DESIGN OF 130 MW, 200 KM TRANSMISSION LINE

Most Economical Voltage Calculation:

The most economical voltage is given by the following empirical formula:

Lt P * 1000
Economical Voltage (V eco) =5.5*
1.6 cos * Nc * 150
Where,
Lt = length of transmission line =200 Km
P = Power to be transmitted =130 MW
cos = Power factor =0.96
For Nc= 1
Then, using the above values

200 130 * 1000

V eco =5.5*
1.6 0.96 * 1 * 150

= 177.137 KV

Nearest Standard Voltage= 220 kV

For Nc= 2
Then, using the above values

200 130 * 1000

V eco =5.5*
1.6 0.96 * 2 * 150

= 132.587 KV

Nearest Standard Voltage= 132 kV

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Checking technical criterion:

For Nc=1

Surge impedance Loading (SIL) = V2 /Z0

= 2202/400 =121
P max
Multiplying factor (MF) = = 130/121 = 1.0834
SIL
MFlimit for 160 KM from provided standard table = 2.0614
MFcalculated (1.08) < MFlimit (2.0614)
Power transfer capability = MFlimi* SIL
=2.0614*121
=249.4294

For Nc=2
Surge impedance Loading (SIL) = V2 /Z0
= 1322/200 =87.12
P max
Multiplying factor (MF) = = 130/87.12 = 1.4921
SIL
MFlimit for 160 KM from provided standard table = 2.25
MFcalculated (1.1921) < MFlimit (2.0614)

Power transfer capability = MFlimi* SIL

=2.0614*87.12
=179.58
Since the power transfer capability for double circuit is near to the power to be transferred .
s so Nc=2 is taken in this design. Since the voltage level 132Kv is not meet the voltage
regulation for any conductor available. So we have to chose double circuit 220 KV.

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 Voltage Level for given Power Transmission =220 KV
Number of Circuit =2
Power Factor ( cos ) = 0.96
Length of Transmission Line (L) = 200Km

Calculation of Insulation Discs

For all the calculations of number of insulator discs, we considered following value of different
factor:
FOWR = Flashover Withstand Ratio =1.15
NACF = Non Atmospheric Condition Factor = 1.1
FS = Factor of Safety =1.2

1) Number of Insulator Discs Required for the temporary O/V

Temporary O/V = Earth Factor (EF) * Maximum system voltage

= 0.8 * (220*2 * 1.1)
= 273.7917 KV
Equivalent Flashover Voltage (Veq= Temporary O/V * FOWR *NACF * FS

Equivalent Voltage (Veq) = 273.7917* *1.15 * 1.1 *1.2

= 415.6158 KV

From standard table number of insulator discs required to withstand above equivalent
voltage (Na) = 11

2) Number of Insulator Discs Required to withstand continuous operating voltage:

a) Voltage Level for dry condition = Equiv dry 1 min. voltage*FOWR*NACF * FS

Where,
Equivalent dry 1 min voltage is taken from standard table = 435 KV
Equivalent 1 min dry flashover Voltage = 265 * 1.15 * 1.1 *1.2
= 660.33 kV
From Standard Table number of discs required to withstand above equivalent voltage level
(Nb1) =12

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b) Voltage Level for Wet condition = Equiv dry 1 min. voltage*FOWR*NACF * FS
Where,
Equivalent wet 1 min voltage is taken from standard table = 395 KV
Equivalent Voltage Level = 395* 1.15 * 1.1 *1.2
= 599.61 KV
From Standard Table number of discs required to withstand the above equivalent voltage level
(Nb2) =9

3) Number of Insulator Discs required for switching over voltage:

Voltage Level = switching o/v * Switching to impulse ratio * FOWR *NACF* FS
Where,
Switching to impulse ratio (SIR) = 1.2
SSR = Switching Surge Ratio =2.75

Switching O/V =SSR* ( 2 / 3 )*Max system voltage*SIR

So Switching O/V =652.0541KV

Equivalent flashover Voltage Level = 652.0541*1.15*1.1*1.2
= 989.8182 KV
From Standard Table number of discs required to withstand the above voltage level (N c) = 11

3) Number of Insulator Discs required for over voltage due to Lightning:

From standard table Equivalent voltage level for the given system voltage =900 KV
Equivalent flashover Voltage Level = 900* FOWR *NACF* FS
= 900*1.15*1.1*1.2
= 1366.2

From Standard Table number of discs required to withstand the above voltage level (N d) = 16

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 SN Voltage Level Description Voltage Level Number of
Discs

1) Temporary O/V appearing across the insulator 415.6158KV 11

2) Continuous voltage
i) Continuous operating Voltage in Dry condition 660.33KV 12
ii) Continuous operating Voltage in Wet 599.61 KV 9
condition
3) Switching Over voltage 989.8182KV 11
4) O/V due to lightning 1366.2 KV 16

