Geotektonik Konvergen

U
IA
R
M
LA
IS
S
TA
SI
ER
IV
N
U
U
N
Contractional Terranes
IV
ER
Collision Orogens (Alpine, Himalaya)
SI
TA
Subduction Orogens (Andes, South America, New Guniea)
S
Inversion Orogens (Central Australia)
IS
Foreland Fold and Thrust Belts (Canadian Rocky, Jawa Utara)
LA
Accretionary Wedges (Barbados, Nias)
M
R
IA
U
U
N
IV
ER
SI
TA
S
IS
LA
M
R
IA
Press and Siever (1998)
U
Rock assemblages associated with ocean-continent plate subduction
U
IA
R
M
LA
IS
S
TA
SI
ER
IV
N
U
U
N
IV
ER
SI
TA
Steven Dutch, Natural and Applied
Sciences, University of Wisconsin -
Green Bay
S
IS
LA
M
R
IA
U
BEICIP -
U
BASIC CONCEPT OF PLATE TECTONICS
N
PRODUCT OF
IV
INTERACTION
ER
PLATE INTERACTION
SI
FORCES ACTIVE AT PLATE - MAGMATIC
BOUNDARY CONVERGENT
ACTIVITY
TA
GEOMETRY -
TECTONIC UNITS -
S
STRUCTURAL
STYLE
IS
LA
COMPRESSIONAL BASIN
FORMATION
M
AND
AND
TENSIONAL TECTONIC EVOLUTION
R
REGIMES
IA
U
Convergent Tectonics
U
N
IV
ER
SI
TA
S
IS
LA
M
R
IA
U
PLATE BOUNDARY PRODUCED BY SINKING,
U
FORCES DOWNBENDING
F RESISTANCE
N
RESPONSIBLE FOR
DEFORMATION AND COLLISION
IV
ER
SI
Fsu Fsp
TA
S
DENSE COOL SLAB
IS
LA
Fsu Fsp
SLAB-PULL
M
SUBDUCTION SUCTION
CAUSED BY THE EFFECT ACTS ON A SUBDUCTING
R
OF SUBDUCTION ON THE PLATE
OVERLYING PLATE. RESULTS FROM THE NEGATIVE
IA
( 20 Mpa ) BUOYANCY OF THE COOLER,
DENSER LITHOSFERE OF THE
U
Convergent Tectonics SINKING SLAB.
U
Ftr : TRANSFORM FAULT
N
RESISTANCE
IV
Fcd : CONTINENTAL
ER
DRAG
Fdf : MANTLE DRAG
FORCE Fsu
SI
Fcd + Fdf Frp
TA
S
Fcr: COLLIDING RESISTENCE
Fsr : SLAB FORCE
IS
RESIST.
Fsp : SLAB PULL FORCE
LA
M
Fsu
R
SUBDUCTION SUCTION
IA
CAUSED BY THE EFFECT
U
OF SUBDUCTION ON THE
Convergent TectonicsPLATE.
OVERLYING
( 20 Mpa )
U
N
IV
ER
PRODUCE :
SI
MAGMATIC
COMPRESSIONAL CONVERGENT
ACTIVITY
TA
AS WELL AS
EXTENSIONAL
S
TECTONIC REGIMES STRUCTURAL
STYLE
IS
LA
BASIN
FORMATION
M
AND
EVOLUTION
R
IA
U
U
N
IV
ER
SI
2 TYPES OF INTERACTION : MAGMATIC
CONVERGENT
ACTIVITY
TA
A. ASSOCIATED WITH
S
SUBDUCTION OF ONE STRUCTURAL
OF THE PLATES STYLE
IS
LA
B. COLLISION
BASIN
FORMATION
M
AND
EVOLUTION
R
IA
U
U
N
IV
ER
SI
TA
A. ASSOCIATED WITH
S
SUBDUCTION OF ONE
OF THE PLATES
IS
LA
BETWEEN
M
OCEANIC & OCEANIC &
R
OCEANIC CONTINENTAL
IA
PLATES PLATES
U
U
Oceanic-continent interaction : Oceanic-oceanic interaction
N
Active continental margin Island arc system
IV
ER
SI
TA
S
IS
Continent-continent interaction
LA
Mountain range
M
R
IA
U
U
N
IV
ER
SI
TA
Active continental
S
Margin type
IS
LA
M
R
IA
U
U
N
IV
ER
SI
TA
S
Back-
arc
Arc basin
IS
LA
M
R
IA
Island arc type (Marina Type)
U
U
N
IV
ER
SI
TA
S
IS
LA
M
R
IA
U
U
N
1. CONVERGENCE RATE
IV
2. ABSOLUTE MOTION OF
PRINCIPLE CONTROLS
UPPER PLATE
ER
ON THE GEOMETRY
