Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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- Mike Carr, creator of Dawn Patrol
All house rules listed have been passed by majority vote at Lewis Gun "Raking Rule"
an official squadron gaming day. The date and vote count is
listed where known. Any aircraft with a Lewis wing gun that can defend
Critical Hit Tables
from top attacks can also attack an aircraft from
The "Dawn Patrol 8th Edition Critical Hit Tables," 3rd draft the bottom (with just the wing mounted Lewis gun)
dated July, 1996 as released in AERODROME, are officially while remaining level ("raking") and achieve an
adopted as the critical hit tables used at the Indy Squadron. advantage. If both aircraft end the turn in level
Upgraded from experimental status, passed by 3-1 vote, flight with identical directional facings, the
January 1, 2003.
Victory Credit/Cuts for Kills
attacking Lewis gun bumps up one table in
addition to all other potential advantages or
Any player who scored one or more hits on a target on the bonuses. The attacking plane may not attack
turn that the target became a kill may cut for the victory another target with its deck gun. Passed by 6-0
credit. vote, July 10, 2004.
Evasion of Capture
3rd Man In
Passed by 4-0 vote, January 1, 2003. When forced down
behind enemy lines, a pilot may roll 1D6 in an effort to evade When determining eligibility for a third attacker on
capture. On a result of "1," the pilot evades capture entirely a single target, firing range brackets will be used
and successfully returns home. No other die rolls are to calculate distance, not the actual distance of the
necessary. If he fails to evade capture, he may still roll 1D6
according to standard rules to escape from prison camp.
shot. Therefore, a 50 foot shot is considered to be
This supercedes the previous, similar Evasion of Capture the same distance as a 100 foot shot for
house rule created in 1990. calculating 3rd Man In eligibility, because they are
Targeting in the same firing range bracket. The bracket
ranges for firing are the sole determinant for the
Targeting (the act of aiming a gun) and shooting (the act of
firing a gun) are not synonymous. Declaring a target does
equal or closer to calculation. (The Point Blank
not mandate that a player fire on that target. All other Range rule cannot be used to determine any
standard targeting restrictions remain unchanged. Passed by "equal to or better shot" consideration).
a 5-0 vote, March 23, 2002. Card Restriction Rule
Artillery Spotting When seventh edition rules mandate the use of maneuver
cards, a player may not exceed the restrictions on the cards
Observer operates wireless set; aircraft must fly straight and and must execute the maneuver exactly as described. If the
level entire turn for wireless operation. Observer signals player fails to execute the maneuver properly or abide by the
artillery unit to commence firing, with a 5% chance for the card restrictions, his plane is moved backwards and the
first, unguided salvo to hit (rolled at end of firing phase). move is corrected. This constitutes an exception to the
Every successive signal to artillery results in a 10% increase Aircraft Movement Rule which prohibits backwards
for the next salvo to hit. Spotting aircraft must end turn within movement. Passed by 4-0 vote with two abstentions,
10 squares of ground target in order to observe results. January 17, 2004.
Artillery will fire only one salvo after each wireless message Mercedes DIII Engine
it receives. Once a hit is achieved, spotting aircraft must
send a final message to "fire at will," after which target is By a 4-0 vote the Indy Squadron adopted the Mercedes DIII
destroyed. Final wireless message may be sent after High Compression by Scott Campbell on January 1, 2003.
escaping from combat, or at any distance from target. The rules, charts and accompanying article are available on
Observers may not perform any other duty while operating a separate page (see link).
wireless, but are not required to announce the intentions Aircraft Groupings
until all movement is completed. Any conscious observer
may operate wireless. At their option, players may use the latest aircraft groupings
published by the Fits Society, or they may use the official 7th
Observer's Defense Rule edition aircraft groupings and simply add an "Early War
Fighter" group for each nationality. Players opting to use 7th
edition charts may absorb newer planes into existing aircraft
Observers may under certain circumstances fire on enemy
aircraft as it approaches his aircraft. Observer may stop an groups using their own judgement. Such additions should be
attacker in any square and declare his intention to fire on consistent with the existing aircraft groups in chronology and
type and style of aircraft. Passed by 4-0 vote, January 1,
that attacker in that exact spot (usually marked with a die).
