Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy. Vol 1, 2, 2010

Vol 1, №2, 2010
ISSN: 1920-2989
Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy
Publisher Lulu inc., 2010
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Art editor
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© RJGG, 2010
The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy: Vol 1, №2, 2010
ISSN: 1920-2989 http://ru.rjgg.org © All rights reserved RJGG
The origin of haplogroup I1-M253

Alexander Shtrunov
in Eastern Europe
Abstract
One of the actual issues of modern genetic genealogy is the origin of a haplogroup. It is not easy to connect da-
ta on genetics, archeology, linguistics, anthropology and other related sciences. In this paper the author tries to
find the root of haplogroup I1-M253 in Eastern Europe.
Haplogroup I1* together with it’s relative sub- «Spreading of «Nordic» haplogroup I1a in
clades I2a* and I2b* is the native European hap- Russian area is considered quite unexpected (Fig.
logroup because its frequencies outside Europe 1). The high values of I1a would be predicted
are extremely small. This spreading of carriers of close to Scandinavia in the northwest of Russian
this haplogroup gave basis to consider carriers of area. There, as well as at the western boundary
I1 as the descendants of Paleo-European popula- «Varangian» influence can be expected in the
tion. The area of haplogroup I1-M253 is concen- form of high frequencies of I1a. However, com-
trated mainly in the north of Europe, in the Scan- pact maximum of I1a (11-12%) is located in an
dinavian countries. There are also local of I1 in entirely different area at the north-east. This lo-
England (15,4%) [1], Sicily (up to 18,75%) [2] cal centre stands out against the background of
and in the centre of European Russia (up to 17%) low frequencies (less than 6%), which are typical
[3]. The presence of carriers of haplogroup I1- of the rest of the Russian area. The presence of
M253 at British Isles is associated with the ex- this center is based on data of three Russian
pansion of the Vikings and the Normans, which populations studied by extensive sampling. Of
was proved by historical and genealogical stu- course, in comparison with frequencies of I1a in
dies, though the ancient migrations are also Scandinavia (25-40%), this local maximum is
possible. In Sicily, haplogroup I1-M253 strongly minor. But its remoteness from the main zone of
correlates with Norman invasions from the terri- high frequencies of this haplogroup in Scandina-
tory of modern France (Normandy, I1 – 11,9%) via requires explanation. It is hard to explain this
and the foundation of the Kingdom of Sicily (Sici- local maximum by close relations between Scan-
lian Kingdom) in 1130. However, the presence of dinavia and regions of Transvolga and basin of
haplogroup I1-M253 with high frequencies in the Vychegda excluding other relative Russian re-
center of the European part of Russia brings up a gions. Apparently, history of population of haplo-
lot of questions. E.V. Balanovskaya and O.P. Ba- group I1a is more complicated than a simple ex-
lanovsky state the following about it in their book pansion from Scandinavia, and it may include an-
«The Russian gene pool of the Russian Plain» cient relations between the Finno-Ugric peoples
[4]: of Eastern Europe and the ancestors of German-
speaking Scandinavians».
____________________________________________________________
Received: May 11 2010; accepted: May 12 2010; published: May 16 2010

Correspondence: shtrunov@gmail.com
1
Fig. 1. Map of presence of haplogroup I1 (Balanovsky et al. 2008 [5]).
Krasnoborsk, Archangelsk region 12,1%

Vologda 11,6%
Unzha, Kostroma region 11,5%
Complete the data about the region in question from works of other researchers to compare the
spatial distribution of haplogroup I1:
Vologda Region 17,0% (Roewer et al. 2008 [3]*)

Archangelsk 14,2% (Mirabal et al. 2009 [6])
Ryazan Region 14,0% (Roewer et al. 2008)
Tatarstan 13,0% (Genofond.ru**)
Moksha people from Staro-Shayga district of Mordovia 12,0% (Rootsi et al. 2004 [7])
Penza region 12,0% (Roewer et al. 2008)
Kostroma 11,3% (Underhill et al. 2007 [1])
Tambov region 10,0% (Roewer et al. 2008)
Ivanovo region 10,0% (Roewer et al. 2008)
Data from additional sources confirm the exis- this local maximum can be seen clearly on the
tence of a local maximum of I1-M253 in the cen- map (Figure 2) developed by the author.
tral part of European Russia. The boundaries of
_____________________________________________________________
*Calculation of frequency of haplogroup I1 was carried out by predictor,

** data was taken from the atlas at Genofond.ru)
2
Fig. 1. Map of distribution of frequencies of haplogroup I1-M253.
Due to the fact that detailed studies (for) cla-

rifying the reason of such high local frequencies Ermanaric and his Goths probably could not
of haplogroup I1 on such a wide area still don`t have made a significant mark on the territory of
exist, let us try to fill up the gap by analyzing da- modern Russia - especially in this region, be-
ta from published papers, linking data of genet- cause the existence of such vast empire is quite
ics, archeology, linguistics, anthropology and doubtful (Fig. 3). Even if this Empire had existed,
other related sciences. its age wasn`t long because of the invasion of
Huns. Goths are associated with Chernyakhov
Since there is no reliable data about historical archaeological culture (III century AD), and
migrations from Scandinavia, which could have therefore we should look for descendants of
left such a significant mark on the territory of Goths among the mountain population of the
modern Russia, we will try to consider all availa- Crimean Tartars (Tata) and the Greeks of Azov
ble variants. region, comparing their haplotypes with the hap-
lotypes of population of northern Spain and Got-
Goths of Ermanaric. Ermanaric (died in 376) land.
was the king of the Goths from the Amali clan.
Gothic historian Jordanes wrote about Ermanaric Varangians. Varangian invasions (IX-XII cc.)
[8]: «Soon after Geberich, king of the Goths, had could also made their mark in the gene pool of
passed away from human deeds, Hermanaric, the Eastern Europe, though basic routs of Varangians
noblest of the Amali, succeeded to the throne. He had passed away from examined areas. The finds
subdued many warlike peoples of the north and related to the Scandinavians point rather at trade
made them obey his laws. Many ancient authors relations, than expansion. Therefore the Varan-
had justly compared him to Alexander the Great. gians had to be excluded from the list of possible
Among the tribes he conquered were the Gol- contenders who could have left a significant mark
thescytha, Thiudos, Inaunxis, Vasinabroncae, Me- in the gene pool of eastern Europe. Though it`s
rens, Mordens, Imniscaris, Rogas, Tadzans, quite possible that a part of the Normans could
Athaul, Navego, Bubegenae and Coldae». (Here have settled and assimilated with the local popu-
the researchers assume the prototype of enume- lation of this region [10].
ration from Russian Chronicles: Rus, Chud and all
languages: Ves, Merya, Mordvins (?)...)
3
Fig. 3. «Empire of Ermanaric» in IV century AD and the assumed itinerary of III-IV centuries AD (by BA Rybakov).
a – peoples mentioned in the list of Jordanes; b – the order of the peoples; c – the main areas of Cherniakhov culture in II-IV
centuries AD.; d – direction of sea expansions in III century AD; e – direction of Slavic colonization in III-IV centuries AD. [9].
Ancient migrations. Probably, we deal with Examples of substrate toponyms with end-
ancient migrations on the territory of Eastern Eu- ings:
rope, assumed by The Balanovskys. That seems
reasonable, given the exclusively European area – ga (Yuzga – branch of Moksha, Arga –
of haplogroup I-M170. branch of Alatyr, Vyazhga – branch of Moksha
and Volga)
If haplogroup I1-M253 is linked with the an-
cient population of Europe, it is quite possible – ta (Pushta – branch of Satis, etc.);
that they were the speakers of Paleo-European
language. – sha (Ksha – branch of Sura, Shoksha);
Researches of Serebrennikov BA [11] have – ma (Losma – branch of Moksha, Shalma –

showed that the ancient substrate toponyms of branch of Sivin);
unknown origin (i.e. non-Uralic and non-Indo-
European) are presented on the territory between – da (Amorda) [12].
Volga and Oka rivers. Also it is widely spread in
the Nizhny Novgorod area (no data), Chuvashia On the basis of Serebrennikova’s study Tre-
(7,5% I1), Kirov region (no data), Vologda region tyakov PN offered a hypothesis that this Paleo-
(17% I1), Archangelsk region (14,2%), in Karelia European language belonged to the creators of
(8,6% I1) and in the west of Smolensk region the Neolithic cultures of the comb ceramics (CCC)
(2% I1). [13].
4
CCC had originally occupied the territory of Craniological data suggest that the carriers of
the Volga-Oka-Klyazma rivers. In 3rd millennium CCC of Lyalovo type are very heterogeneous.
BC its carriers moved to the north and north- Lyalovo people was generated by alien Nordic
west, where they settled on the territory from the population of Sami subrace (Fig. 4, at right) and
Baltic sea to Vychegda and Pechora. the aboriginal Mesolithic population of Caucasoid
people of Volga-Oka post-Swiderian culture - as
the carriers of Upper Volga culture [14].
Fig. 4. Sculptural reconstruction of the skull of a man from Valadar* (the lower reaches of the Oka region) [15]
and the skull of a young man from the burial № 19 of the Sakhtysh II sepulcher (Ivanovo region) [16].
Culture of Upper Volga had spread in the cen- are concentrated in the eastern part of its area,
ter of the Russian Plain since the turn of the 6-5th the later – in the central and western areas that
millennium BC until the end of 5th millennium BC. is apparently due to the arrival of new alien
The earlier monuments of Upper Volga culture population.
Fig. 5. Area of Upper Volga, Volosovo and Fatyanovo cultures [17].

_____________________________________________________________
*This site refers to the culture more ancient than Upper Volga and Volosovo
archaeological cultures, but the sculptural reconstruction reflects more close-
ly the image of Caucasoid population of the Volga-Oka Mesolithic post-
Swiderian tradition
5
At present the hypothesis of origin of Volga- The same processes forced the migrations of
Oka culture and CCC from the Volga-Oka Meso- the neighboring population of carriers of Ahrens-
lithic post-Swiderian tradition is the most plausi- burgian tradition, probably allied to the people of
ble, since the transition from Mesolithic to Neo- Sviderian culture. This Paleolithic culture existed
lithic was smooth and Butovo culture prevailing in in 10-9th millennium BC in Denmark and Northern
the end of the Mesolithic in the Volga-Oka region Germany; the main occupation of this population
also succeeded to the Swiderski tradition [18]. was hunting for reindeer.
Swiderian culture is the archaeological culture In 10th millennium BC people of Ahrensbur-

of the final Paleolithic on the territory of Central gian culture began to move following two direc-
and Eastern Europe. Due to the changes of cli- tions of the retreating ice cover – to the north-
matic conditions in the 11-10th millennium BC west and north-east, passing along both sides of
people of Sviderian culture began to move from the Baltic glacial lake (Fig. 6).
the area of modern Poland, Belarus and Lithuania
to the east and reached the given region of Vol-
ga-Oka rivers in 8th millennium BC.
Fig. 6. Stages of the formation of Baltic Sea basin [19].

1. Baltic Ice Lake (about 16 thousand years BC).
2. Yoldia Sea (about 7,9 thousand years BC).
3. Ancylus Lake (about 6,8 thousand years BC).
4. Littorina Sea (about 5 thousand years BC).
Arensburgian people established a number of It is necessary to mantion that most high di-
so-called «culture of Maglemose» in 8-6th millen- versity of haplotypes of I1-M253 - a is fixed it in
nium BC. These are such cultures as Fosna- Denmark [1], which is the starting point of
Hensbacka in Sweden and Norway, Komsa in the people of Arensburgian culture.
far north of Scandinavia, including the Kola Pe-
ninsula, Askola and Suomusjärvi in Finland and If the assumption about the relationship be-
Karelia, Veretye in east the lakeside of Ladoga, tween carriers of Ahrensburgian and Swiderian
Kunda in the Neva region, Estonia, Latvia and cultures is correct, then we will observe similar
Maglemose in England, Northern Germany and anthropological, linguistic and genetic situation in
Denmark. Scandinavia.
6
Fig. 7. Mesolithic (8.-5. mil BC) roots of Early Iron Age substratum components. [18].
Legend: 1 – Maglemose-Ertebølle tradition (M – Maglemose incl. English Maglemose; F – Fosna; K – Komsa; A – Askola; S – Su-
omusjärvi); 2 – Świdry tradition (Ś – Świdry, Co – Baltic Typical Comb Pottery culture); 3 – area of formation of Pit-and-Comb
Pottery cultures of Central Russia.
Anthropological type of carriers of Ahrensbur- presents features of the ancient North-European

gian culture had a characteristic sharp dolicho- population and more recent features associated
cranic (Fig.8.) broad-faced Caucasoid type, which with penetration of the Mongoloid features to the
corresponds well to the post-Sviderian aboriginal north. The combination of the two components
type in the Volga-Oka region, who had a dis- led to the formation of anthropological features of
tinctly Caucasoid dolichocranic type with the nar- Sami people. Dentistry also notes the existence
row face. The same anthropological type partici- of ancient Northern and recent Mongoloid fea-
pated in formation of the Sami. Comparison of tures among Sami [20].
anthropological data shows that Sami type
Fig. 8. Examples of different skull types [21].

7
In the Sami language two components are al- Paleolithic population of Europe looks very con-
so made out. The first is Pre-Finnish substratum, vincing.
the second is the Old Finnish, which is close to
the Baltic-Finnic and Finno-Volgaic languages. Analysis of sources allows us to reconstruct
The legacy of the Pre-Finnish substratum can be the population history of haplogroup I1-M253 the
seen well in the lexicon, less in the morphology, following way:
phonetics and syntax. According to specialists, up
to one third of the Sami lexicon is of substratum It is not clear yet how and when carriers of
origin, and has no analogies in any of the existing haplogroup I appeared in Europe, this question is
languages of the world [20]. being dicussed at present. It is not also clear
when and where I1 separated from I. However,
Genetic evidence suggests that haplogroup I1, in the Paleolithic era carriers of haplogroup I1
with which we associate Paleo-European popula- settled in in the northern part of central Europe
tion of Northern Europe, has the following fre- of the territory of present Denmark, northern
quencies in the Sami gene pool: Sami – 28% [7], Germany and Poland. They created such cultures
the Sami from Sweden – 32% [22], Inari Sami– as Ahrensburgian and Swiderian (the author does
34% [23]*, Skolt Sami – 52% [23], Sami from not exclude the role of carriers of I2a in forming
Lujávri (Lovozero) – 17% [23]. of Swiderian culture); their main occupation was
hunting (predominantly for reindeer, elk (Fig. 9)
Based on the stated data the hypothesis and beaver) and gathering.
about the connection between haplogroup I1 and
Fig. 9. The elk. The skeleton of an elk aged 8700 years was found in a peat bog in 1922 near the town Taderup.
Elk was wounded, in the same bog harpoon was found [26].
_____________________________________________________________
*Haplogroup I1 is not typed in this paper, but the results of other studies [24]
and public DNA projects [25] allow us to declare it
8
In 11-10th millennium BC global climate militarily, because it was not familiar with metal-
changes took place, this led to the melting of the lurgy and productive farming [29].
ice cover in Scandinavia. Vegetation penetrated
to the territories cleared from the ice cover, with Mass migration of Slavic tribes (VII-VIII cen-
the main food of local population – reindeer – fol- turies AD) that have made significant changes to
lowing after it; that caused the migration of Pa- the gene pool of Eastern Europe should also be
leolithic hunters. The colonization of Scandinavia, mentioned. The Slavs were mainly the carriers of
Baltic and Central Eastern Europe was started. haplogroup R1a (more) and I2a.
In the Mesolithic haplogroup I1 faced the As a result of these processes carriers of Hap-
eastern newcomers, who related confidently with logroup I1 were partially displaced from their
haplogroup N1c. They had Uraloid appearance areals and assimilated by more developed new-
(with a Mongoloid and Caucasoid features). comers.
Spreading of Uralic languages in Eastern Europe
is connected with N1c. In the end I would like to highlight the basic
conclusions:
Relations between the newcomers and abori-
ginal population were generally peaceful; it is - Roots of haplogroup I1 evidently came from
evident from mixed graves and gradual appear- such Paleolithic cultures as Ahrensburgian and
ance of mixed anthropological types. Swiderian; its carriers represented were the part
of autochthonous population of Northern and
The next important step to the formation of Eastern Europe.
present situation was made by the carriers of
cord ceramics cultures, who had haplogroup R1a - The main activities of carriers of haplogroup
[27], and were related to the spreading of South- I1 were hunting and gathering.
ern European agricultural and pastoral tribes in
Central Europe. - Initial anthropological appearance of carriers
of haplogroup I1 was sharply dolichocranic,
In the 3rd millennium BC tribes of corded ce- broad-faced, tall Caucasoid type.
ramics from Central Europe entered the Baltic
region (Corded ware culture) and the upper and - Carriers of haplogroup I1 were speakers of
middle Volga areas (Fatyanovo-Balanovo cul- Paleo-European language, which didn’t belong to
tures, (Fig. 5)). Their anthropological type was the Uralic or Indo-European families. Its traces
sharply dolichocranic with moderately broad- were reveiled in the European toponimy and in
Caucasoid type [28]. the Sami language.
Most likely the tribes of corded ceramics were Compact local maximum of frequencies of I1
quite aggressive and forced out aboriginal popu- in the center of the Russian Plain is the conse-
lation (I1/N1c) to the remote areas and partially quence of ancient migrations of Paleolithic popu-
assimilated it. Aboriginal population could not lation of Europe, which led to the foundation of
compete with the newcomers economically and Upper Volga culture (the 6-5th millennium BC).
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11
Arabian clusters of haplogroup

A.A. Aliev,
E1b1b1c1 (M34) D.L. Tartakovsky
Abstract
Haplogroup E1b1b1c1* (M34) and its subclade E1b1b1c1a* (M84) were detected among the Arabs in the Ara-
bian Peninsula. A possible reason for migration of the founder of cluster E1b1b1c1a-E from the Levant to the Ara-
bian Peninsula could be the Crusades.
Theme talk The sample of cluster E1b1b1c1a*-E con-

sists of five 67-marker haplotypes. This clus-
The highest diversity of subclades of hap- ter’s TMRCA is 1090±510 years.
logroup E1b1b1c1 (M34) is observed in the
Levant and Anatolia, therefore its ancestral Despite the fact that, due to different size of
home is often placed in the Eastern Mediterra- samples, the ages of these clusters’ founders are
nean [1, 2, 3]. In addition, haplogroup different, it should examine the entire period
E1b1b1c1* (M34) and its subclade E1b1b1c1a* of their confidence intervals, which are inter-
(M84) were detected among the Arabs in the sected. It is possible that both clusters have ari-
Arabian Peninsula [4, 5], where they form spe- sen in about the same medieval era and are
cific clusters — E1b1b1c1-B [6] and E1b1b1c1a- linked to the migration of their founders from
E [7]. Knowing the age of the clusters and the Levant to the Arabian Peninsula according to
their area of distribution, we can find out the some important event. What could cause this mi-
history of clusters’ origin and resettlement of gration?
their carriers. In this paper we will try to find
out the history of E1b1b1c1 and E1b1b1c1a We think that a possible cause of the mediev-
subclades in the Arabian Peninsula on the ex- al migrations from the Levant could be the Cru-
ample of these clusters. sades — a series of Western invasions to oust
the Muslims from Palestine, which lasted almost
two hundred years (1096 - 1272 years).
Arabian clusters: when and why?
The first crusade ended with the capture of
To find out the origin of the clusters, let us Jerusalem and the massacre of Muslims [9].
define their ages with the probability of 95% ac-
cording to [8]. At the time of writing the paper Apparently, these invasions, and, as a re-
(July 2010) cluster E1b1b1c1-B has had only two sult of them, looting and killings, forced part
67-marker haplotypes (N=2). Obviously, due of the Muslims to seek refuge from persecu-
to such a small number of haplotypes, their tion of the Crusaders closer to Mecca. This, in
TMRCA (time to most recent ancestor) is “too our view, could cause to arise at least one cluster
young” and is 350±320 years, and gives us no of Arabia — E1b1b1c1a-E.
reason to draw any definite conclusion about the
history of its origin.
_____________________________________________________________
Received: July 16 2010; accepted: July 18 2010; published: July 19 2010

