Professional Documents
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1. SPEEDS
SPEEDS
JAR 25 aeroplanes
Factors affecting takeoff
Speeds
Vs : stall speed
Operative speeds: V1 Vr V2
JAR 25 AEROPLANES
Performance Class A aeroplanes (certified under FAR/JAR 25):
Lift
Drag Thrust
Fr
Weight
FACTORS AFFECTING TAKEOFF
Those factors are:
Flap setting
Runway slope
Wind
Density altitude
Aircraft systems
Runway contamination
FACTORS AFFECTING TAKEOFF
CL effect
CD effect
FLAP SETTING
FACTORS AFFECTING TAKEOFF
RUNWAY SLOPE AND WIND
Runway slope and wind affect takeoff distances and speeds.
Therefore, the pilot sometimes has to calculate what is known as
corrected runway length, and then use that value in other graphs.
FACTORS AFFECTING TAKEOFF
DENSITY ALTITUDE
Density altitude has a considerable influence on takeoff distances and
speeds, since TAS values and engines performance depend on it.
DA effects will be discussed later on.
AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS
Engine bleed may reduce thrust available in about 10%. This will
clearly affect takeoff performance. Other circumstances such as anti-
skid inoperative may affect also.
FACTORS AFFECTING TAKEOFF
RUNWAY CONTAMINATION
A contaminated runway can dramatically affect takeoff performances.
Specific calculations of speeds and distances have to be done before
taking off from a contaminated runway.
Under certain circumstances operation of the aircraft may be
forbidden.
SPEEDS
JAR 25 aeroplanes
Factors affecting takeoff
Speeds
Vs : stall speed
Operative speeds: V1 Vr V2
SPEEDS
STALL SPEED (Vs)
Defined as minimum steady flight speed at which the aircraft is
controllable, with null thrust and the centre of gravity at the forward
limit, or the 94% of the Vs1g determined in the same conditions,
whichever is greater.
Takeoff configuration
Critical engine failure
Remaining engines at takeoff thrust
MTOW and CG at the most unfavourable position (aft limit)
Max
30 ft
Engine failure
Vmu is the minimum speed at which the aircraft can safely lift-off and
continue the takeoff without undue hazard.
Ground effect is not considered.
SPEEDS
The tire manufacturer specifies the maximum ground speed that can be
reached, in order to limit the centrifugal forces and the heat elevation
that may damage the tire structure.
For almost all Airbus aircraft models, Vmaxtire is equal to 195 knots
(Ground Speed).
Vmbe is the maximum speed on the ground from which a stop can be
accomplished within the energy capabilities of the brakes.
Vmbe depends on ATOW, DA, wind, runway slope, and the brakes
temperature at the beginning of the takeoff run.
SPEEDS
JAR 25 aeroplanes
Factors affecting takeoff
Speeds
Vs : stall speed
Operative speeds: V1 Vr V2
SPEEDS
OPERATIVE SPEEDS
V1
SPEEDS
Recognition
time = 1s
35 ft
Vef V1
Recognition
time = 1s
Stop
Vef V1
SPEEDS
B737 PFD
SPEEDS
V1 CONSIDERATIONS
V1 =< VR
The takeoff climb speed V2 is the speed that will allow the initial climb
to be continued with a safe margin to stall and to Vmca with the critical
engine failed.
V2 >= 1.2 Vs