Introduction To Linguistics

INTRODUCTION
TO
LINGUISTICS1
ABT-
1
a daki e-posta adresine bildiriniz.
1
barisericok@gmail.com
INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS ............................................................................................. 4
What is Language? ................................................................................................................................. 4
Definition of Language ...................................................................................................................... 4
Knowledge of Language .................................................................................................................... 5
Knowledge of the Sound System ................................................................................................... 6
Lexical Knowledge ........................................................................................................................ 6
Creativity of Linguistic Knowledge............................................................................................... 6
Knowledge of Syntax..................................................................................................................... 7
What is Linguistics ............................................................................................................................ 7
Linguistic Knowledge (Competence) and Linguistic Performance ................................................... 9
What is Grammar? ............................................................................................................................. 9
Types of Grammar ......................................................................................................................... 9
Language Universals (Tm dillerde ortak olan Tm dillerin z) ............................................... 11
Language Principles ..................................................................................................................... 11
Language Parameters ................................................................................................................... 11
The Origins of Language ................................................................................................................... 11
The Divine Source .......................................................................................................................... 11
Natural-sound Source / Imitation Theory ................................................................................... 12
The Oral-Gesture Source .............................................................................................................. 13
Glossogenetics ................................................................................................................................. 13
Physiological Adaptation ............................................................................................................... 13
Functions of Language......................................................................................................................... 14
The Properties of Language ................................................................................................................. 14
Communication ................................................................................................................................ 14
Displacement.................................................................................................................................... 15
Arbitrariness ..................................................................................................................................... 16
Productivity / Open-endedness / Creativity ..................................................................................... 16
Cultural Transmission ...................................................................................................................... 16
Discreteness / Minimal Pairs ........................................................................................................... 17
Duality / Double Articulation .......................................................................................................... 17
Reflexivity........................................................................................................................................ 17
Other Properties ............................................................................................................................... 17
2
Vocal-auditory Channel ................................................................................................................... 18
Reciprocity ....................................................................................................................................... 18
Specialization ................................................................................................................................... 18
Non-directionality ............................................................................................................................ 18
Rapid fade ........................................................................................................................................ 18
Prevarication .................................................................................................................................... 18
Language and Brain ............................................................................................................................. 18
Parts of the Brain ............................................................................................................................. 19
Corpus Collusum: ........................................................................................................................ 19
Right vs Left Brain: ..................................................................................................................... 19
Modularity of Human Brain............................................................................................................. 19
Aphasia: ....................................................................................................................................... 20
............................................................................................. 22
Slips-of-the-tongue ...................................................................................................................... 22
Malapropisms ............................................................................................................................... 22
Spoonerism / Slip-of-the-tongue .................................................................................................. 22
Dichotic Listening........................................................................................................................ 23
The Autonomy of Language ........................................................................................................ 23
Specific Language Impairment .................................................................................................... 23
Savants ......................................................................................................................................... 23
Dyslexia ....................................................................................................................................... 24
Dysgraphia ................................................................................................................................... 24
Plasticity of Human Brain............................................................................................................ 24
Critical Period Hypothesis ........................................................................................................... 24
Development of Writing ...................................................................................................................... 25
Pictogram and Ideogram .................................................................................................................. 25
Logogram ......................................................................................................................................... 25
Rebus Writing .................................................................................................................................. 25
Syllabic Writing ............................................................................................................................... 26
Alphabetic Writing........................................................................................................................... 26
KAYNAKA ....................................................................................................................................... 27
Miscellaneous Questions ...............................................................
3
INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS
What is Language?
2
kendi kendilerine konulurlar ve hatta rya
2. Building a complex message: Eg. Beer is good.

Language is simply originated in two ways:
1. Naming: Eg. Beer
MIND THE NOTE
kintu henz
insan olmayan
human being olurlar.3
Definition of Language
2
Victoria Fromkin, Robert Rodman, Nina Hyams; An Introduction to Language, s. 3
3
Age, s. 3
4
(decoding & encoding).4
5
anlayabiliyor, kendini ifade edebiliyor demektir.
szl
gere
var olabilir.6
Knowledge of Language
4
5
Crystal, David. Dictionary of linguistics and phonetics, s. 291
6
, s. 155
5
7
Yani insanlar kendilerinde
(They may know something unconsciously).
Knowledge of the Sound System
dair bilgiye sahip olmak demek seslerin bir enva
sesinin tahmin edebilmektir. Bir sesten sonra gelebilecek sesler ile ilgili fikir sahibi olmak demektir. 8
Lexical Knowledge
Bir dili bilmek demek o dilin kelimelerini de bilmek demektir. Sadece sesleri bilmek bir dili
byk ve bkk szckleri

blk
Creativity of Linguistic Knowledge
devreye girmektedir. Asla bir dilin tm c
ilir.
7
8
Age, s. 5
9
6
Infiniteness of the sentences: Bu kavram ise cmlelerin ek
10
Knowledge of Syntax
Bu bilgi szdizimi bilgisidir. Dili anlamak ya da bilmek demek sadece kelime bilmek ile ifade
, bir dil tm seslerden, kelimelerden ve
11
Bu syntax bilgisi demektir.
What is Linguistics
Linguistics is the scientific study of language.