Correspondence: absheron@gmail.com
12
Conclusions E1b1b1c1a*-E is 1090±510 years ago. They pos-
sibly arose at one time.
1) Carriers of subclades E1b1b1c1* (M34)
and E1b1b1c1a (M84) identified in the Ara- 3) A possible reason for migration of the
bian Peninsula, where they form clusters founder of cluster E1b1b1c1a-E from the Le-
E1b1b1c1-B and E1b1b1c1a-E. vant to the Arabian Peninsula could be the Cru-
sades.
2) The TMRCA of cluster E1b1b1c1*-B is
50±320 years ago, the TMRCA of cluster
References
1. C. Cinnioğlu et al. (2003), «Excavating Y-chromosome hap- 4. Haplozone E3b, Arabian E-Y-DNA Project, Arab DNA
lotype strata in Anatolia». Hum Genet (2004) 114 : 127- Project.
148. DOI 10.1007/s00439-003-1031-4 5. Cadenas et al. (2007), «Y-chromosome diversity characte-
2. Mirvat El-Sibai, Daniel E. Platt, Marc Haber, Yali Xue, Sonia rizes the Gulf of Oman», European Journal of Human Ge-
C. Youhanna, R. Spencer Wells, Hassan Izaabel, May F. netics 16: 1–13, doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201934
Sanyoura, Haidar Harmanani, Maziar Ashrafian A. Bonab, 6. E1b1b1c1*-B cluster
Jaafar Behbehani, Fuad Hashwa, Chris Tyler-Smith, Pierre 7. E1b1b1c1a*-E cluster
A. Zalloua. Geographical Structure of the Y-chromosomal 8. Адамов Д. Расчет возраста общего предка по мужской
Genetic Landscape of the Levant: a coastal-inland con- линии для «чайников». The Russian Journal of Genetic
trast. Annals of human genetics, 2009. Genealogy (Русская версия), Том 2, №1, 2010 г.
3. A. A. Aliev, Bob Del Turco. Modern carriers of haplogroup 9. Раймунд Ажильский, История франков, которые взяли
E1b1b1c1 (M34) are the descendants of the ancient Le- Иерусалим (Raimundi de Aguiliers. Historia Francorum
vantines. Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy. Vol 1, qui ceperunt Iherusalem) в кн. «История крестовых по-
2010. ходов в документах и материалах», М., 1975 г.
13
Origin, Distribution
Hans De Beule
and Migrations of I2b*-Subclades
(18 september 2008 – http://sites.google.com/site/haplogroupil38/)
Abstract
Until now the resolution of most scientific articles was not detailed enough to say something about the small
haplogroup I2b*. The purpose of this paper is to describe the continental origin, distribution and migrations of the
I2b*-subclades. To calculate a minimum spanning network 101 European I2b* samples were used. Starting from
this network, clusters within the known I2b* subclades (I2b*-A, -B and –C) were determined by combining DYS448
and DYS19 values.
Origin of the samples, distribution and place of origin of the surname were taken into account to pinpoint the
Continental samples (together with the related British Isles samples) on the map of Europe. The Upper Rhine re-
gion clearly played a prominent role in the history of I2b*. This region has the highest frequency of I2b*s and the
greatest cluster-diversity.
Introduction
 is seen as one of the cultures that lead to
I2b* (old I1b2*; positive for SNP’s: S23, S30, the first Germanic culture: the Jastorf culture –
S32, S33; negative for M223) is an old and ro- 6th to 1st century BC.
bust clade that originated about 4500 years ago
in northern Europe. I2b* consists out of three Because of the known distribution of the re-
subclades –A, -B and –C. According to Ken lated M223 clade I2b1 ( I1b2a or I1c in the old
Nordtvedts’ (2008) modal values spreadsheet for naming conventions), it appears that the point of
haplogroup I; I2b*-A is characterized by DYS448 origin of I2b* should be looked for in the valleys
= 19, I2b*-B by DYS448 = 21 and I2b*-C by of the river Elbe.
DYS448 = 20.
I2b* can be linked to 3000 to 2700 years old

skeletons found in the Lichtenstein cave in the
German Harz mountains. Thirteen of the 19 male
skeletons found there, can be determined as be-
longing to haplogroup Ib2*. Culturally these
founds belong to the Unstrut-culture (between
the river Unstrut and the Southern Harz moun-
tains) which:
 is rooted in the Funnelbeaker Culture (also

called TRB or Trichterbecher) – 4000 BC to 2700
BC - characterized by gatherer-hunters becoming Figure 1: distribution of I1c (current I2b1)
farmers; as presented by Wiik (2008).
_____________________________________________________________ _________________________________
Received: July 28 2010; accepted: July 30 2010; published: August 5 2010 *Remark: In 2008 I-L38 (aka I2b2 in 2010) was known as I2b*.
Correspondence: hans.debeule@hotmail.com
14
Seen this information it is tempting to con- As an historical point of reference the values
clude that I2b* is linked to the Albe and to the for 3 Lichtenstein-individuals Y1, Y2 and Y3 were
TRB-culture. The results of this study however do added (although the DYS448 values for these
not match this theory. samples were predicted).
The STR-loci used were: DYS 19, 392, 389i,

Subjects 448, 389ii, 385a, 385b, 391, 439, 390. Loci with
identical values for all samples were not used.
In order to explain the distribution of I2b* in Appendix A refers to the used samples which
Europe 5 approaches were combined: STR-values are online available.
1. calculation of the minimum spanning net-

Number and origin of the 101 I2b* samples
work;
1 Belgium (BEL) 6 France (FRA)
2. clustering of the samples in subclades; 2 Netherlands (NET) 12 Scotland (SCO)
2 Switzerland (SWI) 13 Germany (GER)
3. studying of the historical origins of the 3 Denmark (DEN) 53 England (ENG)
samples within each cluster; 6 Ireland (IRE) 3 samples out of the
Lichtenstein cave (Y1,
4. studying of the distribution and first place Y2 and Y6)
of occurrence of the sample’s surnames;
From different samples with identical sur-
5. calculation of the MRCA between Conti- names only the sample with the most known
nental en British Isles-samples within each clus- markers was used. Non-European I2b* samples
ter. were not used because it proved too difficult to
pinpoint them to a European location of origin. As
an exception only a few non-European samples
Methods with a known European origin were included.
1. Calculation of the minimum spanning In the Fluxus software it is optional for the
network and clustering of the samples entered STR-values to choose between a stan-
dard weight (of 10) or a customized weight (with
According to Bandelt (1999) the multitude of a maximum weight of 100).
plausible phylogenies trees is best expressed by
a network which displays alternative potential For the STR-values, weights based on muta-
evolutionary paths. A minimum spanning tree for tion rates (Chandler 2006) were entered. For ex-
a set of sequence types connects all given types, ample: locus DYS19 has a mutation rate of
such that the total length (the sum of distances 0.00151 per generation -or- 1 mutation every
between linked sequence types) is minimal. The 662,25 generations; this means 1 mutation every
minimum spanning network serves as a good 16 556 years (662,25 x 25 years per generation).
point of departure to reconstruct the most likely Because of the mutation rate of 1/16k years, six-
tree by taking geographical information into ac- teen was entered as a weight.
count. The Median Joining Networks in this paper
are created by the Fluxus 4.5 Software.
2. Clustering of the samples in subclades
To create a minimum spanning network for
I2b*, 10 STR values for 98 samples were used, To determine to which I2b* subclade the
all selected out of the ysearch (2008) and SMGF samples of the network core belong, Jim Cullen’s
(2008) databases. All samples have the following Haplo-I-Subclade Predictor was used (see Figure
values: DYS454 = 12, DYS455 = 10 and DYS448 2). This predictor works on a weighted genetic
=19, 20 or 21. distance algorithm. In basic terms, the predictor
makes a large number of random sample obser-
15
vations of the entered haplotype and predicts, for Bowden (2006) describes that to maximize
each observation, which modal haplotype best the benefits of surname-based ascertainment,
describes the sample of markers. Each modal care needs to be taken in sampling. Common
haplotype is rated in percent by its ability to best surnames should be avoided where possible. The
describe the sample of markers during the trials. more frequent names are likely to have had mul-
The Haplo-I-Subclade Predictor is based on sub- tiple founders and may provide less reliable links
clade modal values and geographic distributions to a specific region.
from the research of Ken Nordtvedt.
For all Continental samples and all samples
mentioned in the MRCA paragraph below, the dis-
3. Studying the historical origins tribution of the surname was mapped (see Fig-
of the samples within each cluster ures 7 and 8) when:
In some cases the ysearch database links 1. the sample was not already linked to a
STR-values to a name, birth date, date of death, known location;
place of birth/death of the most distant known
paternal ancestor of the sample. Although not all 2. the name did not rank among the most
ysearch users choose to post this information on popular surnames. For example: the distribution
the website, it often contains valuable informa- of the surnames of the three Danish samples was
tion. This information should be seen as indica- not taken into account since they refer to the 3rd,
tive, since it is very difficult to check. In some 4th and 5th most popular Danish surnames);
cases, when the origin of the sample was not en-
tirely clear, the family was contacted and asked 3. the distribution map had a clear geo-
for additional information. graphic centre. In case there were two centres,
the location of first occurrence of the surname
was selected.
4. Studying the origin and first place
of occurrence of a sample’s surnames
5. Calculation of the MRCA between
Surname research sometimes gives a hint of Continental and British Isles-samples
the likely cultural background of a sample. In within each cluster
some cases the information is highly indicative, in
others most speculative. As an additional histori- To calculate the MRCA between Continental
cal source surname research is meaningful. For and British Isles haplotypes the maximum of
an overview of the origins of I2b* surnames see available STR-information was used. Mostly, 37
Appendix B. markers (the first 3 FTDNA panels) were used.
When this was not possible, 32 or 25 markers
As Bowden (2007) argues, the link between were used to calculate the MRCA.
surname and Y-chromosomal haplotype is imper-
fect, due to multiple founders for names and his- FTDNA’s population geneticists state that 25
torical non-paternities and adoptions. years best expresses a typical generation prior to
the Dark Ages (476-1000 AD) and 25 to 30 years
Nevertheless unrelated men sharing surnames per generation for the period thereafter. Since
are significantly more likely to share haplotypes this paper covers both timeframes MRCAs were
than are men carrying different names. This calculated for generations of 25 years as well as
demonstrates that surnames have been associ- for generations of 30 years.
ated with specific haplotypes for many genera-
tions and suggests that access to the Y- To calculate the genetic distance between 2
chromosomal diversity of past populations might haplotypes, each single point mutation was
be possible through the selection of modern counted as a mutational event.
samples based on surnames known to exist in a
particular region during the medieval period.
16
Example of a MRCA calculation with a genetic  ENG26 also represents ENG29;
distance of «10»:
 ENG31 also represents ENG36;
The average mutation rate of the 37 markers
of the first three FTDNA panels is 0.004952. This  ENG39 also represents ENG40, ENG42;
means the average mutation rate for the 37
markers is 1/202 per generation.  FRA6 also represents ENG4;
Taking into account 37 markers this means  SCO3 also represents SCO4;
one mutation every 5.5 generations (202/37).
Calculating with generations of 25 years this  SCO10 also represents ENG25;
means one mutation every 136 years. A genetic
distance of 10 equals 1360 years between two  Y1 also represents GER13;
haplotypes -or- 1360/2 = 680 years between
both involved haplotypes and their MRCA.
 Y6 also represents IRE4, IRE6, ENG38,
ENG43.
Results
The phylogenetic network displays the rela-
tionship between the inserted weighted STR-
Calculation of the minimum values and shows all possible evolutionary trees.
spanning network This means that the original Fluxus network dis-
played much more links between the nodes. To
Figure 2 shows the core of the minimal span- eliminate the unlikely links, thus to reconstruct
ning network with DYS448 subclades indicated. the most likely tree, all available information was
Figure 3 displays the entire network. As the col- used:
our codes in the networks show, the combination
of the values of DYS19 and DYS448 clusters the  comparison with networks with alternative
samples within a subclade. settings;
Nodes representing several samples:  close inspection of STR-values of the sam-

ples of the network’s core;
 BEL1 also represents NET2;
 genetic distance;
 DEN2 also represents DEN3, ENG7,
ENG44, ENG45, ENG46, ENG47, ENG48;  available geographic information;
 SCO5 also represents SCO6;  haplogroup prediction (Cullen, 2008).
 ENG14 also representing ENG41;
17
Hg I prediction:
ENG53
I2b*-C: 49%
I2b*-B: 39%
Hg I prediction:
ENG31
I2b*-A: 36%
I2b*-C: 23%
ENG36
I2b*-C: 49%
I2b*-B: 32%
Figure 2: I2b* subclades of the network core. Nodes represent haplotypes and are proportional to the number of sampled
individuals. The codename of the sample refers to the country of origin of the sample. The length of the links represents
the genetic distance. The colour of the nodes refers to specific DYS19 and DYS448 combinations.
Hg I prediction:
Y2
I2b*-C: 94%
I2b*-A: 3%
Figure 3: the most likely I2b* network displaying all 101 samples.
18
Clustering of the samples dicted DYS448 value) belongs to I2b*-C and 3%
to the undefined orange cluster.
The table and pie charts below summarize the
subclade frequencies for:
 all samples;
 the Continental samples;
 the British Isles samples.
I2b*-
I2b*-B ? I2b*-A
C
Sum
Cont. 1* 7 2 2 3 1 3 8 4 31
Isles 7 19 14 0 1 5 2 14 8 70
Total 8 26 16 2 4 6 5 22 12 101
* = predicted
Of the 101 samples (including the 3 Lichten-

stein samples) 47% belongs to I2b*-B, 39% to
I2b*-A, 8% to I2b*-C and 6% to the undefined Figure 5: Continental I2b* frequencies per subclade.
orange cluster (with DYS19=16 and
DYS448=20). Due to the overrepresentation of Of the 70 British Isles samples 49% belongs
British Isles samples the overall pie chart is to I2b*-B, 34% to I2b*-A, 10% to I2b*-C and
probably not representative. 7% to the undefined orange cluster.
8%
12%
25%
22%
5%
6% 16%
4% 2%
Figure 4: I2b* frequencies per subclade.

Figure 6: British Isles I2b* frequencies per subclade.
Looking at the 31 Continental samples, 45%

belongs to I2b*-B, 49% to I2b*-A and only 3%
(in casu the Lichtenstein sample with the pre-
19
Studying the historic origin  the Irish surname distribution was based
of the samples within each cluster on the Primary Valuation property survey of
1848-1864 (per household);
For details or an overview of the known geo-
graphic origin of the samples, please refer to ap-  the French surname distribution was
pendix A. All small circles, displayed on Figure 7 based on the census of 1891-1915;
below, refer to samples with a documented geo-
graphic place of origin.  the Dutch surname distribution was based
on the phonebook-entries of 1993;
Studying the origin and first place  the Belgian surname distribution was
of occurrence of the sample’s surnames based on the census of 1998;
Concerning the surname distribution several  the German surname distribution was
(free and online available) sources have been based on phonebook-entries of 2002.
used:
In all cases the known information of the
 the English surname distribution was samples, the surname distribution and the loca-
based on the England and Wales census records tion of first occurrence of the surname was used
of 1891; as a check before pinpointing a location with a
small triangle on the map below.
 the Scottish surname distribution was
based on the 1891 Scotland census records; The little square refers to one case where the
surname itself refers to a Dutch locality.
Figure 7: the distribution of Continental and related British Isles I2b* samples. Circles represent known geographic origins
of the samples, triangles represent the areas with the highest frequency of a sample’s surname, a square represents
the origin of a locational surname.
20
Calculation of the MRCA interpreted with caution. One should keep in
between Continental en British Isles mind that the MCRA age estimate does not reflect
samples within each cluster an actual crossing of the Channel. We can as-
sume that the crossing of the Channel took not
To learn more about the historic relation of place before the MRCA date. This date limits the
the Continental and British Isles samples, the historic scenarios.
MRCAs were calculated between Continental
samples and the samples linked to it, whenever: For example: the MRCA of a German and Eng-
lish sample could have lived between 1145 and
 the Continental sample has at least three 1289 AD, while the forefathers of the English
direct links to other samples; sample crossed the channel as French Huguenots
in the 16th century. In this case we know only
 the related samples belong to the same that the Channel was not crossed before 1145-
DYS448-DYS19 cluster as the Continental sam- 1289 AD.
ple.
Figure 8 displays the geographic relationship
The Lichtenstein samples were not taken into between Continental and British Isles samples
account. that are linked in the I2b*-network
(see Figure 3).
The age estimates of common ancestry of
Continental and British Isles samples should be
The MRCA The MRCA
calculated with calculated with
Continental Sample Related with … generations generations
of 30 years lived of 25 years lived
around … around …
DEN2 Tryk ENG49 Hutchinson 578 BC 147 BC
SCO5 Cruikshank 362 BC 33 AD
SCO6 Harris 362 AD 33 AD
(adopted)
NET2 Lems (BEL1 De ENG12 Wootan 316 BC 71 AD
Beule) IRE1 Finley 150 BC 209 AD
ENG22 Brooks 182 AD 486 AD
GER10 Zimmer ENG10 Mortimer 348 AD 625 AD
ENG5 Cockrell 779 AD 983 AD
GER2 Seiler (Say- 942 AD 1120 AD
lor)
GER4 Wehr FRA1 Brion 205 AD 506 AD
SCO12 Garscadden 679 AD 901 AD
IRE2 Holland 499 AD 751 AD
ENG1 Boucher 779 AD 983 AD
FRA6 Le Roi 861 AD 1052 AD
ENG13 Bassett 861 AD 1052 AD
GER13 Underwood ENG2 Chapman 715 AD 930 AD
ENG43 Holmes 930 AD 1110 AD
ENG34 Clark 930 AD 1110 AD
IRE4 Brabazon 1145 AD 1289 AD
IRE6 Bellew 1145 AD 1289 AD
ENG38 Sawyer 1361 AD 1469 AD
21
Figure 8: relations between the Continental and British Isles I2b* samples (cfr. the MCRA table above).
Discussion Migration scenario per cluster
Analysing the I2b*-network supports the clus- I2b*-A

tering of I2b* in 3 major subgroups (I2b*-A, -B
and –C) by using DYS448. It also shows that Most continental I2b*-A’s are found in the
DYS19 (=DYS394) can be used to identify haplo- Upper Rhine region (for a definition or map of the
type-clusters within these subclades. Upper Rhine, please refer to
http://en.wikipedia.org). The Upper Rhine is the
Analysis of the network shows that the com- location with the highest number of continental
binations of DYS19 and DYS448 are not at ran- samples and the greatest Ib2*-diversity. This
dom. These clusters seem to refer to distinct mi- seems to be the historic starting point of several
gration waves. I2b*-A subclades.
In fact the DYS19, DYS448 combination might The Upper Rhine region corresponds to the
reveal how the I2b* tree evolved. Looking at the territories of the Germanic Istvaeones as men-
network route (see Figure 3) between the green tioned by Tacitus (55-118AD).
(I2b*-A) and the white (I2b*-B) clusters, DYS19,
DYS448 evolves from 15,19 to 16,19 to 16,20 to Green cluster hypothesis (DYS19=15,
16,21 and finally to 17,21. To determine which DYS448=19)
direction of this network route is upstream and
which downstream further research is necessary This I2b*-C subcluster seems to have mi-
to determine the age of I2b*-A, -B and –C. grated to the Low Countries at an early point in
time. The MRCA calculations suggests that they
crossed the Channel before the 4th – 5th century.
The structure of the network (see the connection
22
of BEL1, NET1, NET2 and GER7 which is con- I2b*-C
nected to an Irish sample with the surname «Hol-
land») and the MRCA calculations supports an The samples of the blue I2b*-C cluster
Upper Rhine to Low Countries to British Isles mi- (DYS19=15, DYS448=20) have no direct links to
gration. the continental samples; although the predicted
haplogroup of Lichtenstein sampleY2 points in the
Orange cluster hypothesis direction of this haplogroup.
(DYS19=16, DYS448=20)
Probably this cluster was a Germanic group
The DYS448 and DYS19 values of the orange that left for the British Isles at a very early stage.
cluster seems to reflect an intermediary step be- The limited amount of DYS19=15, DYS448=20)
tween I2b*-B and I2b*-C. The only direct conti- samples are located in North-England, Ireland
nental link is sample GER9 which comes from the and Scotland.
Upper Rhine region.
Oppenheimer’s (2006) genetic analysis shows
Yellow cluster hypothesis that there were major Scandinavian incursions
(DYS19=16, DYS448=19) into northern and eastern Britain during the Neo-
lithic period and before the Romans.
The Upper Rhine sample GER4 of the yellow
cluster seems to be the absolute centre of
I2b*-A. MRCA calculations suggest that from this General conclusion
point a migration wave to the British Isles started
around the 11th century. The samples and sur- On the European continent, the frequency of
names involved seem to point to a strong relation I2b* as well as the diversity of DYS448 and
with the Norman invasion. DYS19 combinations is highest in the Upper
Rhine region.
I2b*-B
The concentration of the continental I2b*’s in
The I2b*-B cluster has several centres: the Upper Rhine region, along the Rhine, needs
further examination.
 The white cluster (DYS17=15,
DYS448=21) starts in Denmark and links the Is this the location of origin of I2b* (or some
continent (Denmark) to Yorkshire. The MRCA cal- of its subclades) or did I2b* (or some of its sub-
culation indicates a migration in between the 3th clades) migrate to this location? If the former is
of 4th century). This might correspond with a mi- true it might help to explain why the distribution
gration of Anglii or Cimbrii. of I2b* is mysteriously low in North Europe.
 The red cluster (DYS19=16, DYS448=21) In both cases the question is which people
seems to connect North Germany to Yorkshire and cultures were involved? Is there a relation to
and Ireland. Looking at the MRCA between the the LBK-finds (Linear Pottery Culture) in the Up-
continental sample GER13 and the connected per Rhine region? Or do we need to look for
British Isles samples it looks as if the migration Celtic or Germanic migrations?
took place during/after the battle of Hastings
(1066 AD). In order to solve this gigantic puzzle it would
be very revealing to look for other
 Another red cluster centre seems to be (sub)haplogroups that correlate with the I2b*-
connected to the main I2b* centre in the Upper subclades and compare their distributions.
Rhine region. Here too, the connected British
Isles-samples suggest a connection to the Nor-
man-invasion of the Isles.
23
Webreferences
1. Free network software: French surnames: http://www.geopatronyme.com

