MSDO Lec 01

Multidisciplinary
System Design Optimization

Lecture - 01
S. Zahir Multidisciplinary System Design Optimization MS FALL 2017

Copyright @ 2017 by S.Zahir. Permission required for copying or display
Multidisciplinary
System Design Optimization
Dr. Engr. Salimuddin Zahir

PoP AEROSPACE ENGINEERING
Chief Manager NESCOM


On the authority of Omar bin Al-Khattab (RA), who said : I heard the
messenger of Allah Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam say :
Actions are but by intention and every man shall have but that which
he intended.
~ Related by Bukhari and Muslim
There is nothing in the Ahadith of the Rasulullah Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam

that is as comprehensive, rich, and more beneficial than this Hadith.
Imam Bukhari RA selected the first hadith, Innamal amalu binniyat of

Sahih Bukhari Shareef as an introduction to the whole collection. It
shows the sincerity of purpose of the author and also warns the reader
that good and noble deeds inculcated by the Hadith found therein will
only bear fruit if there is sincerity attached to their intentions and would
be worthless if the motive is not sincere

An Analogy
The roots of a tree are hidden beneath the soil. The presence of
roots give rise to the sprouting of branches, leaves and fruit. If the
roots are destroyed, the entire tree will decay and become
decomposed and will not flourish. Similarly, the roots of the tree
represent Ikhlaas Ikhlaas is the root of all our deeds and actions
(Amaal). One must conceal ones deeds (like the roots of a tree) to
develop Ikhlaas. When Allah Subhanahu Wa Taala loves a persons
action (done with Ikhlaas) then He will bring it to the attention of
people without the person striving for it through show (Riya). In
Deen we require this Ikhfaa (concealment) and must hide our deeds,
and not do things for show and ostentation. Do all your worship in
private and conceal it like one would conceal sins.

HONI SOIT QUI MAL Y PENSE


. So the motive of studying any
subject should be:
To maintain purity of motive while learning,

so there would be no impurity or loss
effect on the end-results

Who is your TVF ?
DR. ENGR. SALIMUDDIN ZAHIR
PhD Aerospace Engineering

School of Aeronautics,
Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian, China.
MS Aerospace Engineering
Department of Aerospace Engineering & Mechanics, University of
Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.
BE Mechanical Engineering
NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi, Pakistan.

Multidisciplinary
System Design
Optimization

Course Background
All the mathematical sciences are founded on
relations between physical laws and laws of
numbers, so that the aim of exact science is to
reduce the problems of nature to the determination
of quantities by operations with numbers.
James Clerk Maxwell, 1856

COURSE DESCRIPTION
LECTURE HOURS :
Theory app 30, Lab 6.
Form of grading: 2 x Assignments [20], 1 x PROJECT [40], 1x Mid Term [20] and 1x End Term [20]
COURSE OUTLINE
The following sequence is followed by introducing systems and models; a. Modelling with first order differential equations,
and methodology of mathematical modelling with description of model development objective, its background, approximation
and idealization, and also the concept of model validation. Optimization is introduced along with mathematical models for
MDO, some aerodynamic system applications from fluid dynamics and aero-structures would be worked out. For engineering
systems concepts of CBO would be discussed. For global optima, algorithms as GA, EA would be discussed. Requirements
of computational systems would also be introduced to familiarize students with the size and dimensions of the computational
problem s with an increase in number of variables. General methodologies and introduction of design tools would aid
students to get familiarity with system optimization requirements in a multidisciplinary design optimization context for an
aerospace system .
GRADING CRITERIA
60% assessment based on two assignments and single project presentation (in group)
conducted during lectures and, and 20% on mid-term and 20 % on a end-term conducted
of theory at the end of the lectures.

