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RIGHTS OF PATENTEE AND COMPULSORY LICENCE

Introduction
A Patent holder enjoys a set of exclusive rights given as an
incentive for the investment in innovative activities and for the
dissemination of knowledge to public .However these rights are not
perpetual and can be revoked in exceptional circumstances o balance
the interest of the patent holders with those of the others; there are
various exceptions and limitations to these rights .Such exceptions are
experimental or research use ; use on foreign vessels ; obtaining
regulatory approval from authorities ; exhaustion of patent rights and
parallel imports; compulsory licencing and use or acquisition of
inventions by governments .even though there are exceptions and
limitations ,yet the term to hold a patent remain unaltered .
Thus a Patent is a set of exclusive rights granted by a state to
an inventor or his assignee for a fixed period of time in exchange for
the disclosure of the invention. It refers to a grant of some privilege,
property, or authority made by a government or the sovereign of the
country to one or more individuals. The instrument by which it made
is known as Patent. An invention is the creation of intellect applied to
capital and labour to produce something new and useful. Such
creation becomes the exclusive property of the inventor on the grant of
patent.
RIGHTS OF PATENTEE
A patent is a statutory grant conferring certain monopoly rights
on the grantee for a defined period, subject to certain conditions. In
some respect it may be considered as a species of property. A patent
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grant gives the patentee the exclusive right to make or use the
patented article or use the patented process. As a consequence flowing
from this he can prevent all others from making or using the patented
article or using the patented process.
A patent monopoly not only entitles the holder to exploit the
invention without competition during the period of patent protection;
it also enables him to enter the market, on the expiry of the monopoly
in a strong position. A patentee has also the power to assign the
patent, grant licences under, or otherwise deal with it for any
consideration. These rights created by statute are circumscribed by
various conditions and limitations.
The right of a patentee is considered as a chose in action. In
Edwards v. Picard, Vaughan Williams, L.J. observed: Now what is
the right of the patentee? It is a chose in action created by the exercise
of Royal prerogative, and entirely distinct from the right of property in
a chattel created under it. Again, Buckley, L.J. observed: The legal
qualities of a patent are, not that it confers upon the patentee a right
to manufacture, for that he could do without a patent, but that it gives
him monopoly in the manufacture. It creates in him a right of action
to prevent anyone else manufacturing. It creates in him a right to
bring an action for infringement with resultant remedy by way of
injunction, or damages or both. This is a legal right. The right of a
patentee to the exclusive use of the patented invention for the period
of its protection under the Act is a right to property.
There is no exclusive right similar to that of a patent in a secret
formula or process not patented under the Act. When a person has
discovered a valuable invention and has not patented it, anyone who
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had discovered the ingredients may, in the absence of any breach of

trust or fraud, sell those ingredients. Any person who has become
acquainted with the process of manufacturing an article which is in
general secret is entitled to manufacture it.
A person can be prevented from using a secret process only on
the basis of breach of contract, breach of confidence or fraud. Thus in
United Indigo Chemical Co Ltd. v. Robinson it was held that an
employer cannot prevent his employee using, after termination of the
employment, knowledge honestly acquired during the course of his
former employment.
Benefits conferred upon the patentee
The patent law recognizes the exclusive right of a patentee to gain
commercial advantage out of his invention. This is to encourage
inventors to invest their creative facilities, knowing that their
inventions would be protected by law and accordingly no one else
would be able to copy their inventions for certain period (generally 20
years) during which the inventor would have exclusive rights.
Once a patent is granted, certain monopolistic rights are conferred
upon the patentee, as an incentive for disclosing his invention to the
public. These monopoly rights, generally for a period of 20 years, are
assignable thus enabling the patentee to licence invention thereby
maximizing his profit .
Article 28 of the TRIPS Agreement provides these exclusive rights as
follows:
1. A patent shall confer on its owner the following exclusive rights:
(a) where the subject matter of a patent is a product, to prevent
third parties not having the owners consent from the acts of: making,
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using, offering for sale, selling, or importing for these purposes that
product;
(b) where the subject matter of a patent is a process, to prevent
third parties not having the owners consent from the act of using the
process, and from the acts of: using, offering for sale, selling, or
importing for these purposes at least the product obtained directly by
that process.
2. Patent owners shall also have the right to assign, or transfer by
succession, the patent and to conclude licensing contracts.
Section 48 of the Patent Act, 1970 which embodies Article 28 above,
provides the follows exclusive rights to the patentees:
Right to use and exercise the patent
Section 48 confers on the patentee the exclusive right to make,
use, exercise, sell or distribute the patented article or substance in
India, or to use or exercise the methods or process if the patent is for
a Process. This right can be exercised either by the patentee himself
or by his agents or licensees
The patent is granted in the form prescribed under s 46(1),
which reiterates the exclusive right of the patentee to use the patent.
Where a patent has lapsed due to non-payment of renewal fee, the
patentee may have the patent restored on following the procedure laid
down under ss. 60 and 61.
A patentee has power to assign, grant licences under, or
otherwise deal with the patent for any consideration.If he is a co-
owner of the patent, he can assign any share of the patent or grant
licences to others to use the patent only with the consent of the
coproprietors or under the directions of the Controller.
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The patentee may amend the complete specification of his patent