Attacker is already assumed to be at his final intended 2003.
altitude, and all standard blind spots and firing procedures Pilot Wounds
remain in effect. Observer's fire takes full effect prior to
attacking aircraft's shot, including checks for critical hits. Players may use either the standard 7th edition wound
charts or the Pilot Wound Percentile Table below. Medium
Observer may declare an unlimited number of shots on an
unlimited number of attackers, and does not select a final Wounds have not been adopted by the Indy Squadron.
target until all movement is completed. Pilot Wound Percentile Table
Courtesy of Flying Circus Ohio Squadron
Wound Location No Effect Light Critical Dead
Aircraft Damage Index for Campaigns 1-10 Left leg 1-15 16-75 76-100
11-20 Right leg 1-15 16-75 76-100
Formation Flying 21-25 Left arm 1-17 18-80 81-00
26-30 Right arm 1-17 18-80 81-00
Formation flying is executed by taking tailing position behind
31-40 L shldr 1-14 15-60 61-90 91-00
the flight leader, with tailing range expanded to 500'. The 41-50 R shldr 1-14 15-60 61-90 91-00
flight leader need not be in the firing range of the wingman. 51-70 Abdomen 1-7 8-40 41-80 81-00
Wingmen do not roll for movement order, but declare their 71-85 Chest 1-8 9-22 23-60 61-00
formation flying intentions prior to rolling initiative. Flight 86-00 Head 1-6 7-20 21-45 46-00
leaders then execute a specific maneuver, then stop as Revised Albatros Statistics
wingmen repeat it, then finish movement, again followed by
wingmen. Formation flying is not permitted if you a) are Any player flying a non-high compression Albatros D series
tailing an opponent, b) intend to fire on an opponent who is fighter may, at his/her option, use the traditional Albatros
being tailed by your flight leader, c) broke formation with that stats, or the following revised stats generated by Mike Vice:
same flight leader on the prior turn, d) cannot duplicate your Albatros DII revised
flight leader's maneuver, or e) rolled for movement order. 160 hp Mercedes Sept 16-Apr 18
Altitude (ft) Top Turn Climb
Wingmen may stay in formation while their flight leader tails
to 4,950 100 80 250
an opponent, but may not fire on that opponent in that turn. 5,000-9,950 100 80 200
Wingmen must break formation if they end their turn outside 10,000-14,950 90 60 100
their flight leader's 500' tailing zone. 15,000-up 80 60 50
Maximum dive: 1,400 Ceiling: 17,000
Two ff Spandaus
Point Blank Range Single seat fighter, German
Hit profile: 6-11-15-10-11-11-11
All shots from 50' range are considered point blank, and one Albatros DIII revised
hit factor is added to the total damage inflicted. 160 hp Mercedes Dec 16-end
Altitude (ft) Top Turn Climb
to 4,950 100 90 300
Aircraft Movement Rules 5,000-9,950 100 80 250
10,000-14,950 90 70 150
15,000-up 80 60 100
Once an aircraft counter has been deliberately moved into a
Maximum dive: 1,350 Ceiling: 18,000
square on the game board, it may not be moved back. In the Two ff Spandaus
case of an illegal move, three options are possible: the Single seat fighter, German
player may reroute his aircraft to arrive at the same final Hit profile: 6-11-15-10-11-11-11
square, the player may remaneuver his aircraft to arrive at
that same final square (using only the maneuvers in his deck Albatros DV revised
if the player is involved in tailing), or the player's aircraft may 160 hp Mercedes May 17-end
fall out of control. Correction of an illegal move does not Altitude (ft) Top Turn Climb
"stop the clock" on a player who is being timed. Passed by to 4,950 110 90 250
majority vote circa 1989. Re-affirmed by 4-1 vote with one 5,000-9,950 110 80 200
10,000-14,950 100 70 150
abstention, January 17, 2004. 15,000-up 80 60 100
Maximum dive: 1,350 Ceiling: 20,500
60 Second Rule Two ff Spandaus
Single seat fighter, German
Hit profile: 6-11-15-11-12-12-12
Any player at the table may at his/her discretion put any
other player on a 60 second time limit to complete their
movement by verbally informing the player who is moving. It
then becomes the invoking player's responsibility to time the
moving player, and the regularly post them on the time Albatros DVa revised
remaining. The 60 second rule may be invoked to time 180 hp Mercedes Sept 17-end
movement (during tailing, the maneuver phase and the post Altitude (ft) Top Turn Climb
to 4,950 110 90 250
maneuver phase are timed separately) or choosing of tailing
5,000-9,950 110 80 150
cards. Altitude may be announced after the time limit has 10,000-14,950 100 70 150
expired, and the clock may be stopped for rule 15,000-up 80 60 100
interpretations. Failure to finish movement within the time Maximum dive: 1,400 Ceiling: 18,000
limit results in the plane stopping (if it has already moved 6 Two ff Spandaus
or more squares), or finishing the remainder of it's movement Single seat fighter, German
Hit profile: 6-11-15-11-12-12-12
in a straight line. In either case, there is no gain or loss of
altitude.