http://www.fluxus-engineering.com Belgian surnames:
2. Haplogroup I subclade modals: http://www.familienaam.be/
http://knordtvedt.home.bresnan.net/FounderHaps.xls Dutch surnames:
3. Haplogroup I predictor: http://www.familienaam.nl/
http://members.bex.net/jtcullen515/haplotest.htm 6. Explanation of surnames:
4. STR databases: German surnames: http://www.duden.de/duden-
http://www.smgf.org suche/werke/famnamen/
http://www.ysearch.org/ French surnames:
5. Surname distribution maps: http://www.jeantosti.com/noms/t1.htm
English and Scottish surnames: English and Scottishsurnames:
http://www.ancestry.co.uk/facts http://www.ancestry.co.uk/facts and
Irish surnames: http://irishtimes.com/ancestor/surname http://www.houseofnames.com/
German surnames:
http://christoph.stoepel.net/geogen/v3/Default.aspx
References
1. Bandelt Hans-Jürgen, Forster Peter, Röhl Arne.(1999) Me- 4. Chandler John F. (2006) Estimating Per-Locus Mutation
dian-Joining Networks for Inferring Intraspecific Phylog- Rates. Journal of Genetic Genealogy, 2:27-33.
enies. Molecular Biology & Evolution, 16(1): 37-48. 5. Schilz Felix (2006) Molekulargenetische Verwandtschafts-
2. Bowden Georgina R., Balaresque Patricia, King Turi E., analysen am prähistorischen Skelettkollektiv der Lich-
Hansen Ziff, Lee Andrew C., Pergl-Wilson Giles, Hurley tensteinhöhle. Dissertation, Göttingen.
Emma, Roberts Stephen J., Waite Patrick, Jesch Judith, 6. Tacitus. Germania. Ambo-Klassiek, 1992, pp. 175-205.
Jones Abigail L., Thomas Mark G., Harding Stephen E., 7. Oppenheimer Stephen (2006) Myths of British Ances-
Jobling Mark A. (2008) Excavating Past Population Struc- try.Prospect Magazine. Issue 127, October 2006.
tures by Surname-Based Sampling: The Genetic Legacy 8. Weale Michael E., Weiss Deborah A., Jager Rolf F., Brad-
of the Vikings in Northwest England. Molecular Biology man Neil, Thomas Mark G. (2002).
and Evoution. 25(2):301–309. 9. Y Chromosome Evidence for Anglo-Saxon Mass Migration.
3. Capelli Cristian, Redhead,Nicola, Abernethy Julia K., Gra- Molecular Biology and. Evoution. 19(7):1008–1021.
trix Fiona, Wilson James F., Moen Torolf, Hervig 10. Wiik Kalevi. 2008. Where did European Men Come From?
Tor,Richards Martin, Stumpf Michael P.H., Underhill Peter Journal of Genetic Genealogy, 4:35-85.
A., Bradshaw Paul, Shaha Alom, Thomas Mark G., Brad-
man Neal, Goldstein David B. (2003) A Y Chromosome
Census of the British Isles. Current Biology, Vol. 13, 979–
984, May 27.
24
Appendix A: Samples
Network User FRA5 SMGF Tavernier

Surname Origin sample
ID ID
Y1, Y2, Y6 Lichtenstein 750 BC, Osterode FRA6 50508 Le Roi
cave am Harz, Germany
GER1 P88QG Strohmeier 1649-1729 Bogen, SCO1 3G37R Findley °1795 Scotland
Bavaria, Germany
GER2 U9HMG Saylor Jacob Seiler, 1715- SCO2 CC6CC Hutchison
1793
GER3 4BRM9 Ochs °1625 SCO3 6D9UQ McKinney
Poppenhausen
Germany SCO4 PJ7UT MacLeay
GER4 RQS47 Wehr °1720 Heidelberg,
Pfalz, Germany SCO5 F5M64 Harris-adopted
GER 5 66196 Krassin 1791 - 1798
Kolmar, Posen, SCO6 UN3VU Cruikshank
Poland
GER6 SMGF Tietjen SCO7 FFKC9 Adam
GER7 6WNX5 Steinmetz °1756 Germany SCO8 NAJ27 Parks
GER8 VUERB Hartung 1620-1700 SCO9 X5F8D McClellan

Geisleden, Germany
GER9 9TD9J Marschall °1755 Ommeray, SCO10 2AADH McKinzey
Lorraine, Germany
SCO11 BTE2U Levack
GER10 BBB59 Zimmer °1866 Darmstadt,
Germany SCO12 SMGF Garscadden
GER11 8VWK5 Creswick Schmidt 1820-
1868, Upper IRE1 JYWUE Finley °980 Ireland
Rhine,Lorraine,
Germany IRE2 AWMBB Holland °1780 Ireland
GER12 X22KV Greene °1790 Germany
IRE3 K3V8G Menary °1841 N-Ireland
GER13 X8EDM Underwood 1832-1865 Berlin
IRE4 BPKEY Brabazon 1692-1772, Ballin-
DEN1 SMGF Hansen °1742 Denmark voher, French
Park,IRE
DEN2 TWRDQ Tryk IRE5 F9J8G Walden 1841, N-Ireland
IRE6 GHSTC Bellew 1710-1776 Mount-
DEN3 N9812 Peder Andersen 1742, Hojrup,
bellew Co Galway,
Tonder
Ireland
BEL1 N14392 De Beule °1560, Zele, ENG1 BAYSF Boucher
Belgium
NET1 SMGF Van Hoesen ENG2 GY8X3 Chapman
NET2 SMGF Lems 1504 Rotterdam, ENG3 9GDC6 Doane

Netherlands
FRA1 8GD73 Brion Kirrberg, Elzas, ENG4 BQ4UU Lay
France
FRA2 JHH9G Rogers Tancred de ENG5 BKVDK Cockrell °1807 England
Hauteville 975-
1078, France ENG6 8PF4W Phillips
FRA3 58EBF Guittard
ENG7 5DZHE Berry
25
ENG8 HDNJD Terry ENG32 GFEDE Moses
ENG9 8GEWA Daniel °1765 England ENG33 6JQN9 Todd 1620 England
ENG10 2YGGC Mortimer °1635 -1704 Wilt- ENG34 6CXZ5 Clark

ex56 shire England
ENG35 SZ9FV Foster 1595 England
ENG11 VBT8X Morrel
ENG36 9U6JZ Furbey °1840-1892 Whit-
ENG12 7CBQN Wootan °1620 England nash, Warwickshire,
England
ENG13 NAZCH Bassett °1830, Llanelli, ENG37 UGUGG Greenwood
Wales, England
ENG14 NYYDS Pittman ENG38 4ZSBU Sawyer 1623-1702 Bed-
fordshire, England
ENG15 R3EY7 Chewning Chowning, 1620- ENG39 584DC Speak °1698 England
1660 Wotham,
Kent, England ENG40 JCE48 Speake
ENG16 WXSVN Butler 1819-1905, Co-
lerne, Wiltshire, ENG41 RAYMJ Rawls °1745 England
England
ENG17 J7JWB Scharschmidt ENG42 RPGYZ Payne
ENG18 BKAY5 Mills ENG43 XMAJP Holmes Holme, 1632-1703

England
ENG19 P2894 Weakley 1695-1743, Mar- ENG44 WQUH5 Stanley
tock, England
ENG20 SMGF Ellis ENG45 DZ53W Brinley
ENG21 FG6NF Rust ENG46 SMGF Worthington
ENG22 B7J2M Brooks °1690, Lancaster- ENG47 SMGF Bennett

shire, England
ENG23 DXF2E Cullen 1579, Upton by ENG48 VNQYP Weston
Southwell, Notting-
hamshire, England ENG49 E77WQ Hutchinson 1779-1838 Aldby,
ENG24 SMGF Milner England
ENG50 QP5ZD Dodd
ENG25 VX6H2 Oldfield Hall, 1813-186
Hanley castle, Wor- ENG51 GFCJX Flory
cestershire, England
ENG26 A996E Weathers °1696 England ENG52 Z9X3R Gilmore
ENG27 F6NNW Miller ENG53 PEU8S Riviere The name Fox was
changed to Riviere
ENG28 QHMNK Evans 1854-1920 Ha- in 1895.
worth, Yorkshire, SWI1 MN9NA Lehman °1702 –1778,
England Schauffausen
ENG29 WFS7K Withers °1695 England ,Switserland
ENG30 ZVCW3 Campbell SWI2 7F3ME Flora Fleury, 1682-1741

Switzerland
ENG31 EEVS5 Hamblin °1588 England
26
Appendix B: About the Network’s Surnames
GER1: Strohmeier: This sample comes from DEN1: Hansen: Danish patronym: son of
Bogen, Bavaria, Germany. Hans.
GER2: the name Saylor is a variant of Seiler. DEN2: Tryk: Danish surname traceable until
1742 in Tønder nearby Branderup.
GER3: Ochs: Low-German surname, meaning
ox. Low German was spoken in Westphalia. The BEL1: De Beule: this sample is traceable until
Ochs sample is traceable to 1625 in Poppen- 1560 near Dendermonde, Flanders, Belgium.
hausen, Germany. The surname itself was first
found in the Rhineland (Westphalia). NET1: Van Hoesen: this surname refers to the
Dutch locality Huizen in North-Holland. First
GER4: Wehr: this surname refers to the local- found in Haarlem in 1388 (Baertout van Huesen).
ity Wehr in Reinland-Pfalz, Germany. The sample
is traceable up to 1720 in Heidelberg, Pfalz. To- NET2: Lems: this family has a traceable fam-
day most German Wehr’s are found in the ily tree up to 1504, in the neighbourhood of Rot-
landkreis Eichsfeld. terdam at the mouth of the Rhine. Most Lems to-
day live in south-west Netherlands, along the
GER5: Krassin: his sample is traceable until North sea coast.
1791 in Kolmar, Posen, Poland (ancient Prusia).
FRA1: Brion: this sample is traceable up to
GER6: Tietjen: today most Tietjens live in Kirrberg, Upper Rhine, France. The name is
North Germany in the Landkreis Osterholz. common in entire France.
GER7: Steinmetz: this German sample is FRA2: the Rogers sample is traceable in direct
traceable until 1756. This occupational name has paternal line to Tancred de Hauteville (975-1058)
its highest concentration in the landkreis Trier – in France. This Norman was a minor noble in
Saarburg. Normandy.
GER8: Hartung: this sample is traceable until FRA3 Guittard: common in Puy-de-Dôme and
1620-1700 in Geisleden, Germany. in the region Tarn, surname of Germanic origin,
Widhard (wid = wood + hard = hard).
GER9: Marschall this sample is traceable until
1755 in Ommeray, Lorraine (département FRA4: Long: frenck for tall. In France this
Moselle), France. surname is common in the southeast. This name
is also widespread in Great-Britain.
GER10: Zimmer; this sample is traceable until
1866 in Darmstadt, Germany. The highest con- FRA5: Tavernier: French occupational name
centrations of German families with the surname common in Picardie and Nord-Pas-de-Calais.
Zimmer is found in the German landkreis Saar-
louis. FRA6: Le Roi: French for the king. This sur-
name is common in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais and
GER11: Creswick: the Schmidt sample is in Picardie. The related surname Le Roy is com-
trackable til 1820-1868 in Upper Rhine/Lorraine mon in Bretagne and in Normandy.
Germany.
SCO1: Findley: from the Scottish name
GER12: Greene Fionnlagh / Fionnlaoich, meaning «fair hero» -
from the Gaelic elements «fionn» meaning white
GER13: Underwood; the sample is traceable or fair and «laoch» meaning warrior or hero. First
til 1832 in Berlin; the surname is traceable until found in Banfshire in the northeasterly Grampian
1791 in Kolmar, Posen, Poland (old Prusia). region of Scotland, where they were descended
27
from the chiefs of the Clan Farquharson, one of IRE1: Finley Scottish: from the Gaelic per-
the great clans, known as the clan Chattan. sonal name Fionnlagh (Old Irish Findlaech), com-
posed of the elements fionn ‘white’, ‘fair’ + laoch
SCO2: Hutchison First found in Northumber- ‘warrior’, ‘hero’, which seems to have been rein-
land were they were seated from very early forced by an Old Norse personal name composed
times, some say well before the Norman con- of the elements finn ‘Finn’ + leikr ‘fight’, ‘battle’,
quest (1066). ‘hero’.
SCO3: MacKinney: Irish names, first found in This sample recently comes from Dublin, Ire-
the Irish county Monaghan, where they were they land, but much much earlier from Balchristie,
were known as the lords of Truagh. Fife, Scotland, and before that the west coast of
Scotland, and before that the east cost of Ire-
SCO4: Mac Leay: Gaelic name (Origin Gaelic) land... and before that... we get deep into the
The son of Clay. myths of Macbeth's father's lineage
SCO5: Cruikshank Scottish surname. First son - Macbeth Fionnladh b.c. 1005 Atholl,
found in Kincardineshire where they held a family Perthshire, Scotland;
seat from very ancient times.
son - MacBeatha McFinlay b. 1045 Cromarty,
SCO6: Harris (adopted) Ross and Cromarty, Scotland; d. 1093 Cromarty,
Ross and Cromarty, Scotland; md. 1079 Bethoca
SCO7: Adam: The surname Adam is of great McBrad daughter of Andrew McBrad;
antiquity in Scotland. Duncan Adam, son of Alex-
ander Adam, lived in the reign of King Robert son - Ruari (Rory) McFinlay b. 1080 Cromarty,
Bruce (1274-1329), and had four sons, from Ross Cromarty, Scotland;
whom all the Adams, Adamsons, and Adies in
Scotland are descended. son - Fergus McFinlay b. 1145 Aberdeenshire,
Scotland;
SCO8: Parks: English and Scottish: from Mid-
dle English, Old French parc a metonymic occu- son - Eugenius McFinlay b. 1184 Perthshire,
pational name for someone employed in a park or Scotland;
a topographic name for someone who lived in or
near a park. In the Middle Ages a park was a son - Fearchar McFinlay b. 1210
large enclosed area where the landowner could son - Archibald Finlay b. 1248 Roushknot,
hunt game. Perthshire, Scotland;
SCO9 McClellan son - William Finlay b. 1300 Perthshire, Scot-

land;
SCO10: McKinzey: variation of SCO3.
son - Andrew Finlay b. 1344 Perthshire, Scot-
SCO11: Levack: The Levack name appears in land;
Caithness records from about the mid 1600s. It is
said to be affiliated to the MacLea and the Living- son - John Finlay b. 1390 Perthshire, Scot-
stons. land;
SCO12: Garscadden: Scottish name with lots son - John Finley b. 1418 Perthshire, Scot-
of spelling variations. First found in Dumbarton- land;
shire(Gaelic: Siorrachd Dhn Bhreatainn), pres-
ently the Council Areas of West and East Dunbar- son - John Findley b. 1450 Coupar Angus,
tonshire, where they were anciently seated, some Perthshire, Scotland;
say before the 12th century.
28
son - Andrew Finley (Fyndlay) b.c. 1480/1483 where they mixed with the Scots who also mi-
of Perthshire, Scotland; grated to Ireland.
son - James Finley b. Sept. 15, 1530 Cuper ENG2: Chapman: the same as Chipman, a
Angus, Balchristie, Fife, Scotland. trader, a shopman; from the Saxon ceapan or
cypan, to buy or sell.
IRE2: Holland: this Irish surname, refers to
the Netherlands -or- is a reduced Anglicized form ENG3: Doane: Anglo-saxon topographic name
of Gaelic Ó hÓileáin, a variant of Ó hAoláin, from for a downland dweller (from Old English dun
a form of Faolán (with loss of the initial F-), a ‘down’, ‘low hill’), first found in Cheshire were
personal name representing a diminutive of faol they were seated from very early times, some
‘wolf’. say well before the Norman conquest.
IRE3: Menary: Irish surname with lots of ENG4: Lay: variant of Lee.
variations and a possible french Huguenot origin.
ENG5: Cock(e)rell: Middle English for cock-
IRE4: Brabazon: this surname refers to erel, a young cock.
someone from the duchy of Brabant (Belgium).
By the thirteenth century, it was also an occupa- ENG6 Philips: patronymic from the personal
tional name for a mercenary, specifically a mem- name Philip.
ber of one of the more or less independent ma-
rauding bands of mercenaries, noted for their ENG7: Berry: from the province of Berri, in
lawlessness and cruelty, who originated in Bra- France. First found in Devonshire, where they
bant but in the course of time accepted recruits were granted lands by William the Conqueror af-
from almost anywhere The earliest of the name ter 1066.
recorded was Tomas Brabazon, listed as a tenant
in the Domesday Book of 1086. Other records of ENG8: Terry English and Irish: from the
the name mention Thomas Brabezon, 1273, in common Norman personal name, T(h)erry (Old
Yorkshire county. French Thierri), composed of the unattested
Germanic element þeudo- ‘people’, ‘race’ + ric
IRE5: Walden: habitational name from any of ‘power’. Theodoric was the name of the Os-
the places, in Essex, Hertfordshire, and North trogothic leader (c. 454–526) who invaded Italy
Yorkshire, named Walden, from Old English in 488 and established his capital at Ravenna in
w(e)alh ‘foreigner’, ‘Briton’, ‘serf’+ denu ‘valley’. 493. His name was often taken as a derivative of
Greek Theodoros. There was an Anglo-Norman
IRE6: Bellew: first found in Yorkshire were family of this name in County Cork.
they were granted lands by William the Con-
queror after the Norman conquest in 1066. ENG9: Daniel: from the Hebrew personal
This family came to Ireland around 1200 with the name Daniel ‘God is my judge’.
Normans from England and settled in the East in
Counties Meath & Louth and then to the west in ENG10 Mortimer Norman name. First found in
Co. Galway in the 1650's. Herefordshire, where there were seated from
early times and were granted lands by William of
ENG1: Boucher (Origin French) A butcher; a Normandy, their liege lord, for their assistance at
blood-thirsty man. French and English: occupa- the battle of Hastings in 1066 AD. This sample
tional name for a butcher or slaughterer, Middle was traceable until 1635 in Wiltshire.
English bo(u)cher, Old French bouchier (also with
the transferred sense ‘executioner’), a derivative ENG11: Morrel: Having yellow hair. First
of bouc ‘ram’. This sample is traceable until 1740 found in Norfolk where they were seated from
in Virginia where they were part of the Scots- early times and were granted lands by Duke Wil-
Irish migration wave. The theory is that they liam of Normandy after their assistance at the
were French Huguenots who fled to Ireland battle of Hastings 1066.
29
ENG12: Wootan: English: habitational name ENG21: Rust English (chiefly East Anglia) and
from any of the extremely numerous places Scottish: nickname for someone with red hair or
named with Old English wudu ‘wood’ + tun ‘en- a ruddy complexion, from Old English rust ‘rust’
closure’, ‘settlement’. This name is related to the (from a Germanic root meaning ‘red’). First found
Wootten, Woten, Wooten and Wooton families. in Kent were they were anciently seated as lords
This anglo-saxon name was first found in Kent of the manor.
were they were anciently seated at Marley before
and after the Norman conquest. Today Wootan is ENG22 Brooks; derivation of «brook», or a
numerous in Kent and Lancashire. small stream. Also a name given to those who
came from Brooksbank, the name of several
ENG13: Welch sample with a surname derived places in England. First found in Essex where
from the French Basset: a little fat man with they were granted lands by William the Con-
short legs and thighs. queror for their assistance at the battle of Hast-
ings.
ENG14: Pittman English: topographic name
for someone who lived in a hollow –or- German ENG23: Cullen: habitational name from the
(Pittmann): probably from a compound personal Rhineland city of Cologne. When the name ar-
name formed with Pitt, a short form of Peter + rived into England shortly after the events of
Mann ‘man’. 1066, the name was changed from «de Cologne»
to various spellings, most commonly as Cullen, a
ENG15: Chewning: variation of the name popular variant at the time. The known male line
Chew: which refers to the Anglo-Saxon personal of this sample extends back to the early 1500's in
name Ceawa. First found in Somerset were the Nottinghamshire, England.
family were granted lands by William of Nor-
mandy for their assistance at the battle of Hast- ENG24: Milner Northern English (mainly York-
ings 1066 A.D. shire) and Scottish: variant of Miller, retaining
the -n- of the Middle English word, which was a
ENG16: Butler: this family derives their origin result of Scandinavian linguistic influence, as in
from the old Counts of Briony or Biony, in Nor- Old Norse mylnari.
mandy, a descendant of whom, Herveius Fitz
Walter, accompanied the Conqueror into England. ENG25: Oldfield: This name is of Anglo-Saxon
His son, Theobold, went with Henry II. into Ire- origin, and is locational from any of the various
land, where, having greatly assisted in the reduc- places thus called: Oldfield in Yorkshire, Worces-
tion of the kingdom, he was rewarded with large tershire or Cheshire. The surname Oldefeld was
possessions there. The king afterward conferred first recorded in 1297 in Yorkshire.
on him the office of chief Butler of Ireland.
ENG26: Weathers/Withers: AngloSaxon
ENG17: Scharschmidt: although an English names, first found in Hampshire where they were
sample, a German name. seated from very early times before and after the
Norman invasions.
ENG18 Mills: Scottish and English: topog-
raphic name for someone who lived near a mill. ENG27 Miller: English and Scottish: occupa-
tional name for a miller.
ENG19: Weakley: variant of Weekley? habita-
tional name from a place in Northamptonshire ENG28: Evans:Welsh for John. First found in
called Weekley, from Old English wic ‘settlement’, Herefordshire where they were seated from very
perhaps in this case a Roman settlement, Latin ancient times (before the Norman conquest).
vicus + leah ‘wood’, ‘clearing’.
ENG29: variation of ENG26.
ENG20 Ellis: Contracted from Elias.
ENG30: Campbell: the origin of the name can
be Scottish, Celtic or Gaelic. The ancient Camp-
30
bell family may be traced as far back as the be- ENG40 Speake: cfr Speak
ginning of the fifth century in Lochore, Ar-
gyleshire, Scotland? ENG41: Rawls: patronymic from a medieval
form of the personal name Ralph. First found in
ENG31: the surname Hamblin is a corruption Cornwell were they were anciently seated as
of Hammeline, which was taken from Hamelen, a Lords of a manor.
town on the river Weser, Germany. In England
the surname was first found in Gloucestershire ENG42 Payne: from the Latin Paganus, now
where they were seated from very early times out of use, meaning a man exempt from military
and were granted lands by William of Normandy service.
for their assistance at the battle of Hastings 1066
AD. ENG43: Holmes: English (mainly Yorkshire)
and Scottish: topographic name for someone who
ENG32: the surname Moses has endless spell- lived by a holly tree, from Middle English holm, a
ing variations (Moy, Moye, Moyes, Moesen, Moi, divergent development of Old English hole(g)n;
…) which is characteristic for a Norman surname. the main development was towards modern Eng-
The name was first found in Shropshire and they lish holly.
were anciently seated as lords of the manor.
ENG44: Stanley: a market-town in Glouces-
ENG33: Todd: scotch name for a fox, first tershire, England. The place of a tin mine, stan,
found in Berwickshire were they were seated tin, Welsh, ystaen, and ley; or from the Saxon,
from early times. stan, a stone, and ley--the stony place.
ENG34: Clark, a clergyman, a scholar, one ENG45: Brinley: first found in Cheshire were
who can read and write. they were seated from very early times, some
say well before the Norman conquest (1066).
ENG35: Foster: English: reduced form of
Forster. ENG46: Worthington: first found in Lanca-
shire, before and after the Norman conquest. The
ENG36: this name refers to the little Norse- name Worthington is derived from the locality
Viking village of Fearby in North Yorkshire. The whence the family came. Its etymology is three
sample is traceable til 1840 in Whitnash is War- Saxon words. 'Wreath in ton' that is. 'Farm in
wickshire. town'. Twenty miles north-east of Liverpool in
Leyland hundred, parish of Standish, county of
ENG37: Greenwood:English: topographic Lancaster, England is the town Worthington. Here
name for someone who lived in a dense forest, and in the adjacent manors resided the family of
from Middle English grene ‘green’ + wode ‘wood’, Worthington for many generations, being estab-
or a habitational name from a minor place so lished, from the time of the Plantagenets (who
named. ruled the Dutchy of Normandy in between 1144-
1204).
ENG38: the surname Sawyer was first re-
corded in Norfolk England where they were ENG47: Bennett: first found in Lancashire;
seated from early times and their first records Dutch, Scottish or English origin.
appeared on early census rolls taken by the early
kings of Britain to determine the rate of taxation ENG48: Weston: first found in Staffordshire
of their subjects. having be granted lands as a tenant in chief by
William the Conqueror.
ENG39: English: nickname for someone
thought to resemble a woodpecker in some way, ENG49: Hutchinson: the son of Hitchins or
Middle English spek(e) (a reduced form of Old Hutchins (Hugh).
French espeche(e), of Germanic origin).
31
ENG50 Dodd: from the Middle English per- SWI1 Lehman: this sample was traceable til
sonal name Dodde, Dudde, Old English Dodda, 1702 in Schaufhausen, Switzerland.
Dudda, which remained in fairly widespread and
frequent use in England until the 14th century. It SWI2: Flora / ENG51: Flory: The name of
seems to have been originally a byname, but the Flory/Flora in Germany was often spelled Flori, a
meaning is not clear; it may come from a Ger- spelling that has close associations with Switzer-
manic root used to describe something round and land. In Britain the name was first found in Som-
lumpish—hence a short, plump man. erset.
ENG51: Flory: cfr SWI2.
ENG52: Gilmore: Gaelic, the henchman or fol-