Each human language is a complex of knowledge and abilities enabling speakers of the
language to communicate with each other, to express ideas, hypotheses, emotions, desires, and all the
other things that need expressing. Linguistics is the study of these knowledge systems in all their
aspects:
how is such a knowledge system structured,

how is it acquired,
how is it used in the production and comprehension of messages,
how does it change over time?
Linguists consequently are concerned with a number of particular questions about the nature
of language:
What properties do all human languages have in common?
10
6
11
Age, s. 12
7
How do languages differ, and to what extent are the differences systematic, i.e. can we find
patterns in the differences?
How do children acquire such complete knowledge of a language in such a short time?
What are the ways in which languages can change over time, and are there limitations to
how languages change?
What is the nature of the cognitive processes that come into play when we produce and
understand language?12
The part of linguistics that is concerned with the structure of language is divided into a number
of subfields:
Phonetics - description of how speech sounds are articulated and heard.

Phonology - the study of speech sounds in their cognitive aspects
Morphology - the study of word formation and inflection
Syntax - the study of the formation of sentences
Semantics the study of word and sentence meaning.
Pragmatics - the study of language use - study of the strategies people use to carry out
communicative business in specific contexts.
Aside from language structure, other perspectives on language are represented in specialized or
interdisciplinary branches:
Applied linguistics: application to areas such as speech pathology, reading, social work,
missionary work, translation, dictionary compilation, language teaching, error analysis,
computer language processing.
Dialectology: investigation of regional variation in language.
Ethnolinguistics (anthropological linguistics): investigation of the relation between a
people's language and culture.
Historical (diachronic) linguistics: study of language change and evolution.
Neurolinguistics: research into the specific location of language in the brain.
Paralinguistics: study of nonverbal (auxiliary) human communication.
Philology: study of how language has been used in literature, especially in older
manuscripts.
12
http://linguistics.ucsc.edu/about/what-is-linguistics.html
8
Psycholinguistics: investigation of language as cognitively-based behavior; how it is
acquired and processed.
Second language acquisition (SLA): study of how older learners acquire language, and
of ways to improve it.
Sociolinguistics: study of social variation in language: the relation between social
structure and language usage, and of social issues involving language.
Linguistic Knowledge (Competence) and Linguistic Performance
idir. Linguistic Performance ise dil ile ilgili olan bu bilgimizi gerek
Linguistic Konowledge (sesler, kelimeler, cmle dizilimi, bunlarla ilgili kurallar) iin
unconscious
ini
sy
What is Grammar?
Grammar is the knowledge speakers have about the units and rules of their language.
Grammar bilgisi sesleri kelime haline getirme (phonology), kelime tretme (morphology),
kelimeleri phrase, phraseleri de cmle haline getirebilme (syntax)
ermektedir. Grammar bilgisi
Types of Grammar13
Descriptive Grammar
An approach that describes the grammatical constructions that are used in a language, without
making any evaluative judgments about their standing in society. These grammars are
13
The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. 2nd Edition. Cambridge University Press. 1997. (p. 88).
9
commonplace in linguistics, where it is standard practice to investigate a 'corpus' of spoken or
written material, and to describe in detail the patterns it contains.
Pedagogical Grammar
A book specifically designed for teaching a foreign language, or for developing an awareness
of the mother tongue. Such 'teaching grammars' are widely used in schools, so much so that
many people have only one meaning for the term 'grammar': a grammar book.
Prescriptive Grammar
A manual that focuses on constructions where usage is divided, and lays down rules governing
the socially correct use of language. These grammars were a formative influence on language
attitudes in Europe and America during the 18th and 19th centuries. Their influence lives on in
handbooks of usage widely found today, such as the Dictionary of Modern English Usage
(1926) by Henry Watson Fowler (1858-1933).
Reference Grammar
A grammatical description that tries to be as comprehensive as possible, so that it can act as a
reference book for those interested in establishing grammatical facts (in much the same way as
a dictionary is used as a 'reference lexicon'). Several North European grammarians compiled
handbooks of this type in the early 19th century, the best known being the seven-volume
Modern English Grammar m(1909-49) by the Danish grammarian Otto Jespersen (1860-1943),
and A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language (1985) by Randolph Quirk (1920-)
et al.
Theoretical Grammar
An approach that goes beyond the study of individual languages, to determine what constructs
are needed in order to do any kind of grammatical analysis, and how these can be applied
consistently in the investigation of linguistic universals.
Traditional Grammar
A term often used to summarize the range of attitudes and methods found in the period of
grammatical study before the advent of linguistic science. The 'tradition' in question of over
2,000 years old, and includes the work of classical Greek and Roman grammarians,
Renaissance writers, and 18th-century prescriptive grammarians. It is difficult to generalize
about such a wide variety of approaches, but linguist generally use the term pejoratively,
identifying an unscientific approach to grammatical study, in which languages were analyzed
in terms of Latin, with scant regard for empirical facts. However, many basic notions used by
10
modern approaches can be found in these early writings, and there is now fresh interest in the
study of traditional grammar, as part of the history of linguistic ideas.
Language Universals (Tm dillerde ortak olan Tm dillerin z)
Yeryznde bulunan tm dillerin kendilerine ait belli her dilin

