ACTIVITY NO.

IMPACT OF THE MEDIA ON CRIME

A. What are the typical images on crime?

The presentations of police are often over-dramatized and romanticized by

fictional television crime dramas while the news media portray the police as heroic,
professional crime fighters (Surette, 1998; Reiner, 1985). In television crime dramas, the
majority of crimes are solved and criminal suspects are successfully apprehended
(Dominick, 1973; Estep and MacDonald, 1984; Carlson, 1985; Kooistra et al. 1998,
Zillman and Wakshlag, 1985). Similarly, news accounts tend to exaggerate the proportion
of offenses that result in arrest which projects an image that police are more effective
than official statistics demonstrate (Sacco and Fair, 1988; Skogan and Maxfield, 1981;
Marsh, 1991; Roshier, 1973).

B. How are they distorted by the media?

Public attitudes toward police are generally positive (Huang and Vaughn, 1996).
However, there are few studies that examine the medias influence on public ratings of
police effectiveness. Much of the literature focuses on media portrayals of police officers
and findings reveal two conflicting views. Some researchers argue that the police are
presented favourably in the media, while other research suggests that the police are
negatively portrayed in the media. The favorable view of policing is partly a consequence
of polices public relations strategy. Reporting of proactive police activity creates an
image of the police as effective and efficient investigators of crime (Christensen, Schmidt
and Henderson, 1982). Accordingly, a positive police portrayal reinforces traditional
approaches to law and order that involves increased police presence, harsher penalties
and increasing police power (Sacco, 1995).

C. What types of crimes are normally featured?

Since the inception of television, portrayal of crime and justice has been a central
feature on television. In particular, the police are featured as prominent characters in
many fictional crime programs. In my own perception, I noticed that the shows almost
always involve one particular type of crime: murder. Often, too, the focus is on exotic,
bizarre and especially grisly or disturbing incidents of murder. More specifically, many
people would consider being the most heinous of all true crimes: serial murder.

The publics fascination with serial killers on television is multifaceted and

complex. Serial killers tantalize people much like traffic accidents, train wrecks or natural
disasters. People also receive a jolt of adrenaline as a reward for witnessing terrible
deeds. The euphoric effect of true crime on human emotions is similar to that of roller
coasters or natural disasters.

The public is drawn to true crime because it triggers the most basic and powerful
emotion in all of usfear. As a source of popular culture entertainment, it allows us to
experience fear and horror in a controlled environment where the threat is exciting but
not real.
~1~
 D. How real are reality TV shows?

In any reality show, I would say that the producers are not concerned with the
truth. Thats not high on any producer's list of things that they're attempting to capture. I
would say that in best case scenarios, the essential truth of a scene or scenario is
conveyed, and in worst case scenarios, it is completely falsified.
Theyll falsify it in postproduction, using editing tools to create stories which may be left
of the truth. And ultimately, almost across the board, all scenes are edited to intensify
drama with sound effects, the editing of conversations, the insertion of sound bites, and
the ridiculously dramatic scoring that you hear in every reality show. Things are
definitely shaped by producers."

E. Do you believe crime-related shows and information leave viewers with a

mistaken impression of law enforcement?

It is an undeniable fact that the media has the power to cause moral panics and
fear of crime in the public through their depictions of certain crimes and
criminals, particularly based on their age, ethnicity, gender and social class. However,
though these depictions have been widely criticised for not reflecting true facts and
statistics of crimes and criminals but for the purposes of entertainment, economic gain,
public demands of fascination and policy change in the criminal justice system, the media
has been successful in making the public believe that violent crime by certain individuals
are widespread and at its highest. It is for this reason that crime is a theme that is widely
used by the mass media. These distortions by the mass media in relation to crimes and
criminals have played and seem will also play a crucial role in the future of many
criminal justice systems as such false projections and illustrations of crimes and criminals
have the power to set public agendas, form public opinions and even change policies and
laws.

~2~
 ACTIVITY NO. 2

PERSPECTIVES ON CRIME AND DEVIANCE

A. Make a list of five legal behaviors, which you consider deviant.

B. Compare and contrast the items in your lists. Focus on the wide range of opinions
present among a fairly homogenous group (university students studying criminal
justice). Discuss possible reasons for differing opinions (e.g., religious beliefs,
profession, prior experiences with the criminal justice system).

To deviate from societal "norm" is to, in my opinion, fluctuate from what society
deems acceptable at that time. I believe the deciding factor on "normal" is by the group
or groups which hold majority. The following are some legal behaviour which can be
considered deviant act by some other groups.

A. It was considered taboo or deviant to mark the body with tattoos. The majority of
society was over the age of the ones wearing the markings. This act was
considered deviant and carried consequences as many felt it was an indication of
lack of trustworthiness and self-respect. Today, however, as the majority has
shifted, it is not uncommon to see doctors, lawyers, educators, and even
politicians bearing tattoos.

B. Homosexuality was considered a deviant behavior because it varied from

proscribed gender and sexual norms. People who identified with same sex
attraction were accused of deviant behavior and often alienated from the broader,
"heterosexual" society. Over the years perceptions of same sex attraction have
changed and it has become a more accepted aspect of Western culture as
religiosity in the United States, Europe, Canada, Australia, Latin and South
America has decreased. In the Middle East, where homosexuality is still
considered deviant behavior, religiosity is quite high and thus religious officials
have greater influence to shape the norms of society such as what constitutes
deviant behavior.

C. The consumption of Marijuana is considered deviant by a large number of

societies, while in the country of Jamaica, the Rastafarian faith accepts its
consumption and actually promotes it. People of the Rastafarian faith believe that
the "higher' one is, the closer he/she is to God.

D. The vast majority of societies regard cannibalism with a marked disdain, and
refer to those who do it as the worst of offenders There are a very few societies
where cannibalism is ritually required as part of the funeral ceremonies after the
death of a person. Not to eat a person who has died is considered the greatest
slight to a person, their soul is considered carried on in those who partake of the
person's flesh.
E. In Islamic and in many Christian religious systems, premarital sex is prohibited.
In most societies, however, there is no explicit prohibition of such activity;
individuals are instead educated about the dangers and granted license to decide
for them what is acceptable.
~3~
 ACTIVITY NO. 3

SOCIAL POLICY AND CRIMINOLOGICAL RESEARCH

Aprilville, a small town outside Bigcity, plans to implement a Neighborhood

Watch Program. The town Mayor has asked you to find out if the program, once
implemented, will have any effect on the towns crime rate. Design a research study to
answer this question.

A. Formulate title and objectives of the study.

B. Formulate one or more hypotheses and operationalize the concepts.
C. Choose a research design from those discussed in the chapter and explain why
you selected this design.
D. Select a data-gathering strategy and explain why you chose this technique.

THE LEVEL OF EFFECTIVENESS OF NEIGHBORHOOD WATCH PROGRAM

OF APRILVILLE IN PREVENTING CRIME IN RELATION TO THE CRIME
RATE: BASIS FOR PREVENTION PROGRAM

I. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

This study specifically aims the following objectives:

1. To evaluate the effectiveness of neighbourhood watch program in
Aprilville in preventing crime;
2. To prevent crime by improving security, increasing vigilance, and creating
and maintaining a caring community in an effort to reduce the
opportunities for crime;
3. To assist the police in detecting crime by promoting effective two-way
communication and the prompt reporting of suspicious and criminal
activity;
4. To reduce undue fear of crime by providing accurate information about
crime risks, and by promoting a sense of security and community spirit;
and
5. To develop prevention program particularly amongst the more vulnerable
members of the community in Aprilville.