lower of the chief, one who carried the chief's
broadsword, from gille, a servant, and mor,
large, great.
ENG53: Riviere: in 1895 a Fox adopted his
mother’s surname Riviere (French for river).
32
Origins of Hg I-L38 (I2b2)

Hans De Beule
Subclades
(5th of April 2009 - http://sites.google.com/site/haplogroupil38/)
Abstract
Network analysis confirms I-L38-B (and especially the Lichtenstein variant) as the ancestral
I-L38 clade. Distribution of continental I-L38 samples with known geographical origin confirms the Upper Rhine
area as region with the highest I-L38 frequency and diversity. Distribution of I-L38 (I2b2) in the Netherlands does
not support a Saxon ancestry.
Further analysis is needed to clear out the relation of I-L38 to the Rhine, to study the possible link to early
bronze age cultures as the Michelberg culture and to investigate the correlation to other clades as R-L21*.
Introduction Distribution of Haplogroup I-L38

in the Netherlands
As conversations on y-dna-haplogroup-
i@rootsweb.com pointed out I-L38 is thinly Recently Barjesteh van Waalwijk van Doorn
spread over Europe; from Italy and Spain to Slo- published «Zonen van Adam in Nederland» (suns
venia, Switzerland, Germany, Denmark, the of Adam in the Netherlands). This book presents
Netherlands, Belgium and the British Isles. DNA-profiles of 410 Dutch ‘suns of Adam’ and
I-L38 is almost absent in Scandinavia and East describes the distribution of haplogroups in the
Europe. As Ken Nordtvedt remarked: this spread Netherlands. The 410 samples were linked to ge-
indicates an old haplogroup, or possibly a hap- nealogical information and geographical location
logroup travelling faster than others. of the oldest known ancestor in the male line.
The distribution of I-L38 does not correlate that
of haplogroup I-P30 (I1a). I-L38 seems to have The haplotyping was done by the FLDO (Fo-
leaked into France, as if it arrived before I-P30. rensic Laboratory for DNA research) based in Lei-
den, Netherlands. Of the 410 samples, 8 be-
A previous paper (De Beule, 2008) pointed longed to I-L38 (belonging to 5 families – see
out that on the European continent, the fre- Table 1 below).
quency of I-L38 as well as the diversity (demon-
strated by various DYS448 and DYS19 combina- The haplotyping was done by the Haplogroup
tions) is highest in the Upper-Rhine region (see I predictor and was based on 16 markers: DYS
Figure1). This contradicts the supposed origin of 393; 390; 19; 391; 385a; 385b; 439; 389i; 392;
I-L38 in the middle Elbe region. This view is 389ii; 458; 437; 448; H4; 456; 438.
mainly built on the finds of the I-L38 Lichtenstein
bones in the Harz mountains and the high fre- It is remarkable that almost all pinpointed
quency of I-M223 (I2b1) in this region. I-L38 and I-L38 samples can be found very near main riv-
I-M223 however separated already during the ers; in casu the Rhine, Neckar, Scheldt and
LGM. There is no reason to assume a correlation Meuse.
between I-L38 and I-M223.
_____________________________________________________________
Received: July 28 2010; accepted: July 30 2010; published: August 5 2010

33
Lichtenstein cave
Osterode am Harz
middle Elbe region
UpperRhine region
Figure 1: distribution of Continental and related British Isles I-L38 samples. Dots represent known origins of samples,
triangles and squares are educated guesses based on the sample’s surname. The colours indicate specific DYS19-DYS448 clusters
as a demonstration of I-L38 diversity (De Beule, 2008).
Table 1: Dutch I-L38-families of the «Zonen van Adam in Nederland» study.
Location of the
Hg I prediction
Surname oldest known Remarks on the geographic locations
I-S23 refers to I2b2
forefather
Blaas I-S23-A =>36% Rees (Germany) Near the river Rhine.
I-S23-A-RecLOH =>36%
I-S23-C =>16%
I-S23-B =>8%
De Booij I-S23-B =>48% Kleve (Germany) Near the river Rhine.
I-S23-A =>24%
I-S23-A-RecLOH =>24%
I-S23-C =>5%
Lems I-S23-C =>60% Hoogvliet This haplotype is similar to that of the
I-S23-A =>19% (Netherlands) Belgian De Beule family, with an histori-
I-S23-A-RecLOH =>19% cal origin around Zele along the river
I-S23-B =>1% Scheldt (near St Amands)
Hoogvliet is located near of the mouth of
the Rhine.
Meert I-S23-B =>96% St Amands Village near the river Scheldt (also very
I-S23-A =>2% (Belgium) near Zele).
Spée I-S23-A =>48% Baarlo Near the river Meuse.
I-S23-A-RecLOH =>48% (Netherlands)
I-S23-B =>2%
34
Whereas the coastal distribution of hap-
logroup I (dominantly I-M253 and I-M223) in the
Netherlands supports a Saxon origin; the distri-
bution of I-L38 does not. If I-L38 had a Saxon
origin the samples would be found grouped to-
gether with the other haplogroup I samples along
the Northsea coast and in Frisia (see Figure 2).
Network of Continental I-L38
This network analysis is performed as de-

scribed in the paper «Origin, Distribution and mi-
grations of I2b*»-paper. The network below is
based on 33 continental I-L38 samples with Figure 2: distribution of haplogroup I in the Netherlands -
map based on locations of origin of the oldest known
known geographical background coming from a
forefather – blue dots represent I-L38.
number of sources (see Appendix B).
Continental subclades I-L38-A and I-L38b-B
The sample (#33) is small; but highly indica-
tive since I-L38 is a small haplogroup.
Network analysis (see Figure 3) supports the
view that haplogroup I-L38 basically consists out
Whenever the samples were included in «Ori-
of two continental varieties: I-L38-A and I-L38-B.
gin, Distribution and migrations of I2b*», the
Hopefully a SNP will be found soon to determine
same code name is used. This is why the sample
I-L38 subclades. In the meantime it is pragmatic
code not seems coherent at first sight.
to distinguish I-L38-A versus
I-L38-B.
I-L38-A
I-L38-B
Figure 3: continental I-L38 network with a red line dividing I-L38-A and I-L38-B. The colours refer to the DYS19-DYS448 clusters
as described in «Origin, Distribution and migrations of I2b*subclades».
35
The network also suggests that subclades geographical location of the Lichtenstein cave.
I-L38-D, I-S23-A-RecLOH and I-L38-15 could be Since I-L38 samples are found from the source to
seen as varieties of I-L38-A and the mouth of the Rhine it probably makes more
I-L38-14 could be a variety of I-L38-B. sense to see the spread of continental I-L38 in
I-L38-C seems to be a Scottish variant of I-L38- relation to the Rhine.
B.
There is a high and divers concentration of
Instead of identifying subclades or clusters, I-L38 in the Upper Rhine region:
this paper categorizes the samples either in hap-
logroup I-L38-A or I-L38-B. This is done based on As a previous paper (De Beule, 2008) indi-
STR-values, the Haplogroup I Predictor and the cated there is a high concentration of
network results. In the network, the Lichtenstein I-L38b-A in the Upper Rhine region. Also see Fig-
node Y1 (also representing sample GER13 from ure 1.
Berlin) seems to be the root of all other
branches. As a paper in preparation by Steve Ralls on I-
L38b-14 shows; 35% of all known (#17) I-L38-
14 samples comes from the Upper Rhine region
Distribution of Continental I-L38 (35% is related to the British Isles and the re-
maining 30% is spread from Sweden to Italy).
Based on the network structure it is tempting
to relate the geographical origin of I-L38 to the
I-L38 map
Michelsberg
Figure 4: the distribution of Continental I-L38 samples based on the known origin of 33 samples. Red dots representing I-L38-B,
yellow dots I-L38-A. The callout marks the location of the Michelberg, the green arrows displays a hypothetical migration route
of the ancestral I-L38.
36
Discussion and Further Investigation
Migration hypothesis
Starting from the Upper Rhine, some groups

probably followed the Rhine downstream (possi-
bly even crossed the Channel), others followed
the Rhine downstream. The ancestral I-L38 vari-
ety seems to have travelled along the Rhine til
Kleef / Rees and from there on travelled east to
the area of the Lichtenstein cave in the Harz
mountains. See Figure 4.
To explain these migrations they should be

seen in their historical context (i.e. in the context
of the emerging bronze age). The Harz region
(where the Lichtenstein cave lies) was an early
centre of copper/bronze and the Rhine was an
evident trade route for bronze objects.
Figure 5: distribution of the Michelberg culture.
Michelberg culture
Correlation with R-L21*
The distance of both I-L38-A and I-L38-B to
The spread of I-L38 also resembles the spread
their Most Common Recent Ancestor is 135 gen-
of R-L21* (R1b1b2a1b6*) – see Figure 6. Just as
erations (calculated with Ken Nordtvedt’s «Gen-
I-L38 (see Figures 1 and 4), haplogroup R-L21*
erations» spreadsheet). Calculated with genera-
seems connected to the course of the Rhine and
tions of 30 years this means their MCRA lived
to the British Isles.
4800 years ago. With a standard deviation of
25.7% this implies a MCRA living between 5850
and 3750 years ago. In Germany this timeframe
Conclusion
refers to the transition of the Late Neolithic into
the Early Bronze Age.
The deeper one digs into the history of I-L38
the more relations appear with the Upper Rhine
Looking at the distribution of artefacts belong-
area and bronze age cultures.
ing to the Michelberg culture a pattern emerges
that resembles the continental distribution of I-
The separation of I-L38-B and I-L38-A seems
L38 (see Figure 5 compared to Figure 4).
to have taken place in the early bronze age in
Germany. Looking at the distribution of
The Michelsberg culture blossomed from ca.
I-L38, rivers (and especially the Rhine) seem to
6400 to 5500 years ago.
have played an important role. It is along these
rivers that bronze objects were distributed.
For more information on the Michelberg cul-
ture, see Appendix A. It is interesting that this
culture links the Upper Rhine region to the Middle
Elbe.
37
Figure 6: the distribution of R-L21*(cfr. the R-L21 Project).
May be the different clusters of I-L38 can lead and the British Isles. In this respect it also is in-
to a better understanding of the historical migra- teresting to look at the cultural sphere of the
tions up and down the Rhine. May be there even Michelberg culture. May be there even is a rela-
was a relation to copper/bronze that could ex- tion to R-L21* which seems to have a similar dis-
plain the I-L38 presence in the Harz mountains (a tribution than I-L38.
known prehistoric centre of copper and bronze)
38
Webreferences
1. Haplogroup I predictor: 4. FTDNA L38 project:

http://members.bex.net/jtcullen515/haplotest.htm http://www.familytreedna.com/public/I2b2/default.aspx
2. Ken Nordtvedts Generations Spreadsheet 5. I2b2 project website:
http://knordtvedt.home.bresnan.net/Generations2.xls http://tinyurl.com/2b76jd
3. DNA-list focussed on haplogroup I: 6. R-L21 project website:
http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/index/Y-DNA- http://www.familytreedna.com/public/R-L21/default.aspx
HAPLOGROUP-I/
References
1. Hans De Beule. Origins, distribution and migrations of People interested in this paper can find it at the FTDNA I-
I2b*subclades posted on dna-forums.org on 18 Septem- L38 project site (see URL above) or can email me.
ber 2008 (in 2008 I-L38 was still called I2b*). 2. Steve Ralls. Paper on I-L38-14 (in preparation).
Appeal
To learn more about I2b2 it is crucial to be who joined the project , to enter in the informa-
able to pinpoint a sample to a geographical location (name and location if possible) for their most
tion. This is why the group administrator of the distant known ancestor in the male line. Please
FTDNA L-38 project Tim Weakley urged all I2b2’s do!
39
Appendix A: Michelberg culture
For more information on the Michelberg cul- (1998) argued that the pottery of the Paris Basin
ture, refer to: http://www.comp- was possibly older than in Germany and sug-
archaeology.org/Michelsberg.htm gested that its development should be associated
with the Menneville Group of «Early Post-Rössen»
A few interesting quotes: and the initial phase of the Early Chasséen
(Chassey) culture (Jeunesse 1998).
The Michelsberg culture is named after the
Michelsberg, a hill at Untergrombach, Kr. Bruch- In Belgium the pottery assemblage of Spiere
saal, Baden-Württemberg, Germany and llasted «de Hel» began to be seen as a kind of western
from ca. 4400-3500 cal BC. The Michelsberg sites development that exhibit a geographically transi-
distribution includes the area around the Middle tional subgroup, resembling Michelsberg and to
Rhein (Rhine) River, Belgium and the Paris Basin. some extent the neighboring cultures (Vanmont-
A few sites with Michelsberg pottery are reported fort 2001, Vanmontfort et al. 1997).
from Central Germany and the Czech Republic.
In the east (Central Germany, Bohemia
In Germany, Schumacher saw parallels be- and possibly even Moravia) Michelsberg-like
tween the Michelsberg culture and the Late Meso- pottery occurs during the Baalberge Phase
lithic pottery making Kjøkkenmødinger culture of the TRB’s Middle-Elbe and South Group,
(now Ertebølle culture) as early as 1908 (Lüning which begins to form around 4000/3800 cal
1969). Similarities with the Funnel Beaker culture BC.
(TRB) pottery were also noted and some re-
searchers still include the Michelsberg culture in In the South Group and adjacent regions the
the TRB interaction sphere (i.e. «the TRB in the Baalberge Phase gives way to TRB Phase II
larger sense». sometime between 3600/3400 BC (Baldia et al.
in press a, in press b, exhibiting similarities to
Until the 1960’s the culture was seen as part the Boleráz Phase of the Baden culture. Baden
of the «lake dwelling sphere of the northern Alps «influence» is even suggested on the Central
and its piedmont», which includes Aichbühl, Pfyn German Schöninger Group (Raletzel-Fabian and
and Horgen. In the 1960’s the Michelsberg cul- Furholt 2006). In southern Germany near the
ture was separated from these cultures and seen Bodensee (Lake Constance), the Michelsberg cul-
as evolving out of Bischeim, a late phase of the ture gives way to the Horgen culture around
Rössen culture in the Middle Rhein (Rhine) River 3600/3400 cal. BC. In the Northwest German
region of Germany. state of Hessen (Hesse) and adjoining regions
Michelsberg evolves into the Wartberg culture at
On the other hand, the American archaeolog- that time. At the same time Michelsberg is re-
ist Scollar (1959, 1961) stressed the Michelsberg placed by the later Funnel Beaker Culture (TRB or
culture’s western origin. Similarly Dubouloz Middle Neolithic I) at its northernmost fringes.
40
Appendix B: samples
User ID Network ID Surname Origin sample

Y1 Osterode am Harz
Y2 Osterode am Harz
Y6 Osterode am Harz
P88QG GER1 Strohmeier 1649-1729 Bogen, Bavaria
U9HMG GER2 Saylor 1715 Methingen Metzingen
4BRM9 GER3 Ochs °1625 Poppenhausen
RQS47 GER4 Wehr °1720 Heidelberg, Pfalz
66196 GER5 Krassin 1791 - 1798 Kreis, Kolmar, Posen
VUERB GER8 Hartung 1620-1700 Geisleden
9TD9J GER9 Marschall °1755 Ommeray Lorraine
BBB59 GER10 Zimmer °1866 Darmstadt
8VWK5 GER11 Creswick b1820 Fredrich Schmidt Upper Rhine Lorraine
X8EDM GER13 Underwood 1832 Berlin
2MCE9 GER14 Schlenke 1861 Bosseborn (Kreis Hoxter)
Ancestry GER15 Heltzel Johann Tobias Heltzel [also Höltzel] , b. 1732 in
Palatinate, Germany, d. 23 November 1792,
Paradise, York Co., Pa.
FTDNA GER16 Roland Gasper Roland, b. ca. 1721, Palatine, Germany,
105008 died ca. 1709, Drake Creek, Warren Co., Ky.
ZvAiN GER17 Blaas Rees Germany
ZvAiN GER18 De Booy Kleve, Germany
N14392 BEL1 De Beule 1560 Zele
ZvAiN BEL2 Meert St Amands, Belgium
SMGF NET2 Lems NET, Rotterdam, 1504
ZvAiN NET3 Spée Baarlo, Netherlands
8GD73 FRA1 Brion Kirrberg, Elzas, FRA
N25287 FRA7 Hauteville-la-Guichard, France
53868 FRA8 Jean GUITTARD Bellemagny, Alsace
140263 FRA9 Claude Bâtie Montgascon(38),France
REYNAUD
N17917 NOR1 Ommund Fjellestad,b.1812 Norway.
Ommundson
E2623 POL1 Adalbertus/Wojc Warta,Lodz,Poland
iech Tatucha
1750
MN9NA SWI1 Lehman °1702 Schauffausen SWIT
7F3ME SWI2 Flora 1682 Joseph Jacob Fleury was listed as a French
Huguenot from Palatinate Germany, though an-
other report lists Solothurn, Switzerland
W3MJW SLO1 Wanchick Jastrabie, Slovakia
SMGF ITA1 Gandola Primo Gandola, b. ca. 1812, Bellagio, Italy
N9812 DEN3 Peder Andersen 1742, Hojrup, Tonder
41
Early Bronze Age Origin