Yeryznde bulunan tm dillerin sahip ol
kurallar universal grammar (evrensel dilbilgisi) u fikre gre insan
Language Acquisition Device) olarak da
t
Language Principles
Yeryzndeki tm dillerin
14
Language Parameters
kavrama cmle sonunda
The Origins of Language
15
Bu blmde dilin
The Divine Source
insan
14
15
George Yule; The Study of Language, 2004, s. 1
11
kapasitesi
divine source
Natural-sound Source / Imitation Theory
i kendi ierisinde drt
1. Bow-wow Theory:
onomatopoeic sesler
, ,
cuckoo bang (patlama), buzz
screech
2. Poh-poh Theory: Bu teori
rnek, Ouch!, Ah!, Hey!, Wow, vb.
onomatopoeic sesler denmektedir. Bu

arbitrariness
masa
u durum insan dilinin arbitrariness
arbitrariness . Yani
12
3. Yo-heave-ho Theory:
Yo-heave-ho teorisinde dikkat

edilmesi gerek nokta dilin
context
.
Yule, G. (2004), The Study of

Language
4. Ding-Dong Theory:
isim verme
ileri srer. n
The Oral-Gesture Source
good-bye
el sallamaya benzetmektedir.
Glossogenetics
Bu teori insan dilini biyolojik teme
Physiological Adaptation
f ve v
13
16
lateralized
ykldr. Bunlardan bir tanesi de dildir. Buradan hareketle, dilin kkenlerine dair bu teorinin hem
biyolojik hem de cognitive
Functions of Language
k dilin iki nemli grevinin

.
1. Interaction:
konusudur.
interaction
function
2. Transaction: Dilin bu grevi ise
sayesinde o anda ellerinde olan tm kendiler
kazanmakta. Dilin transaction
The Properties of Language

Communication
Dilin zelliklerine gemeden
Tam da bu noktada, communicative signals ve informative signals

devreye girmektedir. 17
1. Communicative Signals:
16
http://linguisticsunimet.wordpress.com/about/
17
14
displacement
kendi
displacement
George Yule, The Study of Language, 2004, s. 21
2. Informative Signals:
rneklendirmek gerekirse,
edelim. yapmak istiyorum
communicative signals iermektedir. Ancak
hal, sal
informative signals iermektedir.
Core features of human language diline

.
Displacement
Bu zellik insan dilinin zamandan, mekndan
kavramlara ddin Hoca, Noel Baba,

Superman gibi kahramanlar ve hikyeleri hikyeler
15
Arbitrariness
Arbitrariness
kpek
arbitrariness arbitrariness masa her
dilde masa, kpek her dilde kpek
szckler dhil
nn
Productivity / Open-endedness / Creativity
2013 Oxford
dhil edilen selfie
birok szck ve kulla
i
inde belli bir veya tehlike
Buna Fixed Reference denir.
Cultural Transmission
non-arbitrary
Animal communication consists of a fixed and limited set of vocal or gestural forms.
George Yule, The Study of Language, 2004, s. 22
l
elde
etmiyoruz; sadece sosyal ortam . Anne-
.
16
Discreteness / Minimal Pairs
individual sounds that can change meaning uniqueness of

sounds in a language r neden olan bir
dilin Discreteness rnek olarak back-pack, bin-pin,

thin-thing, sea-she, came-game, zlem-gzlem kelime iftlerini gsterebiliriz. Burada dikkat edilmesi
gereken en discreteness
gerekirse see/sea
bahsedemeyiz.
Duality / Double Articulation
Szgelimi act ve cat