Course Contents
Concepts of model, model identification, mathematical modelling and
simulation functions, linear equations, nonlinear-differential
equations and integral equations as models, introduction to
mechanical systems and aerospace applications. Modelling of
fluids, Newtonian mechanics. Modelling with second order
differential equations with introduction to computational techniques,
like CFD, CSD. Methodology of grid types requirement for MDO.
Applications of MSDO, optimization and optimization methods,

numerical optimization and its methods.
Intro to GA, advantages and applications of GA. Discussion on

simulated annealing. Intro to Multi objective optimization, Pareto
front, hybrid optimization.
Design of experiments, sampling and uniform design, Monte-Carlo

sampling and reliability analysis.
Application of validation and verification procedures. Experimentation

and post-optimality analysis. Advance topics discussions as
machine learning.
Lectures, Labs, Quize & Exam
LECTURES
Lecture notes will be in pdf format
Soft copy would be available
Students can bring anything they are comfortable with for taking the class notes
LABS
Labs possibly be conducted in the course of lectures
Students can bring Laptops along with MATLAB installed
EXAMS
There will be Assignments and Quizzes during lectures with known weightage.
Absentees in Quizzes will be marked ZERO.
All students shall submit assignments as a hard copy
Mid Term and End Term Exams as per ISTs policy.

2 x Assignments [20] , 1 x PROJECT [40], 1 x Mid Term [20] and 1x End Term [20]
Projects
The Project has a maximum weightage of about 40 %
The projects are proposed to be done in a team of 2 to 3

students and be incorporated into the course with a final
presentation and a final report for grading.
2 to 3 students can do one project combined

(each student should present his/ her part of the project
in the final presentation)

Course Timeline
START TERM MID TERM END TERM

SEPT/ OCT 2017 NOVEMBER DECEMBER JAN 2018
14 21 28 / 5- 12- 19 - 26 2 - 9- 16 - 23- 30 7- 14 -21 -28 4- 11 18
PROJECT
ASSIGNMENT - 2 PRESENTATIONS
ASSIGNMENT -1
PROJECT START

Multidisciplinary
System Design
Optimization

Definitions

Role of MSDO in Engineering Systems
Goal: Create advanced and complex engineering systems that must
be competitive not only in terms of performance, but also in
terms of life-cycle value.
Need: A rigorous, quantitative multidisciplinary design methodology

that can work hand-in-hand with the intuitive non-quantitative
and creative side of the design process.

Course Objectives
Objective is to learn about the current state-of-the-art in
concurrent, multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) in
context with system design.
Enhance offerings in the area of simulation and optimization

of multidisciplinary systems during the conceive and design
phases
Develop and codify a normative (prescriptive) approach to

multidisciplinary modeling and quantitative assessment of new
or existing system/product designs

Fluid Flow

Highspeed Flows

Highspeed Flows

Fluid Flows

Typical trajectories of various spacecraft

Knowledge Status
The challenges in understanding the space flight related flows need to be
discussed and related issues are to be highlighted.
Understanding is required to determine the ability of our current analytical

methods, numerical methods, ground testing capabilities, and flight
testing approaches to predict and handle the challenges of hypersonic
flow. So the domains of aeropropulsion, aerostructure, aeroacoustics and
aerothermodynamics need careful analysis, as such shortcomings may
restrict our ability to design and analyze space vehicles, and prospects for
future development of capabilities need to be reviewed.
Especially in the domain of aerodynamics, considerable work still needs to

be done before our understanding of hypersonic flow will allow for the
accurate prediction of space vehicle flight characteristics throughout the
flight envelope from launch to atmospheric reentry.

Knowledge Status
To reduce the cost or to improve the reliability of space vehicles, programs must seek
to apply advancements in technology and/or in processes. Incremental changes can
produce evolutionary progress. Thus, technology relating to nonintrusive diagnostics
whose fundamental principles and method of application are well known can be
applied to slightly different applications to improve reliability and reduce recurring
costs. This is indicated by the upper right-hand quadrant of the Knowledge
Management Space.