Hans De Beule
and Late Iron Age (La Tène)
Migrations of I-L38
(November 2009 - http://sites.google.com/site/haplogroupil38/)
Abstract
I-L38 is a small clade with a continental distribution scattered around the Upper Rhine (Rhineland - Palatinate).
It also is present on the British Isles.
This paper tries to reveal how I-L38 migrated from its continental core to the British Isles. In order to do so, 3
methods have been combined:
Firstly, a trendline was calculated for the geographical Y and X co-ordinates of samples with known origin
(belonging to I-L38 and other haplogroups).
Secondly, a phylogenetic tree was made for I-L38 samples with known origin.
Thirdly, the historical context was studied.
Combining these approaches lead to the conclusion that:
- starting from the Upper Rhine, I-L38 spread during the EBA in an area between Rhine, Danube and Elbe;
- I-L38 migrated in the Late Iron Age I-L38 with Celtic La Tène people, through Belgium, to the British Isles.
Introduction
 I-L38C with DYS448=20.
Haplogroup I-L38 is defined by the SNPs
L38/S154, L39/S155, L40/S156, L65/S159. In Network analysis (De Beule September 2009)
the ISOGG tree its current name is haplogroup visualized the separation between I-L38A
I2b2. It is an ancient clade with a limited number (DYS448=19) and I-L38B (DYS448=21). In this
of members. network some of the DYS448=20 samples are
positioned as intermediary nodes between I-L38A
and I-L38B.
1. Main clusters of I-L38
To be consistent with previous papers, this
Until now, no SNP was found to separate paper mainly focuses on I-L38A and I-L38B.
I-L38 (although L39 looks promising).. Several
researchers structured I-L38 using different In this approach I-L38-14 can be considered
markers into different clusters. Initially Ken as a cluster within I-L38B and I-L38D as a cluster
Nordtvedt separated I-L38 into 3 clusters using within I-L38A.
DYS448:
 I-L38A with DYS448=19; 2. The EBA separation of I-L38
 I-L38B with DYS448=21; Using the Generation Spreadsheet of Ken

Nordtvedt it seems that I-L38A and I-L38B sepa-
_____________________________________________________________ rated 135 generations ago (error range: +/-35
Received: July 28 2010; accepted: July 30 2010; published: August 5 2010 generations). Calculated with generations of 31
42
years this means that the two clades separated MCRA calculation mentioned in Method 2. Michel-
4185 years ago; this is during the EBA (Early berg is dated from 4200 to 3500/3400 BC and at
Bronze Age) which started in Germany 4400 to best could be linked to ancestors of the I-L38
4200 years ago. This estimate of age is useful MCRA. Michelberg culture also does not explain
since from that moment on it becomes possible the relation between the Upper Rhine region and
to track and compare the migrations of multiple the British Isles.
clusters of I-L38.
6. The EBA Upper Rhine connection

3. The Upper Rhine origin of I-L38
Connecting the Upper Rhine region to the EBA
As De Beule (September 2008 and April 2009) it is interesting that the first EBA groups in the
pointed out the distribution of continental Rhine, Danube and Elbe/Saale regions (Adler-
I-L38 samples with known geographical origin berg, Singen, Straubing, Unetice) appeared
confirms the Upper Rhine area (Rhineland – Pa- around 2400/2200 BC. (Mail dr. Dirk Fabian).
latinate) as region with the highest continental I-
L38 frequency and diversity; thus as the likely Traditionally, the EBA in Southern Germany
point of origin of I-L38. For a map of the Rhine has been subdivided into several separate groups
see: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rhein- such as Adlerberg, Singen, Straubing, Neckar,
Karte.png Upper Rhine, etc on the basis of grave goods and
funeral practices. Upon closer examination this
separation appeared questionable. Instead, it be-
4. Virtual absence of I-L38 came apparent that within the EBA there are
in the Netherlands more elements, which are common to these
groups than differences. (Libber, 2004) In other
Integration of data of the Dutch project words: there must have been interaction (gene
De zonen van Adam in Nederland lead to the exchange) between these groups.
conclusion that I-L38 is virtually absent in the
Netherlands. This implies that historical scenarios
that involve north Germanic people (Jutes, Fri-
sians, Angles, Saxons, …) became unlikely.
Although there are very few Belgian data

available, two Belgian I-L38 samples were lo-
cated around the river Scheldt. Ongoing research
http://www.brabant-dna.org/joomla/ will improve
the knowledge on Belgian DNA.
This is important since Belgium is geographi-

cally positioned on the most likely route from the
Upper Rhine to the British Isles. The distribution
of I-L38 in the Low Countries (Belgium, Nether- Figure 1: Spread of EBA groups in southern German
lands, Luxemburg) seems to be related to the (Libber 2004 - after Kraus 1988).
rivers Rhine, Meuse and Scheldt. (De Beule Sep-
tember 2008). 7. I-L38 and the Lichtenstein cave
The Lichtenstein cave (Schilz 2006) links

5. Re-evaluation of the Michelberg scenario I-L38 to the (pre-)Urnfieldculture (1300-700 BC).
In this cave, in Osterode-am-Harz 3000 year old
Based on the distribution De Beule (April bones were found. Y-DNA analysis categorized
2009) suggested a link between the Michelberg them as I-L38 (# 13), R-S21 (# 1) and R1a (#
culture and I-L38. This, however, does not fit the 2).
43
Recently, two direct descendants of the I-L38 - S28/U152 (Alpine Celts) – common in the
bones were found, living in the valley next to the Alps in regions of Alpine Germany, Switzerland
cave, proving that haplotypes can stay at one and Northern Italy, but also from Greece to the
location during millennia. The known STR-values Bay of Biscay.
of the Lichtenstein bones are shown in Appendix
1. - L21/S145 (Insular Celts) – common in the
Celtic Isles of the North-West coast of Europe
Inserting these STR-values in Jim Cullen’s such as Britain, Ireland, the Isle of Man, etc, but
Haplogroup I Predictor the most likely hap- also found in France, Germany and Scandinavia.
logroups are:
- M153, M167 (Iberian Celts) – common in
- Haplotype Y1: I-S23-A: 41%; regions of Spain and Portugal with a Celtic-
Basque-Iberian heritage such as Minho, Galicia,
- Haplotype Y2: I-S23-C: 72%; Asturias, Cantabria, Euskara, Catalonia and down
to Andalusia, but also in the Celtic Isles, France
- Haplotype Y4: I-S23-A: 33%; and Germany.
(http://www.celticheritage.org/SteveJones.php)
- Haplotype Y6: I-S23-B: 67%;
The next paragraph tries to clarify the possi-
- Haplotype Y3: R1b-Frisian: 32%; ble relations between I-L38 and R1b-clades with
a method based on geographical co-ordinates.
- Haplotype Y5: R1a: 33%.
Looking at the I-L38 predictions it is remark- Method 1: geographical analysis

able that all three DYS448 clusters seem to be
present in the Lichtenstein cave. To investigate the relation between I-L38 and
other subclades, it is interesting to focus on the
possible relation with the R1b «River», «Alpine»
8. I-L38 and related haplogroups and «Insular Celts». It also is worthwhile to see
whether there is a geographic relation between I-
The diversity of haplogroups in the Lichten- L38 and its brother clade I-M223.
stein cave confirms that during the Bronze Age
populations consisted out of several haplogroups. To investigate the geographical relation be-
So, haplogroups whose distribution is related to tween I-L38 and the subclades mentioned above,
the distribution of I-L38 might learn us some- locations of the oldest known ancestor were se-
thing about I-L38. In a previous paper Hans De lected for each clade from FTDNA projects.
Beule suggested that the distribution of some Sometimes the available data needed to be re-
R1b subclades seemed to mirror that of I-L38. duced (e.g. for R-S1 every 10th row was used. If
this sample did not display geographical informa-
In this context it is interesting to mention pro- tion, the next sample in line was used, etc).
fessor Steve Jones, a Welsh geneticist. In an arti-
cle in Y Faner Newydd he linked R1b to the Celtic Only for I-L38, extra locations were added
culture and separated the most important R1b from the Dutch research De zonen van Adam in
clades into the following scheme: Nederland.
- S21/U106 (River Celts) – common in Aus- For the selected data the decimal geographi-
tria particularly around the western core Urnfield- cal co-ordinates were looked up.
Hallstatt area, along the Rhine to the Netherlands
and down the Danube to Bulgaria. For each subclade, these co-ordinates were
This haplogroup was also found in the Lichten- inserted in an Excel spreadsheet. All inserted
stein cave. data were displayed in a graph and for each sub-
clade Excel was used to calculate a trendline.
44
Using the trendlines: ing an organic gradual diffusion. Seen the distri-
bution of the I-L38 subclades around known EBA
- it is possible to compare the trendlines locations, it is plausible to attribute the spread
(although the result should be treated with cau- east to EBA-groups.
tion);
This also might explain the predicted presence
- it is possible to compare the trend to of the 3 I-L38 clusters in the Lichtenstein cave
known historical locations/points of reference; As (the yellow trendline actually crosses the Lichten-
points of reference geographical coordinates of stein location).
the following historical locations were added to
the graph: EBA-locations (Adlerberg, Singen, Cluster I-L38B seems to have gone further to
Straubing, Neckar, Upper Rhine, Unetice); Celtic the east than I-L38A.
locations (Hallstatt, La Tène) and the Lichtenstein
cave (in Osterode-am-Harz).
Conclusions (figure 3):
- it is possible to translate points of interest
(eg. two crossing trendlines) to geographical co- Since the trendlines only are very rough indi-
ordinates. cators, the comparison of the trendlines of sev-
eral clades only leads to hypotheses:
Conclusions (figure 2): - Three trendlines, I-L38 (orange), R-U152

(dark blue) and R-L21 (light blue), cross near
Starting from the Upper Rhine region contemporary Frankfurt, suggesting a common
origin that could be linked to the La Tène culture
- The trendlines of I-L38A and I-L38B to that started to spread from the middle Rhine re-
the west are strikingly similar. This suggests gion.
that the clusters I-L38A and I-L38B probably
travelled together to the west. This means that I- - R-U152 also is connected to Switzerland,
L38 carriers were not travelling alone (eg as this being the reason Steve Jones classifies this
travelling smiths or metal merchants) but as a group as Alpine Celtic. The trendline crosses the
group. archaeological site of La Tène that gave its name
to this culture.
On their way to the British Isles the mixed I-
L38 lot seems to have crossed Belgium what ex- - The trendline of R-S21, classified as River
plains its presence around the rivers Meuse and Celtic by Steve Jones, partly resembles the
Scheldt. On the British Isles the trendlines have a trendline of I-L38. This clade also was present in
weak relation, possibly indicating several (non the Lichtenstein cave.
related) crossings of the Channel.
- The trendlines of I-L38A and I-L38B to

the east and northeast are less similar indicat-
45
Results of the geo-analysis of I-L38 subclades
Figure 2: the I-L38 A (yellow), I-L38B (red) and I-L38C (blue) trendlines projected on a map.
Results of the geo-analysis of I-L38 and other haplogroups
Figure 3: the I-L38 (orange) , I-M223 (pink) and R1b-trendlines projected on a map. R-L21 (light blue),
R-S21 (black), R-U152 (dark blue).
46
Method 2: PHYLIP tree of I-L38  average mutation rate derived by Doug
McDonald from the Sorenson database;
In order to get an idea of the timeframe of
the I-L38 division, Tim Weakley made the follow-  a probability of 95% that the TMRCA is no
ing PHYLIP tree using: longer than indicated;
 the infinite allele mutation model;  an average generation interval of 30

years.
Figure 4: PHYLIP tree, kindly made by Tim Weakley. The interpretation of this tree is entirely to the account of Hans De Beule.
47
Interpretation: Tène migrations left traces along the rivers
Meuse, Scheldt and other rivers on the British
It is interesting that the oldest branches Isles.
(GER1 and GER9) which separated 4000 years
ago, cover the German EBA area.
Traces along the river Meuse
During the dark grey coloured period there (Maas in Dutch)
apparently was a direct migration to the British
Isles. In Baarlo, along the Meuse (where one of the
two Dutch I-L38) samples is located two bronze
When looking at I-L38 Upper Rhine samples buckets were found that served as urns.
(encircled) and the other I-L38 samples it is re-
markable that most splits happened around 2200 These buckets indicate a link to the Upper
years ago (the light grey area), during the late Rhine region.
iron age.
Method 3: study of the historical-cultural

context
Traditionally the iron age is divided in the

Early Iron Age (corresponding to the Hallstatt
culture) and the Late Iron Age (corresponding to
Meuse
the La Tène culture).
Around 600 BC trade in continental Europe

started to change, shifting wealth and power to
the area west of the Alps. Probably this shift was
a result of the founding of the Greek colony UpperRhine
Massalia (Marseille). Because of this the trade
routes that crossed the Alps were abandoned in
favor of new routes that followed the course of
Scheldt
the Rhône. In the area west of the Alps (the
Southwest of Germany, the Rhine area and East-
France) a hierarchical society develops, leaving
us impressive grave hills and grave gifts.
Medio 450 BC central Italic cultures took over

the leading role from the Greek colonies. The
new trade routes directly cross the Alps, through
Figure 5: distribution of bronze buckets in Europe – Bloe-
Switzerland to the Middle Rhine area and to mers 1991, after Kimmig 1983 -a: 7th-6th century BC,
middle France. Grave goods show that men were b: 5th century BC, c: centres of production.
buried with there weapons and suggest small
egalitarian communities of warriors. For unknown Wallony as well as in Flanders, luxurious La
reasons this is the period of the Celtic migrations, Tène graves have been found together with
the most spectacular being the besiege of Rome bronze buckets that were used as urns, for ex-
and the plundering of Delphi (Bourgeois, 2003). ample in Eigenbilzen near Maastricht. (Clerinckx,
2005).
Although the spread of I-L38 has nothing to
do with Celtic migrations to the South, there In Limburg (border area between Belgium and
seems to be a relation between migrations that the Netherlands) graves with valuable grave gifts
connect the Rhine area to the west. The early La have been found. The objects are dated 450 BC
48
and are related to the Marne-Middle Rhine being actual imports with Swiss characteristics.
tradition. It seems that these graves were an What is perhaps most impressive about the Brit-
expression of (late) Celtic aristocracy (Bourgeois, ish swords is their relative isolation from conti-
2003). nental development. If the number of La Tène
brooches can be taken to be a reflection of inten-
sity of importation, then the period from 450 to
Traces along the river Scheldt 350 BC was a time of much interaction, after
(Schelde in Dutch) which, until about 100BC, the intensity of contact
dramatically declined (Cunliffe, 2005).
In the early La Tène period lots of depositions
(swords and other valuables) were thrown in the Archaeological evidence of the so called La
river Scheldt. These depositions took place less Tène Arras group (named after the Arras ceme-
than 10 km from the two located Belgian I-L38 tery in Yorkshire) indicates a folk movement into
samples (in Zele and Sint-Amands). In Zele also eastern Yorkshire early in the 4th century BC. The
a grave hill was found. Research on pollen evidence suggests small bands arriving with little
showed that the grounds have been grazed; indi- more than their personal equipment and settling
cating cattle and permanent settlement. down among the (Bell Beaker) natives. Artefacts
show cultural influences affinity to the Alsace re-
Also in the adjacent Berlare La Tène pottery gion, Switzerland, Champagne and Burgundy re-
was found that could be dated precisely to 450 gion (Cunliffe, 2005).
BC (Bourgeois, 2003).
As the map below illustrates it is safe to say
that the British Isles received a La Tène influx
Traces along British rivers from the Atlantic coast ranging from the estuary
of the Rhine/Meuse/Scheldt to the estuary of the
Around 400 BC the La Tène culture extents to Seine and even more south to the estuary of the
Great Brittain and to Transdanubia (the eastern Loire.
part of Austria and Hungary) (Haywood, 2001).
A remarkable number of La Tène weapons

have been recovered from lakes, rivers and bogs.
Some of the finest examples were dredged from
the river Thames in and around London. Other
rivers have yielded treasures such as the mag-
nificent Witham Shield, from the river Witham,
near Lincoln, swords and scabbards from the
river Nene near Peterborough, and a unique
bronze shield found in a former watercourse at
Chertsey, Surrey in 1985. Close contact with the
continent only appears at the mid fifth century
BC; thereafter the British and French traditions
diverged, hinting at the beginning of some de-
gree of cultural isolation.
The 20 or more daggers of the La Tène type I

(450-300 BC) found in Britain, mainly in the
Thames area, can be arranged in a typological
sequence lasting until the 4th century BC.
At least 17 swords of the La Tène I type have Figure 6: the routes by which concepts of La Tène art
been identified from the rivers Thames and reached Britain and Ireland (Kearney, 2006).
Witham, but only two or three have any claim to
49
To link the map above to the actual Y-DNA  the cross of the Channel in a third phase.
distribution one should take into account that:
Data of the ongoing Hertogdom Brabant DNA
- also in later centuries/millennia there was project in Flanders will be welcome to finetune
an influx of continental Y-DNA from the same At- this theory.
lantic shores;
The La Tène link does not explain the pres-
- the invasions of later centuries (Romans, ence of I-L38 in the Lichtenstein cave (1000-750
Angles, Saxons, Jutes, etc) pushed the older «na- BC) unless there were earlier bronze or iron age
tive» populations to the west and to the north. migrations to the north-east. Seen the distribu-
tion of I-L38 around well known EBA locations it
is plausible to presume an early and gradually
Conclusion diffusion of I-L38 from the Rhine into north-
eastern direction.
The definition of the La Tène culture as for-
mulated in the Columbia Encyclopaedia fits the
spread of I-L38 strikingly well: Lingering questions
lä tĕn, ancient Celtic site on Lake Neuchâtel, It still is a mystery why I-L38 is so small in
Switzerland, that gives its name to the second size. The answer to this question might reveal
and final period of the European Iron Age. The more about the historical position of I-L38 and
earliest phase of Tenian culture, from the 6th to offers a challenge for future research.
the late 5th cent. b.c., spread from the middle
Rhine region East into the Danube valley, South It also is a pity that the exact frequencies of
into Switzerland, and West and North into I-L38 in SW Germany, in Belgium, in Luxemburg,
France, the Low Countries, Denmark, and the in north-east France, in Austria, Switzerland,
British Isles; this was the period of the first of the north Italy and the British Isles is not available
great Celtic migrations. Tenian culture flourished (yet).
until subjected to the advances of the Roman
Empire. Native coinage appeared in Gaul during Exact frequencies could help solving questions
the latter part of the period, along with the forti- as:
fied townships eventually conquered by Julius
Caesar. Is there a historical relation between the (low)
frequency in Belgium and the genocides Julius
I-L38 could have migrated out of the Upper Caesar described in his De Bello Gallico (account
Rhine area (Rhineland-Palatinate) in the era of La of his campaign against the Belgae)
Tène migrations (around 450 BC). -or-
Did Roman pressure trigger a migration of Belgae
To reach the British Isles I-L38 crossed, to the British Isles?
among other regions, the Low Countries. Ar-
chaeological artefacts and studies suggest that How did I-L38 cross France ?
the migration that crossed the Low Countries
took place in three stages: What is the relation between English, Welsh,
Scottish and Irish I-L38’s?
 in a first phase along the Meuse;
How and when did I-L38 migrate south to the
 in a second phase along the Scheldt; Alps (Austria, Switzerland, North-Italy).
50
Webreferences
1. PHYLIP Software: 5. To determine decimal geographic coordinates:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHYLIP http://www.begeleidzelfstandigleren.com/aardrijkskunde/
2. Haplogroup I subclade modals: losse_animaties/geopositie.html
http://knordtvedt.home.bresnan.net/FounderHaps.xls 6. For an overview of the R1b SNP tree:
3. Haplogroup I predictor: http://www.isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_HapgrpR09.html
http://members.bex.net/jtcullen515/haplotest.htm 7. About «De Zonen van Adam in Nederland»:
4. About generation interval: http://www.barjesteh.nl/DNAproject.htm
http://www.smgf.org/ychromosome/generation_interval.j 8. About: Ken Nordtvedt’s Generation Spreadsheet
spx ) http://knordtvedt.home.bresnan.net/Generations2.xls
References
1. Bourgeois I., Gelorini V., De Clercq W., Deforce K. & Van 7. De Beule Hans. Origins of Hg I-L38 (I2b2) Subclades. 5th of
Strydonck M. 2003c: De ijzertijd in Zele (ca. 800 - ca. 50 April 2009.
v.C.): aan de periferie van een veranderende wereld, http://www.familytreedna.com/public/I2b2/default.aspx
Tijdschrift van het Verbond voor Oudheidkundig Bode- 8. Schilz Felix (2006) Molekulargenetische Verwandtschafts-
monderzoek in Oost-Vlaanderen 57, 11-24. analysen am prähistorischen Skelettkollektiv der Lich-
2. Bloemers JHF, van Dorp T (Editors). Pre- & protohistorie tensteinhöhle. Dissertation, Göttingen.
van de lage landen. Open Universiteit, De Haan, 1991, 9. Haywood, John. The historical Atlas of the Celtic World,
496p. 2001 Thames & Hudson Ltd, London.
3. Clerinckx Herman. Kelten en de Lage Landen. Davidsfonds, 10. Heem - en Oudheidkundige Kring Berlare, 1999 nr. 2 en
Leuven, 2005, 293 p. 2001 nr. 1.
4. Columbia Encyclopaedia, Sixth Edition, 2004, Columbia 11. Kearney, Hugh. The British Isles, a history of four nations,
University Press. second edition, 2006, Cambridge, Cambridgde University
5. Cunliffe Barry, Iron Age communities in Britain (an account Press, p. 28.
of England, Scotland and Wales from the Seventh century 12. Libber Birgit. Zu den frühbronzezeitlichen Gruppen in
BC until the Roman Conquest, Routledge, Oxon and New Süddeutschland. Universität, Leipzig, 2004.
York, 2005. 13. Oppenheimer Stephen (2006) Myths of British Ancestry.
6. De Beule Hans. Origin, Distribution and Migrations of I2b*- Prospect Magazine. Issue 127, October 2006.
Subclades. 18th of September 2008.
http://www.familytreedna.com/public/I2b2/default.aspx
51
Appendix A: STR values of the Lichtenstein bones
Of the Lichtenstein bones the following STR-values are made public:
T\DYS 391 389i 439 389ii 438 437 19 392 393 390 385a 385b ∑ HG
I2b
Y1 11 12 11 28 10 15 16 11 13 25 13 17 6
(100%)
I2b
Y2 11 12 11 27 10 15 15 11 13 25 13 17 3
(100%)
I2b
Y4 11* 12 11* 10 17* 1
(100%)
I2b
Y6 11 12 11 28 10 15 16 11 13 24 13 17 3
(100%)
R1b
Y3 11 13 12 29 12 15 14 13 13 23 11 14 1
(100%)
R1a
Y5 11 13 11 30 11 14 15 11 13 25 11 13 2
(100%)
*: Uncertain
52
Appendix B: Decimal geographical co-ordinates
Oldest Known Place of Longitude St Amands, Belgium 4,2045 51,054

