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1. The two types of cell division that occur in eukaryotic organisms are ____________________ and
2. Organisms need new cells for ____________________, replacing old or damaged cells, and
____________________. Mitosis and meiosis ensure proper cell function by making sure new cells
____________________ are formed when chromatin condenses before cell division; humans have
4. The life span of a cell from its birth until it reproduces is called the ____________________.
G1 ____________________________________________________________
S ____________________________________________________________
G2 ____________________________________________________________
7. Turtle Time Question: In which phase of the cell cycle is DNA synthesized?
8. Turtle Time Question: Why does DNA need to be synthesized before a cell divides?
12. The major events that occur during prophase include: chromatin condenses into
____________________ forms.
13. The major events that occur during metaphase include: chromosomes line up in the
__________________ of the cell and __________________ are attached to the spindle fibers.
14. The major events that occur during anaphase include: ____________________ separate and start
to move towards opposite ends of the cell and the cell begins to ____________________.
15. The major events that occur during telophase include: ____________________ start to uncoil and
elongated cell begins to ____________________ at the middle. This happens about the same time
as ____________________.
16. Cytokinesis divides the cell into _______________ cells in both animals and plants, but
____________________ cells pinch in at the middle (cleavage furrow) and plant cells form a
17. Turtle Time Question: In what phase of mitosis are the chromosomes lined up in the middle?
18. A summary of mitosis: mitosis happens in most regular ________________ cells, DNA is
replicated in the S phase of interphase, ____________________ are distributed equally into two
19. Mitosis produces _______ identical daughter cells with the exact same ____________________
20. Turtle Time Question: List the 4 phases of mitosis and briefly describe what is happening to the
21. Explain how cytokinesis differs in animal cells compared to plant cells.
23. When ___________________ develops, the orderly process of cell division breaks down and cells
become ____________________________ as old and damaged cells survive when they should die
_______________________________________________________________________.
27. Cancer cells ___________________ the normal cells to feed the tumor.
28. ____________________ is a special type of cell division needed for sexual reproduction that
occurs only in the sex organs. Meiosis in the testes produces _________________ cells. Meiosis in
the ____________________ produces egg cells. Sperm and egg cells are different from other
cells because they only have ____________________ the original chromosome number.
29. Sex cells are called ____________________. Eggs and sperm have _______ chromosomes.
30. There are _______ types of chromosomes and you get one of each type from each parent; 23 from
_______________ and 23 from ______________, but they match or carry the same sequence of
genes.
31. Meiosis produces ____________________ cells, each with half the original
are _______ chromosomes in the cell. After the first division there are two cells that each have
_____ chromosomes. After the second division there are four cells with _____ chromosomes each.
32. Turtle Time Question: Why is it important for meiosis to produce cells with only half the original
33. A ____________________ shows the 46 chromosomes of an individual in pairs, lined up from the l
____________________ chromosomes.
34. The two chromosomes of each matching pair are called ____________________ chromosomes.
They are similar to one another because they carry the same sequence of
____________________ controlling the same inherited traits. They are different from one
another because the genes may be different versions of the ____________________ or gene.
35. An example of different versions of a gene would be if you inherited a chromosome from your Dad
____________________ chromosome you inherited from your Mom carried a gene for
____________________ eyes.
37. Cells are ____________________ if they contain homologous sets or two of each type of
chromosome. In humans the diploid number is _______. Cells are ____________________ if they
contain a single set of chromosomes or one of each type. All human cells are diploid except for
38. Turtle Time Question: Some female geckos can go through parthenogenesis, which is the ability to
produce offspring from an unfertilized egg. Would you expect the offspring to be haploid or diploid?
Explain.
39. ____________________ is the union or fusion of a haploid sperm cell with a haploid egg cell. A
process of ____________________.
41. In meiosis, _______________ replicates once in the S phase of interphase, but two divisions of
the ____________________ occur. This produces _______ haploid cells, which will develop into
____________________.
42. The names of the two cytoplasmic divisions that occur during meiosis are ____________________
and ____________________. The cells produced by meiosis only have half the number of
chromosomes and they are all genetically ____________________ from each other and the
parent cell.
44. The major event of Anaphase I is tetrads ____________________ and move towards
____________________ form around the two chromosome regions and cytokinesis begins about
45. Meiosis I produces two cells with the same number of ____________________ as the parent cell,
47. The major event in ____________________ is sister chromatids separate. Telophase II produces
_______________ cells with _______________ the number of chromosomes of the parent cell.
50. Turtle Time Question: Which phase of meiosis is most similar to anaphase of mitosis?
51. An organism that has 2 sets of homologous chromosomes, can produce _______ possible gametes
52. There are around _______________ possible chromosome combinations in the gametes of a human.
____________________.
chromosome that contains a new combination of genetic information from different parents, called
56. Turtle Time Question: Describe two factors that increase genetic variation in offspring.
57. Use the Venn Diagram to compare and contrast Mitosis and Meiosis.