Knowledge Management Space
Such evolutionary progress can be accomplished readily by the companies that design
and produce space systems. The upper left-hand quadrant addresses capabilities of which
we are aware but do not know how to design or to build a system that incorporates the
desired capabilities. Once technologies that represent a significant advance to a systems
capability have been identified, programmes of targeted research can be planned and
executed.
Targeted research programs address technologies of which we are aware, but which are
beyond the present state of the art.
Knowledge Management Space
The demise of the Space Shuttle Orbiter Columbia during its reentry from orbit on February 1,
2003 was a graphic reminder of how severe the aerothermodynamic environment is for a vehicle
that is traveling at hypersonic speeds and of how fragile the vehicles that fly through these
environments can be. Using the technologies of the 1970s, the Space Transportation System had
been designed to survive repeated flights through the atmosphere from the earth-to-orbit (ETO)
and return.
Early in the launch phase of flight STS-107, a piece (or pieces) of the foam protecting the external
tank (ET) broke loose and struck one of the reinforced-carbon-carbon (RCC) panels of the leading
edge of the left wing. The Orbiter continued on its launch trajectory, reaching orbit safely.
Neither the extent of the damage to the TPS nor the catastrophic consequences of that damage
were known as OV-102, the Columbia, orbited the Earth. Thus, those responsible for determining
the response of the vehicle to the severe aerothermodynamic environment had to deal with
unknown unknowns.
Introduction - Logic
Aristotle (384-322 BCE)
Greek philosopher, student of Plato
Logic and reasoning was the chief instrument of
scientific investigation; Posterior Analytics
To possess scientific knowledge, we need to know the
cause of which we observe
Through their senses humans encounter facts or data
Through inductive means, principles created which will
explain the data
Then, from the principles, work back down to the facts
Example: Demonstration of the fact (Demonstratio quia)
The planets do not twinkle
What does not twinkle is near the earth
Therefore the planets are near the earth
Knowledge of Aristotles work lost to Europe during Dark Ages. Preserved by

Mesopotamian (modern day Iraq) libraries.

Introduction Scientific Methods
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
Formulated the basic law of falling bodies, which he verified by
careful measurements.
He constructed a telescope with which he studied lunar
craters, and discovered four moons revolving around Jupiter.
Observation-based experimental methods: required
instruments & tools ; e.g., telescope, clocks.
Scientific Revolution took place in the sixteenth and
seventeenth centuries, its first victories involved the
overthrow of Aristotelian physics
Convicted of heresy by Catholic Church for belief that the Earth rotates round the sun. In
1992, 350 years after Galileo's death, Pope John Paul II admitted that errors had been made by
the theological advisors in the case of Galileo.

Introduction - Mathematics
Isaac Newton (1643 1727)

Laid the foundation (along with Leibniz)
for differential and integral calculus
It has been claimed that the Principia is
the greatest work in the history of the
physical sciences.
Book I: general dynamics from a
mathematical standpoint
Book II: treatise on fluid mechanics
Book III: devoted to astronomical and
physical problems. Newton addressed and
resolved a number of issues including the
motions of comets and the influence of
gravitation.
For the first time, he demonstrated that
the same laws of motion and gravitation
ruled everywhere under a single
mathematical law.

Introduction - Mathematics

Introduction Fluid Mechanics
Fluid Mechanics
Fluid Statics Fluid Dynamics
Laminar Turbulent
Newtonian Fluid Non-Newtonian Fluid
Ideal Fluids Viscous Fluids Rheology
Compressible Incompressible CFD Solutions for

Flow Flow specific Regimes

Introduction

Introduction Computations

Introduction Hierarchy Governing Equations

Introduction
From mid-1800s to 1960s, research in fluid mechanics
focused upon
Analytical methods
Exact solution to Navier-Stokes equations (~80 known for simple
problems, e.g., laminar pipe flow)
Approximate methods, e.g., Ideal flow, Boundary layer theory
Experimental methods
Scale models: wind tunnels, water tunnels, towing-tanks, flumes,...
Measurement techniques: pitot probes; hot-wire probes; anemometers;
laser-doppler velocimetry; particle-image velocimetry
Most man-made systems (e.g., airplane) engineered using build-and-test
iteration.
1950s present : rise of computational fluid dynamics (CFD)

