NS187

Passive Fire Mitigation Design of

Substations
FEBRUARY 2008

Amendments: NSAs 1509 Feb09, 1592 Oct10 & 1623 Aug11

 SUMMARY
Network Standard NS187 details Ausgrids minimum requirements for passive fire protection systems
needed to provide protection of Ausgrids substations.

ISSUE
Ausgrid staff: for issue to all staff involved with the design of substations.

Where this standard is issued as a controlled document replacing an earlier edition, remove and destroy
the superseded document.

Accredited Service Providers: document issued on an uncontrolled basis. Users are responsible for
ensuring that the document they are using is current and includes any amendments issued since the date
on the document. Ausgrid will not accept any liability for work carried out to a superseded standard.
Ausgrid may not accept work carried out which is not in accordance with current standard requirements.
Ausgrid maintains a copy of this and other Network Standards together with updates and amendments on
www.ausgrid.com.au.
Ausgrid also offers a subscription service which provides for updates and amendments to standards on
payment of an annual fee.

DISCLAIMER
As Ausgrids standards are subject to ongoing review, the information contained in this document may be
amended by Ausgrid at any time.
It is possible that conflict may exist between standard documents. In this event, the most recent Standard
is to prevail.
This document has been developed using information available from field and other sources and is
suitable for most situations encountered in Ausgrid. Particular conditions, projects or localities may
require special or different practices. It is the responsibility of the local manager, supervisor, assured
quality contractor and the individuals involved to ensure that a safe system of work is employed and that
statutory requirements are met.
Ausgrid disclaims any and all liability to any person or persons for any procedure, process or any other
thing done or not done, as a result of this Network Standard.

This document is not intended to address issues that include, but are not limited to:
Environmental and planning requirements
Construction, inspection and maintenance safe work practices
Inspection and maintenance requirements
Emergency preparedness and response
Earthing and substation layout design
Note: All steelwork in a substation has unique earthing requirements. All designs involving steelwork are
to be reviewed by Ausgrid.

INTERPRETATION
In the event that any user of this Standard considers that any of its provisions is uncertain, ambiguous or
otherwise in need of interpretation, the user should request Ausgrid to clarify the provision. Ausgrids
interpretation shall then apply as though it was included in the Standard, and is final and binding. No
correspondence will be entered into with any person disputing the meaning of the provision published in
the Standard or the accuracy of Ausgrids interpretation.
 Network Standard
NS187
Passive Fire Mitigation Design of Substations
February 2008

CONTENTS
1 SCOPE.........................................................................................................................1
2 ASBESTOS ..................................................................................................................2
3 DEFINITIONS...............................................................................................................3
4 REFERENCES .............................................................................................................7
5 INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................8
5.1 Assumptions .................................................................................................... 8

6 THE APPROACH .........................................................................................................9

6.1 Fire Risk Zones................................................................................................ 9
6.2 Passive Fire Protection.................................................................................... 9
6.3 Active Fire Protection....................................................................................... 9
6.3.1 General..................................................................................................... 9
6.3.2 Limitations of Active Systems ................................................................ 10
6.3.3 Application of Active Systems ................................................................ 10
6.4 Typical Properties of Combustible Liquids .................................................... 10

7 PASSIVE FIRE MITIGATION DESIGN.......................................................................11

8 PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS.................................................................12
8.1 General .......................................................................................................... 12
8.2 Internal to Buildings ....................................................................................... 12
8.2.1 Separation Distances ............................................................................. 12
8.2.2 Compartmentalisation ............................................................................ 12
8.2.2.1 Compartment Fire Rating Level .......................................................12
8.2.2.2 Linear Compartmentalisation in Substation Buildings......................12
8.3 External to Buildings ...................................................................................... 12
8.3.1 Separation Distance Between Transformers and Between Transformers
and Buildings.......................................................................................... 12
8.3.1.1 Wind Factors ....................................................................................13
8.3.1.2 Radiant Heat Factors .......................................................................13
8.3.1.3 Minimum Separation Distances for Outdoor Transformers..............14
8.3.2 Fire Separation Walls Between Transformers and Between Transformers
and Buildings.......................................................................................... 14
8.3.2.1 Requirements between Transformers and Buildings .......................14
8.3.2.2 Requirements for Boundary Fire Separation Walls..........................14

9 EGRESS PROVISIONS .............................................................................................15

9.1 Emergency Egress Within Buildings.............................................................. 15
9.2 Emergency Egress External to Buildings ...................................................... 15
9.2.1 Radiant heat and Personnel Safety ....................................................... 15
9.2.2 Minimum Egress Provisions................................................................... 15

10 SPECIAL DETAILED DESIGN REQUIREMENTS......................................................16

10.1 Openings in Fire Barriers Walls and Fire Separation Walls .......................... 16
10.1.1 Doors...................................................................................................... 16
10.1.2 Minimum Clearance Between Electrical Equipment and Fire Doors and
Fire Dampers Radiated Heat .............................................................. 16
10.1.3 Yard Trenches........................................................................................ 16
10.2 Firestopping ................................................................................................... 17
10.3 Smoke Seals.................................................................................................. 17
10.4 Roof System .................................................................................................. 17
 10.4.1 Internal Fire Protection........................................................................... 17
10.4.2 External Fire Protection.......................................................................... 17
10.5 Impact Resistance ......................................................................................... 17
10.6 Substation Overpressure ............................................................................... 17

11 PUBLIC SAFETY AND REGULATORY COMPLIANCE .............................................18

11.1 General .......................................................................................................... 18
11.2 Adjacent or Adjoining Properties and Buildings............................................. 18
11.3 Heat Flux........................................................................................................ 18

