FAILURE CRITERIA: MOHRS

CIRCLE AND PRINCIPAL STRESSES

Slide No. 1

The Stress Transformation

Equations for Plane Stress
Example 2
The stresses shown in Figure 12a act at a
point on the free surface of a stressed
body. Determine the normal stresses n
and t and the shearing stress nt at this
point if they act on the rotated stress
element shown in Figure 12b.

1
 Slide No. 2

The Stress Transformation

Equations for Plane Stress
Example 2 (contd) Figure 12
t n
70 MPa
t nt
n
40 MPa

10 MPa 150

(a) (b)

Slide No. 3

The Stress Transformation

Equations for Plane Stress
Example 2 (contd)
The given values are as follows:
x = 10 MPa, y = 70 MPa, xy = +40 MPa
n = 150 , t = 150 + 900 = 1050 t n

t nt
t n
n
900
150 150

2
 Slide No. 4

The Stress Transformation

Equations for Plane Stress
Example 2 (contd)
Applying Eq. 12 for the given values
n = x cos 2 + y sin 2 + 2 xy sin cos
= 10 cos 2 (15) 70 sin 2 (15) + 2(40) sin (15) cos(15)

n = 5.981 MPa = 5.981 MPa (Tension)

t = x cos 2 + y sin 2 + 2 xy sin cos
= 10 cos 2 (105) 70 sin 2 (105) + 2(40) sin (105) cos(105)

t = 85.98 MPa = 86 MPa (comprssion)

Slide No. 5

The Stress Transformation

Equations for Plane Stress
Example 2 (contd)
= ( )sin cos + (cos sin )
nt x y xy
2 2

= ( 10 ( 70) )sin(15) cos(15) + 40(cos (15) sin (15))

2 2

nt = 19.64 MPa t n

70 MPa t = 86 MPa
nt = 19.64 MPa
n = 5.98 MPa
40 MPa

10 MPa 150

3
 Slide No. 6

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Shearing Stress
Principal Stresses
The transformation equations (Eq. 12 or
13) provides a means for determining the
normal stress n and the shearing stress nt
on different planes through a point O in
stressed body.
Consider, for example, the state of stress
at a point O of the free surface of a
structure or machine component (Fig. 13).

Slide No. 7

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Shearing Stress
y
Principal Stresses
x
Surfaces perpendicular to z-axis
are stress-free. z
7 ksi

12 ksi

o 25 ksi

(a) Figure 13 (b)

4
 Slide No. 8

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Shearing Stress
Principal Stresses
As the element is rotated through an angle
about an axis perpendicular to the stress-
free surface, the normal stress n and the
shearing stressnt on different planes vary
continuously as shown in Figure 14.
For design purposes, critical stress at the
point are usually the maximum tensile (or
compressive) and shearing stresses.

Slide No. 9

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Shearing Stress
Principal Stresses
The principal stresses are the maximum
normal stress max and minimum normal
stress min.
In general, these maximum and minimum
or principal stresses can be determined by
plotting curves similar to those of Fig. 14.
But this process is time-consuming, and
therefore, general methods are needed.

5
 Slide No. 10

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Shearing Stress
Variation of Stresses as Functions of
40
n sn
Stress

30
tnt
Stress
nt 7 ksi

20 12 ksi
y
Stress (Ksi)

t n
10 25 ksi
x
0
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
-10

-20
Angle (Degrees)
Figure 14

Slide No. 11
ENES 220 Assakkaf

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Shearing Stress
Principal Stresses
Principal Stresses for Special Loading
Conditions:
Bar under axial load
P P
max=
A
and max =
2A
(14)
Shaft under Pure Bending
Tmax c
max = max = (15)
J

6
 Slide No. 12

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Shearing Stress
Principal Stresses for Axially Loaded
Bar
P

Inclined Area, An
Figure 15 Original Area, A

P
F

Slide No. 13

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Shearing Stress
Principal Stresses for Axially Loaded
Bar
Figure 16a
N
P

V
N = P cos

V = P sin
N P cos P P
An =
A n = =
A
= cos 2 = (1 + cos 2 )
An A 2A
cos cos

7
 Slide No. 14

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Shearing Stress
Principal Stresses for Axially Loaded
Bar Figure 16b
N
P