II. HYPOTHESES

The researcher expects that the neighbourhood watch program in Aprilville to

decrease neighbourhoods crime rate. As the number of neighbourhood watch groups
increases in a given beat, it should be assumed that the crime rate in that beat to decrease.
There are several factors contributing to this hypothesis. The main method by which the
program is supposed to reduce crime is by having residents of an area look for and report
suspicious activity to the police. This could have a direct effect on crime rate. As an
increased number of potential crimes are reported, the chance of preventing those crimes
increases. Additionally, as suggested in previous research, a possible indirect effect of
neighbourhood watch programs is that knowledge of the program being active in an area
could deter potential offenders from committing a crime (Bennett 1990). Finally,
participants in the program in Aprilville should be train to provide the police with
~4~
significant and accurate information when reporting suspicious activity or potential
crimes. Given this training, the neighbourhood watch groups can act as a useful extension
to the police force and thereby increase the efficiency of the police.

III. RESEARCH DESIGN

This research intended to investigate the level of effectiveness of neighbourhood

watch program of Aprilville in preventing crime. This study will determine the
perception of the residents. In this study, descriptive method will be utilized. According
to Creswell, descriptive method is a method of gathering information about the present
existing condition. Primary research will be developed through a questionnaire survey
answered by the respondents. This study will also use the quantitative research method
because it permits flexible approach. During the data gathering, the research design of
method will be constantly used.

IV. DATA GATHERING

The researcher came to the data gathering related to the variable research. To start
the gathering procedure, the researcher will ask permission to the Barangay Chairman of
the Aprilville by giving a letter to authorize the researcher to conduct a survey. After the
approval, the researcher will gather data to the selected residents of Aprilville and the
response will be subjected to statistical treatment.

~5~
 ACTIVITY NO. 4

POLICY IMPLICATIONS OF CLASICAL AND NEO-CLASSICAL THOUGHTS

A. What situational crime prevention techniques are in use in this location? What
types of crime do they attempt to prevent?

B. What additional crime prevention techniques could be used to reduce crime in this
location?

In Calapan City, Oriental Mindoro, the types of crime prevalent in the city are
driving under the influence of alcohol, assaults at public place, robbery and delinquency.
Listed below are the crime prevention techniques in order to minimize the growing
number of delinquents in the locality.

Increase the Increase the Reduce the Reduce

Remove excuses
effort risks rewards provocation

1. Target 6. Extend 11. Conceal targets 16. Reduce 21. Set rules
hardening guardianship Limit offenders frustrations and Define unacceptable
Make it more Encourage people ability to spot stress behaviours
difficult for to take potential crime Encourage efficient harassment codes
offenders to get precautions and targets procedures and calm
lease agreements
to the target of provide informal shrubs in front of settings
crime surveillance walls to prevent efficient queues
locks and alarms Encourage graffiti and polite service
anti-robbery legitimate use safe storage of more seating
screens of public areas valuables

2. Control access 7. Improve 12. Remove targets 17. Avoid disputes 22. Provide clear
to facilities natural Take potential Limit situations that instructions
Block access to surveillance targets of crime could promote Provide guidance
places where Increase away from conflicts between about how to
crimes occur likelihood crime accessible places people comply
security card will be seen store bikes inside reduce crowding in no parking
access improved street pubs private
locks and fences lighting fixed taxi fares property
good urban
design

3. Control exits 8. Reduce 13. Identify property 18. Reduce emotional 23. Alert conscience
Make it difficult offender Marking potential arousal Provide reminders
for offender to anonymity targets to make Limit emotional about unacceptable
leave place after Increase them traceable behaviours in behaviours
crime has likelihood and/or reduce value situations shoplifting is
occurred offenders can for offender promote stealing
electronic later be identified engrave jewellery appropriate work speeding signs
merchandise taxi driver IDs conduct
brand cattle
tags

~6~
4. Deflect 9. Utilise place 14. Disrupt markets 19. Neutralise peer 24. Assist
offenders managers Make it difficult for pressure compliance
Change the Use managers of offenders to Remove/limit Make it easier for
movement places to limit transfer proceeds of influences that people to comply
patterns of crime crime encourage criminal rubbish bins
offenders opportunities monitor pawn behaviour
public lavatories
street closures park rangers shops If you drink and
easy check-out
move-on store owners license street drive, youre a
counters at
powers vendors bloody idiot
maintain supermarkets
campaign
community
facilities

5. Control 10. Strengthen 15. Deny benefits 20. Discourage 25. Control drugs
tools/weapons formal Make it difficult for imitation and alcohol
Limit offender surveillance offenders to use Limit details of crimes Promote
access to Use formal targets for intended that people may try responsible alcohol
tools/weapons guardians to limit purpose to replicate consumption and
that will assist crime ink merchandise rapid removal of limit drugs
crime opportunities tags graffiti responsible
restriction of security guards rapid graffiti repair vandalism service of alcohol
spray paint sales burglar alarms removal censor crime education
to young people campaigns
red light details
restriction of cameras
firearms

~7~
 ACTIVITY NO. 5

POLICY IMPLICATIONS OF SOCIAL CONFLICT THEORIES ON LAW AND

ORDER

1. Follow this link, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u-p3zt8hP-g, to watch the

Youtube video entitled, Occupation Nation, An Occupy Wall Street
Documentary, and consider the following questions:
a. What is social inequality?

Social inequality is the existence of unequal opportunities and rewards for

different social positions or statuses within a group or society. It contains structured and
recurrent patterns of unequal distributions of goods, wealth, opportunities, rewards, and
punishments. Racism, for example, is understood to be a phenomenon whereby access to
rights and resources is unfairly distributed across racial lines.

b. How important thinkers such as Karl Mrax, Friedrich Engels do addressed

these issues?

Karl Marx based his conflict theory on the idea that modern society has only two
classes of people: the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. The bourgeoisie are the owners of
the means of production: the factories, businesses, and equipment needed to produce
wealth. The proletariat are the workers.

According to Marx, the bourgeoisie in capitalist societies exploit workers. The

owners pay them enough to afford food and a place to live, and the workers, who do not
realize they are being exploited, have a false consciousness, or a mistaken sense, that they
are well off. They think they can count on their capitalist bosses to do what was best for
them.

Marx foresaw a workers revolution. As the rich grew richer, Marx hypothesized
that workers would develop a true class consciousness, or a sense of shared identity based
on their common experience of exploitation by the bourgeoisie. The workers would unite
and rise up in a global revolution. Once the dust settled after the revolution, the workers
would then own the means of production, and the world would become communist. No
one stratum would control the access to wealth. Everything would be owned equally by
everyone.

Marxs vision did not come true. As societies modernized and grew larger, the
working classes became more educated, acquiring specific job skills and achieving the
kind of financial well-being that Marx never thought possible. Instead of increased
exploitation, they came under the protection of unions and labor laws. Skilled factory
workers and tradespeople eventually began to earn salaries that were similar to, or in
some instances greater than, their middle-class counterparts.