12 BUSHFIRE .................................................................................................................19
12.1 General .......................................................................................................... 19
12.2 Approach to Bushfire Protection .................................................................... 19
12.3 Buildings ........................................................................................................ 19
12.3.1 Doors...................................................................................................... 19
12.4 Yard Equipment ............................................................................................. 19
12.5 House keeping ............................................................................................... 21

13 DOCUMENTATION....................................................................................................22
APPENDIX A PASSIVE FIRE MITIGATION REQUIREMENTS ........................................23
APPENDIX B TYPICAL PROPERTIES OF COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS (INFORMATIVE)..25
 1 February 2008

1 SCOPE

The objective of this Network Standard is to provide details of the design of passive fire
mitigation requirements for substations and for safe egress from substation buildings
and switchyards in the event of a fire.
This standard covers sub-transmission, zone and chamber substations.
This standard does not include provisions for pole top equipment such as transformers,
capacitors and reclosers.

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2 ASBESTOS

All materials and equipment used for construction of Ausgrids assets are to be free
from Asbestos and or Asbestos related products. Suppliers are expected to comply with
the Occupational Health and Safety Act 2000 (NSW) together with the Occupational
Health and Safety Regulation 2001 (NSW) and confirm in writing that all products
supplied to Ausgrid contain no Asbestos related materials.

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3 DEFINITIONS

For the purpose of this Standard, the definitions provided below apply.

Active Describes a system that has moving parts or relies on

mechanical, chemical or electrical controls in order to
function. Examples of active systems include fire
protection systems such as sprinklers and smoke
detection systems.
Approval Written consent from Ausgrid. This can be for
proposals to meet the requirements of this standard or
for authorising specific departures from the standard or
where a proposal is provided which is related to this
standard although not sufficiently covered.
Bushfire front For the purpose of this document, bushfire front shall
be taken at a location between the substation fence
and the boundary depending on land use within the
boundary.
Cable A single conductor (with its insulation but not including
any mechanical protective covering), or two or more
conductor cores laid together, either with or without
fillings, reinforcements, or protective coverings.
Cable marshalling areas Areas where groups of cables are present such as
cable basements, risers, jointing areas, galleries and
pits all within substations.
Combustible Any liquid other than a flammable liquid that has a
Liquid flash point and a firepoint less than its boiling point. AS
1940 divides combustible liquids into two categories.
The two categories are Class C1 and Class C2. The
flashpoint of these combustible liquids is less than or
equal to 150 C and exceeds 150 C respectively.
Compartmentalisation The division of a building into discrete compartments
thereby confining any potential fire to the compartment
of origin with the aim to prevent the spread of the fire
into adjacent compartments for a designated fire
resistance period.
Convection The transfer of heat by the circulation or buoyant
motions of air flow. This mode of heat transfer
becomes less significant for larger lateral distances
from a fire or other heat source.
Dedicated compartment A compartment that only has the nominated equipment
contained within and only the cabling required for its
operation. There is no other equipment and associated
cables in the compartment.
Design Report A report prepared by an appropriately qualified engineer
practicing in the specific discipline of fire engineering. The
report shall provide details of the schematic designs
developed and demonstrate by calculation how the
objectives of passive fire mitigation performance
requirements stipulated in the Network Standard are
satisfied.
Emissivity The ratio of thermal radiation that can be emitted by a
body to the amount emitted by an ideal mass or
blackbody at the same temperature. An ideal

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blackbody is a body or mass that absorbs and re-

emits all radiation incident on it. An ideal black body
has an emissivity of 1.
Engineering, A division of Ausgrid.
Transmission &
Technology (ET&T)
Fire barrier A wall, floor, ceiling bounding a fire rated compartment.
Fire Hazard A hazard that occurs when a fire risk zone extends to
include other buildings, parts of the same building that
house the high voltage installation, fire escape routes,
or other fire sensitive locations and facilities.
Fire Intensity The rate of release of calorific energy from a fire.
Fire rated An item or a compartment that has a Fire Resistance
Level (FRL).
Fire Refuge Area A refuge area is a safe place providing refuge to
personnel from a substation fire. It can be a temporary
haven to protect people while evacuating during a
fire. Refuge areas can be either inside or outside a
building and must provide personnel with protection
from a fire until safe escape is possible to open space.
Fire Resistance The ability of an element of construction, component or
structure to maintain its structural adequacy, integrity
and thermal insulation during exposure to a fire.
Fire Resistance Level The ability of an element of construction, component or
(FRL) structure to maintain its structural adequacy, integrity
and thermal insulation during exposure to a fire for a
specific fire resistance period. The intensity and
duration of the fire shall be equal to the Standard Fire
specified in AS 1530.4 Fire-resistance tests of
elements of building construction.
Fire Resistance Period The ability of an element of construction, component or
(FRP) structure to maintain a specific expected duty during
exposure to a fire for a specified period of time. Fire
Resistance Period is generally specified in minutes.
Fire Risk Zone A zone that extends in every direction from the
perimeter of a high voltage installation. Based on a risk
assessment in accordance with AS 2067.
Fire Separation Wall A wall with an appropriate level of resistance to the
spread of fire that divides a building (or a storey within
a building) or switchyard into segregated zones.
Fire Source Any electrical apparatus (generally of high voltage) that
comprises of mineral oil, or a similar combustible fluid
as an insulating medium. This includes oil filled
transformers and oil filled switchgear. Other fuel
sources can be combustible construction materials,
cables etc.
Fire Source Feature Fire-source feature in accordance with the Building
Code of Australia (BCA) is defined as:
the far boundary of a road adjoining the
allotment; or
a side or rear boundary of the allotment; or
an external wall of another building on the

