Journal of Librarianship and Information Science

Continuance usage intention of mobile library application

among students: Extended Expectation Confirmation Model
(EECM)
Fo
Journal: Journal of Librarianship & Information Science

Manuscript ID Draft

Manuscript Type: Original Manuscript

r

Digital Library, Mobile library application (MLA), continuance usage

Pe

Keywords: intention, post-adoption behavior, Extended expectation-confirmation

model (EECM)

The success of mobile application in the library context depends on

continuance use of the application. However, continuance usage intention
er

of such system is still very low, and the acceptance-discontinuance

anomaly phenomenon (i.e. discontinuance using of mobile library
application after initial acceptance) is a common issue. Therefore, research
aims to provide empirical support for continuance usage intention of mobile
Re

library application (MLA) by adopting extended expectation-confirmation

model (EECM). The model will explain and predict the intention of users for
consistent use of mobile library application in a developing country,
Pakistan. The self-administrated cross-sectional survey-based study was
Abstract: conducted to collect data from 307 users of MLA in COMSATS Institute of
vi

Information Technology (CIIT), Islamabad. Analysis of moment structure

(AMOS) software was used to perform factor analysis. Results revealed
that the adopted model has good predicting power for continuance usage
ew

intention of MLA. The result shows that confirmation and perceived ease of
use played a key role in explaining continuance usage intention of MLA
because of its P value, which is less than 0.001. Current research
empirically evaluated to reveal the deep insight towards users continuance
usage intention of MLA. Results serve as a guide for effective decision in
developing and resource allocation for ensuring the success of mobile
library applications vision and mission.

http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/JOLIS
Page 1 of 22 Journal of Librarianship and Information Science

1
2
3 Continuance usage intention of mobile library application among students:
4
5 Extended Expectation-Confirmation Model (EECM)
6
7
8
9 ABSTRACT
10 The success of mobile application in the library context depends on continuance use of the
11
12 application. However, continuance usage intention of such system is still very low, and the
13
14 acceptance-discontinuance anomaly phenomenon (i.e. discontinuance using of mobile library
15 application after initial acceptance) is a common issue. Therefore, research aims to provide
16
17 empirical support for continuance usage intention of mobile library application (MLA) by
18
adopting extended expectation-confirmation model (EECM). The model will explain and
Fo
19
20 predict the intention of users for consistent use of mobile library application in a developing
21
22 country, Pakistan. The self-administrated cross-sectional survey-based study was conducted
r
23
24 to collect data from 307 users of MLA in COMSATS Institute of Information Technology
Pe

25 (CIIT), Islamabad. Analysis of moment structure (AMOS) software was used to perform
26
27 factor analysis. Results revealed that the adopted model has good predicting power for
28
continuance usage intention of MLA. The result shows that confirmation and perceived ease
er

29
30 of use played a key role in explaining continuance usage intention of MLA because of its P
31
32 value, which is less than 0.001. Current research empirically evaluated to reveal the deep
Re

33
34 insight towards users continuance usage intention of MLA. Results serve as a guide for
35 effective decision in developing and resource allocation for ensuring the success of mobile
36
vi

37 library applications vision and mission.

38
39
ew

40 Keywords:
41
42 Mobile library application (MLA), Digital Library, continuance usage intention, Extended
43
44 expectation-confirmation model (EECM), post-adoption behavior.
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52 1. Introduction
53
54
55 Digital library gave a boost to facilitate knowledge and resources [1][2]. Now-a-days
56
57 almost all library materials are available online, therefore, students started using digital and
58
59
60
http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/JOLIS
 Journal of Librarianship and Information Science Page 2 of 22

1
2
3 online resources more frequently than the traditional library resources [3]. It helps users
4
5 accessing a variety of digital materials in an easier way, allowing quick searching, browsing
6 at a remote location at any time around the globe according to their needs [1][4]. However,
7
8 with the advancement of wireless technologies such as smartphones, users are transforming
9
10 their attention toward mobile applications. People are now using mobile applications for a
11 variety of different purposes like entertainment, playing games, internet surfing, reading the
12
13 newspaper and social media sites etc. [5][6]. Similarly, libraries are now transforming
14
15 themselves from a digital library to mobile library applications (MLA). There are three types
16 of libraries targeted in the literature which is defined in Table 1 below.
17
18
Fo
19
20 Table 1: Types of library with definitions
21
22 Sr. # Types of Library Definitions Source
r
23 1 Online Library library resources (articles, books etc) accessed through simple search [7]
24 engines instead of library sources.
Pe

25
2 Digital Library library accessed by users through the use of computer and web broadband [8]
26
27 at a defined place
28 3 Mobile Library accessing the digital library through the use of mobile phone and wireless [9]
er

29 Application network without any temporal and spatial constraints

30
31
32
Upgradation of conventional libraries into digital libraries still has an issue of temporal
Re

33
34 and spatial constraints because it required defined a place to access internet and library
35
36 resources. Therefore, to overcome these constraints, different mobile library applications
vi

37
38
were adopted by libraries. These applications were adopted to facilitate students in searching
39 and accessing library resources. Initial acceptance of the digital library application is the first
ew

40
41 step to success, however, eventual success may depend on the continued use of these
42
43
applications [1]. A lot of research was conducted in developed countries on the initial
44 acceptance of mobile library application by students like China, Korea, USA and Taiwan
45
46 [7][10][11]. In spite of the investment of resources in developing mobile library application,
47
48
it was observed that long-term use of these systems and application are lacking despite initial
49 acceptance of these systems by the users [12][11]. Scarce work is there from developing
50
51 country context with limited resources (cost, time, professional and technical resources) as
52
53
most of the published research is from developed country context as shown in Table 2.
54 Because investment was done to facilitate users, so it is expected to continuously used by
55
56 users to obtain its aims. Therefore, current research aims to identify factors affecting the
57
58
continuance usage intention of mobile library application in a developing country (Pakistan)
59
60
http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/JOLIS
Page 3 of 22 Journal of Librarianship and Information Science