Condensed Alternative Collision Chart
Hidden Damage
When a potential collision occurs, each participant draws
cards according to 7th edition rules. If a collision takes place,
Attacking player informs the player receiving damage how
each participant then rolls on the table below until a valid
many hit factors they receive. Player receiving damage rolls
result is achieved to determine the severity and results of the
secretly to determine where hits occur, and if pilot hits are
incident:
possible, informs attacker of the number of chances.
Attacking player rolls pilot hit chances secretly; hits must be
Condensed Alternative Collision Chart
witnessed by a wingman.
Allied
1 2 3 4 5 6
Indy Sqdn Tournament Scoring System
1 X X AD1 BD4 Allied Allied
C
re-roll re-roll
e
+2 for each hit factor scored on an enemy aircraft n 2 X X AD2 BD3 Allied Allied
+30 for shooting down an enemy aircraft. Kill points t re-roll re-roll
are split squally among any pilot who hits the same r 3 CD1 CD2 X CD3 X Allied
a re-roll
area that caused the plane's demise on the turn, that 4 BD1 BD2 AD3 X X Allied
l
it goes down, regardless of the number of hits. If a re-roll
pilot his is the cause of the plane's destruction, then 5 Central re-roll
in order for another player to split the kill, he/she 6 Central re-roll
must have also a) scored a pilot his (regardless of Obsolete/Repealed Rules
wound type), or b) reduced some area of the plane
to zero, or c) inflicted a critical hit that would also All of the following former house rules were rescinded
have resulted in an indisputable kill. by majority vote.
+6 for an assist; scoring hits on an enemy aircraft on
the turn that it goes down (but in a different area of The Evasion of Capture rule originally passed in
plane). 1990 (which gave downed pilots a 5-10% chance of
+15/10/5 for surviving combat with aircraft in flying evading capture) is no longer necessary now that
condition/surviving combat and returning to own most of the society uses a similar rule. Indy's original
lines (prisoner escapes fall in this category), EoC rule was rescinded on Jan. 1, 2003 in favor of
surviving as prisoner for duration. the generally accepted society rule that is nearly
+10 for forcing an enemy to escape via normal identical.
escape rules or any other de facto means. Principle: Increased Parabellum drum capacity: Indy's 1989
was the escape made following damage inflicted by house rule expanding the ammunition in Parabellum
the plane in question for the purpose of avoiding an ammo drums from 10 to 20 rounds became
attack or potential attack on the following turn? unnecessary when the society officially adopted a
rule which increased the Parabellum's capacity to 25
Two Seater Mission Credit rounds.
Single gun firepower effectiveness: Indy's circa 1989
It is not necessary for two seaters to fire or be fired upon in house rule that bumped single deck guns one table
order to receive mission credit. Mission credit is obtained via higher on the Firepower Effectiveness table became
participation in the game. Passed by majority vote, circa obsolete when the society adopted an identical rule.
1993. Rear Fuselage Critical Hit Table: Indy's 1990 house
Grounded Balloon Rule rule was rescinded six years later when the Fits
Society incorporated a nearly identical rule into its
Balloons that have been winched down to ground level are new critical hit charts.
still viable targets and, if destroyed, may be claimed as Pilot Hit Points: The Indy rule that assigned a hit
victories. Passed by 4-1 vote, 9 September 2006. point capacity to each pilot personality was found to
MG Pilot Wound Chances be undesireable and rescinded by majority vote.
Italian, French
April 1917 end
3 x 150hp Isotta-Fraschini V4B
LE CE RE FF RF T LW CW RW
6 6 6 24 18 18 20 20 20
Special Rules
1) Loss of engine causes a 10mph decrease. With only one engine, the aircraft is considered
gliding at low throttle.
2) With three engines operating ignore performance reductions from 1st engine critical (speed
and climb). Other damage (fire, etc.) may not be ignored. All subsequent criticals take full
effect.