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allotment which is not a Class 10 building (a non

habitable building or structure, eg carport, shed,
fence, free-standing wall etc.).
Note: For the purpose of this Network Standard, there
is a clear distinction between a Fire source feature
(BCA) and the Fire source.
Flashpoint The temperature at which a liquid first evolves vapour
in a sufficient quantity to be ignited by a specified
flame but not necessarily propagate.
Heat Flux Incident heat power per unit area; this includes both
radiant heat flux and convective heat flux.
Ignition Source A source of energy sufficient to ignite a flammable
atmosphere.
Linear Segregation of individual power transition, switching
Compartmentalisation and control such that if loss of one system is disrupted
in the event of a fire, the other system(s) configurations
remain functional.
Non combustible A material not deemed combustible under AS 1530.1
Combustibility Tests for Materials, or a building
element or section that comprises wholly of materials
that are not deemed to be combustible.
Non-piloted ignition Externally induced ignition where the onset of the
flaming combustion process is initiated, without the
presence of a pilot, by energy from an external source.
Passive Describes a system that relates to fire protection that
has no moving parts or does not rely on other external
controls in order to function as intended. Examples of
passive systems include fire rated building elements
such as fire barrier walls and fire doors in the closed
position etc.
Piloted ignition Externally induced ignition where the onset of
combustion is initiated by near contact of a flame or an
arc source (the pilot) with a gas or with volatiles from a
liquid or from a body undergoing thermal degradation.
Note, ignition will not occur without oxygen.
Radiation The transfer of heat energy between two or more
masses or bodies through radiation. The net effect is
that heat is transferred from the hotter body to the
cooler body. No medium needs to exist between the
two bodies for this type of heat transfer to occur. In the
context of this standard, radiant heat is the transfer of
heat from a fire engulfed elements to the surrounding
objects.
Segregated zones Areas or equipment that are segregated from other
areas or equipment by either spatial separation
sufficient to prevent ignition or by fire barrier walls or
fire separation walls. Segregated zones also includes
the prevention of fire tracking along cables and the
prevention of burning oil spreading from one zone to
another. Segregated zones are not overlapped.
Substation Substations in this document include sub-transmission,
zone and chamber substations with the voltages of
132, 66, 33 & 11 kV. It also includes ground-mounted
regulators and ground mounted tap changer auto-

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transformer substations.
Switchgear Equipment for controlling the distribution of electrical
energy or for controlling or protecting circuits,
machines, transformers, or other equipment.
Temporary Relates to the substation type and has a design life of
20 years. Refer to NS185 for a further explanation of
the various types of substations.
Transformer A static item of apparatus with one or more windings
which, by electromagnetic induction, transforms a
system of alternating voltage and current into another
system of voltage and current usually of different
values but with the same frequency, for the purpose of
transmitting electrical power.
Uncontrolled arc An electric arc under abnormal conditions that is
neither deliberate nor contained and is exposed to fuel
and/or air.

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4 REFERENCES

All work covered in this document shall conform to all relevant Legislation, Standards,
Codes of Practice and Network Standards including but not limited to:
Any Relevant WorkCover documentation.
AS 1530.1 Methods for fire tests on building materials, components and
structures Combustibility test for materials.
AS 1530.4 Methods for fire tests on building materials, components and
structures - Fire-Resistance Tests of Elements of Building Construction.
AS 1530.8.1 Methods for fire tests on building materials, components and
structures - Tests on elements of construction for buildings exposed to simulated
bushfire attack - Radiant heat and small flaming sources.
AS 1530.8.2 Methods for fire tests on building materials, components and
structures - Tests on elements of construction for buildings exposed to simulated
bushfire attack - Large flaming sources.
AS 1940 The storage & handling of flammable and combustible liquids.
AS 2067 Substations and High Voltage Installations exceeding 1kV A.C.
AS 2484.1 Fire Glossary of terms Fire tests.
AS 3000 Electrical Wiring Rules.
AS 3600 Concrete Structures.
AS 3700 Masonry Structures.
AS 3959 Construction of buildings in bushfire-prone areas.
AS 4072.1 Components for the Protection of Openings in Fire-Resistant
Separating Elements Service penetrations and control points.
AS 4100 Steel Structures.
Building Code of Australia (BCA).
Ausgrids Electrical Safety Rules.
Ausgrid Network Management Plan.
ENA NENS 01-2006 National Electricity Network Safety Code.
NEG-SM07 Active Fire Systems for Substations.
NS171 Firestopping in Substations.
NS185 Major Substations Building Design Standard.
NS188 Design for Substation Overpressure.
NSW Rural Fire Services Guide, Planning for Bushfire Protection
Occupational Health and Safety Act 2000 and Regulation 2001.
Current Network Standards are also available on Ausgrids internet site at
www.ausgrid.com.au.

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5 INTRODUCTION

This Network Standard details Ausgrids minimum levels of passive fire protection
systems needed to provide a cost and performance effective solution for the protection
of Ausgrids substations.
The requirements in this Standard in some instances are over and above the minimum
requirements of relevant statutory regulations given the unique risks of substations. The
primary aim is to provide a greater level of awareness and direction regarding passive
fire protection of substations and surrounding properties.

5.1 Assumptions
The requirements in this document have been developed by assessing unique risks
and past experiences relating to fuel loading, reduced reliability of active systems,
isolation and de-energising times and fire fighting response times.