Friedrich Engels, a German sociologist, studied family structure and gender roles
from a Marxist perspective. Engels suggested that the same owner-worker relationship
seen in the labor force could also be seen in the household, with women assuming the
role of the proletariat. This was due to women's dependence on men for the attainment of
~8~
wages. Contemporary conflict theorists suggest that when women become wage earners,
they gain power in the family structure and create more democratic arrangements in the
home, although they may still carry the majority of the domestic burden.

Engelss Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State (1884) maintained
that the disparities of power between men and women were not based on their inherent
natures but were the result of social and historical circumstances, rooted in antiquity.

Engels contended that the earliest organized human communities lived according
to the principles of a benevolent matriarchy. Classless and communal, he explained, these
groupings owned neither land nor herds of animals. They derived their sustenance from
the relatively uncultivated nature that surrounded them.

According to Engels, a sexual division of nature existed, but it was cooperative

and egalitarian. As hunters, men were responsible for bringing meat to the table, while
women took care of the social spaces in which the extended families lived, planting,
preserving, and preparing food, maintaining the collective living space. Within such
societies, he wrote, women were honored and lived freely. Since it was women who gave
birth to children, family identity was naturally passed on through the mother line. When
new conjugal bonds were established between social groups, males would move from
their family of origin into the family circles of their mate. Under such circumstances, the
physical domination of one sex by another served no practical purpose.

The coming of private property, initially in the form of livestock, changed all of
this. As animals were domesticated, and organized breeding expanded the herd, the
province of men was transformed into something unprecedented: property. With this
development, the custom of defining lineage through women proved a serious problem.
As long as descent was reckoned according to mother right, and the mother line
determined a persons family grouping or gens, males had no mechanism for passing
on their property to their sons.

In response to this impasse, Engels speculated, men invented patriarchy, a system

of inheritance that would travel through the father line, insuring that they and their male
progeny would maintain ownership of the herd. As women bear children, and fatherhood
is inherently uncertain, this called for severe measures. In an attempt to guarantee that
their offspring would indeed be their own, men forcibly inhibited the social and sexual
lives of their wives. In order for patrilineage to work, a woman whose function was that
of bearing heirs could not live freely. She was cut off from all unauthorized social
contact. While male sexuality was unregulated, the law of monogamy was imposed on
women, save those whose task was to fulfil the extramarital desires of men. A wife was
to e ruled by her husband, reduced to servitude. She became the slave of his lust and a
mere instrument for the production of children. This development, Engels declared,
constituted the world historical defeat of the female sex.

~9~
 c. What can we do in the Criminal Justice System to address the economic
inequality?

Economic and social inequality are complex problems, but they can be addressed
by governments and aid organizations working together to ensure that opportunities are
more readily available for the nation's poorest people.

The key to reducing inequality is better education, better healthcare, social safety
nets and higher and broader economic growth, especially in agriculture. The government
of the Philippines should work to expand access to health care, education and land
ownership among the country's poorest families, but the road to recovery and improved
equality is long.

The machinery of the State can address poverty through pro-poor urbanization,
effective management of rural-urban transitions and investment in sustainable
infrastructure. Although people in extreme income poverty are more likely to live in rural
areas, they are increasingly found in cities, and therefore, the provision of high quality,
low-carbon and resilient infrastructure is essential.
It was also recommended an effective action on eradicating poverty, while tackling the
systemic, sociocultural and geographic factors that underpin marginalization, exclusion,
and lack of human rights protection.

The number of people likely to be in vulnerable employment in the region is now

greater than the global average, for example, and women are particularly affected.
Measures to ensure that all people can benefit from growth in the region on an equal
footing are needed, it added.

2. Based from the documentary film, formulate a reflective essay.

In almost all of the places in the Philippines today, inequalitythe gap between
the rich and the pooris quite high and often widening. Poverty has always been present.
It is one of the biggest and most evident problems in the Philippines. Poverty is the state
or condition of having little or no money, goods, or means of support. (Merriam Webster
Dictionary, n.d.) Poverty and inequality in the Philippines remains a challenge.

There are several causes on why a huge number of people in the Philippines
experience poverty. One of which is the inequality in the income distribution. The rich
earns higher income than the poor. This unequal income distribution will cause the rich
and their families to get richer and the poor to only get poorer to the point of not being
able to acquire basic necessities. Another cause is the lack of quality education. Since not
all people are able to have the best quality of education, many of them will have a hard
time competing with graduates from other countries in terms of getting a job. The lack of
jobs is another factor on experiencing poverty. (Asian Developent Bank, 2009) Since
there is a lack of jobs, it would increase the number of unemployed people. Unemployed
individuals will not be able to earn a living thus need to depend on others who are
employed for basic needs. Also, overpopulation contributes on why a huge number of
people in the Philippines experience poverty. With a rapidly growing population, it will
be hard to accommodate all the people in the labor force. It will be hard to ensure the
every Filipino will be able to get a job and earn a living. The more people that is
~ 10 ~
unemployed, the more people will suffer from poverty and have trouble accommodating
their basic needs. Another cause is corruption. Instead of having to improve the country
by the means of the money of the people, it ends up in the pockets of some unjust
politicians causing the condition of the country to worsen. (Shah, 2014)

As the poverty in the Philippines continue to worsen, the people, mostly in the
state of poverty, experiences consequences. One of which is experiencing health
problems. Since they are in bad living condition and they are not able to sustain their
needs, they are much prone to having health problems. Also, poverty in the Philippines
increases crime rate. Poverty causes people who are desperate for money to rob and do
crimes for easy cash. (Asian Development Bank, 2009) Lastly, child labor is one of the
effects of poverty. Children no longer go to school in order to work to be able to survive.
(Uy, n.d.)

Many people suffer from poverty. In order to avoid poverty, we should solve the
causes such as unequal income distribution, lack of quality education, lack of jobs,
overpopulation, and corruption. If we are able to solve this problem, we would lessen
poverty, thus, would help lessen health problems, crime rate and child labor.

~ 11 ~
 ACTIVITY NO. 6

POSTMODERN CRIMINOLOGY

1. Research on the following Postmodern Criminology approaches using atleast 3

data sources or related literatures

a. Chaos Analysis

Chaos theory challenges the presumption that the cosmos is orderly, linear, and
predictable-but it does not imply pure randomness and chance events. Rather, chaos-
informed postmodernist analysis introduces a new vision by celebrating unexpected,
surprise, ironic, contradictory, and emergent elements. Scholars in many disciplines are
taking this perspective as an alternative to the entrenched structural functionalism and
empiricism rooted in linear science. In the early 1990s studies began to emerge applying
chaos theory to criminology, law, and social change.

b. Discourse analysis

This emphasizes the way versions of the world, of society, events and inner
psychological worlds are produced in discourse. (Potter, 1997:146) Discourse as the
solution to the problem (Gil, 1996, cited in Bryman: 2004).