1
2
3 context. Libraries must identify critical factors that can simulate the continuance intention
4
5 towards usage of mobile library application.
6
7
8 Table 2: Research in different context
9
10 Study Year Context Technology Type Initial Continuance Model Used
11
reference adoption Usage
12
13 [11] 2016 Korea Mobile library application TAM
14 [13] 2016 Pakistan HEC digital Library TAM
15
[7] 2016 USA Online library resources EECM
16
17 [14] 2015 China Mobile library application ECM-ISC
18 [15] 2015 UK Mobile digital technology TAM
Fo
19
[9] 2015 China Digital library in mobile TAM
20
21 context
22 [16] 2015 USA Library web portal TAM
r
23 [17] 2014 Israel Mobile libraries TAM
24
Pe

25 [18] 2014 China Digital Library TAM

26 [10] 2014 Taiwan digital library ECM, TAM,
27 and DMIS
28
success model
er

29
30 [19] 2013 Taiwan Library mobile application TAM
31 [20] 2012 UK Mobile Digital Library TAM
32 [21] 2012 USA Mobile augmented reality TAM
Re

33
app for library
34
35 [22] 2009 USA Digital library system TAM
36
vi

37
38 Mobile library application has been adopted by many institutes in Pakistan. This
39
ew

40 research was conducted in a top rank institute of Pakistan founded in 1998 i.e. COMSATS
41 Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad (CIIT). It is in federal territory of Pakistan
42
43 having eight campuses in Pakistan and ranked top ten universities of Pakistan as per HEC
44
45 criterion. Till spring 2016 it has 35000+ students including undergraduates and graduates.
46 University is offering a wide variety of programs like 30 bachelors, 41 masters and 21
47
48 doctoral degrees. In spring 2014, CIIT introduced mobile library application with the name
49
50 INSIGNIA ILS as shown in Figure 1. CIIT has a small collection of 54000 plus printed books
51 and compensated the deficiency of resources by investing in a collection of online electronic
52
53 resources over 14000 electronic items i.e. e-books and journals etc.
54
55 Lack of consistent usage of this mobile application urges the need of a research for
56
identification of factors affecting continuance usage of the application. Therefore, current
57
58 study adopted extended expectation-confirmation model (EECM-IT) for information
59
60
http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/JOLIS
 Journal of Librarianship and Information Science Page 4 of 22

1
2
3 technology for explaining continuance intention of mobile library application among users.
4
5 Gathered data were analyzed by using factor analysis (details of this model are provided in
6 section 3,4). Factor analysis consists of two parts exploratory and confirmatory factor
7
8 analysis. Step by step description is explained in Figure 3.
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Fo
19
20
21
22
r
23
24
Pe

25
26
27
28
er

29
30
31
32
Re

33
34
35
36
vi

37
38 Figure 1: Library Application Interface
39
ew

40
41
42 The current study will address following research questions to fill the research gap to identify
43 improvement areas in mobile library application in developing country.
44
45
46 1. Is EECM suitable for investigating the continuance usage intention of MLA in
47 academic libraries of Pakistan?
48
49 2. How these factors affect the user continuance usage intention of MLA in Pakistan?
50
51
52
53 This research study comprises seven sections; section 1 gives the introduction followed
54
55 by section 2 of the literature review. Research model and hypotheses are presented in section
56 3. Research methodology and data analysis are presented in Section 4 and 5 respectively
57
58 followed by discussion along with a conclusion in section 6 and 7.
59
60
http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/JOLIS
Page 5 of 22 Journal of Librarianship and Information Science

1
2
3
4
5 2. Literature review
6
7
8 With the growth of smart mobile technology, people are using mobile apps to surf the
9
10 internet and to search information. Therefore, it is now considered as an important tool for
11 users for acquiring mobile services. For this, libraries are now adopting mobile library
12
13 application for promoting the innovation of mobile information services. Therefore, libraries
14
15 are now satisfying users in accessing information over a mobile network environment. It
16 helps in accessing digital information from anywhere by overcoming the temporal and spatial
17
18 constraints. Initial acceptance of mobile library application was checked through technology
Fo
19
20 acceptance model (TAM). However, TAM failed to address the factors affecting the long-
21 term use of the systems.
22
r
23 Therefore, continuance usage intention is the topic of research from the past few decades.
24
Applications were developed by investing cost, money and time for the users ease. And were
Pe

25
26 initially adopted by the users, however, eventual success may depend on continued use [1].
27
28 Hence current study focuses on the long-term usage of the information system. Expectation
er

29
30 confirmation theory by Oliver [23] addresses the continuance usage of information
31 technology. This theory was extended by Bhattacharjee in 2001 [24]. It measures the
32
Re

33 continuance usage on the basis of perceived usefulness but it does not include perceived ease
34
35 of use [9]. Perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use are the two factors which were
36 adopted from TAM. ECM was further modified into extended expectation-confirmation
vi

37
38 model (EECM) [25]. Now, this model includes both perceived ease of use and perceived
39
ew

40 usefulness constructs. In the next sub section, EECM will be discussed.

41
42
43
44
45 2.1. Extended expectation-confirmation model (EECM)
46
47
48 The extended expectation-confirmation model was an extension of ECM. This model was
49
50 developed by adding perceived ease of use in existing ECM as an additional post-adoption
51 belief. This factor has been used in previous literature especially in TAM related studies to
52
53 explain the initial acceptance of IT. Continuance adoption in EECM is characterized by both
54
55 perceived ease of use (PEOU) and perceived usefulness (PU) constructs because, in TAM, it
56 is hypothesized that PEOU can have a direct or indirect effect on intention to use IS through
57
58 PU. EECM suggests that the satisfaction level of users, the extent of confirmation, perceived
59
60
http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/JOLIS
 Journal of Librarianship and Information Science Page 6 of 22