on application made to the Controller for the purpose.
A patentee has the right to surrender his patent. If the patentee
or any other person is not interested in working the patent, it may be
advisable to surrender the patent to avoid possible revocation
proceedings and consequent liability to pay costs.
When a patent is granted to two or more persons, each of the co-
owners, in the absence of any agreement to the contrary, is entitled to
an equal undivided share in the patent. Each of them is entitled, by
himself or his agents, to make, use or exercise the patent without
accounting to the others. This is of course, subject to any agreement
to the contrary.
During the period from the date of advertisement of the
acceptance of a complete specification and the date of sealing of the
patent, the applicant can exercise all the privileges and rights of a
patentee except the filing of a suit for infringement.
Any person may, for the purpose merely of experiment or research, or
for the purpose of imparting instructions to pupils, make or use a
patented article or use a patented process.
A patent has the same effect as against the Government as it
has against any other person. Thus the Government is bound to
honour the rights of the patentee granted under the Act. Government
may use the patented invention or even acquire it, or prohibit a person
from using an invention on certain terms and circumstances.
The rights of a patentee can be enforced by a suit for
infringement of the patent or an action for recovery of royalties or an
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action for specific performance of contract, depending upon the nature

of the right under the patent sought to be enforced.
Jeremy Bentham strongly argued that as an invention involved a
great deal of time, money and effort and included a large element of
risk, the exclusive use of the invention must be reserved for a period
of time so that it could be exploited and thereafter used for the general
increase of knowledge and wealth.
In Asahi, Kanei Kogyo Lord Oliver expressed the underlying
objective of patent law as encouraging improvements and innovation
by conferring the benefit of a monopoly for a defined period on the
inventor so that he may make known his invention to the public.
Another purpose equally stimulating is that companies would be
willing to take risk and expend much money and efforts in the
developments of scientific and technical research.
Patents have a special significance to inventors especially in the
pharmaceutical industry. It is estimated that on an average more than
$45 billion are spent yearly on R&D. Moreover, average R&D
expenditures per company have grown at a rate of close to 300% per
year. It is also submitted in spite of huge investments incurred; very
few drugs are actually commercially produced. In the course of the
R&D process, more than 8,000 compounds are tested on average, of
which only one is developed into a potent and safe drug. Patents
granted to pharmaceutical products encourage more extensive and
comprehensive research in that area. The monopoly rights conferred
by the patent system provide the necessary incentive for pharma
companies to invest their resources in R&D.
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Benefits conferred upon the society

Through patents, monopoly rights are conferred upon
inventors. Inventors alone have the right to make, sell, licence the
patented invention. Many consider this as detrimental to the interests
of society as patentees have the discretion of charging their own prices
for their products. Further, they might refuse to sell their patented
products in certain areas depriving people of the benefits of their
inventions. While these misgivings might to true to an extent, it s seen
that that societys interests are protected rather than derided by the
patent system. Firstly, all inventions for which patents are granted are
accompanied by an enabling disclosure, i.e. all details required to
reproduce the invention are provided. As the details of the invention
fall into the public domain, competing inventors can use this
information as a base and improve upon the same, thus automatically
providing for higher quality goods and increasing the choice of the
consumers in the market. Secondly, although the grant of the patent
confers the exclusive right to make, sell, licence the patented right
etc., it is clearly provided that the use of the invention for research or
teaching purposes shall not be considered as a violation of the
patentees rights.
Members may provide limited exceptions to the exclusive rights
conferred by a patent, provided that such exceptions do not
unreasonably conflict with a normal exploitation of the patent and do
not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the patent owner,
taking account of the legitimate interests of the third parties.
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Limited Exceptions To The Rights