Introduction
Mastodons of computing, 1945-1960

Early computer engineers thought that only a few dozen computers required
worldwide
Applications: cryptography (code breaking), fluid dynamics, artillery firing tables,
atomic weapons
ENIAC, or Electronic Numerical Integrator Analyzor and Computer, was developed
by the Ballistics Research Laboratory in Maryland and was built at the University of
Pennsylvania's Moore School of Electrical Engineering and completed in November
1945

Introduction High Performance Computing
Top 500 computers in the world compiled: www.top500.org
Computers located at major centres connected to researchers via
Internet

Introduction High Performance Computing

Introduction Flow Types
A fluid flow is said to be compressible when the
pressure variation in the flow field is large
enough to cause substantial changes in the
density of fluid.
dqi 1 ~
f i p,i qi , jj
dt
Viscous and Inviscid Flow

In a viscous flow the fluid friction has
significant effects on the solution where the
viscous forces are more significant than
inertial forces

( u) ( v) 0
x y

Introduction Flow Types
Steady and Unsteady Flow
Whether a problem is steady or unsteady depends on the frame of
reference
Laminar and Turbulent Flow
Newtonian Fluids and Non-Newtonian Fluids
In Newtonian Fluids such as water, ethanol, benzene and

air, the plot of shear stress versus shear rate at a given
temperature is a straight line

Fluid Flow - Basics
When the free stream Mach number is increased to higher supersonic speeds,
the oblique shock moves closer to the body surface. At the same time, the
pressure, temperature and density across the shock increase explosively. So,
the flow field between the shock and body becomes hot enough to ionize the
gas. These effects of thin shock layer, hot and chemically reacting gases and
many other complicated flow features are the characteristics of hypersonic
flow. In reality, these special characteristics associated with hypersonic flows
appear gradually as the free stream Mach numbers is increased beyond 5.
As a rule of thumb, the compressible flow regimes are classified as below;

Fluid Flow - Basics

Fluid Flow - Basics

Fluid Flow - Basics

Fluid Flow - Basics
Blunt-nosed body designs are used
for supersonic and hypersonic speeds
(e.g. Apollo capsules and space
shuttle) because they are less
susceptible to aerodynamic heating Bow Shock M>1
than sharp nosed bodies. Hyperbolic region
There is a strong, curved bow shock
wave, detached from the nose by the M<1
shock detachment distance .
M > 1 Blunt-nosed
Calculating this flow field was a major body
challenge during the 1950s and
1960s because of the difficulties Elliptic
involved in solving for a flow field region
that is elliptic in one region and
Sonic
hyperbolic in others.
Line
CFD solvers can routinely handle
such problems, provided that the
flow is calculated as being transient.

Fluid Flow - Basics
Thin shock layer: shock is
very close to the body.
The thin region between Bow Shock M>1
the shock and the body is Hyperbolic region
called the Shock Layer.
M<1
M > 1 Blunt-nosed
Entropy Layer: Shock body
curvature implies that Elliptic
shock strength is different region
Sonic
Line

Fluid Flow - Basics
Fluid flows can be classified in a variety of ways:

Internal vs. external.
Laminar vs. turbulent.
Compressible vs. incompressible.
Steady vs. unsteady.
Supersonic vs. transonic vs. subsonic.
Single-phase vs. multiphase, etc.
Flow interaction with vehicle (type) and region/
domain of interest (aerodynamics, aeroheating).

Hypersonic High speed / High altitudes

Highspeed Flow - Examples
F-104 Starfighter

Highspeed Flow - Shock

Flow Past a Circular Cylinder
Re = 10,000 and Mach approximately zero
Re = 110,000 and Mach = 0.45 Re = 1.35 M and Mach = 0.64

Multidisciplinary
System Design
Optimization

Objectives
(1) learn how MSDO can support the product development process of complex,
multidisciplinary engineered systems
(2) learn how to rationalize and quantify a system architecture or product design
problem by selecting appropriate objective functions, design variables, parameters
and constraints
(3) subdivide a complex system into smaller disciplinary models, manage their
interfaces and reintegrate them into an overall system model
(4) be able to use various optimization techniques such as sequential quadratic
programming, simulated annealing or genetic algorithms and select the ones most
suitable to the problem at hand
(5) perform a critical evaluation and interpretation of simulation and optimization
results, including sensitivity analysis and exploration of performance, cost and risk
tradeoffs
(6) be familiar with the basic concepts of multi-objective optimization, including the
conditions for optimality and the computation of the Pareto front
(7) understand the concept of design for value and be familiar with ways to
quantitatively assess the expected lifecycle cost of a new system or product
(8) to sharpen your presentation skills, acquire critical reasoning with respect to the
validity and fidelity of their MSDO models and experience the advantages and
challenges of teamwork