1
2
3 ease of use and perceived usefulness with IS use are positively associated with continuance
4
5 usage of IS system [24]. EECM was validated in prior studies in a variety of different
6 domains (i.e. e-learning, an internet website and in digital library etc.). Authors [26][27][28]
7
8 conducted a study in e-learning context. Therefore, the EECM model was adopted by current
9
10 research study to check the continuance usage of the mobile library application named
11 INSIGNIA ILS. Research model used by the current research along with the hypothesis will
12
13 be explained in next section.
14
15
16 3. Research model and hypothesis
17
18 Extended expectation-confirmation model was adopted to check the continuance usage
Fo
19
20 intention of mobile library application in developing country context. In adopted model
21
22 continuance usage intention is the dependent variable. Whereas, remaining factors are the
r
23 independent factors as shown in Figure 2. All the factors are graphically represented and will
24
Pe

25 be discussed one by one along with the hypothesis in the following subsections and Table 3
26
27 explains the definition of factors used in the adopted model.
28
er

29
30 3.1.Confirmation
31
32 The positive effect of confirmation on satisfaction suggests the understanding of the
Re

33 likely benefits of an information system (IS) use [24]. Undermentioned studies empirically
34
35 validated the effect of confirmation on perceived usefulness, satisfaction and perceived ease
36
of use in different IS contexts, such as e-learning [28], and at a national-level digital library in
vi

37
38 Taiwan [10]. Therefore, this study proposed the following hypothesis to examine the effect of
39
ew

40 confirmation of users continuance intention to use MLA.

41
42
43 H1a. Confirmation will have a positive significant effect on satisfaction
44
45 H1b. Confirmation will have a positive significant effect on perceived usefulness.
46
47 H1c. Confirmation will have a positive significant effect on perceived ease of use.
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/JOLIS
Page 7 of 22 Journal of Librarianship and Information Science

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Fo
19
20
21
22 Figure 2: Research Model
r
23
24
Pe

25
26
Table 3: Definitions of Factors
27
Sr.# Factor Name Definition Source
28
er

29 1 Confirmation perception of users for expected benefits of MLA use and its actual [24]
30 performance
31
2 Perceived the degree to which a person trusts that using a specific system would [29]
32
Re

33 usefulness improve their job performance

34 3 Perceived Ease of the degree to which a person thinks that using a specific system would be [29]
35 Use effort free
36
4 Satisfaction The sensational, cognition and emotional response towards the serviced [11]
vi

37
38 delivered by a Web-based information system
39
ew

40
41 3.2.Perceived usefulness (PU)
42
43 PU was introduced as a construct in TAM, which states using MLA would improve
44 the user's job performance [7]. PU was considered as an important antecedent in defining
45
46 intention to use information system in TAM-based studies. Prior research proved the
47
48 significant effect of perceived usefulness on intention to use a particular system in library
49 context [11][30][31]. In addition, the usefulness of a system can affect users feelings and
50
51 intentions after completion of the task with it, which can be defined as satisfaction [24].
52
53 Therefore, satisfaction is directly related to the usefulness of an information system. Prior
54 studies identify positive correlation among usefulness and satisfaction in library system
55
56 domain [11]. Accordingly, current study proposed the following hypothesis:
57
58
59
60
http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/JOLIS
 Journal of Librarianship and Information Science Page 8 of 22

1
2
3 H2a: Perceived usefulness will have a positive significant effect on satisfaction.
4
5 H2b: Perceived usefulness will have a positive significant effect on continuance usage
6 intention.
7
8
9
10 3.3.Perceived ease of use (PEOU)
11 Considering definition in current research, PEOU is defined as the users feel free from
12
13 effort i.e. both mentally and physically in using MLA. In mobile library application, users
14
15 who believe that application is easy to use for seeking information with minimum waste of
16 time and less effort, then they intended to continue using it [1][32]. Further, PEOU of the
17
18 IS/IT has a positive impact on users satisfaction with the IS/IT, because PEOU is one of the
Fo
19
20 major cognitive beliefs in determining users effect towards the IS/IT adoption [33][32].
21 Based on these prior research, this study proposed the following hypothesis:
22
r
23
24
H3a: Perceived ease of use will have a positive significant effect on satisfaction.
Pe

25
26 H3b: Perceived ease of use will have a positive significant effect on continuance usage
27
28 intention.
er

29
30
31 3.4.Satisfaction
32
Re

33 Previous research studies identify the positive relationship of satisfaction and intention to
34
35 use a particular system. Research conducted by [30] states that user satisfaction influences
36 positively on intention to use digital library services. Similarly, research of E. Park and A. P.
vi

37
38 Del Pobil [34] explained the relationship of system satisfaction and service that, it had a
39
ew

40 significant effect on BI to use mobile communication. Results of [11] state the significant
41 effect of satisfaction on intention to use MLA. Results of [35] also state the same
42
43 relationship. Therefore, this research hypothesized the following relationship.
44
45
46 H4: Satisfaction will have a positive significant effect on continuance usage intention.
47
48
49
50
51
52
53 4. Research Method
54
55 This research was a cross-sectional quantitative research in which data were collected by
56 using a questionnaire in a specific snapshot of time.
57
58
59
60
http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/JOLIS
Page 9 of 22 Journal of Librarianship and Information Science

1
2
3 4.1. Questionnaire development
4
5
6 Validity and reliability of a model were ensured by adopting measurement items of each
7
8 construct from the relevant literature. However, these questions were modified according to
9
10 the context as it was used in the different domain. Modified questionnaire was tested (details
11 are provided in subsection 4.2).
12
13
14
15 Table 4: Constructs, Items, and source
16
Constructs Items Measure Source
17
18 Perceived Usefulness PU1 Using INSIGNIA ILS in my academia would enable me to access [29]
Fo
19 (PU) library more quickly.
20 PU2 Using INSIGNIA ILS would improve my academic performance
21
22 PU3 Using INSIGNIA ILS would make it easier to search library shelves.
r
23 PU4 Using INSIGNIA ILS will enhance my effectiveness in searching
24 relevant contents.
Pe

25
PU5 I would find INSIGNIA ILS useful in my library search.
26
27 PU6 Using INSIGNIA ILS in my academia would enable me to access
28 library more quickly.
er