Article 30 of the TRIPS Agreement (elaborated below) provides for
limited exceptions to the rights conferred upon a patentee:
Section 47 of the Indian Patent Act, 1970, which embodies this
limited exception clause, provides that the grant of a patent is subject
to certain conditions
Grant of patents
The grant of a patent confers exclusive rights on the patentee to
prevent others from doing certain acts with respect to the patent for
20 years. In the case of a productpatent, the patentee will have
exclusive right to prevent third parties from making, using,offering for
sale, selling or importing, for those purposes, that product in India. In
the case of a process patent, the patentee will have the exclusive right
to prevent third parties from using that process and from the act of
using, offering for sale, selling or importing for those purposes the
product obtained directly by that process in India. If any person does
any of the above acts without the consent of the patentee, it would
amount to an infringement of the patent. The right to institute
infringement action accrues on the patentee only after the grant.
When a patent application made before the Patent Office is
found to be in order for the grant, and it has neither been refused by
the Controller, nor found to be in contravention of any of the
provisions of the Patents Act, a patent shall be granted as
expeditiously as possible to the applicant. Upon the grant of the
patent, the Controller shall publish the fact that the patent has been
granted and the application, specification and other documents
related thereto shall be open for public inspection. Every patent shall
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be granted in the prescribed form bearing the serial number accorded

to the application. As a patent application can be made for one
invention only, it follows that a patent shall be granted for one
invention only.
Section 47 states that the grant of a patent under the Patents Act is
subject to certain conditions contained therein, the details of which
are as follows:
(i) Government Use: Any process or product which is the subject
matter of a patent may be imported or made by the government for its
own use.
(ii) Experiment and Research: Any person may make or use any
patented product or a product made by a patented process or use a
patented process for the purpose of experiment or research.
(iii) Import of Medicine or Drug: In the case of a patent in respect of
any medicine or drug, the patent is granted subject to the condition
that the government may import such medicine or drug for its own
use or for distribution in any dispensary, hospital or other medical
institution maintained by or on behalf of the government.
Thus it is clear that notwithstanding the fact that patents confer
certain exclusive privileges, the grant of patents itself is subrogated to
the interests of society. This is of special significance in the pharma
industry, where patents provide the fine balance between the
incentives to innovate and safeguarding the interests of society. In the
absence of sufficient safeguards to patentees rights, the
pharmaceutical companies would not produce, let alone disclose
scientific formulations, which would not only stem scientific progress
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but also deny the few who have access to patented products their right
to enjoy them
From the above it is clear that it is societys best interest that
genuine innovations should be protected and rewarded without stifling
further innovation. The best illustration of how a patent benefits the
public by encouraging disclosure in return for a period of exclusivity is
the plain-paper copier (the Xerox machine). Before the invention of
that copier, copies had to be made using expensive and messy
systems like photography, heat-sensitive paper, or mimeographs and
ditto machines. That changed when a patent attorney came up with
an electrostatic copying method. Because the patent attorney was the
first to invent the technique, he received a patent giving him the
exclusive right to practice the invention for 17 years (under the law at
that time).
By the time the patent expired, Xerox was an established company,
and companies like IBM and Canon joined Xerox in building and
marketing plain-paper copiers.
Benefits conferred upon the government:
Intellectual property is based on liberal, democratic principles.
Any person, exercising mental effort may claim it and no political
system dare destroy it. Shri Kamal Nath, the Union Minsiter for
Commerce and Industry has observed:
Intellectual property is the foundation of a knowledge based economy
and is becoming increasingly important not only for creation of wealth,
but for providing employment and improved standard of living for the
masses.
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Thus, it clear that the benefits of the patent system are not restricted
to the inventors and consumers alone. The government too is a
considerable stakeholder in patent system, being a key roleplayer in
the patent policy.
One of the reasons for the tremendous and rapid advance in
industrial power in the United States from the 19th century was the
liberal patent laws, the number of patens exceeding the million mark
in 1911 itself. As of today it is estimated that the US and EU together
hold 97% of all patents worldwide, and multinational corporations
account for 90% of all product and technology patents. The purpose of
an invention is to protect and encourage fair competition in the field of
technology so as to transform inventions or creations into real and
productive forces as quickly as possible. A countrys market economy
is dependant on the successful working of its patent system.
Patents in India and rights of patentee
Patents have a rich and varied history in India. As India was
colonized by the British, the developments in patent law in England
were generally mirrored by corresponding developments in Indian law.
Law relating to patentable inventions in Britain and India is
substantially the same. The history of the Indian Patent system can be
traced to 1859, when Act VI of 1859 on protection of inventions based
came to be enacted. The Act conferred certain exclusive privileges to
inventors of new manufacturers for a period of 14 years.
Subsequently, the British rulers enacted the Patents and Designs
Protection Act, 1888 which was repealed by the Indian Patent and
Designs Act, 1911 with the objective of saving the interests of
inventors. However, on account of substantial changes in political and
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economic conditions in the country, it was found desirable to enact a