Objectives

Objectives

Objectives

Objectives

Objectives

Objectives

Objectives

Objectives

Objectives

System Design

Design Optimization

Design Optimization

Design Optimization

Design Process
Traditional design by making and breaking:

gradual improvement
Example: four bridges over the Taff at Pontypridd built by William Edwards. Condition: to
stand for 7 years. Cost: 500.
First bridge (1746): three or four spans, collapsed two years and two months later, one of
the piers was destroyed by a flood.
Second bridge (about 1750): change of design, a single span of 42 m. When almost
complete, the timber centering collapsed under the excessive weight of masonry.
Third bridge (1754): lighter arch completed in September, collapsed in November, the light
crown was forced upwards by heavy haunches.
Fourth bridge (1755), still stands. Modifications: heavier crown, haunches lightened by
large cylindrical openings.

Design Process
William Edwards fourth bridge in 1755

Design Process
William Edwards fourth bridge now

Design Process
Design optimization as systematic design improvement.
Design optimization is a rational finding of a design that is

the best of all possible designs for a chosen objective and
a given set of geometrical and behavioural constraints.
A minimalists (a realists?) view: design optimization is a

systematic way of improvement of designs.

Historical Background
Roman goddess
Opes: the word
optimus - the best -
was derived from her
name

Design Process
Formulation of a design improvement problem as a formal
mathematical optimization problem
A formal mathematical optimization problem: to find components of
the vector x of design variables:
F ( x ) min
g j ( x ) 0, j 1,..., M
Ai xi Bi , i 1,..., N
where F(x) is the objective function, gj(x) are the constraint functions, the
last set of inequality conditions defines the side constraints.

Design Process
Choice of design variables
Design variables are selected to uniquely identify a design. They have to be

mutually independent.
Typical examples:
Area of cross section of bars in a truss structure
Number of a specific steel section in a catalogue of UB sections
Coordinates of poles of B-splines defining the shape of an aerofoil
etc.

Design Process
Specific Features of Shape Optimization
CAD model generation is done once

Optimization process modifies this CAD model and returns a valid CAD
model that needs to be analysed
The CAD model allows for the use of automatic tools (mesh generator,
adaptive FE, etc)
Example. Linking a FE mesh directly to optimization can
violate the basic assumptions the model is based on:

Design Process
Discrete and continuous problems
Discrete problems: a design variable can only take specified positions

from a given set. Specific case: integer variables.
Example: a number of reinforcement bars.
Continuous variables can take any real value on a given range.

Example: coordinates of a nodal point.
Mixed discrete-continuous problems are the hardest to solve.

Design Process
Example of a discrete problem

Optimization of a steel structure where some of the members are
described by 10 design variables. Each design variable represents a
number of a UB section from a catalogue of 10 available sections.
One full structural analysis of each design takes 1 sec. on a computer.
Question: how much time would it take to check all the combinations
of cross-sections in order to guarantee the optimum solution?
Answer: 317 years

Design Process
Difficulty in solving a discrete problem

Design Process
Criteria of systems efficiency
Criteria of structural efficiency are

described by the objective function F(x).
Typical examples:
cost
weight
use of resources (fuel, etc.)
stress concentration
etc.

Design Process
Formulation of typical constraints on systems behaviour

Constraints can be imposed on:
equivalent stress
critical buckling load (local and global), can include
postbuckling characteristics
frequency of vibrations (can be several)
cost
etc.