Hence from above table the required number of insulator discs to withstand all types voltage
level in all condition for given system voltage = 16

Required Number of Insulator Discs =16

Air Clearance Calculation

Air clearance parameters calculation for double circuit tower configuration:

a = minimum distance (clearance requirement) from a line conductor to any earthed
object, and is given by the following relation:
a =6.5 inch per 10 KV (rms)

=(6.5*220*1.1)/( 3 * 10 )+8
=98.8171 inch
=250.995cm
=2.5099m

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Now String Length (l) = 2 a =3.5495m
Tower width (b) = 1.5*a = 3.7648m
Cross arm length(CL) = 2*a = 5.0198m

(l a)
Vertical distance between two adjacent line conductor (y) =
2
x l a
2

1
y 2a
Where 0.25 < x/y< 0.333
(3.5495 2.5099)
=
3.5495 2.5099
2

1 0.25
2

2 * 2.5099
= 6.3557m
Horizontal distance between adj. conductor =5.5 a = 5.5*2.5099 =13.804 m
Height of earth wire from top (d) =
= 5.14504m

Air clearance from earthed object (a) = 2.5099 m

String Length (l) = 3.5495 m
Tower Width (b) = 3.7648m
Cross Arm Length = 5.0198m
Vertical distance between two adjacent line conductor (y) = 6.3557m
Horizontal distance between two adj. line conductor =13.804 m
Height of Earth wire from top cross arm (d) = 5.14504m

Conductor and Tower Selection

Conductor and Tower Selection

Line current is calculated as:

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 P/2 (130 / 2) * 1000
Line current (I) = = = 177.688 amp
3 * Vll * cos 3 * 220 * 0.96

Comparing this value of the current with the current carrying capacity from the given standard
ASCR conductor table, Conductor FERRET is selected.
For Ferret conductor, From ASCR conductor table,
Resistance at 200C (R20) = 0.67950 /Km
Coefficient of Resistivity (20) =
So Resistance at 650C (R65) = R20 (1 + 20(65-20))
= 0.67950 (1+0.004*45)
= 0.80181/Km
Transmission Efficiency Criterion
Power Loss for single conductor = I2*R*L
= (177.688)2*0.80181s*200
= 5.063MW/conductor
Transmission Efficiency () = 65 / (65+3*5.063)
= 0.8105
= 81.058%
Transmission Efficiency<94 %. So this conductor is not used used . To get higher efficiency we
proceed in same way and calculate efficiency finally we got the conductor Wolf which has
efficiency 94.036%.

Voltage Regulation Criterion

For Conductor Wolf,
This conductor has 37 strands 7Aluminum strands and 1steel strands.
Diameter of each strands = 2.59mm
Conductor diameter (D)=18.13mm
Radius of the conductor(R)=9.065mm
GMR for inductance (GMRi) =0.768R
=6.1692smm

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 GMR for capacitance (GMRc) = R
=9.065mm

Geometric mean distance(GMD)=

=
=8.00768m
Resistance of the whole line (R) = 43.518
Inductance of Whole length (L) =2 * 10-4 ln (GMD/GMRi)*L
=2e-4*ln(8.00768/ )*200
=0.2867H

2
Capacitance of whole Length(C) = * L * e3
GMD
ln
GMRc

=1.640F
Now Impedance of the Line (Z) = R + j 314.15 *L
= 43.518+j90.0694
= 100.031<64.211
Susceptance of the Line (Y) = j314.15*C
= j5.1522* e-04
= (5.1522* e-04) <90
A, B, C, D parameters calculation
A = 1 + ZY/2 = 0.9768<0.657
B = Z= 100.031<64.211
C= Y (1+ZY/4)
D=A
Now, Sending end Voltage (Vs) = A*Vr +B*Ir
= 0.9768<0.657* 220*e3/3<0 + 100.031<64.211* 177.688<-16.26

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 = 12.407*e4<0.657+17.774*e3<47.951
= 136.7502<6.1377KV
Now Voltage Regulation = (|Vs|/A -|Vr| )/|Vr|
= 0.1021
= 10.219%
Voltage regulation < 12% so this conductor Wolf can be used.

Corona Inception Voltage Criterion

For wolf conductors

Corona Inception voltage (Vci) = *21.1*GMR*m**ln(GMD/GMR)

Where, m = factor of roughness =0.9

= relative density of air =.95

Vci = 21.1 * 0.9065*0.9*0.95* ln (8.00768/9.065e-3)

= 192.152KV
Here Vci < Vs so Corona Inception Voltage criterion is met. So we go for next higher conductor.
For conductor Panther

GMRc=10.5mm
GMD=8.00768m
Vci= 21.1 * 1.05*0.9*0.95* ln (8.00768/10.5e-3)
=217.748KV
For conductor Lion
GMRc=11.13mm
GMD=8.00768m
Vci= 21.1 * 1.113*0.9*0.95* ln (8.00768/11.13e-3)
= 228.787KV
Since Vci>Vs for conductor Lion. So no corona occurs in that conductor.