Latitude
Origin of the Y-DNA (pos=east Bâtie
(north)
sample neg=west) Montgascon(38),France 5,5304 45,5801
Fjellestad,b.1812 Norway. 6,7795 58,0863
I-M38 Warta,Lodz,Poland 16,669 50,454
I-M38A °1702 Schauffausen SWIT 8,6355 47,6969
1695, Martock SOM UK -2,7658 50,9705 Jastrabie, Slovakia 17,1651 48,1395
1801 Ballycloghan, Antr, N. -7,7045 Primo Gandola, b. ca. 1812,
Ireland 53,6521 Bellagio, Italy 9,2629 45,9872
1690, Upton, -2,8861 1742, Hojrup, Tonder 9,6027 55,5555
Nottinghamshire 53,2143
Switzerland Kienberg 7,9677 47,4382
1649-1729 Bogen, Bavaria 12,6893 48,9109 1732 in Palatinate, Ger-
°1625 Poppenhausen 10,1467 50,0921 many, d. 23 November
°1720 Heidelberg, Pfalz 8,6785 49,4007 1792, Paradise, York Co.,
1791 - 1798 Kreis, Kolmar, 9,4955 Pa. 7,7669 49,433
Posen 53,7322 I-L38C
1620-1700 Geisleden 10,1941 51,3532 °1755 Ommeray Lorraine 6,6937 48,7113
1861 Bosseborn (Kreis 9,3073 1880, Lumphanan,
Hoxter) 51,7484 Aberdeensh
Rees Germany 6,3955 51,7619 Hall, 1813-186 Hanley cas-
1560 Zele 4,04 51,0682 tle, Worcestershire, England -2,2334 52,0772
4,3586 °1840-1892 Whitnash,
Hoogvliet Rotterdam, 1504 51,8633
Warwickshire, England -1,5216 52,2703
Baarlo, Netherlands 6,0971 51,3307
Kirrberg, Elzas, France 7,0646 48,8219
R-U152
Hauteville-la-Guichard, -1,3021
France 49,1255 Ryton Gateshead UK -1,7578 54,946
Bellemagny, Alsace 7,0656 47,6773 Galway -9,0516 53,2737
°1830, Llanelli, Wales, -4,1629 Wortegem 3,5109 50,8515
England 51,6791 Naila, Germany 11,7085 50,329
1819-1905, Colerne, -2,2593 Rokytnice Orlickyck Horach 16,4655 50,1646
Wiltshire, England 51,4388
Baden 9,0852 53
I-L38B
Jaszarokszallas 19,9787 47,6442
1623-1702 Bedfordshire, -0,4812
England 52,1049 Bentz-Stüdlin 8,503 49,4786
1779-1838 Aldby, England 1,2696 52,8524 Gondiswil 7,8723 47,1456
1854-1920 Haworth, -1,9535 Vaud 6,5373 46,5609
Yorkshire, England 53,8294 Salins 5,8806 46,9426
1692-1772, Ballinvoher, -8,6668 Aunis 0,8327 46,083
French Park,IRE 52,6376 Altavilla Monferrata 8,3779 44,994
°1635 -1704 Wiltshire -1,9916
Santander 3,8067 43,4607
England 51,246
Blanes 2,7925 41,6739
1490 Wiltshire, England, -1,9916
UK 51,246 Bad Königshofen im Gabfeld 10,4673 50,2985
1820, MountBellew, -8,5004 Holbeach Lincs England -0,0139 52,8039
Irleland 53,4609 Hartest, Suffolk -0,6799 52,1395
1765, Huntly, -2,4042 Croxton near Thetford -0,7534 52,4226
Aberdeenshire 51,8718
Esneux 5,5686 50,5337
1715 Methingen Metzingen 7,779 52,3148
Zug Suisse 8,5163 47,166
°1866 Darmstadt 8,651 49,8718
Civenna Italy 9,2722 45,9427
1832 Berlin 13,4119 52,5222
Stange Hedmark Norway 11,1918 60,7174
Kleve, Germany 6,1313 51,7843
53
Assentoft 10,149 56,4404 Ayrshire/Renfrewshire -4,5427 55,8296
Lunde A Denmark 13,153 55,392 Sligo, Ireland -8,4709 54,2702
Viereck 14,0412 53,5491 Dublin Ireland -6,2672 53,3436
Wauchope -3,1302 55,9335 Belfast, N. Irela -5,9299 54,5968
Isle of man -4,5479 54,2358 Limerick, Ireland 1865 -8,6266 52,6634
Stafford -2,1161 52,8049 Antrim, Ireland -6,2169 54,7129
Meulebeke 3,2884 50,9497 County Cavan, Ireland -7,3357 53,948
St Germain en Laye 2,0936 48,8986 Littleton, Tipperary -7,738 52,6367
Triefenstein 9,6029 49,8095 Marans, France -0,9914 46,3082
Kusel, Palatinate Germany 12,0728 52,228 Ballymoney,Antrim,No.Ire. -6,2781 54,8626
Gerlfongen 9,064 48,799
Nancy 6,1826 48,6906 I-223
Brülten, Fischental 8,6739 47,4716 Århus Amt, DK 10,2124 56,1577
Londonderry, Ireland -7,325 54,9938
R-L21 Rennertehausen, Hesse 8,6905 51,0261
Esens Ostfriesland Ger 7,6118 53,6478 Erristø, Vejle, Denmark 9,7036 55,5491
Poznan (Pol) 16,9254 52,406 Bozec, Czech Republic 17,5954 50,3186
Arendal (Nor) 8,7669 58,4593 Devon, England -3,2238 50,703
Vimmerby (Sweden) 15,855 57,6656 Tanum, Bohuslan, Sweden 11,3384 58,7189
Hardaland (Nor) 6,2876 60,2469 Oberlustadt,
Jämtland 'Sw) 14,9593 63,171 Bayern,Germany 8,2635 49,2438
Leidschendam-Voorburg Reedham, Norfolk, England 1,5688 52,56
(Ned) 4,3585 52,0754 Llanfair Dyffrin Clwyd Den.
Mulheim 6,8865 51,4268 Wales -3,4112 51,4197
Bundesbach 7,3774 49,8419 Melton, Suffolk, England 1,3332 52,1063
Wurzburg 9,9278 49,794 Pentrich, Derbyshire -1,4189 53,0684
Neustadt 11,835 49,8246 Swaffham, Norfolk, Eng. 0,6882 52,6465
Weil-der-Stadt 8,8692 48,7517 Osterwald, Germany 7,0341 52,534
Baden-Württemberg 9,3502 48,6614 Nova Bela,Austro-Hungary 18,1229 47,7439
Le bourgneuf-la-fôret -0,9711 48,1635 Dorchester, ENG -2,4331 50,7102
Brittany (france) 2,9325 48,2019 Ilvese, GER 9,6804 54,403
Drain (Fra) -1,206 47,339 Suffolk, England 0,9714 52,1868
Montussaint (Fra) 6,2924 47,4329 Farlam, Cumberland -2,6943 54,9217
Zurich 8,538 47,3686 Genarp, Sweden 13,4011 55,5992
Ranville-Breuillaud -0,1165 45,9021 Leksvik, Norway 10,6272 63,6722
Ranville-Breuillaud, France -0,1164 45,9017 Inveraray scotland -5,0735 56,2302
Stuttgart, Germany 9,1807 48,7763 Tyrone, Ireland -8,8881 53,2068
Bundenbach, Germany 7,3774 49,8415 Eichwalde, Germany 13,619 52,3729
Zurich, Switzerland 8,5383 47,3685 Buscot, Berkshire -1,6666 51,6753
Heihiller -2,1067 49,1916 Essex Worsham 0,668 51,7657
Gloucester, England -2,2483 51,8662
Sturton-Le-Steeple, Notts. R-S21
UK -0,8194 53,3457 Villach, Karnten, Austria 13,849 46,6155
Britford, Wiltshire, Basel, Switzerland 7,5812 47,5591
England 1,7518 53,7937 Emmental Distr.
Chalmers, Switzerland 7,7505 46,9163
McDonough,IL;Wales -3,5398 52,4486 Vilkaviskis, Lithuania 23,0363 54,6476
Inverness, Scotland -4,2313 57,4763 Rypin, Poland 19,41 53,0654
Isle of Bute, Scotland -5,0561 55,8354 Montauerweide Prussia 4,4861 51,7888
54
Vigny, Pontoise, France 1,9275 49,0768 London, U.K. -0,1259 51,4997
Eisenberg, Germany 11,9011 50,9677 Manchester, England -2,234 53,4801
Meppel, Netherlands 6,1957 52,7003 Upholland, Lancashire -2,7101 53,5152
Oudorp, Netherlands 4,7714 52,6323 Argyll, Scotland -5,2379 56,4289
Seboncourt, Aisne, France 3,4771 49,9534 Levens, UK -2,7873 54,2677
Gand, Belgium 3,7211 51,0531 East Brent, SOM, England -2,9388 51,263
Bæk, Denmark 9,6168 55,2904 Dublin -6,267 53,3438
Smaland, Sweden 14,3332 58,0402 Killingworth Middlesex CT -1,5675 55,0342
Altona, Hamburg, Germany 9,9637 53,5429 Northumberland, England -2,2562 55,3373
Szentpéterfa, Hungary 16,48 47,0944 Motherwell, Scotland -3,9948 55,7887
Braunton, Devon, UK -4,1611 51,1128 Bideford, Devon -4,2069 51,0193
Dublin, Ireland -6,267 53,3438 Baltinglass, Ire. -6,7098 52,9414
Lanarkshire, Scotland -3,7033 55,524 Duns, Berwickshire,
Glatonbury Somersetshire Scotland -2,3422 55,7778
England -2,7176 51,1458 Cumbria, England -2,7971 54,5768
Bitton, Gloucestershire UK -2,4592 51,4242 Stepney, Middlesex -0,0426 51,5173
Isle of Pabbay, Scotland -1,4892 50,7286 Kelling, Norfolk, England 1,1137 52,9408
55
Phylogenetic Relations
Hans De Beule
and Geographic Distribution
of I-L38 (aka I2b2)
(29th of June 2010 – http://sites.google.com/site/haplogroupil38/)
Abstract
The first section of this paper presents a 49 marker network analysis of 64 I-L38 haplotypes. This network is
used to visualize the phylogenetic relations between the 64 haplotypes. The second section maps the geographic
origin of I-L38 samples from several public databases.
Whenever possible the phylogenetic relation between samples with known geographic origin was visualized on
the map. Calculating the MRCA between these samples creates a hypothetical timeframe to explain the relations.
The third section describes the construction of a distribution map of I-L38. The general conclusion is that, at this
moment, most evidence points to a relation between I-L38 and the migrations of Late Bronze Age (Urnfield Cul-
ture) and Iron Age (Hallstatt, La Tène) people.
1. On the Structure of I-L38

Determination of subgroups of I-L38 is diffi-
Introduction cult because the genetic variety within
I-L38 is too small to be significant. To gain in-
sight in the structure of I2b2 without narrowing
Haplogroup I-L38 is defined by the SNPs
down the structure to a limited set of markers, it
L38/S154, L39/S155, L40/S156 and L65/S159.
is useful to calculate a minimum spanning net-
In the ISOGG tree its current name is haplogroup
work to cluster the samples.
I2b2. It is believed to be an ancient clade. Ken
Nordtvedt estimated the Most Recent Common
For the first times such a network was made
Ancestor (MRCA) of all living I-L38s at 4100
for I-L38 starting from a 67 marker set.
years ago.
Until now, no SNP was found to separate

Method: calculation of the minimum
I-L38. Several researchers structured I-L38, into
spanning network and clustering
different clusters, using different markers. Ini-
of the samples
tially Ken Nordtvedt separated I-L38 into 3 clus-
ters using DYS448:
According to Bandelt (1999) the multitude of
 I-L38A with DYS448=19; plausible phylogenetic trees is best expressed in
a network that displays alternative potential evo-
 I-L38B with DYS448=21; lutionary paths. A minimum spanning tree for a
set of sequence types connects all given types,
 I-L38C (later called I-L38Scot) with such that the total length (the sum of distances
DYS448=20. between linked sequence types) is minimal. The
minimum spanning network serves as a good
_____________________________________________________________
point of departure to reconstruct the most likely
56
tree by taking geographical information into ac-  the number of mutations between two
count. samples, as displayed in the Fluxus network, was
counted;
The Median Joining Networks in this paper are
created by Fluxus 4.5.1.6 Software.  Ken Nordtvedt’s I2b specific mutation
rates were used. The average mutation rate used
To create a minimum spanning network for to calculate the MRCA is based on 48 markers:
I-L38, STR values of 64 samples with known 67 0,002311697 (or 1/432 per generation). This
marker set were used. All samples were selected equals one mutation every 9 generations
out of the FTDNA I-L38 project. By ignoring the (432/48)-or- one mutation every 279 years (9
multicopy markers (in the 4 FTDNA panels) the generations * 31 years).
67 marker set was reduced to the following 49
STR loci to create a network: Example: When the number of mutations be-
tween two samples is «20», this equals 20* 279
DYS393, 390, 19, 391, 426, 388, 439, 392, years = 5580 years between the two haplotypes
458, 455, 454, 447, 437, 448, 449, 460, H4, -or- 5580/2 = 2790 years between both involved
456, 607, 576, 570, 442, 438, 531, 578, 590, haplotypes and their MRCA.
537, 641, 472, 406, 511, 425, 557, 594, 436,
490, 534, 450, 444, 481, 520, 446, 617, 568,
487, 572, 640, 492, 565. Results
Appendix A refers to the used samples that Figure 1 shows the minimal spanning network
can be found at the FTDNA I-L38 project. of the 64 I-L38 samples. This network displays
the relationship between the 49 (weighted) STR-
In the Fluxus software it is optional to correct values and shows the most likely evolutionary
the STR-values with a customized weight (the tree. The «torso» of the network is displayed in
standard weight is 10 and the maximum weight bold red lines. It is interesting to note that:
is 100).
1. the «torso» has three distinct arms – the
Following Qamar (2002) a weighting scheme samples tied to these arms only partially fit the
with a five-fold range was used in the construc- traditional STR-subgroups listed in Appendix A.
tion of the networks. The weights assigned were
specific for each haplogroup and took into ac- 2. with the exception of the I-L38Scot clus-
count the Y-STR variation across the haplogroup ter, there does not seem to be a relation between
in the whole population. The following weights clusters of samples and geographical origin, sug-
were used: variance 0-0.09=weight 90; variance gesting the respective I-L38 clusters spread to-
0.1-0.19=weight 70; variance 0.2-0.49=weight gether as a mixed lot;
50; variance 0.5-0.99=weight of 30 and variance
1.00=weight 10. 3. the sample (A7) nearest the crossing of
the three arms of the «torso» is geographically
To calculate the MRCA between related haplo- linked to Solothurn (Switzerland) in the High
types with known origin (see Figure 3 and Ap- Rhine area, emphasizing thus the relation of I-
pendix C): L38 and the Rhine.
 generations of 31 years were used (this is

the median paternal generation interval calcu-
lated by SMGF);
57
Interesting
I-L38-A clus-
ter sepa-
rated by
DYS442 =
11
Figure 1: phylogenetic 49 marker network of 64 I-L38 samples . Nodes represent haplotypes and are proportional to the number
of haplotypes representing it. The length of the links represents the genetic distance. The colour of the nodes and the codename
of the sample refers to the clusters as defined in the FTDNA I-L38 project: yellow nodes = I-L38-A; red nodes = I-L38-B;
dark blue nodes = I-L38-Scot (I-L38-C); green nodes = I-L38-D; white nodes = I-L38-E; light blue nodes = I-L38-14.
2. Mapping the Geographical Spread