29 Perceived Ease Of Use PEOU1 Learning to use INSIGNIA ILS would be easy for me. [29]
30
(PEOU) PEOU2 I would find it easy to get INSIGNIA ILS to do what I want to do.
31
32 PEOU3 My interaction with INSIGNIA ILS would be clear and
Re

33 understandable
34
PEOU4 I would find INSIGNIA ILS to be flexible to interact with.
35
36 PEOU5 It is easy to become skillful at using INSIGNIA ILS.
vi

37 PEOU6 I find INSIGNIA ILS easy to use.

38 Satisfaction (S) S1 Overall, I am satisfied with INSIGNIA ILS applications [21]
39
ew

40 S2 The INSIGNIA ILS that I am using now meets my expectations

41 S3 The INSIGNIA ILS is a beneficial tool in improving life
42 S4 Using INSIGNIA ILS is a pleasing experience for me.
43
Confirmation (CONF) CONF1 My experience with using INSIGNIA ILS was better than what I [24]
44
45 expected.
46 CONF2 The service level provided by INSIGNIA ILS was better than what I
47 expected.
48
CONF3 Overall, most of my expectations from using INSIGNIA ILS were
49
50 confirmed.
51 CONF4 Majority of expectations are satisfied when using INSIGNIA ILS
52 app.
53
54 CONF5 My expectations were satisfied with the provided application.
55 Continuance Usage CUI1 I intend to continue using INSIGNIA ILS service during my study [29]
56 Intention (CUI) period
57
CUI2 I will always try to use INSIGNIA ILS service in my educational life.
58
59
60
http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/JOLIS
 Journal of Librarianship and Information Science Page 10 of 22

1
2
3 CUI3 I plan to continue use INSIGNIA ILS service frequently
4
5
6 Detail information of constructs and sources are shown in Table 4. The questionnaire consists
7
8 of two parts. Demographic questions and questionnaires based on seven-point Likert scale.
9 Demographic information asked about gender, age, and qualification. Remaining questions
10
11 were about the factors used in the model.
12
13 4.2.Pilot Study
14 To avoid semantic problems, a pilot study was conducted. A pilot study was conducted by
15
16 distributing a questionnaire to twenty-five graduate students of CIIT, with experience in
17
18 library services and using MLA. They were requested for their feedback and suggestions to
Fo
19 the meaning and expression of items. Then changes were incorporated in the questionnaire
20
21 before the final survey.
22
r
23 4.3.Data Collection
24 Data for this study were collected through random sampling technique. Researcher got
Pe

25
26 the list of INSIGNIA ILS users from library administration of the institute. Then random
27
28 number table was generated in excel. Data were collected from 1st to 30th December 2016 and
er

29 respondents were requested to respond according to their degree of agreement on 7 points

30
31 Likert scale ranging from (1) strongly disagree to (7) strongly agree. Respondents were
32
inquired about the use of MLA, if their answer was in affirmation then they were requested to
Re

33
34 fill the questionnaire. Total 350 questionnaires were distributed out of which 325 were
35
36 received. 307 valid responses were used for data analysis by dropping ten responses with a
vi

37
38 high percentage of missing values and eight with same answers against all Likert scale.
39 Missing values were because of understandability issue of few items. The rationale for huge
ew

40
41 response rate is that data were collected from the students by visiting classrooms, library,
42
43 canteen and hostels. Therefore, 87.7% response rate was used in the final study. Total sample
44 size is much higher than the recommended sample of 100-150 to get a reliable result in
45
46 structural equation modeling [36].
47
48
49
50
51 Table 5: Respondent profile
52
53 Demographic factors Categories Frequency Percentage (%)
54 Gender Male 180 58.6
55 Female 127 41.4
56
57 Age 20-25 years 169 55
58
59
60
http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/JOLIS
Page 11 of 22 Journal of Librarianship and Information Science

1
2
3 26-30 years 94 306
4 31-35 years 32 10.4
5
36-40 years 8 2.5
6
7 Above 41 4 1.2
8 Qualification Enrolled BS 109 35.5
9 MS 173 56.4
10
PhD 19 6.2
11
12
13
14 Representation of demographic information was shown in Table 5. Showing that total of 180
15
(58.6%) were males and 127 (41.4%) were females. Maximum responses rate was gathered
16
17 from a student of age ranges from 20-25 years and qualification ranges from BS to Ph.D.
18
Fo
19
20
4.4.Data Screening
21
22 Collected data were coded in SPSS v20. Data screening was the first test performed.
r
23
24 Littles Chi-square test was applied for missing values in data screening and replaced by the
Pe

25
applying regression imputation technique because of the nature of data [37]. Than outliers
26
27 were detected at both univariate and multivariate level using Z-score and Mahalanobis
28
distance (D2) test [37][38][39]. Normality of data was checked at univariate and multivariate
er

29
30
level through skewness and kurtosis values were in the recommended range of 1 and 3
31
32 respectively and at multivariate level normality was checked by Kolmogorov-Smirnov and
Re

33
34 Shapiro-Wilk test.
35
Data were analyzed using two types of software. Initial analysis i.e. descriptive analysis
36
vi

37 and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was performed by using SPSS v20. And AMOS v20
38
39 was used for reliability and validity of constructs, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and for
ew

40
hypothesis testing using structural equation model (SEM) technique. SEM was used because
41
42 it has a capability for estimating relationships between constructs with multiple measurement
43
44 items in the multivariate environment [40].
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/JOLIS
 Journal of Librarianship and Information Science Page 12 of 22

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Fo
19
20
21
22
r
23
24
Pe

25
26
27
28
er

29
30
31
32 Figure 3: Steps of data processing using SEM and AMOS 20.0
Re

33
34
35 4.5.Structural Equation Model (SEM):
36
vi

37 SEM helps to measure the interrelationship among dependent and independent variables
38
39 at the same time instead of testing individually [36]. So recommended two-step approach [41]
ew