From a sociological standpoint, discourse is defined as any practice by which

individuals imbue reality with meaning. When defined in these terms, discourse is found
in a wide range of forms. Indeed, any social practice from a dance, ritual or a piece of
music to a job contract, myth or culinary custom can be analyzed discursively3). Yet the
discourse of greatest interest to sociologists is that which takes a verbal form, be it
written or spoken. The reason for this special interest in verbal discourse is twofold: a
practical one and a theoretical one. In practice, verbal discourse is discourse that can be
accessed and examined by the analyst. Indeed, analyses of other forms of discourse, for
example visual discourse, often rest on translating the discourse into a verbalized format
by means of detailed descriptions. In theory, verbal discourse is a privileged means of
producing and transmitting meaning. Although visual discourse, and to a lesser degree
harmonic and spatial discourse, is becoming increasingly widespread, verbal
communication remains the most common way of producing and transmitting meaning in
our society.

The interest in discourse as a means of understanding social reality is based on the

notion of the subjective orientation of social action. Given that social action is guided by
the meaning that individuals attach to their actions, we must account for this meaning
when attempting to understand and explain the action. Yet meaning is not only a product
of individual constraints and beliefs. Instead, the meanings that guide individual actions
are, to a large degree, socially produced and shared patterns.

~ 12 ~
 c. Topology Theory

Topology theory is regarded as the rubber math or the rubber sheet

geometry within the physical sciences (for an accessible introduction including its
mathematical scions see Weeks, 1985; also see Hilbert and Cohn-Vossen, 1952; Frechet
and Fan, 1967; Barr, 1964). Social science interest in topology theory can be traced to
psychoanalytic theory (Nasio, 1987; Granon-Lafont, 1990) and clinical practice (Granon-
Lafont, 1985; Skriabine, with topological references and illustrations (e.g., Lacan, 1977).

Topology theory is a conceptual and qualitative paradigm. It entails the pulling,

twisting, stretching, contorting, and turning of shapes without, at the same time,
destroying their essential properties. Thus, topology theory examines the intrinsic
continuity of phenomena. There is no addition or subtraction of shapes. This process
would be more akin to quantitative procedures which topology theory rejects. Let us
consider the example of "Play-Doh." When a child takes a lump of "Play-Doh" and
begins to make different shapes with it and does so without breaking-off and re-fastening
pieces together, then the child is creating various topological constructs.

d. Critical Theory

Critical criminology is both theory and school of criminology. Critical theory of

crime points that crime is defined by the ruling class The ruling class represents a small
number of people (the most wealthy money lenders) who indirectly or directly proscribes
the crimes. Proscribing crimes is a way how the ruling class or an elite keeps the majority
under control. Critical theory of criminology incorporates Marxist conflict theories and
other social radical theories.

The critical theory of criminology sets answers on why and how a criminality
becomes the product of society. Their answers are focused on various distributions of
wealth and power in the society. People who have greater powers define the rules on
"what is a crime" and "what is not". People commit crimes, because they disagree with
those rules. Powerful elites create the rules to sustain their way of life and system of
values. According to this theory, the criminality is the way how powerless people express
their disagreement with those values and keep their respect and dignity.

e. Realist Criminology

Realist Criminology differs to previous criminological theories because (a) they

abandon Grand Theories such as Marxism. They are not interested in looking at the
deep structural causes such as Capitalism It is not Criminologists job to get rid of
Capitalism so it is pointless focussing on it. (b) They are more pragmatic. They ask how
governments can reduce crime here and now, and work within the constraints of the
social system. (c) They take a victim- centred approach to crime, putting victims and the
publics concern about crime at the centre of theorising and policy making.

Realist approaches emerged in the 1970s and 80s in the context of right
wing neoliberal governments coming to power in both the United States and the United
Kingdom. Although neoliberal governments favoured policies of lower taxation and the
rolling back of the welfare state, the one area where the state did have a role to play was
~ 13 ~
in the maintenance of law and order, and realists take a tough approach to offenders,
generally emphasising the increased use of police and punishment to keep crime rates in
check.

f. Constitutive Theory

Stuart Henry and Dragan Milovanovi (1991) have set out constitutive theory in
general. They explain that a postmodern approach to both knowledge and society
emphasizes the provisional and situated emergence of truth. In the case of a Constitutive
theory of Justice, one would view each law, arrest, each indictment, each trial and each
judgement as well as the actual experience of the accused in the social context in which
each emerged.

While the sociology of law and justice is most complex still the general point can
be made that law and the principles of justice upon which law is grounded follow the
political and economic arrangements of the social order in which they are found. In
stratified societies, law and justice tend to reproduce existing patterns of privilege. In
religious societies, i.e., ecclesia, law and justice are given divine sanction...mere mortals
cannot argue with either the law itself or the interpretations of divine law made by a
religious cadre arrogating that sanctity to their own interpretations.

g. Anarchic Criminology

Anarchism is an orientation toward social life and social relations that is

ultimately no orientation at all. In fact, anarchism might best be thought of as
a disorientation; that is, an approach which openly values fractured, uncertain, and
unrealized understandings and practices as the emerging essence of social life. What
follows, then, is guaranteed to be an incomplete account of anarchism and anarchist
criminology, a failed attempt at orientation. This failure certainly derives from the
account's origins in the work of a single author, and from that author, like others, being
caught up in the dementia of deadlines and daily work. But it also derives from the nature
of anarchism itself. Like most all theoretical or practical models, anarchism incorporates
a variety of limitations and contradictions (Feyerabend 1975). Unlike most other
orientations, anarchism acknowledges and celebrates these failings, and doesn't bother to
hide them behind cloaks of absolute certainty or competence.

Unlike most modernist intellectual orientations, anarchism and anarchist

criminology don't bother pretending to incorporate reasoned or reasonable critiques of
law and legal authority, either. In fact, to the extent that the legal and cultural machinery
of the modern nation state, and the accumulated experiences of daily life under such
regimes of power, construct "reason" and a sense of what is reasonable, anarchists and
anarchist criminologists argue that progressive social change requires the "unreasonable"
and the "unthinkable." In other words, to the degree that reason and "common sense" help
keep us locked within present arrangements of authority and power, it seems in our
interest to stop making sense, to imagine the unimaginable. Beyond this, as will be seen,
anarchists and anarchist criminologists also launch aggressive and "unreasonable"
critiques against law and legal authority because they see time and again that such
authority undermines human community and constrains human diversity. Unlike some
other critical or progressive criminologies, then, anarchist criminology stands not as a
~ 14 ~
careful criticism of criminal justice, a "loyal opposition" to the state and state law. It
stands instead as a disloyal and disrespectful (Mazor 1978) attack, a "counterpunch to the
belly of authority" (Ferrell 1996: 197). As the Industrial Workers of the World (The
Wobblies) -- a free-swinging anarchist labor union of the early twentieth century -- said:
"We are not 'undesirable citizens.' We are not citizens at all. We are rebellious
slaves....Therefore we are not respectable. We admit it and we are proud of it" (Industrial
Worker 1912:2).