Design Process
Constrained and unconstrained problems
Almost all realistic problems of design optimization are
constrained problems, i.e. there are some limitations on the
performance characteristics of an engineering system.
Still, it is important to learn how to solve efficiently an

unconstrained problem because some of the optimization
techniques treat a general constrained problem as an equivalent
sequence of simpler unconstrained problems.
Also, inverse problems can often be formulated as unconstrained

problems.

Design Process
Normalization of constraints
It is important to normalise the constraints and make
Them dimensionless.
Example 1: stress constraint equiv
j
.
( x ) allov.
can be transformed to equiv.
( x)
G j ( x) 1
j
allov.
Example 2: buckling constraint Fcr ( x ) Fact
can be transformed to Fact
G j ( x) 1
Fcr ( x )
Design Process
Geometrical interpretation of a constrained
maximization problem

Design Process
Geometrical interpretation of an optimization process

Design Process - Summary
Optimization is the act of obtaining the best result under given
circumstances.
Optimization can be defined as the process of finding the

conditions that give the maximum or minimum of a function.
The optimum seeking methods are also known as mathematical

programming techniques and are generally studied as a part of
operations research.
Operations research is a branch of mathematics concerned with

the application of scientific methods and techniques to decision
making problems and with establishing the best or optimal
solutions.
Operations research (in the UK) or operational research (OR) (in the
US) or yneylem aratrmas (in Turkish) is an interdisciplinary branch
of mathematics which uses methods like:
mathematical modeling
statistics
algorithms to arrive at optimal or good decisions in complex problems
which are concerned with optimizing the maxima (profit, faster assembly
line, greater crop yield, higher bandwidth, etc) or minima (cost loss,
lowering of risk, etc) of some objective function.
The eventual intention behind using operations research is to elicit a

best possible solution to a problem mathematically, which improves or
optimizes the performance of the system.

1. Introduction

Design Requirements
PERFORMANCE
OPT COST
SCHEDULE

Tasks Required
Detailed outline of all tasks required to develop and operate the system
Successively more levels of detail
Program (e.g., Constellation Program)
Project (Lunar Exploration)
Mission (Lunar Sortie Exploration)
System (Pressurized Rover)
Subsystem (Life Support System)
Assembly (CO2 Scrubber System)
Subassembly, Component, Part, Spacecraft Contract
Flight Systems Management
Flight Systems - Systems Engineering
Power Systems
Command and Data Handling Systems
Telecommunications Systems
Mechanical Systems
Thermal Systems
Propulsion Systems
Guidance, Navigation, and Control Systems
Spacecraft Flight Software
Testbeds
Spacecraft Assembly, Test, and Verification
System Design

Standard WBS
Testbeds
Assy, test &

verification

System Management
WP1
Mission Profile & TPS specs
WP2
SoA & Materials Trade-off
Use, Explotaition & Dissemination WP3 WP4
Financial Management
Ablative Protection Shield Structural Ceramic Core
WP8
WP9
WP5
Full TPS assembly
WP6
Modeling, Simulation and Design
WP7
Charac., Re-entry test & Validation
RTD
MANAGEMENT
OTHER

Design Considerations

Design Considerations

Introduction to System Engg.

System Definition

System Definition

System Definition

System Definition

System Definition

Objective
The objective of this course is to familiarize you with the

general concepts and basics of MSDO in conjunction with
system design & analysis.
Further it is motivated by the need to optimize a design

of a total system by showing how its various components
and subsystems design effects its functions and
performance.

Type of Space Systems

Type of Space Systems

System Design Phases

System Design Phases

Aerospace System Design
A spacecraft or spaceship is a craft or machine designed
for spaceflight.
Spacecraft are used for a variety of purposes, including
communications, earth observation, meteorology,
navigation, planetary exploration and transportation of
humans and cargo.
The design of spacecraft covers a broad area, including
the design of both robotic spacecraft (satellites and
planetary probes), and spacecraft for human spaceflight
(spaceships and space stations).
The design of spacecraft/ launch vehicles is to some
extent related to the design of rockets and missiles.

