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UPS System
UPS Batteries
Maintenance
Bypass
Output Distribution
Switchboards
Utility
Utility
Transformer
Power
Distribution
Auto Transfer Input Unit
Generator Switch UPS UPS System
set(s) Switch Gear Module(s) Static Switch
.
Static Transfer
High Failure Risk Switch
Medium Failure Risk
Low Failure Risk
Critical Loads
UTILITY INPUT UPS DISTRIBUTION
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Origin of disturbances
External to electrical Internal causes
installation Industrial equipment
Atmospheric phenomena - Motor, Welding machine
Accident Power electronic equipment
Phase unbalance - speed drives, switch mode power
supplies
Switching of protection
device Building facilities
- Lifts, fluorescent lighting,
maintenance
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Power quality in LV AC Networks
Transients - Harmonics
Micro-outages
( t < 10 ms )
Perfect power
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2013 Schneider Electric All Rights Reserved Advanced Technical Training Power Course July 2013
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3P+N
RB PE
RA
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TN system T N
Transformer neutral earthed
Earth leakage currents
Exposed conductive parts connected to neutral
3P+N
PE
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TN system
neutral
TNC TNS
3
PE
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IT system
Earth leakage currents
1st insulation fault not dangerous but signalled by an alarm (IMD)
No tripping (fault location only)
3
2
1
N
PE
IMD
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IT system
Earth leakage currents
2nd insulation fault on another phase (equivalent to a fault on a TN
system)
phase-to-phase short circuit; Ifault = equivalent to that on a TN system
the operating current of the magnetic protection must be less than the fault
current
Tripping by an overcurrent protection device
3
2
1
N
PE
IMD
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Summary
TT TN-C TN-S IT
Protection of persons
Protection of property
Economic impact
(1)
in the event of an insulation fault
(2)
all types of electromagnetic disturbances :
- external : faults on the HV distribution system, switching surges, atmospheric disturbances...
- internal : insulation fault current, harmonics in the LV installatoin
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Key parameter of Power Quality (PQ)
Circuit-breakers, discrimination
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Discrimination
Provided by chosing protective devices and their settings
such that a fault trips only the protective device
immediately upstream of the fault
Limits the open part of a faulty installation
Discrimination can be total or partial
Types of discrimination between circuit breakers
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Earth-fault tripping
built-in or add-on
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Tripping curves
3 to 5 In
Generators,
long cable lengths
(no inrush currents)
Curve B (replaces the L curve)
5 to 10 In
General applications
Curve MA
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Rating a UPS
Basic Fundamentals of UPS requirements
Enterprise & Systems Line Of Business
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Set UPS Sn
With In > Icm UPS Sn
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UPS Energy storage
requirements
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Alternative technologies Fuel
Cells
Polymer electrolyte (PEM) fuel cells
the only type currently suitable for UPS
Clean: only by-product is water,
Large & difficult to implement
heat produced
Gas infrastructure
Occasionally used for low power, portable
equipment or in autonomous residential
applications where heat produced is used
for climate control
Practical commercial introduction of this
technology not expected for several years
Presently, products are very costly, limited
in availability & require complex site
preparation
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Superconducting magnetic energy
storage - SMES
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Ultracapacitors
Ultracapacitors have distinct advantages including:
storing high quantities of energy
accepting many charge/discharge cycles without suffering
any wear
acceptable service life
satisfactory operation over wide temperatures range
For high power ratings and backup times of several
seconds required by UPSs, cost is high
10,000 for 50 kW
Useful primarily for peak load shaving due to very fast
charge/discharge cycle
Relatively small in size, and are a promising
technology for UPS applications
Used to supply extra power (e.g. improve
performance of electrical vehicles) or supply low-
current, long-duration loads (e.g. computer memory
backup applications).
2013 Schneider Electric All Rights Reserved Advanced Technical Training Power Course July 2013
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2013 Schneider Electric All Rights Reserved Advanced Technical Training Power Course July 2013
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2013 Schneider Electric All Rights Reserved Advanced Technical Training Power Course July 2013
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2013 Schneider Electric All Rights Reserved Advanced Technical Training Power Course July 2013
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Technology comparison
Batteries highly suited for autonomies between 5min. To 2 hours
Hybrid solutions with very short autonmies (3 sec. 1 min.): flywheels
or supercaps
1000
10h 2h Typical
autonomies 1min
Energy density /[Wh/kg]
100
10 3,6sec
0,1h
1
Short
0,1 autonomies
0,36sec 36msec
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Batteries
vented lead-acid batteries
sealed lead-acid batteries
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Batteries installations
in cabinets next to UPS cabinet,
on racks or shelves in special rooms
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Battery disadvantages
Perceived as weak point of UPS systems
reliability
Perimeter : equipment only, human mis-operation
not included
Must be regularly monitored and maintained
For maximum service life, they must operate
under optimum temperature conditions of 15 to
25
Excessive charge/discharge cycles cause
premature wear
Batteries must be recycled in accordance
with stringent governmental regulations
A matter of logistics
2013 Schneider Electric All Rights Reserved Advanced Technical Training Power Course July 2013
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2013 Schneider Electric All Rights Reserved Advanced Technical Training Power Course July 2013
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2013 Schneider Electric All Rights Reserved Advanced Technical Training Power Course July 2013
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Characteristics
discharge limits
from 100% to 80%, the voltage remains stable, < 80%, the voltage drops rapidly
rated for a limited number of cycles
capacity is expressed for ten hours (C10)
loss of capacity
0.75% per degree below 25 C
2013 Schneider Electric All Rights Reserved Advanced Technical Training Power Course July 2013
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2013 Schneider Electric All Rights Reserved Advanced Technical Training Power Course July 2013
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2013 Schneider Electric All Rights Reserved Advanced Technical Training Power Course July 2013
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2013 Schneider Electric All Rights Reserved Advanced Technical Training Power Course July 2013
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2013 Schneider Electric All Rights Reserved Advanced Technical Training Power Course July 2013
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2013 Schneider Electric All Rights Reserved Advanced Technical Training Power Course July 2013
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www.MyEnergyUniversity.com
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Types of Uninterruptible
Power Supply (UPS) Systems
2013 Schneider Electric All Rights Reserved Advanced Technical Training Power Course July 2013