V
N = P cos

V = P sin
V P sin P P
A n = = = sin cos = sin 2
An = An A A 2A
cos cos

Slide No. 15

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Shearing Stress
Principal Stresses for Axially Loaded
Bar
n is maximum when = 00 or 1800
n is maximum when = 450 or 1350
Also max
max = (16)
2
Therefore
max=
P
and max =
P (17)
A 2A

8
 Slide No. 16

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Shearing Stress
Principal Stresses for Shaft under Pure

Fig.17 Torsion y
t y A
(c)
n x
n t dA
y
yx
x y dA cos

n dA (a)

xy xy

x x
yx dA sin yx (b)

Slide No. 17

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Shearing Stress
Principal Stresses for Shaft under Pure
Torsion
t y
n = 2 xy sin cos = xy sin 2 n t dA n
(18)
x y dA cos

n dA

nt = xy (cos 2 sin 2 ) = xy cos 2 (19)
Tmax c yx dA sin
max = max = (20)
J

9
 Slide No. 18

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Shearing Stress
Development of Principal Stresses
Equations
Recall Eq 13
x + y x y
n = + cos 2 + xy sin 2 (13a)
2 2
x y (13b)
nt = sin 2 + xy cos 2
2

Slide No. 19

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Shearing Stress
Development of Principal Stresses
Equations
Differentiating the first equation with
respect to and equate the result to zero,
gives
d n d x + y x y
= + cos 2 + xy sin 2
d d 2 2
set
= ( x y )sin 2 + 2 xy cos 2 = 0
or
2 xy 2 xy
tan 2 p = or 2 p = tan 1 (21)
x y
x y

10
 Slide No. 20

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Shearing Stress
Development of Principal Stresses
Equations
Substituting the expression for 2p into Eq.
13a, yields
2
x + y x y
p1, p 2 = + xy2 (22)
2 2

Eq. 21 gives the two principal stresses in the

xy-plane, and the third stress p3 = z = 0.

Slide No. 21

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Shearing Stress
Principal Stresses
Principal stresses max and min can be
computed from
2
x + y x y
p1, p 2 = + xy2 (22a)
2 2

where subscript p refers to the planes of

maximum and minimum values of n.

11
 Slide No. 22

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Shearing Stress
Location of the Plane of Principal
Stresses

1 2 xy
p = tan 1

(22b)
2 x y

Slide No. 23

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Shearing Stress
Notes on Principal Stresses Equation
1. Eq. 22 gives the angle p and p + 900
between x-plane (or y-plane) and the
mutually perpendicular planes on which
the principal stresses act.
2. When tan 2p is positive, p is positive,
and the rotation is counterclockwise from
the x- and y-planes to the planes on
which the two principal stresses act.

12
 Slide No. 24

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Shearing Stress
Notes on Principal Stresses Equation
3. When tan 2p is negative, p is negative,
and the rotation is clockwise.
4. The shearing stress is zero on planes
experiencing maximum and minimum
values of normal stresses.
5. If one or both of the principal stresses
from Eq.22 is negative, the algebraic
maximum stress can have a smaller
absolute value than the minimum stress.

Slide No. 25

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Shearing Stress
Development of Maximum Shearing
Stress Equation
x y
Recall Eq 13b: nt = sin 2 + xy cos 2
2
d nt d x y
= sin 2 + xy cos 2
d d 2
= ( x y )cos 2 2 xy sin 2 = 0
set
or
x y x y
tan 2 = or 2 = tan 1 (23)
2 xy 2
xy

13
 Slide No. 26

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Shearing Stress
Development of Principal Shearing
Stress Equation
Substituting the expression for 2 into Eq.
13b, yields
2
y
p = x + xy2 (24)
2

Eq. 24 gives the maximum in-plane

shearing stress.

Slide No. 27

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Shearing Stress
Maximum In-Plane Shearing Stress
Maximum in-plane shearing stress can be
computed from
2
y
p = x + xy2 (24a)
2
where the subscript p refers to the plane of
maximum in-plane shearing stress p.

14
 Slide No. 28

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Shearing Stress
Location of the Plane of Maximum
Shearing Stress

1 y
= tan 1 x
(24b)
2 2 xy

Slide No. 29

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Shearing Stress
Notes on Principal Stresses and
Maximum In-Plane Shearing Stress
Equation
1. The two angles 2p and 2 differ by 900,
therefore, p and are 450 apart.
2. This means that the planes in which the
maximum in-plane shearing stress occur
are 450 from the principal planes.