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6 THE APPROACH

Fire protection shall be provided against fire initiated or propagated by any part or
element of high voltage installations.
The minimum requirements that shall apply for the protection of buildings against fire
are those contained in the Building Code of Australia.
Fire protection can be broken down into two specific areas: Passive fire protection
systems and Active fire protection systems.
The intention of this document is to provide design guidance on passive fire systems
generally as the first line of defence and preferred means of fire spread prevention in
substations.
Refer to NEG-SM07 for details on active fire systems details.

6.1 Fire Risk Zones

Fire risk zones for high voltage installations such as substations shall be based on a
risk assessment in accordance with the provisions of AS 2067.

If any part of the fire risk zone extends to include other buildings, parts of the same
building that house the high voltage installation, fire escape routes, or other fire
sensitive locations and facilities, then a potential fire hazard exists.

Where a fire hazard exists, high voltage installation enclosures within or adjacent to
buildings shall be designed with suitable fire protection to meet the requirements of AS
2067 and this Network Standard.

6.2 Passive Fire Protection

Passive fire systems are required to minimise the risk of damage from the spread of fire
from one segregation zone to another.
Except where exceptional circumstances apply, active fire protection systems shall be
used only as additional protection to passive systems and not as a substitute to passive
fire protection systems. Refer to 6.3 for the general requirements of active fire
protection systems in relation to passive fire systems. NEG-SM07 covers the details on
active fire protection systems.
Examples of passive fire protection systems include:
Fire separation walls and fire barriers.
Fire stopping and fire dampers to penetrations within fire barriers.
Self Closing Fire Doors to openings in fire separation walls and fire barriers.
Minimum fire separation distances from fire sources.
Oil containment/bunding.

6.3 Active Fire Protection

6.3.1 General
The general requirements of active fire protection systems in relation to passive fire
systems are covered below. NEG-SM07 has the complete details on active fire
protection systems.
Active fire extinguishing systems such as sprinklers and deluge systems aim at
reducing the damage to burning equipment by reducing or eliminating any fire or smoke
damage to the substation and equipment. Active systems assist in reducing the overall
damage:

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by providing early warning for Ausgrid and/or Fire Brigade intervention.

by reducing the duration of a fire and providing a safe means of extinguishing the
fire without isolating and earthing.
by overcoming access problems for fire fighting.
by limiting the spread of fire within a compartment.
by reducing smoke.
by providing, in some cases, cooling to adjoining areas.
by providing a secondary system in the event the primary passive system is
compromised prior or during a fire event.
where linear compartmentalisation is not possible, such as cable basements.

6.3.2 Limitations of Active Systems

Designers shall make allowances for all the conceivable limitations of active systems
including any OH&S and environmental impacts.

6.3.3 Application of Active Systems

The following active fire systems shall be installed throughout Ausgrid substation
buildings unless otherwise specified:
Smoke Detection System
Fire Extinguishers
These active fire systems shall comply with the design requirements of Ausgrid.
Consideration shall only be given to the use of other active fire systems when required
by the BCA. The use of an active fire system to supplement a passive system must
have written approval from Ausgrid.

6.4 Typical Properties of Combustible Liquids

Appendix B provides information on the typical properties and characteristics of
combustible liquids commonly associated with Ausgrid substations.

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7 PASSIVE FIRE MITIGATION DESIGN

Passive fire mitigation design involves the application of a fire rating to fire barrier/fire
separation walls, the provision of adequate separation distances or a combination
thereof.
Passive fire mitigation design shall consider the substation category (substation
criticality), building re-useability, fuel loading, response times following a fire and public
and personnel safety. These aspects shall be reviewed and determined by Ausgrid and
may include consultation with the designer as required.

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8 PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS

8.1 General
Where a fire hazard exists, suitable fire protection shall be provided to address the
potential fire risk.
The two ways of achieving passive fire protection in substations are by physical
separation distance to prevent ignition and the provision of fire compartments.
Dependent on space availability, physical separation is the preferred method of passive
fire segregation.
The requirements of Section 10 Special Detailed Design Requirements also apply.

8.2 Internal to Buildings

8.2.1 Separation Distances
Adequate separation both internal and external to buildings can achieve protection in a
fire. However, it is not practical to provide adequate separation distances inside
buildings. Compartmentalisation is a more economic way of segregation internally.
For oil pool fires, calculation of design radiant heat levels shall be based on the entire
bunded area being engulfed in flames.

8.2.2 Compartmentalisation
Compartmentalisation and other requirements of substations shall limit the extent of
damage and reduce restoration times to the building and equipment. Therefore the
Ausgrid design requirements to reduce fire spread in substations are more onerous
than the BCA.
8.2.2.1 Compartment Fire Rating Level
To achieve effective Compartmentalisation, a fire rating must be applied to all walls,
floor, ceiling and openings to the compartment. Refer to Appendix A for fire rating
requirements.
Where a fire barrier is required to prevent ignition, the table in Appendix A provides the
minimum fire rating.
8.2.2.2 Linear Compartmentalisation in Substation Buildings
Linear Compartmentalisation is normally achieved by Compartmentalisation.
Consideration must be given to balancing the need for Linear Compartmentalisation
and the introduction of obstructions in congested areas such as basements. In cable
basements, cable coating may be adopted as part of the overall linear
compartmentation system.

8.3 External to Buildings

Locating electrical equipment external to buildings does not eliminate the need to
provide segregated zones to substation equipment that are exposed to a fire hazard
and that require protection against fire. Where segregated zones are required external
to buildings, this section details the requirements for achieving the required level of fire
protection.