Sources:

Arrigo, Bruce. (1996, June 8). Postmodern Theories of Crime. Retrieved

fromhttp://www.critcrim.org/redfeather/archives/pomo-crm.htm

Ferell, Jeff. Against the Law: Anarchist Criminology. Retrieved from

http://library.nothingness.org/articles/SI/en/display/127

Milovanovic, Dragan. (1997). Chaos, Criminology and Social Justice. Retrieved from
https://books.google.com.ph/books/about/Chaos_Criminology_and_Social_Justic
e.html?id=Kd3_Et6hJBwC&redir_esc=y

Ruiz, Jorge. (2009). Sociological Discourse Analysis: Methods and Logic. Retrieved
from http://www.qualitative-
research.net/index.php/fqs/article/view/1298/2882#g2

Right Realist Criminology. Retrieved from https://revisesociology.com/2016/09/11/right-

realist-criminology/

Realist Perspective of Crime. Retrieved from

https://www.slideshare.net/sociologytwynham/realist-perspectives-of-crime

University of Lincoln. Discourse Analysis. Retrieved from

http://criminologyintheprofessions.blogs.lincoln.ac.uk/discourse-analysis/

Young, T. R. (1986, September 18). A Constitutive Theory of Justice. Retrieved from

http://www.critcrim.org/redfeather/journal-pomocrim/vol-1-
intro/004constjustice.html

~ 15 ~
 ACTIVITY NO. 7

CRIME TYPOLOGIES AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS

1. Complete the details in the matrix below. Consider the criminological thoughts
and approaches to various types of crimes in the identification of its relative
issues or concerns and the means to address such matters.

Policy/Strategy to
Category Types Issues/Concern Address the Issue or
Concern
1. Crimes against Treason The country's 1. Change to
National Security Conspiracy and criminal law for the universal jurisdiction
proposal to past eight decades of crimes instead of
commit treason has principally the current
Misprision of been the Revised jurisdiction based on
treason Penal Code of the territory, given the
Espionage Philippines (the evolving nature of
Inciting to war "RPC"). crime, specifically
or giving transnational
motives for Enacted in organized crime:
reprisals 1932, this piece of
Violation of legislation contains There will be
neutrality antiquated provisions
Correspondence provisions and allowing the State
with hostile deals with crimes to prosecute
country that are now crimes committed
Flight to enemy irrelevant to and outside the
country fails to address Philippines if the
Piracy in general current situations. said crimes are
and mutiny on Penalties provided against national
the high seas in the said law have security, against
Qualified piracy also become Filipino citizens,
2. Crimes against Arbitrary obsolete. or against
Fundamental Laws detention humanity and the
of the State Delay in the While the RPC law of nations.
delivery of still defines archaic
detained persons crimes such as 2. Simplifies the
to the proper "challenging to a categorization of
judicial duel" and crimes - there is no
authorities qualified theft of longer a frustrated
Delaying release coconuts it has stage of commission
Expulsion largely been of crime or
Violation of ineffective in accomplices in the
domicile addressing degree of
Search warrants organized crime, participation:
maliciously transnational crime,
obtained and cybercrime, and There will be
abuse in the other emergent