15
 Slide No. 30

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Shearing Stress
Notes on Principal Stresses and
Maximum In-Plane Shearing Stress
Equation
3. The direction of the maximum shearing
stress can be determined by drawing a
wedge-shaped block with two sides parallel
to the planes having the maximum and
minimum principal stresses, and with the
third side at an angle of 450. The direction of
the maximum shearing stress must oppose
the larger of the two principal stresses.

Slide No. 31

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Shearing Stress
y y p Fig.18 Wedge-shaped Block
xy
p1 > P 2
x
n
x
p
max
p1 n 450 p1
0
45
max
p2
p2

16
 Slide No. 32

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Shearing Stress
Useful Relationships
The maximum value of nt is equal to one half
the difference between the two in-plane
principal stresses, that is
p1 p 2 (25)
p =
2
For plane stress, the sum of the normal
stresses on any two orthogonal planes through
a point in a body is a constant or in invariant.
p1 + p 2 = x + y (26)

Slide No. 33

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Shearing Stress
Useful Relationships
When a state of plane exists, one of the
principal stresses is zero.
If the values of p1 and p2 from Eq. 25
have the same sign, then the third principal
stress p3 equals zero, will be either the
maximum or minimum normal stresses.
Three possibilities:
max = ( p1 p 2 ) / 2, max = ( p1 0 ) / 2, max = (0 p 2 ) / 2

17
 Slide No. 34

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Shearing Stress
Example 3
Normal and shearing stresses on
horizontal and vertical planes through a
point in a structural member subjected to
plane stress are shown in Figure 19.
Determine and show on a sketch the
principal and maximum shearing stresses.

Slide No. 35

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Shearing Stress
Example 3 (contd)
Fig.19
The given values for use
4 ksi
in Eqs. 22 and 24 are:
x = +12 ksi
y = - 4 ksi
12 ksi xy = - 6 ksi
6 ksi

18
 Slide No. 36

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Shearing Stress
Example 3 (contd)
Using Eq. 22a for the given values:
2
x + y x y
p = + xy2
2 2
12 ( 4)
2
12 + (4)
+ ( 6 ) = 4 10
2
=
2 2
Therefore,
P1 = 4 + 10 = +14 ksi = 14 ksi (T)
p 2 = 4 10 = 6 ksi = 6 ksi (C)
p3 = z = 0

Slide No. 37

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Shearing Stress
Example 3 (contd)
Since the p1 and p2 have opposite sign,
the maximum shearing stress is
p1 p 2 14 ( 6) 20
max = = = = +10 ksi
2 2 2
The location p of the principal stresses is
computed from Eq. 22b
1 2( 6)
p = tan 1 = 18.430
2 12 x ( 4)
y

19
 Slide No. 38

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Shearing Stress
Example 3 (contd)
y 4 ksi Sketch of principal and max
6 ksi shearing stresses
x + y 12 4
n = = = 4 ksi (T)
2 2
12 ksi
4 ksi
x
6 ksi 18.430
10 ksi
450 14 ksi
p = 10 ksi = max

6 ksi

Slide No. 39

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Shearing Stress
Example 4
Normal and shearing stresses on
horizontal and vertical planes through a
point in a structural member subjected to
plane stress are shown in Figure 20.
Determine and show on a sketch the
principal and maximum shearing stresses

20
 Slide No. 40

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Shearing Stress
Example 4 (contd)

Fig.20
The given values for use
36 MPa
in Eqs. 22 and 24 are:
x = +72 MPa
y = +36 MPa
72 MPa xy = - 24 MPa
24 MPa

Slide No. 41

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Shearing Stress
Example 4 (contd)
Using Eq. 22a for the given values:
2
x + y x y
p = + xy2
2 2
72 (+ 36)
2
72 + (+36)
+ ( 24 ) = 54 30
2
=
2 2
Therefore,
P1 = 54 + 30 = +84 ksi = 84 MPa (T)
p 2 = 54 30 = +24 ksi = 24 MPa (T)
p3 = z = 0

21
 Slide No. 42

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Shearing Stress
Example 4 (contd)
Since the p1 and p2 have the same sign,
the maximum shearing stress is
p1 0 84 0 84
max = = = = +42 MPa
2 2 2
The location p of the principal stresses is
computed from Eq. 22b
2 xy 1
1
p = tan 1 = tan 1 2(24) = 26.57 0