40 was used to conduct SEM analysis. In the first step, measurement model (MM) was estimated
41
42 to determine interrelationship among observed and unobserved variables. It was done through
43
44 CFA and in second stage structural model (SM), test the proposed hypotheses of his research
45 work. Path diagram was built in AMOS v20 software and was analyzed using SEM technique
46
47 for hypothesis testing. The goodness of fit indices and coefficient parameters [36][37] were
48
49 determined by the fitness of model. Both steps are explained below.
50
51
52 5. Data analysis
53
54
55 Factor analysis was performed to analyze data. Factor analysis summarizes large pool of
56
57 factors into a smaller set of components. It consists of two steps, exploratory factor analysis
58
59
60
http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/JOLIS
Page 13 of 22 Journal of Librarianship and Information Science

1
2
3 (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). EFA was conducted to purify the observed
4
5 items. Kaiser-Mayer-Olkin (KMO) and Bartletts test of sphericity was performed in EFA.
6 The result of EFA shows that KMO=0.903 and Bartletts was P<0.001, which proved the
7
8 sample adequacy of the data for structure detection [42]. Principal component analysis (PCA)
9
10 with varimax rotation was used for factor construction and factor extraction. In this, PU6,
11 CONF4, and CONF5 were deleted because of low factor loading of these measurement items
12
13 than the cut of values i.e. 0.7 [36] and remaining 21-factor rotation indicate that all
14
15 measurement items have factor loading higher than 0.7 therefore, remaining all factors were
16 retained for factor analysis[36]. Eigenvalue greater than 1 is used for factor extraction which
17
18 results in extraction of five factors explaining 74.34% of total variance. After performing
Fo
19
20 EFA, identified factors will be checked by performing CFA using SEM by using AMOS v20.
21 CFA again consists of two parts named measurement model and structure model.
22
r
23 Detail of both parts of CFA is discussed in following subsection 5.1.
24
Pe

25
26 5.1.Analysis of Measurement Model (MM)
27
28 MM checks the loading of observed variables (i.e. items) on latent variables (constructs)
er

29
30 [43][44]. Evaluation of MM was done using CFA. Reliability, convergent and discriminant
31 validity were used for MM validation [36]. Table 6 shows that the value of composite
32
Re

33 reliability of each construct is above 0.7, that is higher than cut-off value 0.7 [45] explaining
34
35 the strong reliability. Average variance extracted (AVE) and factor loading values are higher
36 than cut-off values i.e. 0.5 and 0.7 respectively [31][36]. Which is showing the significance
vi

37
38 of convergent validity and discriminant validity as per items which differentiate between
39
ew

40 constructs [46] was assessed on the difference of variance/covariance between latent

41 variables and on correlations within measurement items [36][47].
42
43
44
45 Table 6: Standardized item loadings, AVE, CR and alpha values
46
Constructs Items Factor Composite AVE Cronbachs
47
48 Loading Reliability Alpha
49 Perceived usefulness PU1 0.79 0.74 65.99% 0.904
50 (PU) PU2 0.80
51
PU3 0.84
52
53 PU4 0.84
54 PU5 0.79
55
Perceived ease of use PEOU1 0.79 0.95 76.47% 0.951
56
57 (PEOU) PEOU2 0.84
58
59
60
http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/JOLIS
 Journal of Librarianship and Information Science Page 14 of 22

1
2
3 PEOU3 0.90
4 PEOU4 0.89
5
PEOU5 0.91
6
7 PEOU6 0.91
8 Satisfaction (S) S1 0.73 0.86 60.57% 0.822
9 S2 0.82
10
S3 0.76
11
12 S4 0.80
13 Confirmation (CONF) CONF1 0.76 0.82 61.19% 0.858
14
CONF2 0.86
15
16 CONF3 0.72
17 Continuance usage CUI1 0.79 0.86 67.37% 0.861
18 Intention CUI2 0.87
Fo
19
(CUI) CUI3 0.80
20
21
22
r
23 Results in Table 7 are representing acceptable discriminant validity which is meeting
24
the acceptable values [45]. The overall fit of MM was measured with three types of fit indices
Pe

25
26 in SEM (i.e. absolute, incremental and parsimonious). Results of fit indices of this study and
27
28 recommended cut-off values [36] are presented in Table 9. Statistical results show that MM
er

29
satisfactorily fitted the data. Reliability of instrument was measured with Cronbachs Alpha.
30
31 Its value is also higher than recommendation value i.e. 0.7 [48].
32
Re

33
34
Table 7: Discriminant validity
35
36 Correlations Squared PU PEOU S CONF CUI
vi

37
PU 0.65
38
39 PEOU 0.29 0.75
ew

40 S 0.05 0.16 0.61

41
CONF 0.07 0.10 0.09 0.58
42
43 CUII 0.21 0.36 0.13 0.08 0.62
44 Note. Diagonal values are AVE and off-diagonal are inter-construct squared correlations.
45
46
47
48 5.2.Analysis of Structure Model (SM)
49 Causal relationships were explained in SM. AMOS v20.0 was used for accessing SM. It
50
51 helps in explaining path coefficient and coefficient of determination (R2) value. Path
52
53 coefficient explains the strength of the proposed hypothesized relationship, whereas R2
54 explains the prediction power of constructs. Both path coefficient and R2 value explain the
55
56 data support in the favor of hypothesized model [49]. The overall fit of SM was measured
57
58 with three types of indices in SEM (i.e. absolute fit indices, incremental fit indices and
59
60
http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/JOLIS
Page 15 of 22 Journal of Librarianship and Information Science

1
2
3 parsimonious fit indices). Results of fit indices of SM and recommended cut-off values [36]
4
5 are presented in Table 9. Statistical results show that SM satisfactorily fitted the data.
6 The output of SM obtained through AMOS is explained in Table 8 and Figure 4.
7
8
9
10 Table 8: Hypothesis testing
11
Constructs Code Hypothesis Relationships Value C.R /t-value Status
12
13 Confirmation CONF H1a S
CONF 0.210 3.162 ** Supported
14 H1b PU
CONF 0.300 4.515 *** Supported
15 H1c PEOU
CONF 0.318 4.924 *** Supported
16
Perceived ease of PEOU H2a S
PEOU 0.358 5.169 *** Supported
17
18 use H2b CUI
PEOU 0.462 6.728 *** Supported
Fo
19 Perceived PU H3a S
PU -0.028 -0.412 Not Supported
20
usefulness H3b CUI
PU 0.211 3.329 *** Supported
21
22 Satisfaction S H4 CUI
S 0.146 2.357 * Supported
r
23 ***: p<0.001, **: p<0.01, *: p<0.05
24
Pe