3) No fancy maneuvers or loops (except falling leaf when extinguishing a fire). Smoke has no
effect on this aircraft.
4) Aircraft is always considered level; the Caproni may never be nose-up or nose-down.
5) When carrying bombs, the Caproni suffers standard weight penalties:
-20 mph top, -10mph turn, (but not less than 60 mph), and 50 climb.
6) Forward gunner may shoot at any target at higher altitude, or any target at equal or lower
altitude that is in front of aircraft and the same row of squares as the Capronis wings.
Exception: may not fire in same square as and below the Caproni.
7) Rear gunner may shoot at any target at higher altitude, or any target at equal or lower
altitude that are behind the row of squares as the Capronis wings. The rear gunner may
also fire at targets BELOW and BEHIND the Caproni, on a roll of 1-2 on a D6.
8) If either pilot or co-pilot is critically wounded or killed, the other crewman can land the
aircraft with a 10% landing chance penalty.
9) Crew is pilot, copilot, forward gunner, and rear gunner.
10) Movement penalty, must add one to initiative roll.
11) Bombs: Forward gunner Salvo 10x25kg type D.
Three crewmen sat in the front cockpit
Hit Location Table
+ = possible E hit roll a D6 then 1=LE 2=CE 3=RE 4-6=no engine hit
p = possible pilot hit; probable in head-on
cp = possible copilot hit; probable in head-on
fg = possible forward gunner hit; probable in head-on
rg = possible rear gunner; probable in head-on
Austria-Hungary
Established: The Military Order of Maria Theresa (Militr Maria Theresien Orden) was
established on 18 June 1757 by the Empress Maria Theresa.
Classes: The Military Order of Maria Theresa was originally established with two
classes: the Grand Cross and the Knight's Cross. On 15 October 1765,
Emperor Joseph II added the Commander's Cross and the Knight's Cross
second class.
Four Classes: The Order of Leopold was originally established with three classes: Grand
Cross, Commander and Knight. Subordinate to the Grand Cross, a First
Class was added by imperial decree on 1 February 1901.
Criteria: During World War I the Order of Leopold was
awarded to recipients with Crossed Swords
for acts of bravery in the face of the enemy.
Established: Established in 1805 by Napoleon I, King of Italy, the Coronne de Fer was
awarded in three classes: Grand Dignitary, Dignitary and Knight. In 1815, the
order was adopted by Austria after regaining control of Northern Italy. Re-
established on 1 January 1816 by Emperor Franz I of Austria, it became
known as the Order of the Iron Crown (Orden der Eisernen Krone) and was
awarded in three grades to noblemen.
Criteria: During World War I, the Order of the Iron Crown was
bestowed upon military officers for acts of bravery.
Recipients could receive the order more than once for
additional acts of bravery. Beginning on 13 December
1916, the order was awarded with swords for acts of
bravery in action against the enemy.
Country: Austro-Hungarian Empire
Established: The small Military Merit Medal was established on 12 March 1890 in two
classes. On 1 April 1916, Franz Joseph added a third, higher class: the
large Military Merit Medal.
Three Classes: Gold (large medal), Silver and Bronze (small medal)
Criteria: The Military Merit Medal was awarded for
outstanding services to the Austro-
Hungarian Empire in war and peace.
Crossed gold swords were attached to the
medal's ribbon for meritorious acts in the
face of the enemy. In February 1917, Karl I
authorized silver bars for additional awards
of the small medal and gold bars for
additional awards of the large medal.
Established: The Medal for Bravery (Tapferkeitsmedaille) in gold and silver was
established on 19 July 1789. The bronze medal was established on 14
February 1915. Bars were authorized on 29 November 1915. Initially, the
medals awarded during the Great War were struck with the image of Franz
Joseph. Upon his death, the medals were struck with the image of his
successor, the young Archduke Karl, beginning in April 1917.
Classes: Four classes - the Gold, the Silver in first and second class and the Bronze
Classes: None
Classes: One
Criteria: Bestowed upon the sick and wounded
during World War I, the Wound Medal was
awarded with a plain ribbon to seriously ill
recipients. For recipients wounded in
combat, up to five red stripes were added
to the medal's ribbon with each stripe
signifying an instance in which the recipient
was wounded.
Belgium
Country: Belgium
Established: The Order of Leopold (Ordre de Leopold) was instituted by King Leopold I on
11 July 1832.
Country: Belgium
Established: The Order of the Crown (Ordre de la Couronne) was established by King
Lopold II on 15 October 1897. In 1908 it was made a national decoration of
Belgium, junior to the Order_of_Lopold and awarded for any service to the
Belgian state.