2 x y 2 72 36

Slide No. 43

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Shearing Stress
Example 4 (contd)
y 36 MPa Sketch of principal and max
42 MPa
6 ksi shearing stresses 42 MPa
72 MPa 450
x 54 MPa 84 MPa
24 MPa 26.57 0
p3 = 0
30 MPa
p max
450 84 MPa
p1 p 2 84 24
p = = = 30 MPa
2 2 x + y 72 + 36
n = = = 54 MPa (T)
2 2
max = 42 MPa 24 MPa

22
 Slide No. 44

Mohrs Circle for Plane Stress

Introduction
Mohrs circle is a pictorial or graphical
interpretation of the transformation
equations for plane stress.
The process involves the construction of a
circle in such a manner that the
coordinates of each point on the circle
represent the normal and shearing
stresses on one plane through the stressed

Slide No. 45

Maximum Shearing Stress

ENES 220 Assakkaf

Maximum shearing stress occurs for x = ave

2
x y 2
max = R = + xy
2
x y
tan 2 s =
2 xy

Note : defines two angles separated by 90o and

offset from p by 45o
x + y
= ave =
2

23
 Slide No. 46

Mohrs Circle for Plane Stress

Introduction
Point, and the angular position of the
radius to the point gives the orientation of
the plane.
The proof that normal and shearing
components of stress on arbitrary plane
through a point can be represented as
points on a circle follows from Eqs. 13a
and 13b.

Slide No. 47

Mohrs Circle for Plane Stress

Plane Stresses using Mohrs Circle

Recall Eqs. 13a and 13b,
x + y x y
n = + cos 2 + xy sin 2 (13a)
2 2
x y
nt = sin 2 + xy cos 2 (13a)
2
Squaring both equations, adding, and
simplifying gives
2 2
+ y y
n x + 2nt = x + xy2 (27)
2 2

24
 Slide No. 48

Mohrs Circle for Plane Stress

Plane Stresses using Mohrs Circle

The previous equation is indeed an
equation of a circle in terms of the variable
n and nt. The circle is centered on the the
axis at a distance (x - y)/2 from the
axis, and the radius of the circle is given by
2
x y
R = + xy2 (28)
2

Slide No. 49

Mohrs Circle for Plane Stress

Plane Stresses using Mohrs Circle

Normal stresses are plotted as horizontal
coordinates, with tensile stresses (positive)
plotted to the right of the origin and
compressive stresses (negative) plotted to
the left.
Shearing stresses are plotted as vertical
coordinates, with those tending to produce
a clockwise rotation of the stress element

25
 Slide No. 50

Mohrs Circle for Plane Stress

Plane Stresses using Mohrs Circle

plotted above the -axis, and those tending
to produce counterclockwise rotation of the
stress element plotted below the -axis.
Sign conventions for interpreting the
normal and shearing stresses will be
provided, and illustrated through examples.

Slide No. 51

Mohrs Circle for Plane Stress

Plane Stresses using Mohrs Circle
Mohrs circle for any point subjected to plane
stress can be drawn when stresses on two
mutually perpendicular planes through the point
are known.
y
xy y
A t
xy
n
x x
yx A x
yx
y

26
 Slide No. 52

Mohrs Circle for Plane Stress

Mohrs Circle Fig.21

y
H ( y , yx )
p2

p
yx
2 p
C
nt
x y 2
xy
2
x + y
2 V ( x , xy )
x
n
p1

Slide No. 53

Mohrs Circle for Plane Stress

Mohrs Circle

Maximum shearing stress occurs for x = ave

2
x y
max = R = + xy2
2
x y
tan 2 s =
2 xy
Note : defines two angles separated by 90o and
offset from p by 45o
x + y
= ave =
2

27
 Slide No. 54

Mohrs Circle for Plane Stress

Plane Stresses using Mohrs Circle

Drawing Procedure for Mohrs Circle
1. Choose a set of x-y coordinate axes.
2. Identify the stresses x, y and xy = yx and list
them with proper sign.
3. Draw a set of -coordinate axes with and
positive to the right and upward, respectively.
4. Plot the point (x, -xy) and label it point V
(vertical plane).

Slide No. 55

Mohrs Circle for Plane Stress

Plane Stresses using Mohrs Circle

Drawing Procedure for Mohrs Circle (contd)
5. Plot the point (y, yx) and label it point H
(horizontal plane).
6. Draw a line between V and H. This establishes
the center and the radius R of Mohrs circle.
7. Draw the circle.
8. An extension of the radius between C and V
can be identified as the x-axis or reference line
for the angle measurements (I.e., =0).