~ 16 ~
 service of those criminal activities provisions
legally obtained that proliferate classifying
Searching today. criminal
domicile participants as
without The either "principals"
witnesses unsystematic or accomplices
Prohibition, proliferation of (no more
interruption and special penal laws accessories) ,
dissolution of in our jurisdiction because they can
peaceful is another cause of be prosecuted as
meetings difficulty for our principals based
Interruption of justice sector on the extent of
religious workers. We can their participation
worship scarcely keep track in the crime) and
Offending the of the exact defining the
religious number of penal stages of criminal
feelings laws that we have execution as
3. Crimes against Rebellion or and find difficulty "consummated"
Public Order insurrection in determining and "attempted"
Coup d'etat which law or laws (no more
Conspiracy and should be used to "frustrated")
proposal to punish a particular
commit coup criminal conduct. 3. The minimum age
d'etat, rebellion of criminal liability is
or insurrection The foregoing 13 years old - those
Disloyalty of reasons make it between 13 and 18
public officers imperative for us to are penalized
or employees revisit the RPC and depending on the
Inciting a to craft a new nature of the crime
rebellion or Criminal Code that but with suspended
insurrection is updated, modern, sentence and referral
Sedition simplified, to diversionary
Conspiracy to responsive, and programs;
commit sedition truly Filipino.
Inciting to 4. The scale of
sedition (a) First, it must be principal, alternative
4. Crimes against Counterfeiting a simple, modern, and accessory
Public Interest the great seal of organic and truly penalties with the
the Government Filipino Criminal restorative justice
of the Philippine Code. The measures are
Islands, forging language must be presented in one table
the signature or simple to make it with numeral levels
stamp of the comprehensible to rather than old
Chief even lay persons Spanish or Latin
Executive. and must reflect the terms for easy
Using forged realities of the reference:
signature or present day
counterfeit seal criminal justice There will be a
or stamp. system of the new scale of
~ 17 ~
 Making and country; penalties
importing and composed of five
uttering false (b) Second, it must "levels", and a
coins. reflect the values level for "life
Mutilation of and mores of the imprisonment",
coins; Filipino people; aimed at
Importation and simplifying the
utterance of (c) Third, it must sentencing
mutilated coins. be a multi- process. Using
Selling of false disciplinary and not this new scale,
or mutilated narrowly legalistic crimes can be
coin, without and must take into classified easily
connivance. account the unique according to their
Forging treasury perspectives of gravity,
or bank notes on experts from allied alternative/access
other documents professions, ory penalties
payable to including those in applicable to
bearer; medicine, each level, along
importing, and psychology, and with the
uttering such sociology, corresponding
false or forged criminology, and post-sentencing
notes and forensics. The measures
documents. vision is that the
Counterfeiting, new Criminal Code 5. There is no longer
importing and will be informed by a splitting of
uttering the expertise of criminal and civil
instruments not various disciplines actions - the civil
payable to and will not be a remedy is always
bearer. document solely embedded in the
Illegal for lawyers but a criminal action;
possession and statute meant for
use of false every Filipino; 6. There will be a
treasury or bank provision stating
notes and other (d) Fourth, it must that an appeal from
instruments of be able to a judgment of
credit. harmonize the dismissal or
Falsification of interests and acquittal shall not be
legislative divergent views of treated as a second
documents. all stakeholders in jeopardy;
Falsification by the criminal justice
public officer, system; and 7. Modifying
employee or circumstances are
notary or (e) Fifth, it should now generically
ecclesiastic be more than just aggravating,
minister. an update of the mitigating or
Falsification by existing RPC and alternative without
private must not be need of specific
individual and constrained by characterization for
use of falsified existing purpose of trial.
~ 18 ~
 documents. frameworks.
Falsification of Rather, it must be There will be
wireless, cable, open to out-of-the- sections defining
telegraph and box and innovative modifying
telephone solutions to chronic circumstances to
messages, and problems in the broad strokes
use of said criminal justice (unlike in the
falsified system. present Revised
messages. Penal Code
False medical Guided by such where each
certificates, false principles, the circumstance is
certificates of proposed enumerated) in
merits or Philippine Code of order to give the
service, etc. Crimes endeavours judge more
Using false to: leeway in
certificates. appreciating
Manufacturing (a) update our factors that
and possession existing penal laws would aggravate
of instruments or and to align them or mitigate a
implements for with international crime on a case-
falsification. best practices; to-case basis.
Usurpation of
authority or (b) introduce 8. Simplifies the
official innovative reforms approach to
functions. to address chronic criminalization based
Using fictitious problems on conduct and not
name and encountered by mental state;
concealing true justice sector
name. workers at all 9. The prescription
Illegal use of stages of the justice of crime and service
uniforms or system; and of sentence is now
insignia. combined.
False testimony (c) rationalize the
against a compilation of This historical
defendant. existing penal laws undertaking is long
False testimony and the overdue. It is part of
favorable to the promulgation of the larger justice
defendants. future ones to reform agenda of the
False testimony ensure that there government aimed at
in civil cases. will only be a improving the
False testimony single, unified administration of
in other cases compendium of all justice in the country
and perjury in criminal laws for and enhancing access
solemn every person's easy to justice of the poor
affirmation. reference. and other
Offering false marginalized sectors.
testimony in
evidence.
Machinations in
~ 19 ~
 public auctions.
Monopolies and
combinations in
restraint of
trade.
Importation and
disposition of
falsely marked
articles or
merchandise
made of gold,
silver, or other
precious metals
or their alloys.
Subsisting and
altering trade-
mark, trade-
names, or
service marks.
Unfair
competition,
fraudulent
registration of
trade-mark,
trade-name or
service mark,
fraudulent
designation of
origin, and false
description.
5. Crimes related Possession, The country's 1. Change to
to Drugs preparation and criminal law for the universal jurisdiction
use of prohibited past eight decades of crimes instead of
drugs and has principally the current
maintenance of been the Revised jurisdiction based on
opium dens. Penal Code of the territory, given the
Keeper, Philippines (the evolving nature of
watchman and "RPC"). crime, specifically
visitor of opium transnational
den. Enacted in organized crime:
Importation and 1932, this piece of
sale of legislation contains There will be
prohibited antiquated provisions
drugs. provisions and allowing the State
Illegal deals with crimes to prosecute
possession of that are now crimes committed
opium pipe or irrelevant to and outside the
other fails to address Philippines if the
paraphernalia for current situations.
~ 20 ~
 the use of any Penalties provided said crimes are
prohibited drug. in the said law have against national
Prescribing also become security, against
opium obsolete. Filipino citizens,
unnecessary for or against
a patient. While the RPC humanity and the
6. Crimes against What acts are still defines archaic law of nations.
public morals punishable in crimes such as
gambling. "challenging to a 2. Simplifies the
Importation, sale duel" and categorization of
and possession qualified theft of crimes - there is no
of lottery tickets coconuts it has longer a frustrated
or largely been stage of commission
advertisements. ineffective in of crime or
Betting in sports addressing accomplices in the
contests. organized crime, degree of
Illegal betting on transnational crime, participation:
horse race. cybercrime, and
Illegal other emergent There will be
cockfighting. criminal activities provisions
7. Crimes Knowingly that proliferate classifying
committed by rendering unjust today. criminal
Public Officers judgment. participants as
Judgment The either "principals"
rendered through unsystematic or accomplices
negligence. proliferation of (no more
Unjust special penal laws accessories) ,
interlocutory in our jurisdiction because they can
order. is another cause of be prosecuted as
Malicious delay difficulty for our principals based
in the justice sector on the extent of
administration of workers. We can their participation
justice. scarcely keep track in the crime) and
Prosecution of of the exact defining the
offenses; number of penal stages of criminal
negligence and laws that we have execution as
tolerance. and find difficulty "consummated"
Betrayal of trust in determining and "attempted"
by an attorney or which law or laws (no more
solicitor. should be used to "frustrated")
Revelation of punish a particular
secrets. criminal conduct. 3. The minimum age
Direct bribery. of criminal liability is
Indirect bribery. The foregoing 13 years old - those
Corruption of reasons make it between 13 and 18
public officials. imperative for us to are penalized
Frauds against revisit the RPC and depending on the
the public to craft a new nature of the crime
treasury and Criminal Code that but with suspended
~ 21 ~
 similar offenses. is updated, modern, sentence and referral
Prohibited simplified, to diversionary
transactions. responsive, and programs;
Possession of truly Filipino.
prohibited 4. The scale of
interest by a (a) First, it must be principal, alternative
public officer. a simple, modern, and accessory
Malversation of organic and truly penalties with the
public funds or Filipino Criminal restorative justice
property; Code. The measures are
Presumption of language must be presented in one table
malversation. simple to make it with numeral levels
Failure of comprehensible to rather than old
accountable even lay persons Spanish or Latin
officer to render and must reflect the terms for easy
accounts. realities of the reference:
Failure of a present day
responsible criminal justice There will be a
public officer to system of the new scale of
render accounts country; penalties
before leaving composed of five
the country. (b) Second, it must "levels", and a
Illegal use of reflect the values level for "life
public funds or and mores of the imprisonment",
property. Filipino people; aimed at
Failure to make simplifying the
delivery of (c) Third, it must sentencing
public funds or be a multi- process. Using
property. disciplinary and not this new scale,
Officers narrowly legalistic crimes can be
included in the and must take into classified easily
preceding account the unique according to their
provisions. perspectives of gravity,
Conniving with experts from allied alternative/access
or consenting to professions, ory penalties
evasion. including those in applicable to
Evasion through medicine, each level, along
negligence. psychology, and with the
Escape of sociology, corresponding
prisoner under criminology, and post-sentencing
the custody of a forensics. The measures
person not a vision is that the
public officer. new Criminal Code 5. There is no longer
Removal, will be informed by a splitting of
concealment or the expertise of criminal and civil
destruction of various disciplines actions - the civil
documents. and will not be a remedy is always
Officer breaking document solely embedded in the
seal. for lawyers but a criminal action;
~ 22 ~
 Opening of statute meant for
closed every Filipino; 6. There will be a
documents. provision stating
Revelation of (d) Fourth, it must that an appeal from
secrets by an be able to a judgment of
officer. harmonize the dismissal or
Public officer interests and acquittal shall not be
revealing secrets divergent views of treated as a second
of private all stakeholders in jeopardy;
individual. the criminal justice
Open system; and 7. Modifying
disobedience. circumstances are
Disobedience to (e) Fifth, it should now generically
order of superior be more than just aggravating,
officers, when an update of the mitigating or
said order was existing RPC and alternative without
suspended by must not be need of specific
inferior officer. constrained by characterization for
Refusal of existing purpose of trial.
assistance. frameworks.
Refusal to Rather, it must be There will be
discharge open to out-of-the- sections defining
elective office. box and innovative modifying
Maltreatment of solutions to chronic circumstances to
prisoners. problems in the broad strokes