comprehensive law on the subject, which would ensure that patent
rights are not worked to the detriment of the consumer or to the
prejudice of trade or to the industrial development of the country. It was
with this lofty ideal that the Indian Patent Act, 1970 came to be
enacted.
However, with the rapid advancements in science and
technology and the development of a global village, the need was felt
for greater international cooperation for the protection of the rights of
inventors as well as safeguarding the interests of consumers.
Consequently, in 1995, nations of the world ratified the Agreement on
Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS
Agreement) with the concomitant objective of taking into account the
need to promote effective and adequate protection of intellectual
property rights and for ensuring that measures and procedures to
enforce intellectual property rights do not themselves become barriers to
legitimate trade. India became a signatory to the TRIPS Agreement in
1995, by virtue of which it was bound to bring its existing intellectual
property laws in compliance with the TRIPS Agreement within a period
of ten years i.e. by 2005.
The first TRIPS compliant amendment to the Patent Act, 1970
came via the Patent (Amendment) Act, 2002. The Amendment made
several broad reaching changes to the existing Act, in an endeavour to
make the law TRIPS compliant, but also to provide therein adequate
and necessary safeguards for protection of public interest, national
security, bio-diversity, traditional knowledge etc. The second
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Amendment, introduced in 2005, the Patent Amendment Act, 2005,

was enacted with nearly similar objectives.
Thus, it can be seen that the jurisprudentially, all patent
enactments in the country have sought to strike a balance between
the competing interests of consumers and those of inventors. The Acts
have recognised internationally accepted principles for granting rights
to patentees and concurrently have made suitable modifications in the
Indian milieu to provide adequate protection to society at large.
Technological stagnation has been sought to be avoided and at the
same time measures have been introduced to ensure that monopolies
conferred by the grant of a patent are not used to the detriment of the
society as a whole.
COMPULSORY LICENSING

Compulsory License as a mechanism is allowed by the

agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
(TRIPS) the international agreement which establishes intellectual
property rights, including patent rights. Patent protection can be
overcome through the use of Compulsory Licenses, which enables
other companies to produce a patented product without the
permission of the patent holder. A compulsory license creates an
exception to the monopoly created by patent protection and acts as a
legal counterweight to combat the adverse effects of patents. TRIPS
empowers the State to make use of Compulsory License according to
its own discretion. Thus, the State can rightfully resort to the use of
Compulsory License in order to meet health requirements of the
countrys population.
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Patents--Balance of competing interests for the benefit of all

It is clear that any patent system involves the balancing of
competing interests. While companies on the one hand would seek to
extend their monopoly rights over patents, thereby maximizing their
profits from the same, society would require that these monopolies be
destroyed, leading to more competitors entering the market thereby
reducing prices of the patented product. In reality however, such a
conflict of interest should not arise. As the application for a patent is
accompanied by the complete enabling disclosure of the invention,
competitors often use this information to produce improved products
and patent them. Their improved products being also accompanied by
enabling disclosure, provides the necessary base for further
improvements. Thus consumers benefit as the patent system
automatically leads to an increased choice in the market and
companies benefit as they can focus their energies on providing new
and improved products rather than diverting their resources to
ascertain the nature of existing inventions.
Grounds of granting Compulsory License
The Patent Act provides for the grounds on and procedures by
which, a compulsory license can be granted. The grounds on which a
compulsory license can be granted are:
I.Reasonable requirements of the public with respect to the patented
invention have not been satisfied; or,
II.The patented invention is not available to the public at a reasonably
affordable price; or,
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III.The patented invention is not worked (i.e. not used or performed) in

