbs hove other specal N v = 2 + 2 s i n 0

load hnndling conditions (e.g., opening force) th at O = anglc of vncuurn pad interface surface

should be considered. measured from horizontal

The Nu valuc celculatec in eq. (4-19) rs for dcan, flal,

Commentary: Design of other types of lifting
dry, nonporous surfoces, and shnll be increased as
devices, such as mdenrntiontype lifters, is nol covered
requrred due to the surface conditions of interfncrng
in this secticn,
me tenn s as delermined by a quahfied person.

Consrderafion should be given to ccndtnons such as

J.-9.1 Pressure-Gripping Llfter Grlp Ratio and
surfoce tcmperatures, contnmlnation, torsion and
Minimum Gripping Force
bendmg !oudmg of the varuum pad, and tesled vacuum

The ccefcrent of statrc friction, .sF, shall be pad performance.

dctermmed by a qualled pcrson through testing or

4-10.2 Vacuum Presetvaticn nn
from pubhshed dnta

The vacuum lter shall incorporate a method to pre

GR..,m 0.65/ sr 2 (4--16)

vent the vacuum leve] under the pad(s) from decreasing

more than 25% (starting from ratcd vacuum leve]) m

wherc
5 minutes withoul ptimary power and the vacuum
GRrru nurumum grip ratio
pad(s) attached to a crean, dry, and nonporom, surface

JSf
= coefflcrent of startc frcnon
at the rated load. Constderation should be given to con

ditions such as surfoce temperaturcs, contamination,

/"H = GR..,'" x load (4-17)
torsion, and bendmg kmds of !he vncuum pnd, testcd

vacuum p<1d performance, a.nd surfoce conditmns of

wherc
mterfocmg mate.rials. Unmtended !os.s of power shall
rturumurn gripping force on each side of load,
not d1sconnect the pad(s) from the vacuum preservation
'" lb (N)
method.
load = weight of lifted load, lb (N)

Commentary. This performance-basad require

Commentary: The values of 0.55 and 2 in eq (4-15)
ment aJlows the use of various vacuum Dreserva11on
are based on the JUdgmem and experience of the BTH
methods (e.g., battery backup, compressed air storage,
Ccmmmee members. 11 Is the responsibility ol a
vacuum reservoir, etc.).
qualified person to determine when alternatc values are

required and the annropriate values in such cases.

4-10.3 Vacuum lndicator [l l)

A vacuum ind1cator shall be visible to the lifter

4-10 VACUUM UFTING DEVICE DESIGN operator durmg use .ind sha11 continue to funct1on

during an unintended Jossof power. lt shnll mdicate the

410.1 Vacuum Pad Capacity
presence of the mmimurn v<1cuum required for thc rated
(11) The ultrrnate pad capacrty (UPC) shail be
load of the w1cuum liftmg devke

detennined bJ eq (4-18)

NOTE: Consisten! units m urut conversions shall be used.

4-11 FLUID POWER SYSTEMS (11)

UPC =AV (4-18) 4-11.1 Purpose

This sectlon 1dentihes requirements of fluid power

where
systems and components for below-the-hook liltmg
A = eecnve arna of the v a cuu m pad enclosed
dev1ces.
bctween thc pad and the material when the pad

is fully compressed agains! the material surfoce

4-11.2 Fluid Power Components

to be lifted
(11) The liftlng device m anu f ac ture r or q u n lif 1e d
Vr =. muumum vacuum spccried at the pad

person shall specify system c om pone nt s such as

The value of Vp shall consider the altitude where the

cylinders, pumps, vnlves, pipes, hoses, and tubes Fluid

\ifting device wdl be used. power systems shouJd be designed so that loss of the

hfter power source(s), fluid loss, or control system failure

(b) The UPC shall be reduced lo a maximum vacuum

will not rcsult in unconlrollcd movement of the load

pad rating (VPR)

(b) Each hydrauhc fluid power componenl shall be

VPR = UPCIN-. (419) selected based on U,e manufacturer's rating and the

49

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 ASME llltl-1-2011

rnaximum pressur npphed to that componcnt of thc n.:qurrements, wluch sh11JJ mclude the rnnxtrnum sum

syatern. provrdcd that the ratmg is bcsec on il design of all fluid powcr componcnts possibh.: to actuntc at onc

factor equnl to or greatcr than 1.67 N,,. time, slrntl be dctailecl in thc spoofcatlons.