8.3.1 Separation Distance Between Transformers and Between Transformers and

Buildings
The main fuel source features in open yards are power transformers and to a lesser
extent, oil circuit breakers and smaller earthing and distribution style transformers.

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Separation distances between transformers and adjacent fuel source features shall
ensure damage to the transformer is reduced or eliminated. Consideration shall be
given to any vulnerable components of a transformer when determining separation
distances.
8.3.1.1 Wind Factors
Determination of separation distances shall include a factor of safety of 1.5 to the
distance calculated to allow for prevailing wind effects. Alternatively, the fire plume can
be modelled having a flame tilt of 45 to the vertical.
8.3.1.2 Radiant Heat Factors
In determining separation distances, consideration shall be given to any bunding,
maximum conceivable size of a fire, ultimate transformer size and fuel source. The
radiant heat exposure limits applicable to various fire sensitive elements within a
substation are indicated in Table 8.1 below.
Table 8.1 Radiant Heat Exposure Limits

Maximum allowable
radiant heat flux
Item (kW/m2) Comment

Cable 12.5 Cables begin to distort and may ignite.

Cables may also sustain damage at lower
radiant heat levels.
Steel support 15.0 To 60% of yield strength.
structure
Porcelain 12.5 Damage may occur requiring replacement
bushing/Insulators or in extreme case resulting in catastrophic
failure.
Polymeric 11 Damage may occur requiring replacement
bushing/insulators or in extreme case resulting in catastrophic
failure.
Aluminium busbar 12.5 Busbars may undergo significant distortion
and impose significant stresses on rigid
insulators.
Copper busbar 12.5 Busbars may undergo significant distortion
and impose significant stresses on rigid
insulators.
Transformer oil 4.5 Auto-Ignition is possible.
Transformer tank See Note 1 See above regarding bushings and cables.
Combustibles <12.5 typical Piloted ignition may occur on timber
Non-combustible <25.0

Note 1. Transformers always have some more vulnerable components such as

bushings and cables etc.

Radiant heat levels shall be based on the entire bunded area being engulfed in flames.
This Network Standard is not intended to cover protection of yard structures however
Table 8.1 above can be applied where protection is required. Refer to Ausgrid for
project-specific scopes in relation to yard structures and equipment including sealing
ends, circuit breakers, AC or DC boards.
The radiant heat exposure limits in Table 8.1 are not applicable to bushfire events
which are typically of much shorter duration than major oil fires. Refer to Section 12.

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8.3.1.3 Minimum Separation Distances for Outdoor Transformers

AS 2067 provides guidance for the segregation of outdoor transformers installed
without an enclosure. Table 8.1 of AS 2067 is a guide indicating the minimum
separation distances for outdoor transformers based on transformer type, insulating
liquid volume and type and other factors.

8.3.2 Fire Separation Walls Between Transformers and Between Transformers

and Buildings
Where fire segregation zones are required and where separation distances are not
achievable, Fire Separation Walls (FSW) shall be used. FSWs shall be designed to the
fire rating as per Appendix A. Consideration should be given to ensure the design
dimensions prevents fire spread over and around the wall.
Fire separation walls are not required between power transformers and directly
connected neutral earthing reactors/resistors and/or earthing transformers.
Fire separation wall design details shall take into consideration any bunding, maximum
conceivable size of a fire, ultimate transformer size, fuel source, vertical clearance to
buildings, and the required horizontal clearance of electrical equipment for egress and
operational requirements.
Vertical separation distances above externally located transformers or the extremities of
oil filled transformer components with less than 2000 litres shall not be less than 7.5m.
For transformers having an oil capacity greater than 2000 litres but less than 20,000
litres a minimum vertical separation of 15m shall be provided. This minimum separation
distance shall not be reduced unless a lesser separation distance can be justified by a
comprehensive fire engineering analysis approved by Ausgrid. For transformers
containing more than 20,000 litres of oil a comprehensive fire engineering analysis shall
be undertaken by Ausgrid.
Radiant heat levels shall be based on the entire bunded area engulfed in flames. A
factor of safety of 1.5 shall be applied to separation distances for exposed elements to
allow for wind effects. Where significant, convection shall also be considered.
All methods and design justification of fire separation wall sizes are to be submitted to
Ausgrid for approval if requested.
8.3.2.1 Requirements between Transformers and Buildings
Where there is a building compartment (or part there of) within the fire risk zone then a
fire hazard exists and suitable fire protection shall be provided. Generally the wall
facing the transformer should be of sufficient height and width to ensure fire protection
of the entire compartment including the roof structure.

Alternatively, where there is a self-supporting ceiling, the roof structure does not need
to be fire rated provided the self supporting ceiling can support the collapsed roof
structure.

8.3.2.2 Requirements for Boundary Fire Separation Walls

Consideration shall be given to the height and type of construction of neighbouring
buildings and the likely fire size. In the event of a fire, the radiant heat emitted from the
substation shall comply with the requirements of the BCA. The effect of convection shall
also be considered.
Refer to Clause 11.3 for the maximum heat flux that can be emitted from the boundary
of the substation.

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9 EGRESS PROVISIONS

9.1 Emergency Egress Within Buildings

General access and emergency egress must be in accordance with BCA requirements
and AS 3000 Electrical Wiring Rules, as a minimum. All compartments containing high
voltage equipment in Ausgrid buildings shall have a minimum of two points of safe
egress.
Flash fires or effects of blasts caused by arc explosions are outside the scope of this
document.

9.2 Emergency Egress External to Buildings

Fire emergency egress within yards must consider the effects of radiant heat exposure
from burning oil-filled transformers or other oil-filled electrical equipment with a similar
fire hazard.