Design Phases
Conceptual Design Phase
Development of performance goals and
requirements
Establishment of Science Working Group
(science missions)
Trade studies of mission concepts
Feasibility and preliminary cost analyses
Request for Phase A proposals
Preliminary Analysis Phase
Proof of concept analyses
Mission operations concepts
Build vs. buy decisions
Payload definition
Selection of experimenters
Detailed trajectory analysis
Target program schedule
RFP for Phase B studies
Definition Phase
Define baseline technical solutions
Create requirements document
Significant reviews:
Systems Requirements Review
Systems Design Review
Non-Advocate Review
Request for Phase C/D proposals
Development Process
Development Phase
Detailed design process
Cutting metal
Test and analysis
Significant reviews:
Preliminary Design Review (PDR)
Critical Design Review (CDR)
Test Acceptance Review
Flight Readiness Review
Ends at launch of vehicle
Operations and End-of-Life

Launch
On-orbit Check-out
Mission Operations
Maintenance and Troubleshooting
Failure monitoring
End-of-life disposal
Spacecraft Design- Disciplines
Spacecraft design brings together aspects of various disciplines,
namely:
Aeronautics/ Astronautics - for mission design and derivation of

the design requirements,
Systems engineering for maintaining the design baseline and

derivation of subsystem requirements, some subsystems listed
below:
Communications engineering for the design of the Telemetry,

Tracking, and Command (TTC) subsystem, which uses technologies
and techniques of terrestrial radio and digital communications to
communicate with the ground, and perform Ranging.

Computer Engineering
for the design of the On-Board Data Handling (OBDH) subsystem, which includes on-board
computers and computer buses. This subsystem is mainly based on terrestrial technologies,
but unlike most of them, it must: cope with space environment, be highly autonomous and
provide higher fault- tolerance.
Software engineering
for the on-board software which runs all the on-board applications, as well as low-level
control software. This subsystem is very similar to terrestrial real-time and embedded
software designs.
Electrical engineering
for the design of the power subsystem, which generates, stores and distributes the electrical
power to all the on-board equipments,
Controls Engineering
for the design of the Attitude and Orbit Control (AOCS) subsystem, which points the
spacecraft correctly, and maintains or changes the orbit according to the mission profile;
Although the techniques in AOCS design are common with terrestrial methods, the hardware
used for actuation and sensing in space is usually very specific to spacecraft,

Aerodynamics
for mission launch/ flight/ landing design
Thermal engineering
for the design of the thermal control subsystem, which maintains environmental conditions
compatible with operations of the spacecraft equipments; This subsystem has very space-
specific technologies, since in space, radiation and conduction usually dominate as thermal
effects, by opposition with Earth where convection is typically the main one,
Propulsion engineering
for the design of the propulsion subsystem, which provides means of transporting the
spacecraft from one orbit to another. This is the only technology which is really specific to
spacecraft design. Popular culture has made a clich of spacecraft propulsion engineers, as
embodied by the term rocket science
Mechanical engineering
for the design of the spacecraft structures and mechanisms. These include beams, panels,
and deployable appendages or separation devices (to separate from the launch vehicle)

System Variables
To every system there corresponds three sets of variables:
Input variables originate outside the system and are not

affected by what happens in the system
Output variables are the internal variables that are used to

monitor or regulate the system. They result from the
interaction of the system with its environment and are
influenced by the input variables
u y
System

Static System
Block of mass m attached to ideal
spring of constant k. Block moves on a
frictionless horizontal surface
When the spring is neither stretched nor
compressed, block is at the
Equilibrium Position x = 0
Assume the force between the mass
& the spring obeys Hookes Law
Hookes Law: Fs = - kx
x is the displacement
Fs is the restoring force. Is always
directed toward the equilibrium
position
Therefore, it is always opposite the
displacement from equilibrium

Static System

Dynamic System
The mass exhibits the property that the bigger the mass the
greater the force required to give it a specific acceleration.
The relationship between the force F and acceleration a is
Newtons second law.
Energy is needed to stretch the spring, accelerate the mass and
move the piston in the dashpot. In the case of spring and mass we
can get the energy back.
Force Acceleration
Mass
dv d 2x
F ma m m
dt 2
dt
Dynamic System
Output, displacement
Mathematical model of a
Mass
machine mounted on the
ground
d 2x dx
m c kx F
2 dt
dt
A system is said to be dynamic if its
current output may depend on the
past history as well as the present
values of the input variables.
Ground
Input, force

