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Power Supply: The power supply takes the 240 Volt AC power from
the power outlet and converts it into a lower DC voltage. Conversion
from AC to DC is necessary because the semiconductor devices
(transistors, FETs, MOSFETs, etc.) used inside the equipment require
this type of voltage. (By the way, FET stands for Field Effect Transistor, and MOSFET stands for
Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor). Power supplies usually involve a transformer,
large value capacitors and rectifier diodes. A 12V DC lead acid battery is a simple power supply
with enough current output to drive an amplifier. Here is the mathematics P= V2 / r = 13.82 / 4 =
47W. So at most you are dealing with about 50W per 4 ohm speaker. In reality heat will be
generated in the power supply, circuitry and speaker leaving about 30% ie 15W of sound.
More info at http://sound.westhost.com/efficiency.htm and www.st-
andrews.ac.uk/~jcgl/Scots_Guide/audio/
Input stage: The input stage (also called the "front end") receives and
prepares the input signals for power amplification by the output stage. The
input stage includes input level controls and tone
controls.
Input connections:
Several types of plugs are available for devices which plug into amplifiers. In the case of
microphones and guitars the 6.5 mm phone or jack plug is the most common. The name comes from
their historical use in manual telephone exchanges. A smaller 3.5mm version is used for iPods etc.
On better quality microphones an XLR or cannon plug is often used. The extra pin is used for
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Week 8 Audio Power Amplifier Design and Construction Project
stopping any noise that may jump(be induced) on the wire (balancing). RCA (Radio Corporation of
America) or phono or CINCH/AV, plugs are also used.
So if you are using several types of plug then several types of input connection sockets will be
needed. In your project consider using 6.5 mm and 3.5 mm sockets.
circuit symbol for input socket one terminal is called the sleeve (ground), the other, the tip (signal)
Input controls:
These include volume and tone controls (pots) and switches. The switch may be incorporated in the
socket so that when the plug is inserted the switch operates.
Output connections:
Again several types are available for connecting the speaker. Since the speakers are not usually
plugged and unplugged regularly screw type or push-in types are ideally used.
The most common termination types are spring clips, binding posts, banana plugs, and spade lugs.
see http://www.bus.ucf.edu/cwhite/theater/ConnectorGlossary.htm#Speaker:
Pre-Amplifier Design
Volume control and tone control circuits are part of the pre-amp.
Most of these features can be achieved using Op-Amps.
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A 100k linear taper pot is used for the treble cut/boost whilst a 50k linear taper pot is used for the bass
cut/boost. This design is based on the work of Peter Baxandall. If a log taper pot is used then
resistor/capacitors values need to be adjusted. More info www.duncanamps.com/technical/baxandall.html ,
http://amps.zugster.net/articles/tone-stacks/ and http://sound.westhost.com/dwopa2.htm
.
Power Amplifier Design
The power amplifier usually needs a fixed gain to limit distortion. Using a TDA 2003 integrated
circuit solves many design problems.
More info www.st-andrews.ac.uk/%7Ewww_pa/Scots_Guide/intro/electron.htm
Max. 18V
Sample amplifier stage circuit:
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Week 8 Audio Power Amplifier Design and Construction Project
http://www.ortodoxism.ro/datasheets/SGSThomsonMicroelectronics/mXutuqt.pdf
http://www.ortodoxism.ro/datasheets/stmicroelectronics/1449.pdf
Use 47 ohm for Rx. Dont forget holes on PCB to mount heatsink.
Heatsink:
Ensure that a heatsink is bolted to your TDA2003. Use a silicon heatsink washer or thermal
compound if available between the two surfaces.
Bridging:
See www.rocketroberts.com/techart/amp.htm for an explanation.
Assessment:
Criterion 2 Recall and apply information.
Criterion 3 Plan, construct and apply circuits.
Criterion 4 Communicate ideas and information.
Criterion 7 Solve problems.
Criterion 9 Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of concepts.
Criterion 10 Use mathematical ideas and techniques .
Design:
This contains all the evidence of how you designed your project. It should contain:
any circuits from which you obtained ideas including references;
comparisons of different circuits and reasons why you chose a particular circuit;
evidence of your own ideas for designs or alterations;
notes justifying why alterations or additions were made to circuits;
all mathematical calculations used in your design; and
detailed explanation of the purposes and functions of circuits used in your design.
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This chapter could also contain any other information which influenced your design .
Evaluation:
This includes:
the method of testing your project;
test equipment you used to test it;
why you used a particular test procedure;
analysis of graphs and charts obtained by testing your project;
discussion of your results;
an evaluation of whether the constructed design worked as intended;
an evaluation of the suitability of the project to its intended application;
what improvements you could make to your design.
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