the territory of India.
The following factors are also to be taken into account: a
circumstance of national emergency; a circumstance of extreme
urgency; or a case of public non-commercial use, which may arise or
is required, as the case may be, including public health crises such as
those relating to Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS),
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Tuberculosis, Malaria, or other
epidemics.
However, the Patents Act does not provide the definitions of the
following expressions: circumstance of national emergency; and a
circumstance of extreme urgency. Therefore, the courts would be
required to interpret these expressions on a case-by-case basis.
As per sec 84 Any person interested in working the patented
invention may apply to the Controller of Patents for a compulsory
license at any time after three years have elapsed from the date of
grant of the patent. While examining the application, the Controller
also considers such aspects as the nature of the invention; the time
that has elapsed since the grant of the patent and the measures
already taken by the patentee or any licensee to make full use of the
invention; the ability of the applicant to work the invention for public
advantage; and the capacity of the applicant to undertake the risk in
providing capital and working the invention, if the application were
granted.
The Act itself balances the competing interests of society. It
envisages that in certain exigent situations, there might be a conflict
between the interests of society and the rights of the patentee.
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Recognizing the most basic principle of salus populii est suprema

lex, the Act provides, inter alia, for the grant of compulsory licenses.
Section 92 of the Act reads:
If the Central Government is satisfied, in respect of any patent in
circumstances of national emergency or in circumstances of
extreme urgency or in case of public non-commercial use, then it is
necessary that compulsory licenses should be granted at any time after
the sealing thereof to work the invention, it may make a declaration to
that effect, by notification in the official Gazette
Thus, through the compulsory licensing regime, the rights of the
patentee are waived and the Central Government may license the
patent as it sees fit. However, even in this exigency, the Act reserves
the right of the patentee to secure adequate compensation, thus
ensuing that the rights of the patentee are protected as well. S.89 (b)
of the Act which considers General principles applicable for the grant
of compulsory licences states:
the interests of any person for the time being working or developing
an invention in the territory of India under the protection of a patent are
not unfairly prejudiced
Natco v Bayer and Compulsory License cases in India
In March 2012, the Controller General of Patents created history
with a landmark judgment granting the first ever Compulsory License
to an Indian generic company. It permitted Natco Pharma to
manufacture and sell a generic version of Bayer Corporations patent
protected anti-cancer drug Sorafenib Tosyalte (marketed as
NEXAVAR). The drug was useful in treating advanced liver and kidney
cancer. Natco had filed an application for Compulsory License under
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Section 84(1), Patents Act, 1970. It had earlier approached Bayer with
a request for a voluntary license proposing to sell the drug at a greatly
reduced price, which Bayer did not allow. The Controller found that all
the three conditions71 required for the grant of compulsory license
were fulfilled and that this case merited the award of compulsory
license to Natco. On appeal, the IPAB held that Bayer did not meet the
reasonable requirement of the public (as only 2% patients are eligible
for the same) and that the price of the drug (Rs. 2.8 lakhs per month)
was not reasonably affordable in India when the purchasing power of
the public is taken into consideration. This was the first case in which
a request under Section 84 of the Indian Patent Act, 1970 had been
made, seeking the grant of compulsory license.
Since the Bayer-Natco decision, there have been two more
instances where Compulsory Licenses have been applied for. In the
first instance, the Health Ministry applied to the Department of
Industrial Policy and Promotion for the grant of Compulsory License
for cancer drug Trastuzumab, which was marketed in India as
Herceptin by Genentech and Herclon by Roche. The request was made
under Section 92 of the Patents Act, 1970, which allows the
Government to file for a license in case of national emergency. This
was on the ground that the drug was not affordable. However, the
DIPP rejected this request as it found that the requirements for grant
of compulsory license under Section 92 of the Indian Patent Act, 1970
was not satisfied
A request was also made by Indian generic drug manufacturer,
BDR Pharmaceutical with respect to cancer drug Dacatinib, marketed
by Bristol Myers Squibb as Sprycel under Section 84 of the Indian
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Patents Act for grant of compulsory license. An order was passed by