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Tension Calculation for Different Conductors with Different Span in Different
Condition

Four Different conductors below conductor LION in ASCR conductor table is chosen. Hence
Tension calculation will be done for conductor lion, Bear, Goat , Sheep and Dear with Span
length 250 m, 275 m, 300 m, 325 m, and 350 m. Tensions for Toughest, Stringing and Easiest
condition are calculated and tabulated below. Sample calculation is also shown.

Sample calculation; Conductor 1: Lion

Area of conductor = 2.94 cm2

Linear expansion coefficient = 1.773 e-5 per 0C
Modulus of elasticity (E) = 7.87 e+5 kg/cm2

Tension at toughest condition (T1) = = = 5105Kg.

Weight of conductor (wc) = 1097Kg/Km
Wind pressure (Fw) = 100 kg/m2
Weight due to wind force (ww) = Fw*d*(2/3)
=100*1000*22.26e-3*2/3 = 1484kg
Weight of ice (wice) = 0
Weight for toughest condition (w1) =
= 1845.444 kg

Weight for the stringing and easiest condition (w2) = 1097kg.

Then, the tension at stringing (T2) and the easiest condition (T3) is calculated using the following
equation known as STRINGING EQUATION.

T22 [T2+k1] - k2 = 0 .. (1)

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Where,
2
W1 L2
K 1 T1 2 1AE AE and,
24T1
2

2
W 2 L2
K2= AE .
24
From the above data, the values of K1 and K2 for the span of 250m are given by:
K1 = -3210.60; K2 = 7.25e+9;

Using the stringing equation, the value of T2 is found to be,

T2 = 3731.26 kg.

Similarly, T3 is calculated by the similar procedure as above. For the calculation of T 3 the value
of K1 and K2 for 250 m of length are given by:

K1 = -903.54; K2 = 7.25e+9;

Using the stringing equation, we get the value of T3 as:

T3 = 2288.303 kg.

In the similar manner, the values of tensions of different conductor for different span length is
calculated and presented in the table below:

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Sag and height of tower calculation

We have the relation,

Maximum sag (Dmax) = (W L2)/ (8*T3);
Where, W = weight of conductor.
L = length of span.
T3 = tension at easiest condition.
Sample calculation:

For Lion, W = 1097kg/km.

L = 0.25 Km.
T3 =2288.303Kg.
Using the above equation, Dmax = 3.74527m.
Let the minimum ground clearance (hg) = 7.5m.
Height of lower conductor (H1) = hg+ Dmax =11.2452m.
Height of middle conductor (H2) = H1+y = 17.60m.
Height of top most conductor (H3) = H2+y = 23.956m.
Total height of tower (Ht) = H3+l+d = 32.6512m.

Similarly, the maximum sag, H1, H2, H3 and the total height of the tower are calculated and
presented in the table below:

Earth wire selection

From earth wire table, earth wire GUINEA is chosen as follows:

No of strands = 19; diameter of a strand = 2.92mm; weight of conductor = 590kg/km;
Conductor diameter = 14.60mm; conductor area = 127.20mm2;
Ultimate tensile strength = 6664 kg;
Hence, maximum tension (Te) = 6664/2 = 3332 kg.

Bending moment and tower weight calculation

Sample calculation: for Lion, Ht=32.6512m, 250m span

Taking 80% for tower A; 15% for tower B; and 5% for tower C

Due to Earth wire

1) Bending moment acting on tower due to E/W considering wind force:

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 BMe1 = Fwe*Ht*Ne
= (100*14.60e-3*250*2/3)*32.6512*2
= 15890.2506 kg-m.

2) Bending moment due to turning of the E/W

BMe2=Fte*Ht*Ne
=
BMe2 = 2*Te*(sin10*0.80 + sin7.50*0.15 + sin150*.05)*Ht*2
=2*3332*(0.046481)*32.6512*2
= 20227.378Kg-m

Due to power conductor

1) Bending moment acting on tower due to power conductor considering wind force
BMpw = Fw*(H1+H2+H3)*2
= (100*22.26e-3*250*2/3)*(11.2452+17.60+23.956)*2

= 39178.4904 kg-m
2) Bending moment due to turning of the power conductor
BMpt = 2*T1*(sin10*0.80 + sin7.50*0.15 + sin150*.05) *(H1+H2+H3)*2
= 2*5105*0.046481*52.8012*2
=50117.261kg-m

Then the total bending moment is calculated as;

BMtotal = BMe1 + BMe2 + BMpw +BMpt
=125413.38 kg-m

Weight of tower
Weight of tower (Wt) = ; Where, Ht is in Ft; BM is in lb-ft.
=0.000631*Ht* ; where, Ht is in m; Bm is in kg-m.