9.2.1 Radiant heat and Personnel Safety

Apart from preventing fire spreading to buildings, it is essential to have provisions for
personnel safety and emergency egress. This section provides Ausgrids minimum
performance requirements for egress in relation to substation fires and the effect that
fires have on human exposure limitations.

9.2.2 Minimum Egress Provisions

Egress points in gates shall be positioned such that exposure for personnel shall be
limited to 2.5 kW/m2 for egress where a single action handle is on the escape
door/gate. Where there is no single action door/gate 1.7 kW/m2 for indefinite exposure
shall be adopted for egress.
Design of substation egress paths shall consider locations of safe egress points from
site, radiant heat levels of egress paths, all possible oil and other significant fire source
locations and exposure limits on personnel. Personnel shall not be exposed to a radiant
heat flux of level greater than 2.5kW/m2 along designated egress paths during
evacuation. This shall be reduced where exposure times greater than 30 seconds is
possible.
Consideration shall be given to providing other means of protection if adequate
separation distances cannot be provided, such as refuge areas.
Apply a factor of safety of 1.5 to calculated separation distances to allow for prevailing
wind effects.

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February 2008 16

10 SPECIAL DETAILED DESIGN

REQUIREMENTS

This section outlines the special Ausgrid requirements for passive fire mitigation of
substations.

10.1 Openings in Fire Barriers Walls and Fire Separation Walls

Door openings in fire separation walls shall only be provided where access and
emergency egress requirements dictate. Refer to Section 9 for emergency egress
requirements.
Windows are not permitted in a substation fire barrier walls or fire separation walls.
Fire dampers shall be considered for any openings that are not fire-rated.

10.1.1 Doors
Where a door is located in a fire barrier, it shall be fire-rated to the FRL of the wall.
Doors are not to impact on bund integrity.
In addition, doors shall be located such the radiant heat damage of vulnerable
equipment or components in adjoining compartments is minimised. Refer to Clause
10.1.2 below.

10.1.2 Minimum Clearance Between Electrical Equipment and Fire Doors and Fire
Dampers Radiated Heat
Ausgrid shall provide direction on the need to apply this section to a particular
substation based on the risks to the network.
To ensure the operation of a neighbouring compartments equipment, following a fire,
minimum equipment set backs from the fire doors may be required. The minimum clear
distance shall ensure radiant heat levels emitted from the fire door do not cause greater
temperatures than the equipment safe operational temperatures as specified in the
table below, for the duration of the event. No factor of safety on separation distances to
allow for wind effects is required for interior or sheltered environments.

Maximum design temperatures of electrical equipment

Switchgear Transformer Cables
O O
105 C 130 C 130OC

The table assumes a radiant heat emitted from the door opening of 10kW/m2 with the
door shut.
Vents in fire barrier walls facing other fire compartments should be avoided where
possible. Where this is not possible, electrical equipment may need to be located a
sufficient distance away from any vent fire damper. This is to ensure that, for the
duration of an event, the equipment is not damaged by heat radiated through or from
any vent fire dampers due to a fully developed fire in the adjoining compartment.
All vents shall be fitted with fail safe automatically controlled fire dampers having a fire
rating not less than the required fire rating of the fire barrier wall.

10.1.3 Yard Trenches

Ausgrid shall provide recommendations on the need to apply this section to a particular
substation based on the risks to the network.
Measures may be required to be taken to protect cable trenches in yards from catching
fire from sprayed oil or from bushfire related embers and radiant heat.

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 17 February 2008

10.2 Firestopping
In general where penetrations exist through fire compartments it is essential
penetrations are sealed to prevent the passage of fire or smoke to other areas within
the substation.
Firestopping properties and installation procedures are detailed in NS171 Fire Stopping
in Substations.

10.3 Smoke Seals

Smoke management systems are detailed in NS171 Fire Stopping in Substations.

10.4 Roof System

Roof systems may need to prevent fire from spreading or external fires entering the
building such as transformer fires or bushfires. Refer to the fire rating requirements in
Appendix A.
Roof structures are not to be constructed of, or contain any, combustible material.
Combustible materials are those deemed to be combustible when tested in accordance
with AS 1530.1.

10.4.1 Internal Fire Protection

Fire spread through any ceiling void to other compartments of the building shall be
prevented. Fire should also be prevented from entering the ceiling void.

10.4.2 External Fire Protection

If there is a risk of exposure to an external fire hazard, the roof structure/system shall
be designed for the appropriate fire resistance level.

10.5 Impact Resistance

Fire barrier elements shall have sufficient impact resistance to ensure fire integrity is
maintained following any operational impacts.

10.6 Substation Overpressure

Consideration shall be given to the effects of substation overpressure on all passive fire
mitigation systems. Refer to NS188 Design for Substation Overpressure.

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February 2008 18

11 PUBLIC SAFETY AND REGULATORY

COMPLIANCE

11.1 General
The requirements of the Building Code of Australia (BCA) in terms of building element
fire ratings, set backs, services, egresses etc. shall be met as an absolute minimum.
Where an alternative solution approach is used to satisfy the deemed-to-satisfy
provisions, these alternative solutions shall meet the intent and or performance
provisions of the BCA and Ausgrids Network Standards.

11.2 Adjacent or Adjoining Properties and Buildings

The BCA regulates controls necessary to ensure required building performance with
respect to a fire. The main objective of the BCA with respect to fire safety and fire
resistance is to provide suitable protection to occupants from injury that may arise due
to a fire within a building and while the occupants are evacuating the building.
Furthermore, fire spread to adjoining buildings must also be prevented and other
properties protected from structural damage caused by structural failure of the building
where the fire originated. The BCA is not intended to include provision for building re-
use following a fire.
New substation buildings must comply with all the relevant performance requirements
of the BCA. With respect to fire performance, the BCA provides guidance for verification
of the performance requirements placing limits on allowable levels of heat flux radiation
with respect to distances beyond a property boundary.