System Modelling

System Modelling Process

V&V
A high level schematic of the V&V process is shown.
This graphical representation is a derivative of a
diagram developed by the Society for Computer
Simulation (SCS) in 1979 and is referred to as the
Sargent Circle.
This diagram provides a simplistic illustration of the
modeling and simulation activities (black solid lines)
and the assessment activities (red dashed lines)
involved in Model V&V.

Physical System M&S

Mathematical Modelling & Simulation

System Design & Integration

System Design Technologies

Text Material
1. Nocedal J. and Wright S.J., Numerical Optimization, Springer Series in Operations
Research, Springer, 636 pp, 1999.
2. Spall J.C., Introduction to Stochastic Search and Optimization, Estimation, Simulation
and Control, Wiley, 595 pp, 2003.
3. Chong E.K.P. and Zak S.H., An Introduction to Optimization, Second Edition, John Wiley
& Sons, New York, 476 pp, 2001.
4. Rao S.S., Engineering Optimization - Theory and Practice, John Wiley & Sons, New
York, 903 pp, 1996.
5. Gill P.E., Murray W. and Wright M.H., Practical Optimization, Elsevier, 401 pp., 2004.
6. Goldberg D.E., Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization and Machine Learning,
Addison Wesley, Reading, Mass., 1989.
7. S. Boyd and L. Vandenberghe, Convex Optimization, Cambridge University Press,
2004.(available at http://www.stanford.edu/~boyd/cvxbook/)
8. MATLAB
http://www.ece.ust.hk/~palomar/courses/ELEC692Q/lecture%2006%20-
%20cvx/matlab_crashcourse.pdf
http://www.ece.ust.hk/~palomar/courses/ELEC692Q/lecture%2006%20-
%20cvx/official_getting_started.pdf

Optimization literature
Journals:
1. Engineering Optimization
2. ASME Journal of Mechnical Design
3. AIAA Journal
4. ASCE Journal of Structural Engineering
5. Computers and Structures
6. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering
7. Structural Optimization
8. Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications
9. Computers and Operations Research
10. Operations Research and Management Science

Systems-References
NASA Systems Engineering Handbook - SP-6105 - June, 1995
[2.3 Mb, 164 pgs.]
NASA Systems Engineering Processes and Requirements - NPR 7123.1A

March 26, 2007 [3.6 Mb, 97 pgs.]
NASA Space Flight Program and Project Management Requirements - NPR

7120.5D - March 6, 2007 [2.7 Mb, 50 pgs.]

Summary
Recap of keywords
System, Design, Optimization
Reading assignment
Chapter-1 of REF Text available as pdf in notes provided


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Multidisciplinary

System Design Optimization

S. Zahir Multidisciplinary System Design Optimization MS FALL 2017

Dr. Engr. Salimuddin Zahir

S. Zahir Multidisciplinary System Design Optimization MS FALL 2017

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PhD Aerospace Engineering

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Application of validation and verification procedures. Experimentation

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2 to 3 students can do one project combined

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S. Zahir Multidisciplinary System Design Optimization MS FALL 2017

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S. Zahir Multidisciplinary System Design Optimization MS FALL 2017

Fluid Statics Fluid Dynamics

Newtonian Fluid Non-Newtonian Fluid

Ideal Fluids Viscous Fluids Rheology

Compressible Incompressible CFD Solutions for

S. Zahir Multidisciplinary System Design Optimization MS FALL 2017

S. Zahir Multidisciplinary System Design Optimization MS FALL 2017

S. Zahir Multidisciplinary System Design Optimization MS FALL 2017

S. Zahir Multidisciplinary System Design Optimization MS FALL 2017

S. Zahir Multidisciplinary System Design Optimization MS FALL 2017

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S. Zahir Multidisciplinary System Design Optimization MS FALL 2017

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