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Mud pump
Mud pit
Pore pressure
The pressure of the formation fluids.
Fracture pressure
The pressure to fracture the formation.
Design criteria
Pore Pressure < Mud Pressure < Fracture Pressure
Consequences of poor design:
Formation fluids flows into the borehole if mud pressure is less
than the pore pressure.
Lost circulation occurs if mud pressure exceeds the fracture
pressure.
Operating Margin of Mud Pressures
Pressure
Mud
pressure
Depth
Fracture
pressure
Pore
pressure
Basic Concepts
Hydrostatic pressure:
The pressure acting on the hole bottom due to mud weight.
For a given mud density rf, the pressure imposed by the mud
at a given true vertical depth (TVD) is:
97 PV 97 PV 2 8.2 D 2 .YPr
Vc
r .D
L PV .V
Pd (YP )
300.D 5D
97 PV 97 PV 2 6.2( Dh Dp ) 2 .YPr
Vc
r .(Dh Dp )
PV .V .L YP.L
Pd
60000 .( Dh Dp ) 2 200 .( Dh Dp )
156.8 rQ 2
PN =
( D 1 2 ) 2
pa
ECD r f
0.052 TVD
Factors affecting the ECD:
Mud density.
Annular pressure loss Pa.
TVD. The smaller the TVD, the higher the ECD.
Rate of penetration and cuttings size
Nozzle Velocity
Nozzle Velocity Vn: Pbit
Vn = Nozzle velocity (fps). VN 33.36
r
Pbit = Pressure Loss at Bit (psi).
r = Mud density (ppg).
0.32.Q
AT
VN
4 At
Nsize 32 .
3
Bit Hydraulics
r Q vn
Fim
1930
r = Fluid density (ppg).
Q = Flow rate (gpm).
Fim = Impact force (lbs)
Vn = Nozzle velocity (f/sec)
Hydraulic Horsepower
At bit: (P N )(Q)
HHP bit =
1714
(P T)(Q)
At pump: HHP pump =
1714
HHP = Hydraulic horse power.
PN = Nozzle pressure loss (psi).
PT = Total pressure loss (psi).
Q = Flow rate (gpm).
Bit hydraulic horsepower relates to the rate at which the fluid
performs work at the bit. (efficiency of cuttings removal from
beneath the bit).
As a rule of thumb the bit HHP should be 3.5 - 4 HHP per
square inch of hole cross section area being drilled.
Surge and Swab Pressures (I)
Surge pressure. Mud pressure increase when running
into the hole.
Swab pressure. Mud pressure decrease when tripping
out of hole.
Affecting parameters:
Viscosity
Tripping speed
Annular geometry
Mud density
Surge and Swab Pressures (II)
The effect is similar to that of a plunger:
A large proportion of kicks while tripping are due to
swabbing.
Excessive surges cause lost circulation, the resultant
loss of hydrostatic head could cause a kick.
The pressure changes caused by surges and swabs
may cause hole sloughing, solids bridges and solids fill
on bottom.
Swab pressures may result in mud contamination by
formation fluids entering the system.
Surge and swab pressures can be reduced by
reducing the pipe running / pulling speed and by
reducing the viscosity.
Effects of P & T on Mud Density
Compressed by pressure
Expanded by temperature
Overall density variation depending on the thermal gradient and
compositions of the fluid.
Water is less compressible than oil or synthetic fluids.
The effects of P & T are more pronounced for OBM than for WBM.
The variation in solids content of mud at a given weight has small
influence on the variation of mud density at depth.
Hole Cleaning Efficiency
vs
8160 rp r d p2
(N Re 01
.)
m
Maximum ROP
Tripping in/out
Weighting
agent sag Running casing
Optimum design
Modify parameters parameters