11.3 Heat Flux

Should the building adjoining the Ausgrid substation site be constructed of timber on or
near the boundary ensure a heat flux of less than 25kW/m2 is achieved at the
boundary. Where flame impingement is possible this value should be reduced to 12.5
kW/m2. In all other cases radiant heat limits shall not exceed those specified in the
BCA.

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 19 February 2008

12 BUSHFIRE

12.1 General
The purpose of this section is to provide guidance for the protection of the substation
against bushfires.
This Network Standard does not cover the requirements for protecting the bush against
fire from equipment failure. However, as a minimum, segregation distances to
combustibles (using 12.5 kW/m2 where flame impingement is possible) shall be
adopted at the boundary, or the yard fence depending on the land use within the
boundary.
Substations deemed to be in bushfire-prone areas shall satisfy all the requirements of
AS 3959 Construction of Buildings in Bushfire-prone Areas and the NSW Rural Fire
Services guide, Planning for Bushfire Protection (PBP).
This section does not consider the use of fire separation walls to protect external
equipment from a bushfire as enough land to achieve adequate separation distances is
generally available in bushfire prone areas. Where adequate space is not available,
seek advice from Ausgrids ET&T.

12.2 Approach to Bushfire Protection

Design of Ausgrid substations should ensure that they do not contribute to the bushfire
and are able to maintain supply at a minimum predetermined level after a bushfire
event. If required, the substation should be able to shut down safely in the event of
radiant heat damage.

The criticality of Ausgrid substations and the level of service required during (and after)
a bushfire event will vary with location within the network. This aspect will impact upon
the type and extent of bushfire protection provided at a given site.

Where bushfire protection is required, the radiant heat exposure limits provided in Table
12.1 should be applied to the critical substation elements only. Assessment of criticality
should consider substation importance, reliability of supply, repair / replacement
options, potential bushfire exposure and other aspects.

The overall approach to be taken for bushfire protection is expected to be site

dependant. Subject to the location and criticality, it is acknowledged that some HV
components could be protected, some could be sacrificed and readily replaced and
others possibly sacrificed and the substation returned to service temporarily at reduced
output.

12.3 Buildings
Notwithstanding the requirements of AS 3959, and where loss of facility or supply is
considered unacceptable, consideration shall be given to the prevention of fire entering
through openings, roof systems, or any other means. The building shall also be
designed for the required fire resistance level. Refer to Appendix A.

12.3.1 Doors
All external doors must match the fire performance FRL of the building and be fitted
with fire resistant smoke seals at the base of the door to prevent embers entering under
the door.

12.4 Yard Equipment

Radiant heat is the most likely cause of damage to yard equipment and structures. All
yard equipment must therefore be adequately set back from the bush or fire barriers are

NS187+NSAs 1509, 1592 & 1623

February 2008 20

to be provided. Other causes of fire spread are embers to combustibles in the yard.
Therefore consideration shall be given to the protection of combustible yard equipment
against ember damage.
Bushfire events can provide significant radiant heat flux levels but the peak exposure
level is typically of very short duration when compared to other fuel source features
within a substation. As a result, the allowable radiant heat exposure limits are
correspondingly higher for most substation elements based on the short term exposure.
A typical radiant heat / temperature duration curve applicable to bushfires would be as
follows:
Peak values are reached after 1 minute;
Values remain at peak for up to 4 minutes;
Values recede to ambient linearly over a further 5 minutes.
Refer to Table 12.1 for limiting radiant heat flux levels for determining minimum safe
separation distances. For bushfires the RFS PBP is the key reference document in
establishing the maximum bush fire intensity at a given location. A flame front length
equal to the flame front approach boundary is to be assumed and a flame height based
on the PBP shall be used in calculations.
Table 12.1 Radiant Heat Exposure Limits for Bushfires

Maximum allowable
radiant heat flux
Item (kW/m2) Comment

Cable 12.5 PVC Cables begin to distort and may

ignite.
Ignition of XLPE cables between 85 and
20 550 seconds.
Steel support 35 To 60% of yield strength after a maximum
structure duration of 5 minutes. Applies where
elastic deflections due to elevated
temperatures is not critical.
Porcelain >30 Damage may occur requiring replacement
bushing/Insulators or in extreme case resulting in catastrophic
failure. See Note 2.
Polymeric >30 Damage may occur requiring replacement
bushing/insulators or in extreme case resulting in catastrophic
failure. See Note 2.
Aluminium busbar 20 Based on 2500C after a maximum duration
of 5 minutes. Comparable to withstand
temperature under fault conditions.
Copper busbar 25 Busbars may undergo significant distortion
and impose significant stresses on rigid
insulators.
Transformer tank See Note 1 See above regarding bushings and cables.
Combustibles 12.5 Piloted ignition may occur on timber

Note 1. Transformers always have some more vulnerable components such as

bushings and cables etc

Note 2. Detailed information on radiant heat exposure limits is not available. However
in-service applications exposed to bushfire indicate a high radiant heat limit
and a low risk of damage or failure.