Country: Belgium
Established: The Order of Leopold II (Ordre de Lopold II) was instituted by King Leopold II
on 12 April 1900.
Country: Belgium
Established: The Belgian War Cross (Croix de Guerre) was established on 25 October
1915.
Criteria: During World War I, the bronze, silver or silver-gilt
War Cross was awarded by the commander of the
army for acts of bravery in the face of the enemy. For
subsequent acts of bravery, recipients were awarded
additional bronze medals. Receiving five bronze
medals entitled recipients to a silver medal. Receiving
five silver medals entitled recipients to a silver-gilt
medal.
France
Country: France
Criteria: For military and civil service. The Legion of Honor (Lgion d'Honneur) is
currently France's premier order.
Country: France
Instituted: Created by Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, President of the French Republic, on 22
January 1852, by decree.
Country: France
Germany
Country: Germany
Established: The Cross for Distinction in War (Kreuz fr Auszeichnung im Kriege) was
established by Grand Duke Friedrich Wilhelm on 10 March 1871. It was
reestablished on 11 August 1914 by Grand Duke Adolph Friedrich VI who
also established the First Class version of the award on 1 January 1915.
Country: Germany
Classes: Two classes; the first class, a Steckkreuz, was only awarded to recipients of
the second class.
Criteria: The Friedrich-August Cross (Friedrich August
Kreuz) was awarded for meritorious service.
Country: Germany
Established:
Classes:
Criteria:
Country: Germany
City: Hamburg
Classes: One
Country: Germany
City: Lbeck
Classes: One
Criteria: The Hanseatic Cross (Hanseatenkreuze) was
awarded to military personnel for bravery.
Country: Germany
City: Bremen
Classes: One
Established: The Iron Cross was originally established on 10 March 1813 by King Friedrich
Wilhelm III. It was reestablished in 1870 during the Franco-Prussian war and
again on 5 August 1914 by Wilhelm II, Emperor of Germany and King of
Prussia.
Classes: Three
Criteria: The 1914 Iron Cross was awarded without regard for
nationality or social class to combatants and non-
combatants for acts of heroism, bravery or leadership
skills. Although the medals of each class were
identical, the manner in which each was worn
differed. Employing a pin or screw posts on the back
of the medal, the Iron Cross First Class was worn on
the left side of the recipient's uniform. The Grand
Cross and the Iron Cross Second Class were
suspended from different ribbons.
Country: Germany
Classes:
Criteria:
Country: Germany
Classes:
Established:
Criteria:
Country: Germany
Four Classes:
Criteria:
Country: Germany
Established:
Classes: Three
Criteria:
Country: Germany
Duchy: Brunswick
Classes:
Criteria:
Country: Germany
Established:
Country: Germany
Country: Germany
Established: 1 January 1806, by Maximilian-Joseph upon his ascent to the throne of the
Kingdom of Bavaria
Established: The Military Order of St. Henry was established on 7 October 1736 by August
III, King of Poland and Elector of Saxony.
Country: Germany
Classes: Ten classes consisting of divisions for the Grand Cross, Commander's Cross,
Officer's Cross and Knight's Cross. Officers serving in the Luftstreitkrfte only
received the three lowest-ranking awards:
Knight, 1st Class with Crown and Swords
Knight, 1st Class with Swords
Knight, 2nd Class with Swords
WWI Awards: Knight, 1st Class with Crown and Swords: 4 (incl. Wilhelm Siegert - Chef des
Feldflugwesens)
Knight, 1st Class with Swords: 31 (1 ace)
Knight, 2nd Class with Swords: 167 (pilots and observers)
Country: Germany
Kingdom: Wrttemberg
Established:
Classes:
Country: Germany
Established:
Classes:
Criteria: Militr-Verdienstorden
Country: Germany
Country: Germany
Established:
Classes:
Criteria:
Country: Germany
Country: Germany
Country: Germany
Established:
Classes: Four
Criteria:
Country: Germany
Country: Germany
Duchy: Saxe-Ernestine
Established:
Five Classes: Grand Cross, Commander's Cross with Star (Commander 1st Class),
Commander's Cross (Commander 2nd Class), Knight's Cross 1st Class and
night's Cross 2nd Class
Criteria: The Saxe-Ernestine House Order was
awarded to officers.