Anticipation of criminal justice (unlike in the
duties of a system. present Revised
public office. Penal Code
Prolonging Guided by such where each
performance of principles, the circumstance is
duties and proposed enumerated) in
powers. Philippine Code of order to give the
Abandonment of Crimes endeavours judge more
office or to: leeway in
position. appreciating
Usurpation of (a) update our factors that
legislative existing penal laws would aggravate
powers. and to align them or mitigate a
Usurpation of with international crime on a case-
executive best practices; to-case basis.
functions.
Usurpation of (b) introduce 8. Simplifies the
judicial innovative reforms approach to
functions. to address chronic criminalization based
Disobeying problems on conduct and not
request for encountered by mental state;
disqualification. justice sector
Orders or workers at all 9. The prescription
requests by stages of the justice of crime and service
~ 23 ~
 executive system; and of sentence is now
officers to any combined.
judicial (c) rationalize the
authority. compilation of This historical
Unlawful existing penal laws undertaking is long
and the
appointments. overdue. It is part of
promulgation of
future ones to the larger justice
ensure that there reform agenda of the
will only be a government aimed at
single, unified improving the
compendium of all administration of
criminal laws for justice in the country
every person's easy
and enhancing access
reference.
to justice of the poor
and other
marginalized sectors.
8. Crimes against Parricide. The country's 1. Change to
Person Death or criminal law for the universal jurisdiction
physical injuries past eight decades of crimes instead of
inflicted under has principally the current
exceptional been the Revised jurisdiction based on
circumstances. Penal Code of the territory, given the
Murder. Philippines (the evolving nature of
Homicide. "RPC"). crime, specifically
Death caused in transnational
a tumultuous Enacted in organized crime:
affray. 1932, this piece of
Physical injuries legislation contains There will be
inflicted in a antiquated provisions
tumultuous provisions and allowing the State
affray. deals with crimes to prosecute
Giving that are now crimes committed
assistance to irrelevant to and outside the
suicide. fails to address Philippines if the
Discharge of current situations. said crimes are
firearms. Penalties provided against national
Infanticide. in the said law have security, against
Intentional also become Filipino citizens,
abortion. obsolete. or against
Unintentional humanity and the
abortion. While the RPC law of nations.
Abortion still defines archaic
practiced by the crimes such as 2. Simplifies the
woman herself "challenging to a categorization of
of by her duel" and crimes - there is no
parents. qualified theft of longer a frustrated
Abortion coconuts it has stage of commission
practiced by a largely been of crime or
physician or ineffective in
~ 24 ~
 midwife and addressing accomplices in the
dispensing of organized crime, degree of
abortives. transnational crime, participation:
Responsibility of cybercrime, and
participants in a other emergent There will be
duel. criminal activities provisions
Challenging to a that proliferate classifying
duel. today. criminal
Mutilation participants as
Serious physical The either "principals"
injuries. unsystematic or accomplices
Administering proliferation of (no more
injurious special penal laws accessories) ,
substances or in our jurisdiction because they can
beverages. is another cause of be prosecuted as
Less serious difficulty for our principals based
physical justice sector on the extent of
injuries. workers. We can their participation
Slight physical scarcely keep track in the crime) and
injuries and of the exact defining the
maltreatment. number of penal stages of criminal
9. Crimes against Kidnapping and laws that we have execution as
Personal Liberty serious illegal and find difficulty "consummated"
and Security detention. in determining and "attempted"
Slight illegal which law or laws (no more
detention. should be used to "frustrated")
Unlawful arrest. punish a particular
Kidnapping and criminal conduct. 3. The minimum age
failure to return of criminal liability is
a minor. The foregoing 13 years old - those
Inducing a reasons make it between 13 and 18
minor to imperative for us to are penalized
abandon his revisit the RPC and depending on the
home. to craft a new nature of the crime
Slavery. Criminal Code that but with suspended
Exploitation of is updated, modern, sentence and referral
child labor. simplified, to diversionary
Services responsive, and programs;
rendered under truly Filipino.
compulsion in 4. The scale of
payment of debt. (a) First, it must be principal, alternative
Abandonment of a simple, modern, and accessory
person in danger organic and truly penalties with the
and Filipino Criminal restorative justice
abandonment of Code. The measures are
one's own language must be presented in one table
victim. simple to make it with numeral levels
Abandoning a comprehensible to rather than old
minor. even lay persons
~ 25 ~
 Abandonment of and must reflect the Spanish or Latin
minor by person realities of the terms for easy
entrusted with present day reference:
his custody; criminal justice
indifference of system of the There will be a
parents. country; new scale of
Exploitation of penalties
minors. (b) Second, it must composed of five
Additional reflect the values "levels", and a
penalties for and mores of the level for "life
other offenses. Filipino people; imprisonment",
Qualified aimed at
trespass to (c) Third, it must simplifying the
dwelling. be a multi- sentencing
Other forms of disciplinary and not process. Using
trespass. narrowly legalistic this new scale,
Grave threats. and must take into crimes can be
Light threats. account the unique classified easily
Other light perspectives of according to their
threats. experts from allied gravity,
Grave professions, alternative/access
coercions. including those in ory penalties
Light coercions. medicine, applicable to
Other similar psychology, each level, along
coercions; sociology, and with the
(Compulsory criminology, and corresponding
purchase of forensics. The post-sentencing
merchandise vision is that the measures
and payment of new Criminal Code
wages by means will be informed by 5. There is no longer
of tokens.) the expertise of a splitting of
Formation, various disciplines criminal and civil
maintenance and will not be a actions - the civil
and prohibition document solely remedy is always
of combination for lawyers but a embedded in the
of capital or statute meant for criminal action;
labor through every Filipino;
violence or 6. There will be a
threats. (d) Fourth, it must provision stating
Discovering be able to that an appeal from
secrets through harmonize the a judgment of
seizure of interests and dismissal or
correspondence. divergent views of acquittal shall not be
Revealing all stakeholders in treated as a second
secrets with the criminal justice jeopardy;
abuse of office. system; and
Revelation of 7. Modifying
industrial (e) Fifth, it should circumstances are
secrets. be more than just
~ 26 ~
10. Crimes against Robbery with an update of the now generically
Property violence against existing RPC and aggravating,
or intimidation must not be mitigating or
of persons constrained by alternative without
Robbery with existing need of specific
physical frameworks. characterization for
injuries, Rather, it must be purpose of trial.
committed in an open to out-of-the-
uninhabited box and innovative There will be
place and by a solutions to chronic sections defining
band, or with problems in the modifying
the use of criminal justice circumstances to
firearm on a system. broad strokes
street, road or (unlike in the
alley. Guided by such present Revised
Attempted and principles, the Penal Code
frustrated proposed where each
robbery Philippine Code of circumstance is
committed Crimes endeavours enumerated) in
under certain to: order to give the
circumstances. judge more
Execution of (a) update our leeway in
deeds by means existing penal laws appreciating
of violence or and to align them factors that
intimidation. with international would aggravate
Robbery in an best practices; or mitigate a
inhabited house crime on a case-
or public (b) introduce to-case basis.
building or innovative reforms
edifice devoted to address chronic 8. Simplifies the
to worship. problems approach to
Robbery in an encountered by criminalization based
uninhabited justice sector on conduct and not
place and by a workers at all mental state;
band. stages of the justice
What is an system; and 9. The prescription
inhabited house, of crime and service
public building (c) rationalize the of sentence is now
or building compilation of combined.
dedicated to existing penal laws
and the
religious This historical
promulgation of
worship and future ones to undertaking is long
their ensure that there overdue. It is part of
dependencies. will only be a the larger justice
Robbery is an single, unified reform agenda of the
uninhabited compendium of all government aimed at
place or in a criminal laws for improving the
every person's easy
private building. administration of
reference.
Robbery of justice in the country
~ 27 ~
 cereals, fruits, and enhancing access
or firewood in to justice of the poor
an uninhabited and other
place or private marginalized sectors.
building.
Possession of
picklocks or
similar tools.
False keys
Aiding and
abetting a band
of brigands.
Qualified theft.
Theft of the
property of the
National
Library and
National
Museum.
Occupation of
real property or
usurpation of
real rights in
property.
Altering
boundaries or
landmarks.
Fraudulent
insolvency.
Swindling
(estafa).
Swindling a
minor.
Removal, sale
or pledge of
mortgaged
property.
11. Crimes against Who are guilty The country's 1. Change to
Chastity of adultery criminal law for the universal jurisdiction
Concubinage. past eight decades of crimes instead of
Rape has principally the current
Acts of been the Revised jurisdiction based on
lasciviousness. Penal Code of the territory, given the
Qualified Philippines (the evolving nature of
seduction. "RPC"). crime, specifically
Simple transnational
seduction. Enacted in organized crime:
Acts of 1932, this piece of
lasciviousness legislation contains
~ 28 ~
 with the consent antiquated There will be
of the offended provisions and provisions
party. deals with crimes allowing the State
Corruption of that are now to prosecute
minors. irrelevant to and crimes committed
White slave fails to address outside the
trade. current situations. Philippines if the
Forcible Penalties provided said crimes are
abduction. in the said law have against national
Consented also become security, against
abduction. obsolete. Filipino citizens,
12. Crimes against Simulation of or against
Civil Status of the births, While the RPC humanity and the
Person substitution of still defines archaic law of nations.
one child for crimes such as
another and "challenging to a 2. Simplifies the
concealment or duel" and categorization of
abandonment of qualified theft of crimes - there is no
a legitimate coconuts it has longer a frustrated
child. largely been stage of commission
Usurpation of ineffective in of crime or
civil status. addressing accomplices in the
Bigamy. organized crime, degree of
Marriage transnational crime, participation:
contracted cybercrime, and
against other emergent There will be
provisions of criminal activities provisions
laws. that proliferate classifying
Premature today. criminal
marriages. participants as
Performance of The either "principals"
illegal marriage unsystematic or accomplices
ceremony. proliferation of (no more
13. Crimes against Libel special penal laws accessories) ,
Honor Requirement for in our jurisdiction because they can
publicity. is another cause of be prosecuted as
Libel means by difficulty for our principals based
writings or justice sector on the extent of
similar means. workers. We can their participation
Threatening to scarcely keep track in the crime) and
publish and of the exact defining the
offer to present number of penal stages of criminal
such publication laws that we have execution as
for a and find difficulty "consummated"
compensation. in determining and "attempted"
Prohibited which law or laws (no more
publication of should be used to "frustrated")
acts referred to punish a particular
in the course of criminal conduct.
~ 29 ~
 official 3. The minimum age
proceedings. The foregoing of criminal liability is
Slander. reasons make it 13 years old - those
Slander by deed. imperative for us to between 13 and 18
Incriminating revisit the RPC and are penal ized
innocent person. to craft a new depending on the
Intriguing Criminal Code that nature of the crime
against honor. is updated, modern, but with suspended
14. Quasi- Imprudence and simplified, sentence and referral
Offenses negligence. responsive, and to diversionary
truly Filipino. programs;