NS187+NSAs 1509, 1592 & 1623

 21 February 2008

The radiant heat limits provided in Table 12.1 are applicable to identified critical
substation structures and HV components. Critical elements are those deemed to be
essential for return to service following a bushfire event.
The location of critical substation elements, their sensitivity to radiant heat and their
ease of replacement will all impact upon the potential Asset Protection Zone (APZ)
required at a given substation.
APZ widths may potentially reduce where critical exposed elements nearest the
boundary are able to be locally protected and/or rapidly replaced following a bushfire
event.
Substation design should aim for a high level of bushfire protection for critical assets
and a rapid return to service following a bushfire event.

12.5 House keeping

Substations in bush fire prone areas may accumulate leaf matter to levels where it
becomes an additional fuel source often up against the building or in alcoves.
Substations must be inspected and cleaned regularly to prevent the build up of any
combustible matter.

NS187+NSAs 1509, 1592 & 1623

February 2008 22

13 DOCUMENTATION

Design Report
A Design Report shall be prepared by an appropriately qualified engineer practicing in
the specific discipline of fire engineering. The report shall provide details of the
schematic designs developed and demonstrate by calculation how the objectives of
passive fire mitigation performance requirements stipulated in the Network Standard
are satisfied.
The Design Report shall be prepared prior to the detailed design of the substation and
submitted to Ausgrids ET&T at the completion of the schematic design stage for
approval.
Methods and calculations for determining all separation distances will be required as
part of the Design Report prior to detailed design.

NS187+NSAs 1509, 1592 & 1623

 23 February 2008

Appendix A Passive Fire Mitigation

Requirements

Refer to Ausgrid for scope on extent of segregation. This table provides performance
requirements when segregation is required.
This table does not include provisions for pole top equipment such as transformers and
capacitors.

Minimum Fire Resistant Period (hours) to

protected equipment or building elements
Fire Source
Distribution &
CBD Zone STS Zone
Chambers
Transformer/reactors oil filled 4 or spatial 4 or spatial 3 or spatial 3 or spatial
(external & internal)
Transformers non-oil filled (external & 3 or spatial 3 or spatial 2 or spatial 2 or spatial
internal)
Distribution centre Oil Filled 4 or spatial 4 or spatial 3 or spatial 3 or spatial
Distribution centre Non-oil Filled 3 or spatial 3 or spatial 2 or spatial 2 or spatial
Other oil filled equipment 4 or spatial 4 or spatial 3 or spatial 3 or spatial
Other non oil filled equipment 3 or spatial Non-combustible Non-combustible .2 or spatial
Refer to BCA. Refer to BCA.
Cable marshalling areas (cable risers, 4 4 3 3 or spatial
basements etc) (see Note 5.)
Control Room (see Note 5.) 3 Non-combustible Non-combustible N/A
Refer to BCA. Refer to BCA.
Pilot Isolation (where provided) 3 3 2 N/A
Battery Room (where 3 Non- Non- N/A
provided) combustible combustible
Refer to BCA Refer to BCA
Battery Enclosures (see Note 6) Non- Non- Non- N/A
combustible combustible combustible
Communication Room (where provided) 3 Non-combustible Non-combustible N/A
Refer to BCA. Refer to BCA.
Capacitors (where provided) 3 or spatial 3 or spatial 2 or spatial N/A

Minimum Fire Resistant Period (hours)

Function Distribution &
CBD Zone STS Zone
Chambers
Amenities, foyers and other areas not Non Non Non Non
containing substation equipment combustible combustible combustible combustible
Refer to BCA Refer to BCA Refer to BCA Refer to BCA
Consumer load control (CLC) 3 Non Non N/A
combustible combustible
Refer to BCA Refer to BCA

Notes: 1. Higher fire resistant periods may be required under the BCA particularly
where multi-classifications exist when a substation is incorporated within
another building.

NS187+NSAs 1509, 1592 & 1623

February 2008 24

2. AS 2067 may have additional requirements for fire protection where a fire
hazard exists.
3. Spatial separation shall only be applied in outdoor applications.
4. Ausgrid may require a higher fire resistant period than those nominated for
specific sites where loss of supply and/or safety issues dictate.
5. Refer to NS171 for additional measures such as cable coating of power
cables.
6. Refer to NS185 for the Alternative Solution developed under the BCA for
battery enclosures.

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 25 February 2008

Appendix B Typical Properties of Combustible

Liquids (Informative)

The table below provides information on the typical properties and characteristics of
combustible liquids commonly associated with Ausgrid substations.

Property Characteristic
Boiling Minimum Fire Ignition Smoke Heat
Material / Liquid Fire Class
Point Point Time Production Release
Flash
o IEC 61100
C Point oC o
C
1. Transformers
Mineral Oil 140 170 O Short High High
Natural Ester - FR3 >300 >340 K2 Long Medium Medium
Synthetic Ester 275 322 K3 Long Low Medium
MIDEL 7131
Polyol Ester VG32 269 Long Low Medium
Silicone Liquid >310 >370 K Long Low Low
KF96-50CS

2. Capacitors
Jarylec C101 144 154 Short
Faradol - 810 270 138 Short

The fire class K Classification used above is based on IEC 61100 Classification of
insulating fluids according to fire-point and net calorific Value as indicated below;

Class Fire Point Class Calorific Value

O <= 300 oC 1 >= 42MJ/kg

K > 300 oC 2 32 < CV < 42 MJ/kg

L In Flammable 3 < 32MJ/kg

NS187+NSAs 1509, 1592 & 1623

 Ausgrid.
This document must not be reproduced in whole or in part or converted to
machine readable form or stored in a computer or imaging system without
the written permission of Ausgrid.

Revision History

Initial Issue: 14 February 2008

Document Control
Authorised By: Terry Lampard Date: 14 February 2008
Manager - Standards & Communications

Document Number: NS187