Paramount School of Arts, Languages, Management, and Sciences

Philosophy: Toward an Understanding and Appreciation of the Human Person

Author: Jove Jim S. Aguas, PhD

Instructor: Welver N. Tangunan. MAEM

REQUIREMENTS:
1. Attendance/ Participation- 10%
2. Quizzes and Assignments- 20%
3. Outputs- Seminar Type/Reflection/Reaction Papers/Research,/ Report (Content Delivery) -
40%
4. Term Exams-30%
Total- 100%

Chapter 1 PHILOSOPHY AND THE SEARCH FOR TRUTH, 1

Lesson 1 The Meaning and Value of Philosophy and the Art of Philosophizing, 2
The Meaning of Philosophy, 2
The Value of Philosophy, 6
The Art and Wonder of Philosophizing, 7
Summing It Up, 9
Learning Activities, 10
Lesson 2 Philosophical Reflection and the Search for Truth, 11
Philosophical Reflection, 11
Elements of Critical Thinking, 12
Philosophical Reflection and Problem Solving, 16
Skepticism, Doubt, and Opinion, 20
Summing It Up, 21
Learning Activities, 22
Featured Philosophers, 23
Chapter 2 THE PHILOSOPHICAL NOTIONS OF THE HUMAN PERSON, 25
Lesson 1 Oriental Conceptions of Man, 26
Man in Hinduism, 26
Buddhist Conception of Man, 27
Man in Taoism, 29
Man in Confucianism, 30
Islamic Conception of Man, 31
Summing It Up, 32
Learning Activities, 33
Lesson 2 Western Conceptions of Man, 34
Anciet Greek Conception of Man, 34
Medieval Conception of Man, 35
Modern Conception of Man, 36
The Conception of Man in Contemporary Philosophy, 37
Summing It Up, 39
Learning Activities, 40
Featured Philosophers, 41
Chapter 3 THE HUMAN PERSON AS BEING AND SUBJECT, 43
Lesson 1 The Notions of Being and Person, 44
The Meaning of Being, 44

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The Person as Body and Soul, 45
The Uniqueness and Dignity of Human Person, 47
The Irreducibility of A Human Person, 47
Individuality and Personality, 49
Summing It Up, 50
Learning Activities, 51
Lesson 2 The Human Person as a Hylomorphic Being, 52
The Theory of Hylomorphism, 52
The Nature of Rational Soul, 52
The Faculties of Man in General, 53
The Senses: External and Internal, 53
The Emotions or Sentient Appetites, 55
The Rational Faculties: Intellect and Will, 56
Summing It Up, 57
Learning Activities, 58
Featured Philosophers, 59
Chapter 4 THE HUMAN PERSON AS AN EXISTENTIAL SUBJECT, 61
Lesson 1 Human Person as Being-in-the-World, 63
The Human Situation, 63
The Human Person as a Being-in-the-World, 64
The Notion of Embodied Subjectivity, 65
Feeling as A Mode of Embodiment and Mans Participation in the World, 66
The Body as a Visible Reality, 68
Summing It Up, 68
Learning Activities, 69
Lesson 2 The Human Person as an Acting Subject, 70
The Nature of Human Action, 70
The Experience of Efficacy and Subjectiveness, 71
Personalistic Value of the Action, 72
Human Action, and Self-determination, 72
Summing It Up, 73
Learning Activities, 74
Lesson 3 Human Freedom and Self-Determination, 75
The Nature of Human Freedom, 75
Existentialist Notion of Freedom, 76
Self-Determination, 78
Summing It Up, 79
Learning Activities, 79
Lesson 4 The Human Person as Being-Toward-Death, 80
Death and Temporality, 80
Death and Finitude, 81
Summing It Up, 82
Learning Activities, 82
Featured Philosophers, 83
Chapter 5 THE HUMAN PERSON AS AN INTERSUBJECTIVE BEING, 85
Lesson 1 Intersubjectivity and Dialogue, 86
Intersubjectivity and its Dimension, 86
The Notion of Dialogue, 86
The Person as a Thou, 89
The I-It and I-Thou Relations, 89
The Interhuman and its Elements, 90

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Summing It Up, 93
Learning Activities, 94
Lesson 2 Fidelity and Availability, 96
Fidelity, Constancy, and Presence, 96
Creative Fidelity, 98
Availability and intersubjectivity, 100
Summing It Up, 102
Learning Activities, 103
Lesson 3 Participation and Community, 104
Participation and the Common Good, 104
The Notion of Community, 105
I-Thou: The Interpersonal Dimension of Community, 107
The Authentic and the Non-Authentic Attitudes of participation, 109
The Notion of Neighbor, 110
Summing It Up, 111
Learning Activities, 112
Featured Philosophers, 113

Chapter 6 THE HUMAN PERSON AS A RELIGIOUS SUBJECT, 115

Lesson 1 The Human Person and Religion, 116
The Human Person as a Worshipping Subject, 116
The Nature of Religion, 118
The Different Views about God and Religion, 118
Summing It Up, 120
Learning Activities, 120
Lesson 2 The Religious Belief of the Monotheistic Religion, 122
The Basic Belief of Monotheism, 122
The Jewish Faith, 123
The Christian Faith, 124
The Islamic Faith, 126
Summing It Up, 128
Learning Activities, 129
Lesson 3 Understanding Religious Diversity, 130
Religious Pluralism, 130
Religious Freedom, 132
Interreligious Freedom, 133
Summing It Up, 135
Learning Activities, 136
Featured Philosophers, 137
Chapter 7 THE HUMAN PERSON AND THE ULTIMATE REALITY, 139
Lesson 1 The Hindu Conception of Ultimate Reality, 141
Hinduism in General, 141
Vedas and Upanishads, 142
Brahman, Atman, and the Self, 143
Nirvana and Moksha, 144
The Notion of Maya, 145
Karma and Samsara, 146
Man and Dharma, 147
Summing It Up, 148
Learning Activities, 149
Lesson 2 Man and the Buddhist Path toward Enlightenment, 150

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The Beginning of Buddhism, 150
The Four Noble Truths, 152
The Eightfold Path, 153
The Annihilation of Ego, 156
Summing It Up, 155
Learning Activities, 156
Featured Philosophers, 157
Chapter 8 THE HUMAN PERSON, VIRTUE, AND SOCIETY, 159
Lesson 1 The Nature of Human Society, 160
The Notion of Types of Societies, 160
The Origin of the Society, 161
Socialization and Social Agents, 162
The Development of the Human Person and Harmonious Society, 163
Summing It Up, 163
Learning Activities, 165
Lesson 2 The Human Virtue and Ideal Society, 166
Virtue as Human Excellence, 166
Virtue as State of Character and the Mean, 167
The Ideal Society or State, 169
Summing It Up, 170
Learning Activities, 171
Lesson 3 The Way of Tao as Guide of Society, 172
The Tao and the Invariable Laws, 172
Wu-Wei and Te, 173
The Sage, 175
Summing It Up, 176
Learning Activities, 177
Lesson 4 Human Conduct in Society, 178
Jen- Benevolence or Human-Heartedness, 179
Yi- Righteousness, 180
Li-Propriety, 180
Hsin- Sincerity, 181
Hsiao- Filial piety, 182
The Gentleman, 182
Summing It Up, 183
Learning Activities, 184
Featured Philosophers, 185
Glossary, 187
Bibliography, 195
Index, 199