(e) Ench pneurnnnc fluid power componen( slrnll bl'

sclectec based on the mximum pressure applied to

411.4 Fluid Pressure lndication
that componen! of thc systcm and a ratlng equnl to thc

manulacturcrs rating divtded by O.SO Nd Altemntely, If a change in fluid prcssure could result in

pneumatic fluid power componcnts my be selected m uncontro\!ed movement of thc lood, an mdicator should

accordance wrth pnra. 4-11.Z(b) be provided to allow the lifter opcrntor to verlfy that
(d) Componcnts whose failure will not rcsu!t in the Iluid pressure rs sufficient during all sreges of hfter

uncontrolled movement of thc load may be selected use. Addrnonal mdicators mny be necessnry to allnw

based on the manufacturer's rating. monitonng of va nous systems The fluid presurr

Commentary: Standard hydraulic components mdicator(s) shall be clearly visible or audible.

are designad with a design factor of 4 (burst

pressure/operating pressure). The design factor

l+-11.5 System Guarding
requiremenl of l .67 Nr1 defined in this eecnon equates

to a required desrqn factor of 5 for Desrqn Category B.

Fluid power tubing, piping, componcnts, and

4-11.3 Power Source/Supply lndlcators should be located or guarded tn restst damage

Where the liftcr uses an externa) fluid power sourcc resultlng from co!hsion wnh otherobjects and wrlippng

th;i! is nnt part o thc below-the-hook lifter, thc supply in thc cvcnt of tatlure.

50

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 I\SME BTH:1-2011

Chapter 5

Electrical Components

be specified by a q u a l i f e d person gi v ing full

51 GENERAL
c o nsideratio n to the frictional losses of the liher, the
5-1,1 Purpose
maximum locked rotor torque requrred. and the

This chepter sets forth selechon criterin for electncal geometry of the speed torque curve of the motor

components of 11 below-the-hook hfting device. npplied.

Commentary: The primary focus of this chaptet is

5-2.2 Motor Sizing
directed toward lifters that are attached onto cremes,

hoists, end other liftlng emnomeru. Therefore, electncal Motors shall be sized so the rated motor torque is not
equipment used on these lihers is governed by
exceeded within !he specified workmg rnnge and/or
ANSI/NF:PA 70. Sometimes a lifter could be a
rated load uf the hfting device.
componen\ part of a machine too! system and could be

s ubjected to the requirements of ANSI/NFPA 79 if

Commentary: A lifter may have varvmq horse
spacied, but the standard !iher JS not mtended to meet
power tecurrements as n moves through its ccereuoc
the electrical requiremenrs of the machine tool industry
range. The intent of this provision is to ensure that the

motor r
s properly s1zed or the ma x imum effort

5-1.2 Relation to Other Standards required.

Componcnts of electrical equipmenl used to oprate

a below-the-hook lifhng device shall conform to the

5-2.3 Temperature Rise
apphcnble sections of AN S I/NFPA 70, Nanona l
Temperature nse in motorsshal! be inaccordance with
Electrical Code
NEMA Standard MG 1 for the dass of msul11tior, and

{11) 5-1.3 Power Requirements enclosure used Un!ess otherw1se spec1hed, the hfhng

dev1ce mc1nufacturer shall assume 104F (40C) ambient

The electrtcal power supply a nd control power
tempe.rnture.
requirements for operati.ng a lifting device shall be

detailed m the specificatmns The supply reqmrements

5-2.4 lnsulation
shall mclude the maximum fu\l load amperage draw

based on the opcratmg condittons that will crente the The mimmum insulahon rnting of motors and brakes

shall be Class 13.

!argest demand on the system

Comme n tary: Thi s provismn recogniies that

5-2 ELECTRIC MOTORS AND BRAKES
Class A irisulation is no longer used in q u ality motor

5-2.1 Motors .manufacturing.

Motors shall be reversible and have anti-fnction

bearmgs and totally endosed framcs. Motors used to

5-2.5 Brakes
oprnte hydrnulic and vacuum eqmpment shall be
Electric brakcs shall be fumished whenc11er the lifted
coltinuous duty. Other motors used to operate 11 lifting
load could cause !he geuring to back drive and allow
device may be 30 min or 60 min mtermittent duty,
unintended movement of the load. Brakes sha11 be
provrded they can meet the required duty cyde of the
electnc release spring-set type. Bra ke torque shall hold
lifter without overheatmg. Motors shall have torque
a m1mmum of 150% rated motor torque or 150% of back
charactensncs surtable for the hftmg device application
driving torque, wh1chever is grenter
and be capa ble of operatmg at the specified speed, load,

and number of starts.