. Bir dilde ortalama 40-50 ses yer almaktad
duality duality
yoktur.
Reflexivity
olmaya iter. Asla havlayan bir

tehditkr rlmez.18 Ama insanlar
; Bu eserde dili ne
ifadeler sadece de
Other Properties
zellikler ise hem insan dilini hem de belli bir veya birka hayvan trn kapsayacak nitelikteki
zelliklerdir.
18
George Yule; The Study of Language, 4th Edition, 2010, s. 11
17
Vocal-auditory Channel
birok
zellik sadece insana zg b

Reciprocity
edilmektedir.
Specialization
Yani
yegne
zamanda nefes almak gibi
Non-directionality
ynllk
Non-directionality
Rapid fade
Prevarication
Dilsel mesajlar yalan syleme, kaamak cevap verme
Language and Brain

Dil ve beyin neurolinguistics Dil
ik Bu nite ierisinden daha sonra k

kavramlara hkim olabilmek iin beyin ile ilgili temel gerekleri bilmemiz gerekmektedir. Dil ve beyin
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zwujZDS-5SM adresindeki
belgeseli izleyebilirsiniz.
18
Parts of the Brain
Corpus Collusum: Beyin
olmak zere iki lobdan
Corpus collusum bu iki l
milyonlarca sinirden
Right vs Left Brain:
ilgilidir. Sol beyin ise dil,
grevlerden sorumludur. Yine
eklemek gerekmektedir. Beynin sol
kontrol etmektedir.
Modularity of Human Brain
ik ve
localization
19
meydana gelen kazalar zerinden
hasar gren insanlarla sol t Bu durum beynin
Aphasia:
Aphasia Beynin modler
aphasia
Aphasia / Agrammatic Aphasia:
Agrammatic aphasia19
articles, pronouns, conjunctions, auxiliary verbs vb function Wordleri kullanmazlar, olduka

tereddtl syntax
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f2IiMEbMnPM linkindeki videoyu izleyebilirler.
*rnek bir
Yes ... ah ... Monday ... er Dad and Peter H ... (his own name), and Dad ... er hospital ... and ah ...
Wednesday ... Wednesday nine o'clock ... and oh ... Thursday ... ten o'clock, ah doctors ... two ... an'
20
doctors ... and er ... teeth ... yah.
/ Jargon Aphasia:
cmleler kurarlar. anlama

ekmeleridir.
kavrayamayabilirler. 21Tamamen kendilerinin
19
Dorland's Medical Dictionary, Agrammatism (http://en.wikipedia.org)
20
serendip.brynmawr.edu/exchange/node/1707
21
http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~gawron/intro/course_core/lectures/aphasia_cases_slides.html
20
*rnek bir Ap
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dKTdMV6cOZw adresindeki videoyu izleyebilirler.
22
rnek bir We
Global Aphasia:
23
Anomic Aphasia:
24
Genel olarak szcklerin
, ver demek yerine i ver derler.
22
Merrison, A. J., Bloomer, A., Griffiths, P., & Hall, C. J. (2013). Introducing Language in Use, s. 344
23
24
Virk, G. W. A. (2013). Anomic Aphasia, s. x
21
Slips-of-the-tongue
Bir kelime ya da ifadenin isminin akla gelmemesi

Malapropisms
onun yerine
rnek vermek gerekirse

Kitap en iyi tosttur,
,
Spoonerism / Slip-of-the-tongue
dil srmesi durumudur. Genellikle szcklerin ilk hecelerinde

ye alan nszlerin yerinin istems
William Archibald Spooner isimli ilahiyat profesrnden gelmektedir. rnek
25 26
vermek gerekirse make a long story short ifadesi iin a long shory stort demek; go and take a
shower ifadesi iin go and shake a tower demek; popcorn ifadesi iin cop porn demek;
ifadesi iin demek ve son olarak ahmet hamdi ifadesi iin
demek.
25
26
https://eksisozluk.com/spoonerism--190244
22
Dichotic Listening
Bu kavram beynin iki lobu
yzdendir.
Dichotic listening
anlayabilmesini ler. Bu noktada

27
beyine daha sonra dil ile
The Autonomy of Language28
Specific Language Impairment
Savants
Bu terim ok yksek zeka seviyeler
27
28
23
Dyslexia
Genel olarak za
Dysgraphia
beceriler gerektiren bir
zorluk ekerler. Dysgraphia
Plasticity of Human Brain
Bu kavram beynin elastikiyetini ifade etmektedir. Dilbilimde beynin
bu
Critical Period Hypothesis
Kri ergenlik dneminden nce

mutlaka ileri srmektedir. Bu dnemden sonra beyin esnekli
iin
her ne kadar bir lde kelime bilgisine sahip olduysa da gramer bilgisi hi
24
Development of Writing
in
bilinmektedir.
Pictogram and Ideogram
Pictogramlar ve ideogramlar resim benzeri sembollerdir.