25
26
27 Results indicate that all the paths except one were significant at 0.001, 0.01 or 0.05. The
28 highly positive significant hypothesis relationship (estimate =0.462) between PEOU and
er

29
30 CUI, followed by PEOU and S (estimates =0.358), while lowest was between S and CUI
31
32 (estimates =0.146). All the hypothesis was supported except H3a (estimates = -0.412)
Re

33 between PU and S. It is assessed from squared multiple correlations that 35.9% variance is
34
35 explained by continuance usage intention, 10.1% variance explained by PEOU and 0.9%
36
variance is explained by PU and 21.5% explained by S.
vi

37
38
39
ew

40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58 Figure 4: Result of research model
59
60
http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/JOLIS
 Journal of Librarianship and Information Science Page 16 of 22

1
2
3 Three main types of indices were calculated for both MM and SM, so that we can
4
5 represent that the model represents data perfectly. The absolute fit measure (2, goodness-of-
6 fit index (GFI), root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), adjusted goodness of fit
7
8 (AGFI)), Parsimonious fit measure (comparative fit index (CFI)) and Incremental fit measure
9
10 (normed fit index (NFI)). Fit indices for both MM and SM are presented in Table 9.
11
12
13 Table 9: Summary of fit indices
14
15 Absolute fit measure Parsimonious fit Incremental fit
16 measure measure
17 CMIN Df CMIN/Df GFI RMSEA AGFI CFI NFI
18
Fo
Acceptable <3 >=0.90 <0.5 >=0.90 >=0.90 >=0.90
19
20 fit
21 Obtained fit 229.116 171 1.340 .940 .033 .918 .988 .953
22 MM
r
23
24 Obtained fit 303.258 173 1.753 .924 .049 .90 .972 .938
Pe

25 SM
26
27
28 Fit indices are meeting the recommended range i.e. for MM is CMIN/df=1.340,
er

29
30 GFI=0.940, RMSEA=0.033, AGFI=0.918, CFI=0.988, NFI=0.953 and for SM is
31
CMIN/df=1.753, GFI=0.924, RMSEA=0.049, AGFI=0.90, CFI=0.972, NFI=0.938 suggested
32
Re

33 by [50]. Which shows that adopted research model had very good fit to data.
34
35
36
6. Discussion
vi

37
38
39
ew

40 The result of current research study confirms that multiple factors influence the
41
continuance usage intention of mobile library application. Results of this study support the
42
43 adopted EECM-IT model in developing country context.
44
45 According to the results, motivational factors (i.e. PEOU, PU) are a significant predictor
46
of intended behavior [29]. The finding of this study also support these postulates and suggest
47
48 that impact of PEOU was more significant than PU on continuance usage intention of MLA.
49
50 It also shows that PEOU influences more strongly on satisfaction than PU which lead to
51
continuance usage intention. This finding of the study is similar to existing study [10].
52
53 Results revealed that ease of use of MLA contributes more than usefulness in satisfaction
54
55 leading to continuance usage intention.
56
However, the finding does not support the relationship of perceived usefulness to
57
58 satisfaction. It shows that users do not consider that PU predicts satisfaction of continuance
59
60
http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/JOLIS
Page 17 of 22 Journal of Librarianship and Information Science

1
2
3 usage intention of MLA. Although this result is significant in prior research [7][10]. This
4
5 result might occur because users mostly use online library resources to access research
6 content or other e-books. Even they can use digital libraries instead of mobile library
7
8 application for accessing information and knowledge seeking from library resources.
9
10 Therefore, the adopted model does not support the relationship among them in this context.
11 This research finding is consistent with the existing study [51]. Satisfaction is mediating the
12
13 effect of confirmation and perceived ease of use to continuance intention. Finding explains
14
15 that impact of satisfaction on CUI has a strong positive influence on continuance intention to
16 usage MLA. According to the research output, it is recommended that confirmation is the
17
18 stronger predictor of PEOU, PU, and satisfaction. Satisfaction is a stronger predictor of
Fo
19
20 continuance usage intention in this context. However, PU also has a significant effect on
21 continuance usage intention of this research. This result supports the existing finding of ECM
22
r
23 and provides external validity for the new technological contextual environment (i.e. MLA).
24
The finding of this study supports the implementation of EECM-IT in developing
Pe

25
26 country i.e. Pakistan. The study offers theoretical and practical implications to help library
27
28 researchers of mobile library apps. The finding can be applied for establishing perception for
er

29
30 acceptance of MLA. This finding helps in providing guidelines for MLA services on
31 smartphones. It contributes to methodology development of mobile library services in the
32
Re

33 research field and provided suggestions concerning the mobile library.

34
35
36 7. Conclusion
vi

37
38 With the rapid change of environment in educational institutions and in library
39
ew

40 services, this study helps in understanding the behavior of MLA. The behavior of users is
41 changing because of many factors, so this model provides basic information to improve and
42
43 understand MLA continuance usage intentions. Finding of this study is useful as it provides
44
45 information and in-depth understanding. Based on these findings, a study provides useful
46 guidelines for designers and developers to improve the user experience of MLA. Results
47
48 show that confirmation, satisfaction, PEOU, and PU are significantly important in
49
50 continuance usage intention of MLA. Therefore, developers must consider that users must
51 feel satisfaction in accessing the system without any temporal and spatial constraint. Ease of
52
53 use and usefulness must be considered in developing the application for increasing the
54
55 capability of MLA with users requirements with ultimate results in continuance usage
56 intention of MLA.
57
58
59
60
http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/JOLIS
 Journal of Librarianship and Information Science Page 18 of 22