Commentary: Back driving may present a safetv

Commentary: Dueto the varietv and cumplexrtv of problem not obvious to everyone and is stated to

below-the-hook l1fting devrces. the method df horse emphaslze its importance. The 150% v.ilue equals the

power c.alc.ulation vares with the type of lilter and Is no! requirement for hoist brakes as defined In CMAA #70

specified in thrs soctlon The horsepower selection shall and AIST Technical Report No. 6.

51

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5-2.6 Voltage Ratlng 5-3.3 Operating Levers

Motor t111d b rakc namcptatc voltugc sha!J be in Cnb opcnned master swnrhus slmll be spring return

accordancc w1th NEMA Standard MG 1 for thc specificd to neutrnl (off) pos1tion type, cxcepl that thosi for eler

powcr supply. Thc inStlllcr/uscr sho!l cnsurt thc tromilgnet or vacuum c(Jntrol shall be m,1\ntamed type

vottage dellvcred to thc tcrminals of the hfting devicc

rs wrthm the tnlerancc set by NEMA. Commentary: These provisions parallel

requiraments found in thc electncal sectlons of othcr

established crane and hoist specifications, s uch as

Commentary: The wirmg berween the crane hoist
CMAA #70 and CMAA #74. arid are h sted in thrs
and the liher must be sized to llmit vohage drops, as
S 1andard to maintam com pa t ibi l i t y bet ween the crane
well as current carrying capacity.
nd lifter.
a

5-3 .4 Control Clrcults

(11 5-3 OPERATOR INTERFACE

C ontrol d rcu1l voltagc o/ any lifter shlll nol cxceed

5-3.1 Locatmg Operator Interface

150 volts AC or 300 volts OC

/\ quahed person shall choose e location for the

,operator intcrfncc in ordcr to produce a safe un d C omm e nt a r y : The se p r ovisi o ns parallel

functional electricnlly powered lifting devicu. Thc lifting req uir ements found n the
i electrical sections of other

-device speclcadons sh all s tate tht locltlnn nf thc es tabl1shed era ne and hotst sp e c d 1 c a t io n s , such as

operntor interface choscn by a quahed pcrsnn from uu CMAA #70 and CMAA 1174. a nd 11re li sted in !h1s

lo1Jow1111, options Sti!ndard to ma inrnm c ompa11billty bctween thc cranr

(11) ptish button:-. or levcr ctrnched to Ihc Hcr and liher.

(bJ pendant stanon push bunons ntruched to the liftc1

fe) pendant stauon push buttons attached to the hmst

5-3.5 Push Bu tton Typ e
or crane
Push buttons a nd c ontrol levers shal! return to t he
(d) push buttons or master switches lccated in the
"off" position when pressure. is released by the operntor,
crane cab
cxcept for electroroagnet or vacuum control whicl1
(e) handheld radio control or mfrared tnmsmitter
should be m.imtamed type
{/) automared control system

C ommentar y These provis,ons paralle. 1

C ommentary. Betow-the.hook !ifters are not stand
requ 1 rements found in thc elecrncal sec11ons of other
alone m achines They are intended to be used with
established crane and hoi s t specifications, such as
oranes. hoists, and other lihing equipmeru. When
CMAA 1170 and CMAA 1174, and are llsted in this
attached to a lihmg apparatus, the resulting erectrrca!
Standard to mamtam compatibilitY between the crane
system must be coordinmed by a qualified cerscn with
ano lifter
due ccnsderauon for safr.\y ancl performance.

5-3.6 Push Button Markings

5-3.2 Unintended Operation

f1ch push button, control lever, and m11ster switch
A qualified person shall choose the Iocauon and
shall be dcarly rnarked with appropriate legend p!ates
guarding of push buttons, master switches, or other
describing resultmg mohon or funchon of the hfter.

operating dcvices that are used to open, drcp, or releese

a load bum a Lifler. In order to mhibrt urntentional

C ommentary These prov 1 s1ons p a rallel
operanon of the lifter, one of the followmg options
r equirements found in the electncal sections of other
shou!d be consdered.
est a blish e d era ne and hoist specifications, such as

(a) Use two push buttons m series spaced such that CMAA #70 and CMAA #74, and are l iste d in this

they require two-handed opemtion in order to open, Standard to m ai ntain compatibility between the crane

drop, or release a load from a hftcr. and lifter.