Pictogram (sembo
olmayan
Logogram
Alfabelerin tm, rakamlar,
g o
Rebus Writing
Can you see I love you ifadesi
eye see ewe cmlesi

Rebus Writing denmektedir. Avantaj olarak logogram
25
29
:
Syllabic Writing
nsz temellidir.
syllabic writing de h
nemi,
s olduka gtr.
Alphabetic Writing
Bir sese bir sembol gerektiren
29
26
KAYNAKA
Crystal, D. (2011). Dictionary of linguistics and phonetics. Vol. 30. John Wiley & Sons, 2011.
Fromkin, V., Rodman, R., & Hyams, N. (2013). An introduction to language. Cengage Learning.
Merrison, A. J., Bloomer, A., Griffiths, P., & Hall, C. J. (2013). Introducing Language in Use: A
Course Book. Routledge.
Virk, G. W. A. (2013). Anomic Aphasia. Trafford Publishing.

Yule, G. (2014). The study of language. Cambridge University Press.
The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. 2nd Edition. Cambridge University Press. 1997. (p. 88).
https://eksisozluk.com/spoonerism--190244
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrammatism#cite_note-1
http://linguistics.ucsc.edu/about/what-is-linguistics.html
27

Introduction To Linguistics

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Introduction To Linguistics

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INTRODUCTION

2. Building a complex message: Eg. Beer is good.

human being olurlar.3

anlayabiliyor, kendini ifade edebiliyor demektir.

(They may know something unconsciously).

Knowledge of the Sound System

dair bilgiye sahip olmak demek seslerin bir enva

byk ve bkk szckleri

Creativity of Linguistic Knowledge

devreye girmektedir. Asla bir dilin tm c

, bir dil tm seslerden, kelimelerden ve

Linguistics is the scientific study of language.

how is such a knowledge system structured,

What properties do all human languages have in common?

Phonetics - description of how speech sounds are articulated and heard.

Linguistic Knowledge (Competence) and Linguistic Performance

Language Universals (Tm dillerde ortak olan Tm dillerin z)

Yeryznde bulunan tm dillerin kendilerine ait belli her dilin

kavrama cmle sonunda

The Origins of Language

The Divine Source

Natural-sound Source / Imitation Theory

i kendi ierisinde drt

rnek, Ouch!, Ah!, Hey!, Wow, vb.

onomatopoeic sesler denmektedir. Bu

Yo-heave-ho teorisinde dikkat

Yule, G. (2004), The Study of

The Oral-Gesture Source

Bu teori insan dilini biyolojik teme

k dilin iki nemli grevinin

sayesinde o anda ellerinde olan tm kendiler

kazanmakta. Dilin transaction

The Properties of Language

Dilin zelliklerine gemeden

Tam da bu noktada, communicative signals ve informative signals

George Yule, The Study of Language, 2004, s. 21

Core features of human language diline

Bu zellik insan dilinin zamandan, mekndan

kavramlara ddin Hoca, Noel Baba,

Productivity / Open-endedness / Creativity

George Yule, The Study of Language, 2004, s. 22

individual sounds that can change meaning uniqueness of

dilin Discreteness rnek olarak back-pack, bin-pin,

Duality / Double Articulation

Szgelimi act ve cat

olmaya iter. Asla havlayan bir

zellik sadece insana zg b

Dilsel mesajlar yalan syleme, kaamak cevap verme

Language and Brain

ik Bu nite ierisinden daha sonra k

Corpus Collusum: Beyin

olmak zere iki lobdan

Corpus collusum bu iki l

Right vs Left Brain:

ilgilidir. Sol beyin ise dil,

grevlerden sorumludur. Yine

eklemek gerekmektedir. Beynin sol

Modularity of Human Brain

hasar gren insanlarla sol t Bu durum beynin

Aphasia Beynin modler

Aphasia / Agrammatic Aphasia:

articles, pronouns, conjunctions, auxiliary verbs vb function Wordleri kullanmazlar, olduka

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f2IiMEbMnPM linkindeki videoyu izleyebilirler.