1
2
3 There are some limitations of this study, as we adopted EECM-IT model to measure
4
5 continuance usage intention of mobile library application in developing country context i.e.
6 Pakistan, so results of this study cannot be generalized on another country setting. Secondly,
7
8 the sample size was small which cannot fully explain users continuance usage behavior.
9
10
11 References:
12
13
14
15 [1] H. Jeong, An investigation of user perceptions and behavioral intentions towards the
16 e-library, Libr. Collect. Acquis. Tech. Serv., vol. 35, no. 23, pp. 4560, 2011.
17
18 [2] N. Z. Shuva, Building digital libraries in Bangladesh: A developing country
Fo
19
20 perspective, Int. Inf. Libr. Rev., vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 132146, 2012.
21 [3] J. Y. Lee, W. Paik, and S. Joo, Information resource selection of undergraduate
22
r
23 students in academic search tasks., Inf. Res. An Int. Electron. J., vol. 17, no. 1, p. n1,
24
2012.
Pe

25
26 [4] N. Park, R. Roman, S. Lee, and J. E. Chung, User acceptance of a digital library
27
28 system in developing countries: An application of the Technology Acceptance Model,
er

29
30 Int. J. Inf. Manage., vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 196209, 2009.
31 [5] Y. E. Huh and S. H. Kim, Do early adopters upgrade early? Role of post-adoption
32
Re

33 behavior in the purchase of next-generation products, J. Bus. Res., vol. 61, no. 1, pp.
34
35 4046, 2008.
36 [6] M. Kleijnen, K. de Ruyter, and M. Wetzels, An assessment of value creation in
vi

37
38 mobile service delivery and the moderating role of time consciousness, J. Retail., vol.
39
ew

40 83, no. 1, pp. 3346, 2007.

41 [7] S. Joo, S. Joo, N. Choi, and N. Choi, Understanding users continuance intention to
42
43 use online library resources based on an extended expectation-confirmation model,
44
45 Electron. Libr., vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 554571, 2016.
46 [8] X. Zha, J. Zhang, and Y. Yan, Comparing digital libraries in the web and mobile
47
48 contexts from the perspective of the digital divide, J. Librariansh. Inf. Sci., vol. 47,
49
50 no. 4, pp. 330340, 2015.
51 [9] X. Zha, J. Zhang, L. Li, and H. Yang, Exploring the adoption of digital libraries in the
52
53 mobile context: The effect of psychological factors and mobile context factors, Inf.
54
55 Dev., vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 11551167, 2016.
56 [10] Y. Cheng, Why do users intend to continue using the digital library? An integrated
57
58 perspective, Aslib J. Inf. Manag., vol. 66, no. 6, pp. 640662, 2014.
59
60
http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/JOLIS
Page 19 of 22 Journal of Librarianship and Information Science

1
2
3 [11] H. Yoon, User Acceptance of Mobile Library Applications in Academic Libraries:
4
5 An Application of the Technology Acceptance Model, J. Acad. Librariansh., vol. 42,
6 no. 6, pp. 687--693, 2016.
7
8 [12] J. Thong, W. Hong, and T. Kar-Yan, Understanding user acceptance of digital
9
10 libraries: what are the roles of interface characteristics, organisational context, and
11 individual differences, Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud., vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 215242, 2002.
12
13 [13] A. Khan and S. Qutab, Understanding research students behavioural intention in the
14
15 adoption of digital libraries, Libr. Rev., vol. 65, no. 4/5, pp. 295319, 2016.
16 [14] Y. Zhao, S. Deng, and R. Zhou, Understanding mobile library apps continuance usage
17
18 in China: a theoretical framework and empirical study, Libri, vol. 65, no. 3, pp. 161
Fo
19
20 173, 2015.
21 [15] S. H. Alfaresi and K. Hone, The intention to use mobile digital library technology: a
22
r
23 focus group study in the United Arab Emirates, Int. J. Mob. Hum. Comput. Interact.,
24
vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 2342, 2015.
Pe

25
26 [16] Y.-H. Chen and I. Chengalur-Smith, Factors influencing students use of a library
27
28 Web portal: Applying course-integrated information literacy instruction as an
er

29
30 intervention, Internet High. Educ., vol. 26, pp. 4255, 2015.
31 [17] N. Aharony, Mobile libraries: librarians and students perspectives, Coll. Res. Libr.,
32
Re

33 vol. 75, no. 2, pp. 202217, 2014.

34
35 [18] C. P. Hu, Y. Hu, and W. W. Yan, An empirical study of factors influencing user
36 perception of university digital libraries in China, Libr. Inf. Sci. Res., vol. 36, no. 34,
vi

37
38 pp. 225233, 2014.
39
ew

40 [19] C.-C. Chang, Library mobile applications in university libraries, Libr. Hi Tech, vol.
41 31, no. 3, pp. 478492, 2013.
42
43 [20] S. Al-faresi and N. Patel, The need for an adoption and acceptance framework for
44
45 mobile digital library services, J. Internet Technol. Secur. Transl., vol. 1, no. 1/2, pp.
46 4251, 2012.
47
48 [21] J. Hahn, Mobile augmented reality applications for library services, New Libr.
49
50 World, vol. 113, no. 9/10, pp. 429438, 2012.
51 [22] N. Park, R. Roman, S. Lee, and J. E. Chung, User acceptance of a digital library
52
53 system in developing countries: An application of the Technology Acceptance Model,
54
55 Int. J. Inf. Manage., vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 196209, 2009.
56 [23] R. L. Oliver, A cognitive model of the antecedents and consequences of satisfaction
57
58 decisions, J. Mark. Res., vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 460469, 1980.
59
60
http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/JOLIS
 Journal of Librarianship and Information Science Page 20 of 22