(b) Use one or more limit swrtches and/or scnsors to

confirm a load is liHed o r suspended, in series with lhe

5-3.7 Sensor Protection
open, drop, or release push button in order to mhibit

open, drop, or release motlon while the load is lifted. L1mtt switches, sensors, and other control dev1ces, 1!

(e) Use a mechaniral guard or cover over the actual ion used, shall be located, gu11rded, and protected to inhibit

dcvice that requires two specihc operntions to acnvnte inadvrrtent operiltion and damage resulting from

the. devrce. colhsion with othcr obects.

52

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 ASME BTH1-2011

(11) 5-J.8 lndicators 5--4.5 Statk an d tnverter Controls

lndication or stgnal lights shou!d be provrded to Control systems utilizing stetc or inverter assemblies

mdrcate power is "en" or "off" lf used, the lghts shall shall be sized wrth due ccnsrdcratlcn of motor, rating,

be located so that they are visible to the lifter operator. drve reguirements, service class, duty cycle, and

Multiple bulbs may be used to avold confusion due to apphcatmn m the control. If rnegnetic contactors are

a bumed-oul bulb. included within thc static assembly, they shall be rated

in accordanre with para 5-4A.

54 CONTROLLERS AND RECTIF.IERS FOR LIFTING

Commentary: These provlsions parallel
DEVICE MOTORS
requirements found in the electrica! secttons of

established crane and hoist specifications, such.as

54.1 Control Considerations
CMAA #70 and CMAA 1174, and are )isted in th1s
This section covcrs requirements for selectmg and
Standard to maintain compatibility between the crane
controlling th direchcn, speed, acceleration, and
and liher.
stopping of lifring device motors Other control

requiremcnts, such as hmit swrtches, master switches,

54.6 Llfting Magnet Controllers (Il)
and push buttons, are covered in section 5-3.

{) All liftmg magnetcontrollers should have voltage

5-4.2 Control Location and ampernge indicated.

Controls rnounted on the lifti.ng devrce shall be (b) Provisions shall be made for mamtaining the

locnted, guarded,nnd designed for the envimnmcnt and control switch in posHion pcr section 5-3.2 to protect it

tmpacts expectcd. from unintendect operation

(e) !f the crnne b remok controlled, loss of thc remolt!

Commentary: 8elowthe-hook lifting devices are
control signa[ sha!J not result m de-energizmg the hfting
mtended to be suspended from a hoist hook and may
magnet
be subjected to unintended abuse and harsh

environments, dependmg on ccncmoos of use. These

54. 7 Rectifiers
provisions are intended to ensure protection of the
DHect curren! powered lifters may incorpornte a
e1ectncal devices mounted on the lifter
single-phase full wave bridge rectifier for diode loglc

circu1try to reduce the number of conductors required

5-4.3 Control Selection
bctween the lifter and the control Toe rectifier shall be

A qualified person desrgnated by the manufacturer selemum ar si!icon type, slzed to w1thstand the stalled

and/or owner, purchaser, or user of <1 motor dnvcn current of the motor. Silicon type rectifierssha!l employ

device shall determine the type and sue of control to transient suppressors to protect the rectifier from voltage

be used with the lifter for proper and safe opcratJon spikes.

Control systcms may be manunl, magnetic, static,

Commentary: This provis1on recognfzes tha! a DC
inverter (variable frequency), elecerc/clectrcmc, or in
motor can be reversed vla a two-wire circuit when diode
combinatmn
logic 1s applled and lists specifcatmns for the type and

5-4.4 Magnetic Control Contactors size of diodes to be used.