the Controller of Patents on 29th October, 2013 wherein the
compulsory licensing application was rejected on the basis that a
prima facie case had not been made out since BDR had not followed
the procedural requirements as prescribed under the law before
applying for the compulsory license application. In view of this the
Controller of Patents did not go into the merits and rejected the
compulsory license application.
Rights of the Applicant Post Publication
From the date of publication of the application until the date of the
grant of a patent, the applicant has the like privileges and rights as if
a patent for the invention has been granted on the date of publication
of the application. However, applicant is not entitled to institute any
proceedings for infringement until the patent has been granted.
S. 90(ii) of the Act states:
the Controller shall endeavor to secure--
(ii) that the royalty and other remuneration if any reserved to the
patentee or other person beneficially entitled to the patent is reasonable
having regard to the nature of the invention, the expenditure incurred by
the patentee in making the invention or in developing it and obtaining a
patent and keeping it in force and other relevant factors
Further, S. 92 of the Act which deals with granting compulsory
licenses in special circumstances states:
in settling terms and conditions of license granted under this section
the Controller shall endeavor to secure that the articles manufactured
under the patent shall be consistent with the patentees deriving a
reasonable advantage from their patent rights
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Similar provisions are seen when the government acquires the patent.
It is clear from the above that the Act not only recognizes the right of
the patentee in securing a reasonable advantage from the patented
product but also considers remuneration to the patentee in case
compulsory licenses are granted. Generally it is seen that it has been
a practice of all nations that whenever a compulsory license have been
granted, some amount of compensation has always been paid to the
patentee. The Supreme Court of Canada, for instance has held that
the duty of the Commissioner to fix reasonable compensation for the
Government use of a patent vests in the patentee a legal right and a
petition lies in the Court to enforce this right.
Thus it can be seen that there is an equanimity maintained
through the patent system. Whenever the monopoly rights conferred
upon the patentee are usurped, care is taken to ensure that the rights
of the patentee are not unfairly prejudiced in addition compensation
is paid to the patentee for such infringement of his rights.
The Act also contains general principles applicable to the
working of all patented inventions. It is provided that in exercising
powers concerning grant of compulsory licences, regard should inter
alia be had to encourage innovations and to secure that inventions are
worked in India on a commercial scale, and to the fullest extent
reasonably practicable without undue delay; and not to encourage a
patentee to merely import the patented article, but to see that patent
rights contribute to technological innovation, and to transfer and to
disseminate technology for the mutual advantage of producers and
users of technological knowledge in a manner conducive to social and
 20

economic welfare and to ensure that the benefit of the patented

invention is available at a reasonably affordable prices to the public
and for grant of compulsory licences in respect of patents for the
reasonable requirements of the public.
Obligation of a patentee
The possession of a patent confers on the patentee not merely
certain valuable monopoly rights and privileges, but also certain
obligations and duties. Patents are granted not only to encourage
inventions but also to secure that the inventions are worked in India
on a commercial scale and to the fullest extent that is reasonably
practicable without undue delay. It is also essential that the monopoly
created by the patent should not unfairly prejudice the interest of the
public.
The Act therefore contains provisions for revocation of patents in
certain circumstances, and granting of compulsory licences if the
patent is not used or the monopoly abused. It is an implied
responsibility of the patentee to work the patent in India in such a
manner that the reasonable requirements of the public with respect to
the patented invention are satisfied and that the patented invention is
made available to the public at a reasonable price. Failure to
discharge this obligation may amount to abuse of the monopoly
granted. Further, provision is also made to restrain the patentee from
making unjustifiable threats of an action for infringement of the
patent.
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Conclusion
The ultimate goal of any intellectual property system is the
advancement of science and technology as a means of securing overall
social and economic development. By conferring exclusive rights on
inventors, the true goals of any intellectual property system are
actually the advancement of science and technology. It is expected
that if additional rights are conferred upon inventors, it would induce
further inventions, enabling giant strides in the development of
technology, ultimately benefiting society.
Thus it can be seen from the above that the intellectual property
law by protecting the rights of an inventor in his invention actually
ensures the progress and growth of science and technology as a
means of securing economic and social development.
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BIBILIOGRAPHY

Books

I. Intellectual Property Rights By N.Chandrasekaran

II. Law Relating to Intellectual Property Rights By M. K. Bhandari
III. Intellectual Property Rights in India By V.K. Ahuja

Websites

i. www.legalserviceindia.com
ii. https://en.wikipedia.org
iii. www.ip-watch.org
iv. www.nishithdesai.com
v. scholar.google.co.in
vi. www.ptlb.in
vii. papers.ssrn.com
viii. www.accu.or.jp
ix. www. nujslawreview.org
x. www.lawyersclubindia.com
xi. www.cis-india.org
xii. indiatoday.intoday.in
xiii. ir.inflibnet.ac.in