28
 Slide No. 56

Mohrs Circle for Plane Stress

Sign Conventions
In a given face of the stressed element, the
shearing stresses that tends to rotate the
element clockwise will be plotted above the
-axis in the circle.
In a given face of the stressed element, the
shearing stresses that tends to rotate the
element counterclockwise will be plotted
below the -axis in the circle.

Slide No. 57

Mohrs Circle for Plane Stress

Fig.22
Sign Conventions

The following jingle may
be helpful in remembering (a) Clockwise Above
this conventions:
In the kitchen, the clock

is above, and the counter
is below.
Beer and Johnston (1992)

(b) Counterclockwise Below

29
 Slide No. 58

Mohrs Circle for Plane Stress

Points of Interests on Mohrs Circle

1. Point D that provides the principal stress
p1.
2. Point E that gives the principal stress p2.
3. Point A that provides the maximum in-
plane shearing stress -p and the
accompanied normal stress avg that acts
on the plane.

Slide No. 59
ENES 220 Assakkaf

Mohrs Circle for Plane Stress

With the physical significance of Mohrs circle
for plane stress established, it may be applied
with simple geometric considerations. Critical
values are estimated graphically or calculated.

For a known state of plane stress x , y , xy

plot the points X and Y and construct the
circle centered at C.
2
x + y x y 2
ave = R = + xy
2 2

The principal stresses are obtained at A and B.

max,min = ave R
2 xy
tan 2 p =
x y
The direction of rotation of Ox to Oa is
the same as CX to CA.

30
 Slide No. 60
ENES 220 Assakkaf

Mohrs Circle for Plane Stress

With Mohrs circle uniquely defined, the state
of stress at other axes orientations may be
depicted.

For the state of stress at an angle with

respect to the xy axes, construct a new
diameter XY at an angle 2 with respect to
XY.

Normal and shear stresses are obtained

from the coordinates XY.

Slide No. 61
ENES 220 Assakkaf

Mohrs Circle for Plane Stress

Mohrs circle for centric axial loading:

P P
x = , y = xy = 0 x = y = xy =
A 2A

Mohrs circle for torsional loading:

Tc Tc
x = y = 0 xy = x =y = xy = 0
J J

31
 Slide No. 62

Mohrs Circle for Plane Stress

Example 5
The stresses shown in Figure 23 act at a point
on the free surface of a stressed body. Use
Mohrs circle to determine the normal and
shearing stresses at this point on the inclined
plane AB shown in the figure.

14 ksi

12 B
5 20 ksi
Fig.23
A

Slide No. 63

Mohrs Circle for Plane Stress

Example 5 (contd)

The given values for use in C
drawing Mohrs circle are: R=3
x = p1 = 20 ksi nt
y = p 2 = 14 ksi
45.24

12
z = p3 = 0 2 = 2 tan 1 = 134.76
0
134.76 0
5 n R=3
20 + 14
C= = 17 ksi
2
R = radius =
20 14
=3 nt = R sin (45.24 ) = 3 sin (45.24 ) = 2.13 ksi
2
n = C R cos (45.24 ) = 17 3(0.7) = 14.89 ksi

32
 Slide No. 64

Mohrs Circle for Plane Stress

Example 6

For the state of plane stress shown,

(a) construct Mohrs circle,
determine (b) the principal planes,
(c) the principal stresses, (d) the
maximum shearing stress and the
corresponding normal stress.

Slide No. 65

Mohrs Circle for Plane Stress

Example 6 (contd)

SOLUTION:
Construction of Mohrs circle

ave =
x + y
=
(50) + ( 10) = 20 MPa
2 2
CF = 50 20 = 30 MPa FX = 40 MPa
R = CX = (30)2 + (40)2 = 50 MPa

33
 Slide No. 66
ENES 220 Assakkaf

Example 6 (contd)
Principal planes and stresses
max = OA = OC + CA = 20 + 50
max = 70 MPa
max = OB = OC BC = 20 50
max = 30 MPa

FX 40
tan 2 p = =
CP 30
2 p = 53.1
p = 26.6

Slide No. 67
ENES 220 Assakkaf

Example 6 (contd)

Maximum shear stress

s = p + 45 max = R = ave
s = 71.6 max = 50 MPa = 20 MPa

34