Control systems utilizing magnehc contactors shall

have sufficreru stze and quanhty far starting, 5-4.B Electrical Endosures

accelerating, reversmg, and stopping the lifter. NEMA

Control panels shall be endosed and shall be suitable
rated contactors shall be sized m accordance with NEMA
for the environment and type of controls Endosurc
Standard ICS 2. Definne purpose contactors specrlcally
types sha!l be m accordance w1tb NEMA ICS 6
rated far cranc and hoist duty service or IEC contactors
classif1cat1ons.
may be uscd for Service Classes O, 1, and 2, provided

the application does not exceed the contactar Commentary: These provis1ons parallel rcquire-

manufacturer's pubhshed rati.ng. Reversing conractors ments found in the electrical sections of estab!ished

shall be intedocked. crane and hoist specifications, such as CMAA #70 and

CMAA #174, and are listad in this Standard to ma1ntain

Comme111ary: These orovrsrons parallel compatibility between the crane and lifter.

requrrements found in the electncal sections of

establshed eran e and hoist specificatmns, such as

5-4.9 Branch Circuit Overcurrent Protection
CMAA #70 and CM.AA n4, and are listed in ths

Standard to maintam compatibility between the era ne Control systems for motor powcred l!fters shall

and lifler. includc branch circuit overcurrent protection as

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 /\SME BTHl-2011

specifled m ANSI/NFPA 70, These oev.ce, may be part 56.3 Disconnecl for Magnel (11)

of the hoisting egmpment from wluch the liftcr L

(11) Hoisting equrpmeru with nn cxternally powcred
suspended, or may be ncorporated as part of the lifting
elecrromag net shall have a separare magnel circuit
dcvlce.
switch of the enclosed type wrth provision for locking,

flngging, or taggin; in thc open (off) positmn. Mcans

for dlschargmg the inductive energy of the magnet shall

5-5 GROUNDING
be provrdud Thc m,1gnet dtsconnecr switch shnll be

Electrn::ally opcrnted liftmg devtces shnll be grounded connected on the line srde (power supply side) of the

in accordnnce wtth ANSI/NFrA 70. hoisting equipment drsccnnect switch

(b) Pow"er supplied to liftmg mngnets from OC

55.1 Grounding Method generntors can be disconnected by disoblmg theexternnl

power source connected to the generator, or by

Special dcsign cons.derations sha\J be taken for lifters
providing o circuit switch thal disconnects excrtntion
with clectromc egmprnent. Spednl w1ring, shieldmg,
power to the generator and removes ali power to tht
hlters, and gmunding may need to be ronsrdered to
lifting rnngret
account for the dfects of clecrromegnec interfercnce
(e) Disconnects are no! required on cxternally
(EMI), radio frequc.ncy mterference (RFl), and other
powcred electromagnets opcratmg from a 120 V AC
forms of emissions.
smgle phase powcr scurce

Commentary. This provisrcn recognizes that a high

56.4 Generator Supp[ied Magnets
quality ground may be required at the lilter when
Powci supplied to rnngnets from OC ::enernlor<: L.Jn
etecrronic contrors are employe(I.
be dbrnnncctccl liy cHsnblmg fh(" Cl{tcrnnl power snurcc

connect!'c! nJ the gner;itor, or by providing ., circu1(

switch that disconnects excitation power to the

56 POWER D!SCONNECTS generator ilJld removes all power to the magnet.

5-6.l Disconnect for Powered Lifter

5-7 BATIERIES
Control systems lor motor powered lifters shall

include a power drsconncct switch as specred m 57 .l Battery (ond!Uon lndicator

ANSI/NFPA 70. This device my be part of the hoistmg

Battery oper,1ted l1fters or lift1ng mag:nets shilll
equipmeru from which the lifter 1s suspended, or may
cont;in ;i dcv1Cf! mdicatmg existing blltery condtons.

be mcorpornted as pnrl of the lifhni; device

5-7.2 Enclosures

5-6.2 Disconnect for \lacuum lifter

Battery enclosures or housmg:s for wet cdl battenes

Horstmg equipmenl usmg an externnlly powercd shall be vented to prevent accumulation of gases.

vacuum lifter shn!I have o separare vacuum !ifter circuit

57.3 Battery Alarm c11J
switch of the enclosed typL wrth prnvision for lockmg,

flaggmg, or taggwg m the open (off) posiuo The Battery backup systems shall h.ive nn audib!t or

vacuum lifter disccnnect switch shall be connected on visibh.' sigrial to warn the Jifter opern\or when the

the line srde (power supply srd e] of the ho.sttng primary power is being supplied by the bnckup

equrpment discon.nect switch. battery(ies).

54

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