1
2
3 [24] A. Bhattacherjee, Understanding information systems continuance: an expectation-
4
5 confirmation model, MIS Q., pp. 351370, 2001.
6 [25] S.-J. Hong, J. Thong, and K.-Y. Tam, Understanding continued IT usage: An
7
8 extension to the expectation-confirmation model in IT domain, PACIS 2005 Proc., p.
9
10 105, 2005.
11 [26] M. Lee, Explaining and predicting users continuance intention toward e-learning:
12
13 An extension of the expectation confirmation model, Comput. Educ., vol. 54, no. 2,
14
15 pp. 506516, 2010.
16 [27] T. J. Larsen, A. M. Sreb, and . Sreb, The role of task-technology fit as users
17
18 motivation to continue information system use, Comput. Human Behav., vol. 25, no.
Fo
19
20 3, pp. 778784, 2009.
21 [28] W. Lin and C. Wang, Antecedences to continued intentions of adopting e-learning
22
r
23 system in blended learning instruction: A contingency framework based on models of
24
information system success and task-technology fit, Comput. Educ., vol. 58, no. 1, pp.
Pe

25
26 8899, 2012.
27
28 [29] F. Davis, Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, and User Acceptance of
er

29
30 Information Technology, MIS Q., vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 319340, 1989.
31 [30] Y. Xu, L. Gan, and D. Yan, Study on influence factors model of technology
32
Re

33 acceptance in digital library based on user cognition and TAM, in Management and
34
35 Service Science (MASS), 2010 International Conference on, 2010, pp. 1--3.
36 [31] B. Wu and X. Chen, Continuance intention to use MOOCs: Integrating the
vi

37
38 technology acceptance model (TAM) and task technology fit (TTF) model, Comput.
39
ew

40 Human Behav., vol. 67, pp. 221232, 2017.

41 [32] J. Y. L. Thong, S.-J. Hong, and K. Y. Tam, The effects of post-adoption beliefs on the
42
43 expectation-confirmation model for information technology continuance, Int. J. Hum.
44
45 Comput. Stud., vol. 64, no. 9, pp. 799810, 2006.
46 [33] S. Hong, J. Y. L. Thong, and K. Y. Tam, Understanding continued information
47
48 technology usage behavior: A comparison of three models in the context of mobile
49
50 internet, Decis. Support Syst., vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 18191834, 2006.
51 [34] E. Park and A. P. Del Pobil, Modeling the user acceptance of long-term evolution
52
53 (LTE) services, Ann. des Telecommun. Telecommun., vol. 68, no. 56, pp. 307315,
54
55 2013.
56 [35] E. Park, Extending the technology acceptance model in remote pointing technology:
57
58 identifying the role of perceived mobility and control, Sens. Rev., vol. 33, no. 1, pp.
59
60
http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/JOLIS
Page 21 of 22 Journal of Librarianship and Information Science

1
2
3 4047, 2013.
4
5 [36] J. F. Hair, W. C. Black, B. J. Babin, and R. E. Anderson, Advanced diagnostics for
6 multiple regression: A supplement to multivariate data analysis. Upper Saddle River,
7
8 NJ: Prentice Hall, 2010.
9
10 [37] B. M. Byrne, Structural equation modelling with AMOS; Basic concepts applications.
11 2001.
12
13 [38] R. B. Kline, Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling. New York:
14
15 Guilford Press, 2005.
16 [39] J. F. Hair, W. C. Black, B. J. Babin, R. E. Anderson, and R. L. Tatham, Multivariate
17
18 data analysis 6th Edition, vol. 87. 2006.
Fo
19
20 [40] R. Li, T. L. (Doreen) Chung, and A. M. Fiore, Factors affecting current users attitude
21 towards e-auctions in China: An extended TAM study, J. Retail. Consum. Serv., vol.
22
r
23 34, no. August 2016, pp. 1929, 2017.
24
[41] J. C. Anderson and D. W. Gerbing, Structural equation modeling in practice: A
Pe

25
26 review and recommended two-step approach., Psychol. Bull., vol. 103, no. 3, p. 411,
27
28 1988.
er

29
30 [42] G. D. Hutcheson and N. Sofroniou, The multivariate social scientist: Introductory
31 statistics using generalized linear models. Sage, 1999.
32
Re

33 [43] W. W. Chin, The partial least squares approach to structural equation modeling,
34
35 Mod. methods Bus. Res., vol. 295, no. 2, pp. 295336, 1998.
36 [44] F. H. Chandio, Z. Irani, A. M. Zeki, A. Shah, and S. C. Shah, Online Banking
vi

37
38 Information Systems Acceptance: An Empirical Examination of System
39
ew

40 Characteristics and Web Security, Inf. Syst. Manag., no. just-accepted, 2017.
41 [45] D. Straub, M.-C. Boudreau, and D. Gefen, Validation guidelines for IS positivist
42
43 research, Commun. Assoc. Inf. Syst., vol. 13, no. 1, p. 63, 2004.
44
45 [46] C. M. K. Cheung and M. K. O. Lee, A theoretical model of intentional social action
46 in online social networks, Decis. Support Syst., vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 2430, 2010.
47
48 [47] C. Fornell and D. F. Larcker, Evaluating Structural Equation Models with
49
50 Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error, J. Mark. Res., vol. 18, no. 1, p. 39,
51 1981.
52
53 [48] J. C. Nunnally, I. H. Bernstein, and J. M. F. ten Berge, Psychometric theory,
54
55 McGraw-Hill New York, 1967.
56 [49] S. S. J.-D. L. J. Lee, E-government adoption in Cambodia: a partial least squares
57
58 approach, Transform. Gov. People, Process Policy, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 138157, 2010.
59
60
http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/JOLIS
 Journal of Librarianship and Information Science Page 22 of 22

1
2
3 [50] J. F. Hairs, R. E. Anderson, R. L. Tatham, and W. C. Black, Multivariate data
4
5 analysis. 1998.
6 [51] B. Kim, An empirical investigation of mobile data service continuance: Incorporating
7
8 the theory of planned behavior into the expectation-confirmation model, Expert Syst.
9
10 Appl., vol. 37, no. 10, pp. 70337039, 2010.
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Fo
19
20
21
22
r
23
24
Pe

25
26
27
28
er

29
30
31
32
Re

33
34
35
36
vi

37
38
39
ew

40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/JOLIS