Country: Germany
Country: Germany
Principality: Lippe
Established: The War Honor Cross for Heroic Deeds (Kriegsehrenkreuz fr heldenmtige
Tat) and the War Merit Cross (Kriegsverdienstkreuz am Kmpferband) were
instituted on 8 December 1914.
Country: Germany
Established: The War Merit Cross was established on 30 October 1915 by King Friedrich
August III.
Classes:
Country: Germany
Classes:
Criteria:
Country: Germany
Duchy: Brunswick
Classes: Two
Country: Germany
Established:
Classes:
Criteria:
Country: Germany
Principality: Lippe
Established: The War Merit Cross (Kriegsverdienstkreuz am Kmpferband) and the War
Honor Cross for Heroic Deeds (Kriegsehrenkreuz fr heldenmtige Tat) were
instituted on 8 December 1914.
Criteria: The War Merit Cross was awarded for bravery in
action or war merit on the home front.
Country: Germany
Criteria:
Country: Germany
Established: The Wound Badge was established on 3 March 1918 by Wilhelm II,
Emperor of Germany and King of Prussia.
Britain
Established: On 4 June 1917, in the eighth year of his reign, King George the V was
"pleased to institute, erect, constitute, and create an Order of Knighthood, to
be called and known for ever hereafter by the name, style, and designation of
The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire." London Gazette, 24 August
1917
Established: The Distinguished Flying Cross (DFC) was instituted by King George V on 3
June 1918.
Established: The Air Force Cross (AFC) was instituted by King George V on 3 June 1918.
Criteria: During the Great War, the Air Force Cross was
"awarded to Officers and Warrant Officers for acts of
courage or devotion to duty when flying, although not
in active operations against the enemy." Supplement
to the London Gazette, 3 June 1918
Established: 1854
Criteria: The oldest British award for gallantry and second only
to the Victoria Cross, the Distinguished Conduct
Medal (DCM) was awarded to enlisted personnel,
non-commissioned officers and warrant officers of
any nation, in any branch of the service, for
distinguished conduct in battle. For each subsequent
act of gallantry, the recipient was awarded a silver,
laurelled bar.
Criteria: The Military Medal (MM) was awarded for individual or associated acts of
bravery.
Firstly.It is ordained that the medal shall be designated "The Military Medal."
Secondly.It is ordained that the Military Medal shall bear on the obverse the
Hoyal Effigy, and on the reverse the words "For bravery in the Field," encircled
by a wreath surmounted by the Royal Cipher and
a Crown.
Established: The Distinguished Flying Medal (DFM) was instituted by King George V on 3
June 1918.
Established: The Air Force Medal (AFM) was instituted by King George V on 3 June 1918.
Criteria: During the Great War, the Air Force Medal was
"awarded to Non-Commissioned Officers and
Men for acts of courage or devotion to duty when
flying, although not in active operations against
the enemy." Supplement to the London Gazette, 3
June 1918
Italy
Country: Italy
Classes: Grand Cross (Cavaliere di Gran Croce), Grand Officer (Grande Ufficiale),
Commander (Commendatore), Officer (Ufficiale), Knight (Cavaliere)
Criteria: The Military Order of Savoy was awarded for
especially distinguished service in war. The first
three classes had the royal crown above the
cross. The Officer class had the cross
suspended from a "trophy" of flags. The lowest
class, the Knight's class, had the cross
suspended from a simple ring. The Knight's class
was awarded to sailors as well as soldiers. The
ribbon had three equal stripes of navy/red/navy.
Country: Italy
Established: The Medal for Military Valour (Medaglia al Valore Militare) was instituted by
King Carlo Alberto of Sardinia in 1833.
Classes: Three; Gold (d'Oro), Silver (d'Argento) and Bronze (di Bronzo).
Criteria: During World War I, the Medal for Military Valor was
awarded to military personnel for exceptional valor in
combat. For each subsequent act of valor, the
recipient was awarded a bar in the corresponding
class.
Country: Italy
Established: The Order of the Crown (Ordine della Corona) was established on 20 February
1868 by King Victor Emmanuel II to commemorate the unification of the
Kingdom of Italy.
Criteria: The Order of the Crown of Italy was awarded for civilian and military merit.
Country: Italy
Established: The War Cross (Croce di Guerra) was instituted by King Victor Emmanuel III
on 19 Janury 1918.