Introduction of I-L38 In 2008, a map with pinpointed I-L38 samples
showed that the Upper Rhine region (Rhineland –
Since the discovery of I-L38 in may 2005 - Palatinate) has a high I-L38 frequency. Also was
then called I(X) - an increasing number of sam- proved that this region harbours a high I-L38
ples with known geographic origin became avail- cluster diversity (demonstrated by various
able on public genetic databases. DYS448 and DYS19 combinations), making it a
likely point of origin of the I-L38 haplogroup. (De
In 2005 it was puzzling why I-L38 was that Beule 2008 and 2009).
absent in northern (Scandinavian) Europe.
Since 2009, gradually, an increasing number
After it became known, in May 2006, that the of samples with known East and Southern Euro-
bones that were found in the Lichtenstein cave pean origin pop up, demanding an updated state
(in Osterode-am-Harz) could be attributed to of affairs.
haplogroup I-L38, it was tempting to conclude
that the Harz region was the cradle of I-L38. This sections pinpoints the publicly available
samples of I-L38 on a map (and shows the phy-
58
logenetic relations between them) in order to  Most MRCAs go back to Iron Age
meet this demand. (Hallstatt, La Tène) or Late Bronze Age (Urnfield
Culture) age, suggesting that I-L38 might have
been one of the haplogroups that spread on the
Method waves of these cultures. In this respect it is
noteworthy that the 3000 year old artefacts that
A distribution map of I-L38 samples was are found in the Lichtenstein cave also belonged
made using the known geographical origin of 84 to the Urnfield Culture (Schilz, 2006).
I-L38 samples from the following public STR da-
tabases: It is important to recognize that there are still
vast areas of Europe of which very little
 Ysearch (Search by Haplogroup / I2b2); Y-DNA data are known. To draw conclusions
about the presence/absence of I-L38 in Spain,
 The FTDNA I-L38 project; Portugal, Italy, the Balkan countries, France, etc.
more I-L38 samples with known origin are
 SMGF, status May 2010 (with search val- needed.
ues: DYS393=13, 426=11, 392=11, 459=8,10,
455=10, 454=12, YCAII= 19,19). To overcome this drawback, section 3 con-
structs a predicted distribution map of I-L38.
Refer to Appendix B for an overview of the
pinpointed I-L38 locations.
3. Constructing a I-L38 Distribution Map
Results Introduction
Figure 2 shows the distribution of the samples Since most researches simply did/do not test
with known geographic origin. on SNPs determining I-L38, no real distribution
map of I-L38 is available. A rough and predicted
Some of the pinpointed samples were also I-L38 distribution map can be made using a
used in the network analysis. When these phy- workaround.
logenetic related samples are connected interest-
ing patterns emerge (see Figure 3): Chiaroni (2009) summarizes the structure of
haplogroup I as shown in Figure 4.
 one can almost see how I-L38 migrated
from the Upper Rhine to the coast of Normandy According to the ISOGG 2010 tree, SNP M436
(France) to cross the Channel to enter England (aka P215 or S31) defines haplogroup I2b.
and Ireland; Itself, I-M436 (I2b) consists of the subclades:
 from the Upper Rhine region there are  I-M223 SNP- (defined by SNP M223, called
also connections to the north (Southern tip of I2b1 by ISOGG);
Norway), east (Poland) and south (Spain);
 I-L38 (defined by SNP L38, called I2b2 by
 the Lichtenstein cave (yellow dot) is situ- ISOGG).
ated right on the «northern route»;
59
Figure 2: pinpointed I-L38 samples with known geographic origin.
Figure 3: phylogenetic related I-L38 samples with known geographical origin; the yellow dot represents
the Lichtenstein cave. The white numbers indicate the time (years ago) to the MRCA of the two samples.
60
In other words: Remark: a part of the I-M436 haplotypes does
not belong to either I-M223 or I-L38. This group
«Haplogroup I-M436» = is labelled I-M436* (aka I-P215* or S31*). I-
«Hg I-M223» + «Hg I-L38» M436* is believed to have spread lightly and uni-
-so- formly over Europe, excluding Scandinavia. I-
«Haplogroup I-L38» = M436* is ignored in the reasoning above since
2Hg I-M4362 - «Hg I-M223» the light and uniform spread will not affect con-
clusions about I-L38 too much.
Haplogroup I-L38,
(not mentioned by
Chiaroni)
Figure 4: the structure of haplogroup I according to Chiaroni (2009).
Method I2b (SNP M436) in European countries. It does

not display percentages on the distribution of I-
Subtracting the I-M223 % value of a country M223 or I-L38.
from the overall I-M436 % of that country theo-
retically results in an indication of the Eupedia states that:
I-L38 percentage in this country.
 The sample size for each country or region
is at least 100. Italy, Germany, England and Ire-
Estimated % of M436 per country land have over 2000 samples each, France and
Spain over 1000, Portugal over 900, Belgium
Drawing on various sources, Eupedia (see ref- over 750, the Netherlands, Finland and Hungary
erences) displays the frequencies of haplogroup over 650, Greece over 500.
61
 The division of Italy is as follows: North were combined there was a need to correct the
Italy is everything until Liguria and Emilia- outcome. Since the I-L38 values in Belgium (cfr.
Romagna; Central Italy comprises Tuscany, Hertogdom Brabant DNA project) and the Nether-
Marche, Umbria, Latium and Abruzzo. South Italy lands (cfr. Zonen van Adam in Nederland) are
is everything else to the south, except Sardinia known, a correction factor could be applied to
and Sicily, which have been made into separate correct the combined Wiik + Charioni I-M223
categories due to their specific history and rela- values.
tive geographic isolation.
 The division of Germany is as follows:

North Germany includes the Schleswig-Holstein,
Lower Saxony (+ Hamburg and Bremen) and
Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. West Germany
is the Rhineland, Hessen and Saarland. South
Germany is Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria.
East Germany is composed of Brandenburg, Ber-
lin, Saxony-Anhalt, Saxony and Thuringia.
Estimated % of M223 per country
Kalevi Wiik (2008) visualized the distribution

of I-M223 on a map of Europe (see Figure 5).
Also Chiaroni (2009) published a distribution map
of M223 (see Figure 4). Both maps were used to Figure 5: distribution of I-M223 (formerly known as I1c)
estimate the percentage of I-M223 in the coun- according to Kalevi Wiik (2008).
tries/regions mentioned in the Eupedia distribu-
tion table (see Table 1). This corrected I-M223 % could be subtracted
from Eupedia’s I2b (I-M436) percentages to es-
timate the percentage of I-L38 per coun-
Results try/region. In some cases this resulted in a
«negative percentage», meaning «even less than
Because the percentages of I-M223 were zero %» presence of I-L38.
based on gradient maps and different researches
Table 1: the last column displays the estimated percentage of I-L38 per country.
Combined
I-M223 I-M223 Corrected
Region/ I2b% Wiik &
categor category % %I-L38
Haplogroup Eupedia Charioni
y Wiik Charioni I-M223
category
Belgium 4,50 8,00 4,00 12,00 3,20 1,30
Albania 3,00 2,00 0,00 2,00 0,53 2,47
Austria 2,00 5,00 2,00 7,00 1,87 0,13
Belarus 1,00 1,00 0,00 1,00 0,27 0,73
Bosnia-
Herzegovina 0,50 2,00 0,00 2,00 0,53 -0,03
Bulgaria 1,00 6,00 0,00 6,00 1,60 -0,60
Croatia 1,00 2,00 0,00 2,00 0,53 0,47
Czech Republic 4,00 1,00 2,00 3,00 0,80 3,20
Denmark 5,00 10,00 3,00 13,00 3,47 1,53
England 4,50 6,00 2,00 8,00 2,13 2,37
62
Combined
I-M223 I-M223 Corrected
Region/Haplogro I2b% Wiik &
categor category % I- %I-L38
up Eupedia Charioni
y Wiik Charioni M223
category
France 4,00 4,00 5,00 9,00 2,40 1,60
North Germany 5,00 12,00 3,00 15,00 4,00 1,00
East Germany 3,00 12,00 2,00 14,00 3,73 -0,73
West Germany 7,00 8,00 4,00 12,00 3,20 3,80
South Germany 3,00 6,00 2,00 8,00 2,13 0,87
Greece 1,50 4,00 2,00 6,00 1,60 -0,10
Hungary 2,50 1,00 1,00 2,00 0,53 1,97
Ireland 4,00 4,00 0,00 4,00 1,07 2,93
North Italy 2,50 2,00 1,00 3,00 0,80 1,70
Central Italy 5,00 2,00 2,00 4,00 1,07 3,93
South Italy 2,50 2,00 2,00 4,00 1,07 1,43
Latvia 1,00 1,00 2,00 3,00 0,80 0,20
Lithuania 1,00 1,00 2,00 3,00 0,80 0,20
Macedonia 0,00 2,00 0,00 2,00 0,53 -0,53
Netherlands 6,00 10,00 6,00 16,00 4,27 1,73
Norway 1,00 2,00 3,00 5,00 1,33 -0,33
Poland 1,00 1,00 2,00 3,00 0,80 0,20
Portugal 3,00 2,00 0,00 2,00 0,53 2,47
Romania 2,00 4,00 1,00 5,00 1,33 0,67
Scotland 4,00 4,00 0,00 4,00 1,07 2,93
Serbia 4,00 2,00 0,00 2,00 0,53 3,47
Slovakia 1,00 1,00 2,00 3,00 0,80 0,20
Spain 1,00 3,00 0,00 3,00 0,80 0,20
Sweden 2,00 1,00 10,00 11,00 2,93 -0,93
Switzerland 3,00 5,00 2,00 7,00 1,87 1,13
Ukraine 1,00 5,00 2,00 7,00 1,87 -0,87
Colour key: 3-4 % 2-3 % 1-2% 0-1% 0%
Figure 6 visualizes the estimated percentages Remark on Portugal:

on a map of Europe. If this rough approach re-
flects the distribution of I-L38 in Europe suffi- One can find an indirect evidence of the pres-
ciently correct, it means we can expect more I- ence of I-L38 in Portugal at the Iberian DNA pro-
L38 samples to pop up along the Danube (Serbia, ject of FTDNA. According to the Cullen Hap-
Slovakia, ...) and in Southern European countries logroup I predictor the families Ochoa, Baptista,
as Portugal, Spain and Italy. Cardoso and Dos Anos turn out to be members of
I-L38-A (probability 38-39%) or I-L38-RecLOH
Remark on Italy: (probability 38-39%). Three of the four families
are linked to Cape Verde, a former Portuguese
The distribution of the surnames of the known colony.
Italian samples suggest that they «leaked» into
Italy from across Alps. For the distribution maps
of the Italian surnames: see Appendix D. These
maps suggest that I-L38 has a higher presence in
Northern Italy than in Central Italy.
63
Figure 6: estimated % of I-L38 per country on a map also displaying known origins of I-L38 samples.
4. Further Discussion The Urnfield Culture (1200-750 BC) developed

into the Hallstatt culture (750-450 BC) that led to
Looking at the predicted distribution, it be- the La Tène culture (450–50 BC).
comes clear that there is still much to discover
concerning I-L38. Given the age and the spread of I-L38 it
seems logical that the migration of I-L38 from
At this moment the geographic distribution of the Upper Rhine region to all its current locations
I-L38 samples with known geographic origin, en- can only be explained by successive independent
riched with: collective and individual migrations taking centu-
ries.
 phylogenetic relations between samples
shown by the network analysis; From an archaeological point of view, it can
be argued that the distribution of I-L38 played a
 MRCA calculations; role in Late Bronze Age (Urnfield Culture) and
Iron Age (Hallstatt, La Tène) migrations.
 the estimated distribution of I-L38 in re-
gions of which very few Y-DNA data are known; The former could explain the Urnfield-
artefacts that are found in the Lichtenstein cave;
points in the direction of a relation between the latter could be tied to La Tène (De Beule,
I-L38 and the spread of Late Bronze Age (Urn- 2009) artefacts.
field Culture) and Iron Age (Hallstatt, La Tène)
cultures.
64
In this respect it is interesting to look at the Further research focussing on the presence of
distribution of Iron Age stamped pottery in west- I-L38 in Serbia, Spain, Portugal, Italy, the Galatai
ern Europe. It is important to stress that Iron region in Turkey, etc… is needed to generate ac-
Age stamped pottery only occurs in specific Euro- curate data for these regions and to confirm (or
pean regions. This type of pottery is found in the reject) the supposed link to Hallstatt and/or La
vast area encompassed by the Rhine, Danube, Tène cultures.
Marne and Rhône basins, in Armorica, in Cornwall
and the western part of Britain, in the Golasecca We can expect more I-L38 samples to pop up
and Este culture regions and the Alps, in the high in Southern European countries and regions
Hérault in southwestern France, in the central along the Danube.
areas of the Iberian Peninsula along the Ebre
River, the Tagus and the Guadiana Rivers. Figure
7 clearly shows this European phenomenon and
emphasises its continental origin in the seventh
and sixth centuries BC, slowly spreading further
south. Some examples of fine stamped grey pot-
tery, show that they used the same La Tène
models that we find in northern France, the Brit-
ish Isles or Germany. The forms of the vases
may vary from region to region, but the stamped
motifs are very similar.
Such decorated vessels can be found from the

beginning of the early Iron Age on, or in what
used to be called Hallstatt, but especially by the
sixth century BC and since the beginning of the Figure 7: distribution of Iron Age, La Tène linked,
late Iron Age or La Tène (Gamito, 2005). stamped pottery (Gamito, 2005).
In southern Europe La Tène artefacts are also

found in the south of France, the north of Italy,
the south eastern Alps and in the Lower Danube
region.
From a linguistic point of view the Hallstatt

and La Tène culture is tied to the Celtic-speaking
peoples that entered the historical records with
the Hallstatt culture. By the end of the Hallstatt
period, the Celts had moved outward from Cen-
tral Europe in almost all directions: first into
France, Spain, and Britain, then southward into
northern Italy, and then eastward into the Bal-
kans and Asia Minor as the Galatians of the Bible
(see Figure 8) (Noonan, 2008). Figure 8: supposed spread of Celtic language
(Noonan, 2008).
65
References
1. Bandelt Hans-Jürgen, Forster Peter, Röhl Arne.(1999) Me- 6. De Beule Hans. Early Bronze Age Origin and Late Iron Age
dian-Joining Networks for Inferring Intraspecific Phylog- (La Tène) Migrations of I-L38, november 2009, posted on
enies. Molecular Biology & Evolution, 16(1): 37-48. http://sites.google.com/site/haplogroupil38/
2. Barjesteh van Waalwijk van Doorn-Khosrovani S., van 7. Gamito Teresa Júdice, The Celts in the Iberian Peninsula,
Gestel AWJM, Plooij FX, Uitgeversmaatschappij Barjesteh Journal of interdisciplinary Celtic Studies, volume 6,
van Waalwijk van Doorn en Co’sZonen van Adam in Ned- 2005, 571-605.
erland; Rotterdam en Gronsveld, 2008, 405p. 8. Noonan, Michael. Celtic Crossings Lecture. 2008:
3. Chiaroni Jacques, Underhill Peter A., Cavalli-Sforza Luca L. https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/noonan/www/Celtic%20lectu
Y chromosome diversity, human expansion, drift, and cul- re.IE.pdf
tural evolution 20174–20179 _ PNAS _ December 1, 2009 9. Qamar Raheel, Ayub Qasim, Mohyuddin Aisha, Helgason
_ vol. 106 _ no. 48. Agnar, Mazhar Kehkashan, Mansoor Atika, Zerjal Tatiana,
4. De Beule Hans. Origin, Distribution and Migrations of I2b*- Tyler-Smith Chris, Mehdi Qasim. Y-Chromosomal DNA
Subclades, 18 september 2008, posted on Variation in Pakistan. Am J Hum Genet. 2002 May; 70(5):
http://sites.google.com/site/haplogroupil38/ 1107–1124.
5. De Beule Hans. Origins of Hg I-L38 (I2b2) Subclades, 5th 10. Schilz Felix. 2006. Molekulargenetische Verwandtschafts-
of april 2009, posted on analysen am prähistorischen Skelettkollektiv der Lich-
http://sites.google.com/site/haplogroupil38/ tensteinhöhle. Dissertation, Göttingen.
11. Wiik Kalevi. 2008. Where did European Men Come From?
Journal of Genetic Genealogy, 4:35-85.
Webreferences section 1:
On the Structure of I-L38
1. Free network software: http://www.fluxus-engineering.com 6. Definition of the Upper Rhine and High Rhine:
2. Haplogroup I subclade modals: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rhein-Karte.png
http://knordtvedt.home.bresnan.net/FounderHaps.xls 7. Average mutation rates for I2b: Relative-m(i) excel file at
3. Haplogroup I predictor: http://knordtvedt.home.bresnan.net
http://members.bex.net/jtcullen515/haplotest.htm 8. Median paternal generation interval:
4. Public STR database: http://www.smgf.org/ychromosome/generation_interval.
http://www.familytreedna.com/public/I2b2/default.aspx? jspx
section=yresults 9. Hertogdom Brabant project: http://www.brabant-dna.org/
5. Calculation of the I-L38 MRCA:
http://knordtvedt.home.bresnan.net/MRCA%20Ages.ppt
Mapping the Geographical Spread of I-L38
1. Public STR database: http://www.ysearch.org/ 3. Public STR database:

2. Public STR data- http://www.smgf.org/ychromosome/search.jspx
base:http://www.familytreedna.com/public/I2b2/default.
aspx?section=yresults
Constructing a I-L38 Distribution Map
1. Estimated frequencies of European haplogroups: 4. Public STR database:

http://www.eupedia.com/europe/european_y- http://www.familytreedna.com/public/I2b2/default.aspx?
dna_haplogroups.shtml section=yresults
2. Eupedia Sources 5. ISOGG 2010 tree:
http://www.eupedia.com/europe/origins_haplogroups_eu http://www.isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_HapgrpI.html
rope.shtml#Sources 6. Iberian DNA project:
3. Sorensen Molecular Genealogy Foundation (aka SMGF): http://www.familytreedna.com/public/IberianDNA/default.
http://www.smgf.org/pages/ydatabase.jspx aspx?section=yresults
Webreferences section: Further discussion
1. Noonan, Michael. Celtic Crossings Lecture. 2008:

https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/noonan/www/Celtic%20lecture.IE.pdf
66
Appendix A: Samples to Create the I-L38 Network (Figure 1)
Most Distant Ancestor Network code Thomas Cullen, °1690,

Upton, Nottinghamshire A26
I-L38-A John Fortner, °1775,
Patrick Connolly b.c 1808 North Carolina, USA A27
Bulgaden Co Limerick IRE A1 I-L38-B
Owen Ragon, °1797 A2 Patrick Bellew, °1820,
Andrew Wolfe A3 MountBellew, Irleland B1
Peter Lawrence 1774 (NC) John Garrison, °1799 B2
-1856 (IN) A4 Claude Reynaud, °1723,
A5 Bâtie Montgascon, France B3
Christian Deterding, °1792 John White, 1862-1907
and 1799 A6 Phila PA B4
Fridolin Hurbi, °1767 A7 Enoch Cornelius Seaver,
Robert Thadeus McClellan, °1834, North Carolina B5
°1895 TN - A8 Ommund Ommundson
Johan Fuchs (Fox), °1784, Fjellestad, °1812, Norway B6
Prussia, Germany A9 Jesse Campbell, °1820,
Georg Simon Wehr, °1720, South Carolina, USA B7
Heidelberg, Germany A10 Roger Chievre 960 - 1000 B8
Evans A11 Thomas Sivers 1680 -
Samuel Robison about 1714 B9
°1765 - 1826 A12 Stone B10
Haworth B11
William Barker A13
Foster B12
Hauteville-la-Guichard,
France A14 Elisha Foster, °1766 -
1833, b: VT/MA - USA B13
Hugh Bullock A15 Henry Hutchison B14
Elijah (Wm E.) Butler, Michael Weathers, °1733,
°1819, Colerne, Wiltshire A16 Surry Co. VA B15
Matthew Weakley, °1695, Francisco Fox B16
Martock SOM UK A17 Henry Hainer, Ulster Co.
James Smith, NY B17
°1792 - 1868 A18 I-L38-C or I-L38-Scot
William Robinson,
°1614-1668 A19 McCratic Sc1
Jean Guittard, °1614, John MacKenzie, °17xx
Bellemagny, Alsace, France A20 M:Dicie Sc2
Williamson Sc3
Joseph Price, °1796 A21 Wilson McKenny, °1758,
Horatio Huggins, of VA Sc4
Gingerland, Nevis, WI A22 Samuel McKinney, ° 1840,
TN Sc5
Loran White, °1952 A23
Nicholas McKinney, 1822,
Brooks A24
Franklin Co., AL Sc6
Samuel Dale, °1801,
Johnson McKinney, °1764,
Ballycloghan, Antr,
VA of AL Sc7
N. Ireland A25
67
I-L38-D I-L38-14
Reece Vandever Morrel, 141
°1795, Camden Dist SC D1 Hezekiah Haney, °1770,
Richard Wootten Halifax Co. NC 142
of Warwick, °1614, James Rawls, °1734,
England D2 Nansemond Co., Virginia 143
Thomas Boucher, °1780 Suárez 144
western VA D3 Johannes Böhly, °1702,
I-L38-E Switzerland 145
Grantner 146
William Chaffee Shannon, Joseph Seiler, °1687,
°1876 NY E1 Germany 147
Edward Richardson, °1701 E2
Adalbertus/
Wojciech Tatucha, °1750,
Warta, Lodz, Poland E3
Appendix B: Overview of the Pinpointed I-L38 Locations (Figure 2)
Database Family Name Origin