The bending moment of different conductors at different length of span and weight of tower
are calculated and shown in the tabulated form below:

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Cost per unit length calculation

Assumptions: Cost of the steel used in tower = Rs.150000 per tonne

Number of towers (Nt) = ((total length)/(length of span))+1
Cost of tower per unit length = (cost per tower*Nt)/length of transmission

Sample calculation:

For Lion; 250m; weight of tower= 10.30955 tonne

Number of tower = (200/0.25 ) +1= 801 nos

Cost per tower = cost per tonne* weight of tower
= Rs.150000*10.3185
= Rs. 1547775
Cost of tower per unit length = (1547775*801)/200
= Rs.6198838.875

Similarly the cost of tower per unit length of different conductor and different span are
shown in table below:

Most economical span and conductor selection

Data available;
Cost of aluminum per tonne = Rs.20150
Cost of steel per tonne = Rs. 150000

Sample calculation:

For Lion; span =325m; aluminum weight per Km = 659 kg; steel weight per
km = 438 kg

Cost of power conductor

Cost of aluminum per km = Rs. 20150*0.659 = Rs.13278.85

Cost of steel per km = Rs 150000*.438 = Rs. 65700
Total Cost of power conductor = (Rs. 13278.85 + Rs. 65700)*6 = Rs.473873.1/km

From table above,

Tower cost per unit length = Rs. 5915213.448

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Capital cost/length = conductor cost/km + tower cost/km
= Rs.473873.1+ Rs. 5915213.448
(P) =Rs. 6389086.548

Annual capital cost (A) is calculated as:

A=
Where i=10% and n=25 years
This gives annual capital cost (A) = Rs. 703873.348
Power loss per Km PL=27.338 Kw;
load loss factor (LLf)=k1*LF+K2*LF^2
= (0.2*0.5)+(0.8*0.5*0.5)
=0.3

Cost of Energy loss/Km = PL *LLf * time* rate per Kwh

=27.338*0.3*365*24*7.5
=Rs. 538831.98
Total annual cost = Rs. 703873.348+ Rs. 538831.98
=Rs. 1242705.328
The total annual cost calculation is shown in table below:

From the above table,

The minimum total annual cost is acquired by the conductor Sheep. Hence we go
for the conductor Bear for the transmission line of 130 Mw and 200Km.

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Transmission line characteristics of the conductor Sheep

Electrical characteristics

67 strands with 7 Steel strands and 32Aluminum strands.

Diameter of each strands = 3.99 mm

GMR for inductance (GMRi) = 10.7251mm

GMR for capacitance (GMRc) =13.965mm
Resistance of the whole line per phase(R) = 18.3395
Inductance of Whole length (L) =0.264H
Capacitance of whole Length(C) = 1.7517 F
Now Impedance of the Line (Z) = 84.9414<77.531
Susceptance of the Line (Y) =j5.5031*e-04 siemen
= 5.5031*e-04<90

17
A, B, C, D parameters calculation

A = 1 + ZY/2 = 0.979<0.2711
B = Z= 84.9414<77.531
C = 5.440*e-04<90.146
D = A=0.979<0.2711

Now, Sending end Voltage

(Vs) = A*Vr +B*Ir
= 0.979<0.2711* 220/3<0 + 84.9414<77.056* 177.688*e-03<-16.26
= 132.4296<5.9652KV
Sending end current(Is) = C*Vr +D*Ir
= 168.563<7.2185

Now Voltage Regulation = (|Vs|/A -|Vr| )/|Vr|

= 0.0649
= 6.497%

Corona Inception Voltage Criterion

Corona Inception voltage (Vci) =21.1*GMR*m**ln(GMD/GMR)

Where, m = factor of roughness =0.9

= relative density of air =0.95

Vci = 21.1 * 1.3965*0.9*0.95* ln (8.00768/13.965e-3)

= 277.161KV

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 Mechanical characteristics

Length of span =350m.

Tension at toughest condition = 7955kg
Tension at stringing condition = 5902.87kg
Tension at easiest condition = 3923.8231kg
Heights:
Maximum sag =6.73561 m; H1=14.2356m; H2=20.591m; H3=26.947m; Ht=35.6415m
Bending moment =178830.9kg-m

Tower weight=14.3985 tonne

Tower Cost per unit length=Rs.6187763.968 /Km
Total annual cost =Rs. 1106280.389/km

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