(a) First, it must be 4. The scale of

a simple, modern, principal, alternative
organic and truly and accessory
Filipino Criminal penalties with the
Code. The restorative justice
language must be measures are
simple to make it presented in one table
comprehensible to with numeral levels
even lay persons rather than old
and must reflect the Spanish or Latin
realities of the terms for easy
present day reference:
criminal justice
system of the There will be a
country; new scale of
penalties
(b) Second, it must composed of five
reflect the values "levels", and a
and mores of the level for "life
Filipino people; imprisonment",
aimed at
(c) Third, it must simplifying the
be a multi- sentencing
disciplinary and not process. Using
narrowly legalistic this new scale,
and must take into crimes can be
account the unique classified easily
perspectives of according to their
experts from allied gravity,
professions, alternative/access
including those in ory penalties
medicine, applicable to
psychology, each level, along
sociology, and with the
criminology, and corresponding
forensics. The post-sentencing
vision is that the measures
~ 30 ~
 new Criminal Code
will be informed by 5. There is no longer
the expertise of a splitting of
various disciplines criminal and civil
and will not be a actions - the civil
document solely remedy is always
for lawyers but a embedded in the
statute meant for criminal action;
every Filipino;
6. There will be a
(d) Fourth, it must provision stating
be able to that an appeal from
harmonize the a judgment of
interests and dismissal or
divergent views of acquittal shall not be
all stakeholders in treated as a second
the criminal justice jeopardy;
system; and
7. Modifying
(e) Fifth, it should circumstances are
be more than just now generically
an update of the aggravating,
existing RPC and mitigating or
must not be alternative without
constrained by need of specific
existing characterization for
frameworks. purpose of trial.
Rather, it must be
open to out-of-the- There will be
box and innovative sections defining
solutions to chronic modifying
problems in the circumstances to
criminal justice broad strokes
system. (unlike in the
present Revised
Guided by such Penal Code
principles, the where each
proposed circumstance is
Philippine Code of enumerated) in
Crimes endeavours order to give the
to: judge more
leeway in
(a) update our appreciating
existing penal laws factors that
and to align them would aggravate
with international or mitigate a
best practices; crime on a case-
to-case basis.
(b) introduce
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 innovative reforms 8. Simplifies the
to address chronic approach to
problems criminalization based
encountered by on conduct and not
justice sector mental state;
workers at all
stages of the justice 9. The prescription
system; and of crime and service
of sentence is now
(c) rationalize the combined.
compilation of
existing penal laws This historical
and the
undertaking is long
promulgation of
future ones to overdue. It is part of
ensure that there the larger justice
will only be a reform agenda of the
single, unified government aimed at
compendium of all improving the
criminal laws for administration of
every person's easy
justice in the country
reference.
and enhancing access
to justice of the poor
and other
marginalized sectors.

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 ACTIVITY NO. 8

FUTURE DIRECTIONS OF CRIMINOLOGY

1. Develop an Essay on Criminology Then, Today and Beyond with a minimum

of 250 words.

This world is constantly changing every day. When the world changes, the people
change, and new technology populates, and so does the crime rates. Criminals will try to
create new ways to commit crime. The criminal justice system should pay close attention
to these new technologies to keep the people safe. Law officials have to follow the law
while using these technologies.

Future advancement will allow criminology to determine civil liberty and ethical
violations, as technology will become more vital element for law industry. Technology
has always been a reliable source to law officials. Technology has included several tools
such as: computers, cameras, maps, DNA systems, and many more that have benefited to
law enforcements. New technology will not only solve cases current or conclude why a
person murdered a relative of six, but also solve cold cases and also provide a more in-
depth look at the causes of people committing murder and how their brains operate.

The thoughts and practices in criminology will further expand as different crime
fighting methodologies and the directions of crime fighting provide different methods of
finding criminal activities. New technologies have provided criminals with a whole new
class of crimes and have also made it extremely difficult for them to get caught. The
problem is with new high-tech crime is that criminals are already ahead of law officials.
It is fair for the people to know what kind of new technologies will be used in fighting
against crimes.

Law enforcement should have a more close relationship to their people since these
new technologies are keeping them safe. Law enforcements across the globe are
developing ways to use more new technologies to fight crime. The idea of using these
new technologies will ensure that law enforcers are meeting the demands of fighting
crimes. In the future to come, the crime rate should demonstrate a huge difference if these
technologies are benefiting law enforcement.

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