SMGF Standage °1758, Berry, Sussex, England
SMGF Gandola °1864, Porleza, Como, Italy
SMGF Jackson °1782, Haydock, Lancashire, England
SMGF Hansen °1833, Frederikshavn, Hjorring, Denmark
SMGF Bennett °1772, Nutwood, Sussex, England
SMGF Mezic °1878, Mali Podlog, Slovenia, Austria-Hungary
SMGF Spagnotto °1885, Vallo, Italy
SMGF Fosson °1855, Magnechilas Ayas, Aosta, Italy
SMGF Tavernier °1847, Lille, Nord, France
SMGF Fridal °1795, Lundy, Fyn, Denmark
SMGF Adam °1879, Leith, Scotland
SMGF Garscadden °1879, Glasgow, Lanarkshire, Scotland
SMGF Worthington °1812, Ropley, Hampshire, England
SMGF Tietjen °1654, Dellien, Bleckede, Niedersachsen
SMGF Weinheimer °1837, Antonin, Tarnopol, Galizien Ukraine
SMGF Van Hoesen °1582, Huizen, North Holland, Netherlands
SMGF Hill °1674, Old Swinford, Worchestershire, England
SMGF Dale °1801, Maghadone, Derry, Ireland
SMGF Kronenberger °1811, Plock Poland
SMGF Bottemiller °1795, Brockhagen, Steinhagen Westphalia in Kreis
Gütersloh
SMGF Craig °1813, Prestonpans, Scotland
SMGF Heidenreich °1710, Hullhorst, Lubbecke, Westphalia
SMGF Grund °1857, Valašské Meziříčí, Moravia, Austria-Hungary
SMGF Clare °1886, Newton, Prestwick, Lancashire, England
68
ZvAiN Blaas Rees Germany
ZvAiN De Booy De Lier Netherlands
ZvAiN Meert St Amands, Belgium
ZvAiN Spée Baarlo, Netherlands
FTDNA Strohmeier °1649 -1729, Bogen, Bavaria
FTDNA Saylor / Seiler °1715, Methingen Metzingen
FTDNA Ochs °1625, Poppenhausen
FTDNA Wehr °1720, Heidelberg, Pfalz
FTDNA Krassin °1791 - 1798, Kreis, Kolmar, Posen
FTDNA Hartung °1620 - 1700, Geisleden
FTDNA Marschall °1755, Ommeray Lorraine
FTDNA Zimmer °1866, Darmstadt
FTDNA Underwood °1832, Berlin
FTDNA Schlenke °1861, Bosseborn (Kreis Hoxter)
FTDNA De Beule °1560, Zele
SMGF Lems °1504, Hoogvliet Rotterdam
FTDNA Brion Kirrberg, Elzas, FRA
FTDNA Hauteville-la-Guichard, France
FTDNA Guittard Bellemagny, Alsace
FTDNA Reynaud Bâtie Montgascon, France
Ommund
FTDNA Ommundson °1812, Fjellestad, Norway
FTDNA Tatucha °1750, Warta, Lodz, Poland
FTDNA Lehman °1702, Schauffausen SWIT
FTDNA Wanchick Jastrabie, Slovakia (Žiar nad Hronom)
FTDNA Peder Andersen °1742, Hojrup, Tonder
FTDNA Brabazon °1692 - 1772, Ballinvoher, French Park, Ireland
FTDNA Mortimer °1635 - 1704, Wiltshire England
FTDNA Bassett °1830, Llanelli, Wales, England
FTDNA Butler °1819 - 1905, Colerne, Wiltshire, England
FTDNA Oldfield °1813 - 186, Hanley Castle, Worcestershire, England
FTDNA Evans °1854 - 1920, Haworth, Yorkshire, England
FTDNA Furbey °1840 - 1892, Whitnash, Warwickshire, England
FTDNA Sawyer 1623 - 1702, Bedfordshire, England
FTDNA Hutchinson °1779 - 1838, Aldby, England
(south east of Whitehaven)
FTDNA John van Brussel °1849, Veldhoven, Netherlands
FTDNA Dirk Gerritz Kors °1754, Heemskerk, Netherlands
Dam
FTDNA Joseph Seiler °1708 in Sembach, Germany
FTDNA Patrick Connolly °1808, Bulgaden Co Limerick IRE
FTDNA Wendelin Stehle °1717-1785, Bittelbronn, Hohenzollern Zollernalbkreis,
Tubingen, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany
FTDNA Matthew Weakley °1695, Martock SOM UK
FTDNA Thomas Rix °1622, Brancaster, England UK
FTDNA Thomas Cullen °1690, Upton, Nottinghamshire
FTDNA Edmund Rule °1534, Balsham, Cambridgeshire
69
FTDNA Patrick Bellew °1820, MountBellew, Ireland
FTDNA George °1765, Huntly, Aberdeenshire
Cruickshank
FTDNA William Cornwell °1609, Terling, Essex, England
FTDNA Judde °1554, Winterbourne Wiltshire
FTDNA Alexander °1880, Lumphanan, Aberdeensh
Farquhar
ysearch Bower Elgin, Moray, Scotland 1750
ysearch Connolly County Limerick, Ireland
ysearch Deterding Hannover/Hanover, Germany
ysearch Hurbi Kienberg, Solothurn, Switzerland
ysearch Kelly Dundalk, Louth, Ireland
ysearch More Wick, Caithness, Scotland
ysearch Rule Balsham, Cambridge, England
ysearch Salvesen Vennesla, Vest Agder County, Norway
ysearch Stehle Bittelbronn-Haigerloch, Hohenzollern, Germany
ysearch Suarez Garrovillas de Alconetar, Spain
Appendix C: Overview of the Pinpointed Locations with their Genetic Distance

and MRCA Calculation (Figure 3)
Mutations
Years ago
Location 1 Location 2 counted on
to MRCA
Fluxus network
Bâtie
Mountbellew(B1) Montgascon (B3) 28 3.911
Bâtie
Warta Lodz (E3) Montgascon (B3) 23 3.213
Garovillas de Alconetar
(144) Solothurn (A7) 15 2.095
Solothurn (A7) Methingen (147) 18 2.514
Methingen (147) Fjellestad (B6) 14 1.956
Bellemagny
Hannover (A6) (A20) 23 3.213
Ballycloghan
Bellemagny (A20) (A25) 17 2.375
Hauteville-la-
Martock (A17) Guichard (A14) 13 1.816
Hauteville-la-Guichard (A14) Heidelberg (A10) 15 2.095
Heidelberg (A10) Colerne (A16) 16 2.235
Limerick (A1) Upton (A26) 20 2.794

Upton (A26) Warwick (D2) 28 3.911
70
Appendix D: Distribution Maps of the known Italian I-L38 Surnames
http://www.gens.labo.net/en/cognomi/genera.html
Fosson Gandola Spagnotto
71
Haplogroups E1b1b1c1 (M34)

A.A. Aliev,
and E1b1b1c1a (M84) D.L. Tartakovsky
among Jews.
Could Abraham be E1b1b1c1
or E1b1b1c1a?
Abstract
The present paper clarifies the TMRCA of the Jews of haplogroup E1b1b1c1, the origin of Jews of haplogroup
E1b1b1c1a (M84) and answers the question: «Could Abraham be E1b1b1c1 (M34) or E1b1b1c1a (M84)?».
Retrospect tives was converted to Judaism and became the

ancestor of the Jewish line of E1b1b1c1.
The problem of the origin of the Jewish carri-
ers of E1b1b1 subclades has been paid sufficient The specific structure of Jewish sample of
attention [1, 2, 3, 4], including our previous pa- haplogroup E1b1b1c1 (the vast majority of the
pers [5, 6]. Nevertheless, development of DNA haplotypes belong to one cluster) makes the
genealogy is not standing still, the number of TMRCA very sensitive to including of any new
people being tested for Y-DNA are increasing and haplotype not belonging to that cluster. In a pre-
the amount of new information is constantly vious paper [5], due to the lack of 37-marker
growing, which requires a certain correction of haplotypes, 25-marker haplotypes (the calcula-
previous conclusions. tion of which does not give enough accuracy)
were used. To improve the accuracy of the calcu-
In brief, a summary of papers [5, 6] reduces lation, for the present paper only the 37-marker
to the fact that different subclades of haplogroup haplotypes, which number significantly increased
E1b1b1 (M35) have been presented in the Middle (N=55), were used. Due to the «instability» of
East from ancient times. From these subclades, the TMRCA of the Jewish E1b1b1c1, the authors
the maximum time of the most recent common emphasize the importance of the confidence in-
ancestor (TMRCA) among Jews has E1b1b1c1 terval calculated with 95% probability.
(M34) subclade: 3375±430 years ago. It comes
at a time of settling Jews in Canaan. E1b1b1a1, Also, the origin of Jews of haplogroup
E1b1b1a2 and E1b1b1a3 subclades were included E1b1b1c1a (M84), which has the largest number
into the Jewish community in later times. It was of clusters, has not been adequately studied so
suggested that in Pre-Jewish times Canaanite far. In addition, the simultaneous presence of
carriers of E1b1b1c1 could be among such histor- E1b1b1c1 (M34) subclades among Jews and
ically evidenced people as Amorites, Hittites, Phi- Arabs contributed to the assumption of belonging
listines and Horites, and one of their representa- «Y-chromosomal Abraham» (a conditional com-
mon ancestor of the Arabs and Jews) to one of
_____________________________________________________________

these subclades. The question of the lifetime of
Correspondence: absheron@gmail.com common ancestors of Jews and Arabs of haplo-
72
groups E1b1b1c1 and E1b1b1c1a has not been Could Abraham be E1b1b1c1 (M34)?
studied yet.
To answer this question let us briefly outline
The aim of this paper is to clarify the TMRCA the current situation. According to the Bible and
of the Jews of haplogroup E1b1b1c1, the origin of the Muslim tradition, Abraham is the distant an-
Jews of haplogroup E1b1b1c1a (M84) and answer cestor of Cohens and Seyyids, and more — Jews
the question: «Could Abraham be E1b1b1c1 and Arabs. According to historians, (that general-
(M34) or E1b1b1c1a (M84)?». ly confirm the time mentioned in the Old Testa-
ment), in particular, [13, 14, 15], Abraham lived
about 4000 years ago.
The most recent common ancestors
of Jews of E1b1b1c1, E1b1b1c1a Currently there is no clear opinion about Ab-
raham’s haplogroup — the known characteristics
For our research we will use Jewish E1b1b1c1 fit just two haplogroups: J1 and J2. Y-DNA tests
haplotypes from Haplozone E-M35databases. of Jews and Arabs are largely related to haplo-
These are the haplotypes belonging to the groups J1 and J2 and revealed that Jews and
E1b1b1c1-D1 cluster [7], and one haplotype from Arabs have two common ancestors who lived
the category E1b1b1c1-Miscellaneous [8]. The about 4000 years ago: 4200±500 years for hap-
calculation according to the algorithm [9] shows logroup J1 and 4375±530 years for haplogroup
that the most recent common ancestor of the J2 [16], in other words, roughly in the period of
sample (N=55, 37 markers, the expected modal Abraham, and therefore, in the time of the divi-
haplotype in FTDNA order: sion of Arabian and Jewish genealogical lines.
15-25-13-10-18-19-11-12-12-13-12-30-16-9-9- Which of the two ancestors is true Abraham?

11-12-24-14-20-31-15-15-17-17 – 10-10-19-19- J1 or J2? The situation is complicated by the fact
15-13-16-18-33-34-13-10), lived 5650±2820 that among the Cohens and Seyyids both J1, and
years ago with the probability of 95%. J2 are presented. According to the study [17],
TMRCA of J1 Seyyids is 1300±260 years ago,
To determine the TMRCA of Jews of haplo- which, within the confidence interval, corres-
group E1b1b1c1a (M84) we used haplotypes of ponds to the lifetime of Imam Ali.
the Jewish clusters E1b1b1c1a*-A [10],
E1b1b1c1a*-B [11], E1b1b1c1a*-C [12] from However, if one looks at the haplotypes data-
Haplozone E-M35 database. Our calculation bases, one can see that the role of «Abraham’s
shows that the TMRCA of the sample (N=54, 37 haplogroup» is also eligible for haplogroups
markers, the expected modal haplotype in FTDNA E1b1b1c1 and E1b1b1c1a: the carriers of these
order: haplogroups are among both Arabs and Jews, in-
cluding as a Seyyids [18] and Cohens [19]. How-
13-24-13-10-17-17-11-12-12-13-11-31-19-9-9- ever, judging the draft, the number of
11-11-26-14-20-33-15-15-16-17 – 10-10-19-22- E1b1b1c1carriers compared to the one of J1 and
16-13-18-18-31-34-13-10) is 4100±1740 years, J2 is much smaller (1% E1b1b1c1 compared to
with 95% probability. 37% J1e, 19,6% J2a4h, 12,2% J without down-
stream subclades, 14,8% R1b1c1 and 15% of 13
As one can see, both ages exceed the time of other subclades among Cohens and 3% among
the Jewish invasion in Canaan. It means that at Seyyids). It makes an exact calculation of ance-
the time of the invasion and conversion of local stral ages complicated, but, nevertheless, the
population belonging to haplogroups E1b1b1c1 origin of Cohens is already has been widely stu-
and E1b1b1c1a into Judaism, they were two died and reported in the literature [20, 21] and is
groups of distant relatives. Rather, each of them beyond the scope of the current paper, which
were inhabitants of one town conquered the studies the origin of haplogroups E1b1b1c1 and
Jews. E1b1b1c1a among Jews. At the same time, the
problem of origin E1b1b1c1 Cohens has not been
studied yet and is interesting for genealogists.
73
The presence of more than one such haplotype 13-24-13-10-17-18-11-12-12-13-11-30-19-9-9-
may indicate to their non-random nature. For- 11-11-27-15-20 -32-15-16-16-17-10-10-19-22-
mally, it gives reason to consider version about 17-13-18-18-32-33-13-10-10-8-15-15-7-10-10-
E1b1b1c1 or E1b1b1c1a, studied in this paper, as 8 -10-10-0-21-24-18-11-12-13-17-7-11-25-21-
the haplogroup of Abraham. 15-13-12-14-10-12-10-11) is 440±410 years
ago.
At the time of writing the paper (July 2010) in
Sharifs DNA Project and Cohen DNA Project there Obviously, for such a small sample it is pre-
were 3 haplotypes of E1b1b1c1a Seyyids and 2 maturely to draw final conclusions, but, according
haplotypes of E1b1b1c1 Cohens, as well as do- to the present data, their TMRCA does not con-
zens of Arabian and Jewish E1b1b1c1a and firm their origin from the Biblical Aaron, and the
E1b1b1c1 haplotypes [22]. Haplotypes of TMRCA of the Arabian and Jewish E1b1b1c1
E1b1b1c1 Seyyids and E1b1b1c1a Cohens are much older than Abraham’s lifetime.
not available yet (but it is not ruled out that
E1b1b1c1 Cohens are non-deep clade tested
E1b1b1c1a). Conclusions
The TMRCAs of Arabian and Jewish E1b1b1c1 1) Subclades E1b1b1c1 and E1b1b1c1a were
and E1b1b1c1a (the expected modal haplotype in included in Jewish community during the con-
FTDNA order: quest of Canaan. With 95% probability the
TMRCA of Jewish E1b1b1c1 and E1b1b1c1a are
14-25-13-10-17-18-11-12-12-13-11-31 for 5650±2820 and 4100±1740 years.
E1b1b1c1 and 13-24-13-10 - 16-17-11-12-12-
13-11-31-17-9-9-11-11-26-14-20-32-14-15-16- 2) Subclades E1b1b1c1 and E1b1b1c1a both
17-10-10-19-22 - 15-13-17-19-31-35-13-10 for found among Jews and Arabs, including a small
E1b1b1c1a) are 8080±3890 and 4080±1440 number of Cohens and Seyyids. The calculated
years ago. TMRCAs show that the most recent E1b1b1c1 an-
cestor of Arabs and Jews lived 8080±3890 years
Consequently, the Jewish and Arabian lines of ago and the most recent E1b1b1c1a ancestor of
E1b1b1c1 divided one from the other several Arabs and Jews lived 4080±1440 years ago. The
thousand years before biblical Abraham. On the most recent common ancestor of E1b1b1c1a
other hand, the common ancestor of the Jewish Seyyids lived 4080±1560 years ago, the most
and Arabian E1b1b1c1a lived in the same histori- recent common ancestor of E1b1b1c1 Cohens
cal era as the biblical Abraham. The result de- lived 440±410 years ago.
monstrates the close affinity of Jewish and Ara-
bian E1b1b1c1a. 3) TMRCA calculations show that, according to
formal characteristics, subclade E1b1b1c1 can
The TMRCA of E1b1b1c1a Seyyids (the ex- not claim to be the Abraham’s haplogroup.
pected modal haplotype in FTDNA order:
4) The most recent common ancestor of the
13-24-13-10-17-17-11-12-12-13-11-30-9-9-11- Jewish and Arabian E1b1b1c1a lived in the same
11-26-14-20-32 -14-15-16-17-11-9-9-22-16-13- historical era as the biblical Abraham, but a con-
18-20-32-34-14-10-10-8-15-15-7-10-10-8-10 - tradiction in the calculated TMRCA of Cohens and
10-0-21-23-19-11-12-13-17-7-11-26-20-13-13- Seyyids to historical data exclude haplogroup
12-15-10-12-10-11) is 4080±1560 years ago, E1b1b1c1a from the contenders for the role of
that more than thousands years over the era of «Abraham’s haplogroup». Despite this, the re-
Ali and excludes their Seyyid origin. sults indicate close relationship of Jewish and
Arabian E1b1b1c1a lines.
The TMRCA of E1b1b1c1 Cohens (the ex-
pected modal haplotype in FTDNA order:
74
References
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Genealogy 1: 12-33, 2005. chal Narratives: The Quest for the Historical Abraham.
2. Klyosov A.A. Origin of the Jews and the Arabs: Date of Valley Forge, Pa: Trinity Press International, 2002.
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75

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Contents
The origin of haplogroup I1-M253 in Eastern Europe

Alexander Shtrunov................................................................................... 1
Arabian clusters of haplogroup E1b1b1c1 (M34)

Akper Aliev, Dmitry Tartakovsky................................................................ 12
Origin, Distribution and Migrations of I2b*-Subclades

Hans De Beule........................................................................................ 14
Origins of Hg I-L38 (I2b2) Subclades

Hans De Beule........................................................................................ 33
Early Bronze Age Origin and Late Iron Age (La Tene) Migrations of I-L38
Hans De Beule........................................................................................ 42
Phylogenetic Relations and Geographic Distribution of I-L38 (aka I2b2)

Hans De Beule........................................................................................ 56
Haplogroups E1b1b1c1 (M34) and E1b1b1c1a (M84) among Jews.

Could Abraham be E1b1b1c1 or E1b1b1c1a?
Akper Aliev, Dmitry Tartakovsky................................................................ 72
About the influence of population size on the accuracy of TMRCA estimation,

done by standard methods using STR locus complex
Dmitriy Adamov, Sergey Karzhavin (Translation - Vasili Gavrilov)................... 76

Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy. Vol 1, 2, 2010

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The origin of haplogroup I1-M253

Received: May 11 2010; accepted: May 12 2010; published: May 16 2010

Fig. 1. Map of presence of haplogroup I1 (Balanovsky et al. 2008 [5]).

Krasnoborsk, Archangelsk region 12,1%

Vologda Region 17,0% (Roewer et al. 2008 [3]*)

*Calculation of frequency of haplogroup I1 was carried out by predictor,

Fig. 1. Map of distribution of frequencies of haplogroup I1-M253.

Due to the fact that detailed studies (for) cla-

Researches of Serebrennikov BA [11] have – ma (Losma – branch of Moksha, Shalma –

Fig. 5. Area of Upper Volga, Volosovo and Fatyanovo cultures [17].

Swiderian culture is the archaeological culture In 10th millennium BC people of Ahrensbur-

Fig. 6. Stages of the formation of Baltic Sea basin [19].

Anthropological type of carriers of Ahrensbur- presents features of the ancient North-European

Fig. 8. Examples of different skull types [21].

Arabian clusters of haplogroup

Theme talk The sample of cluster E1b1b1c1a*-E con-

Received: July 16 2010; accepted: July 18 2010; published: July 19 2010

I2b* can be linked to 3000 to 2700 years old

 is rooted in the Funnelbeaker Culture (also

The STR-loci used were: DYS 19, 392, 389i,

1. calculation of the minimum spanning net-

Nodes representing several samples:  close inspection of STR-values of the sam-

 SCO5 also represents SCO6;  haplogroup prediction (Cullen, 2008).

 ENG14 also representing ENG41;

 the Continental samples;

 the British Isles samples.

Of the 101 samples (including the 3 Lichten-

Figure 4: I2b* frequencies per subclade.

Looking at the 31 Continental samples, 45%

Discussion Migration scenario per cluster

Analysing the I2b*-network supports the clus- I2b*-A

1. Free network software: French surnames: http://www.geopatronyme.com

Network User FRA5 SMGF Tavernier

GER7 6WNX5 Steinmetz °1756 Germany SCO8 NAJ27 Parks

GER8 VUERB Hartung 1620-1700 SCO9 X5F8D McClellan

NET2 SMGF Lems 1504 Rotterdam, ENG3 9GDC6 Doane

ENG10 2YGGC Mortimer °1635 -1704 Wilt- ENG34 6CXZ5 Clark

ENG18 BKAY5 Mills ENG43 XMAJP Holmes Holme, 1632-1703

ENG21 FG6NF Rust ENG46 SMGF Worthington

ENG22 B7J2M Brooks °1690, Lancaster- ENG47 SMGF Bennett

ENG30 ZVCW3 Campbell SWI2 7F3ME Flora Fleury, 1682-1741

SCO9 McClellan son - William Finlay b. 1300 Perthshire, Scot-

ENG51: Flory: cfr SWI2.

ENG52: Gilmore: Gaelic, the henchman or fol-

Origins of Hg I-L38 (I2b2)

Introduction Distribution of Haplogroup I-L38

Received: July 28 2010; accepted: July 30 2010; published: August 5 2010

Table 1: Dutch I-L38-families of the «Zonen van Adam in Nederland» study.

Network of Continental I-L38

This network analysis is performed as de-

Starting from the Upper Rhine, some groups

To explain these migrations they should be

Figure 6: the distribution of R-L21*(cfr. the R-L21 Project).

1. Haplogroup I predictor: 4. FTDNA L38 project:

User ID Network ID Surname Origin sample

Early Bronze Age Origin

 I-L38A with DYS448=19; 2. The EBA separation of I-L38

 I-L38B with DYS448=21; Using the Generation Spreadsheet of Ken

6. The EBA Upper Rhine connection

Although there are very few Belgian data

Analysing the I2b-network supports the clus- I2b-A

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