Of ARC TRENCH SYSTEM 3. SUBDUCTION OF
OCEANIC RIDGE
SI
4. AGE OF OCEANIC
LITOSPHERE
TA
GENERALIZED MORPHOLOGY
S
AND ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
IS
INFLUENCED
LA
1. SLAB DIP
2. ARC-TRENCH GAP
M
R
IA
U
U
N
IV
ER
SI
TA
S
IS
LA
M
R
IA
U
U
N
150-600 1. CONVERGENCE RATE
FAST KM
IV
INFLUENCED
ER
T 1. SLAB DIP
2. ARC-TRENCH GAP
SI
TA
S
100-200 KM
IS
SLOW
LA
T
M
R
IA
U
U
N
600 - 1000 2. ABSOLUTE MOTION OF
FAST KM UPPER PLATE
IV
INFLUENCED
ER
T 1. SLAB DIP
2. ARC-TRENCH GAP
SI
TA
S
100-150
IS
KM
SLOW
LA
T
M
R
IA
U
CROSS & PILGER 1982
U
N
100-150 3. AGE OF SUBDUCTED
KM
OCEANIC LITHOSPHERE
IV
OLD
(>50 MY) INFLUENCED
ER
T
1. SLAB DIP
2. ARC-TRENCH GAP
SI
TA
S
IS
EXTINCT
LA
YOUNG ARC
(<50 MY)
T
M
R
IA
SUBDUCTED
U
RIDGE
CROSS & PILGER 1982
U
N
IV
ER
SI
TA
S
IS
LA
M
R
IA
ACCRETIONARI PRISM YANG LEBAR AKIBAT
U
INTERAKSI YANG MENYERONG
U
N
IV
ER
IN GENERAL :
SI
1. LOW DIP RESULTS FROM COMBINATIONS
OF RAPID ABSOLUTE UPPER PLATE AND
TA
RELATIVELY RAPID CONVERGENT AND
SUBDUCTION OF YOUNG OCEANIC LITHOS.
S
IS
2. STEEPER SUBDUCTION, RESULTS FROM
COMBINATIONS OF SLOW ABSOLUTE
LA
UPPER PLATE AND SLOW RELATIVE
RATE CONVERGENCE AND SUBDUCTION
M
OF OLD, DENSE OCEANIC LITH.
R
IA
U
U
N
THE CONSEQUENCES ARE :
IV
# EITHER A LANDWARD DISPLACEMENT OF
ER
MAGMATIC ARC, OR CESSATION OF
SUBDUCTION
SI
# DEVELOPMENT OF A COMPRESSIONAL
TECTONIC REGIME WITHIN AND
TA
BEHIND THE ARC
S
IS
1. LOW DIP RESULTS FROM COMBINATIONS
OF RAPID ABSOLUT UPPER PLATE AND
LA
RELATIVELY RAPID CONVERGENT AND
SUBDUCTION OF YOUNG OCEANIC LITHOS.
M
R
ACTIVE CONTINENTAL MARGIN
TYPICAL FOR
( HIGH STRESS OR CHILLIAN TYPE )
IA
U
U
N
IV
ER
SI
TA
Back Arc Basins
S
IS
1000m
LA
M
BERGESER KE ARAH
KETERANGAN : SAMUDRA
TETAP
Vulkanik Kuarter Jalur Subduksi Kuarter
R
BERGESER Vulkanik Miosen Akhir - Pliosen
KEARAH DARAT
Jalur Subduksi Tersier
Vulkanik Eosen Akhir Miosen Awal Sesar Naik
IA
Sesar Geser
U
Gambar : Perkembangan zona subduksi dan busur magmatik pada jaman Tersier sampai sekarang
pada Orogen Sunda (modifikasi Soeria-Atmadja dkk. 1994 dan Simanjuntak & Barber 1996)
U
STRUKTURAL PATTERN ON SUBDUCTION ASSOCIATED CONVERGENCT
N
IV
ER
SI
TA
S
IS
LA
M
R
IA
U
U
N
IV
ER
2 TYPES OF PLATE INTERACTION : MAGMATIC
CONVERGENT
ACTIVITY
SI
TA
A. ASSOCIATED WITH
SUBDUCTION OF ONE STRUCTURAL
OF THE PLATE STYLE
S
IS
B. COLLISION
BASIN
WITHOUT SUBDUCTION
LA
FORMATION
AND
EVOLUTION
M
# COLLISION TECTONIS
R
# INDENTATION TECTONICS
# EXTRUSION TECTONICS
IA
# ESCAPE TECTONICS
# OBDUCTION
U
# FLAKE TECTONICS
U
N
IV
ER
SI
TA
S
IS
LA
M
R
IA
U
U
N
1. BETWEEN CONTINENT AND
IV
CONTINENT
( INDIA AND ASIA )
ER
2 BETWEEN CONTINENT AND
ISLAND ARC SYSTEM
SI
( BANDA ARC AND AUSTRALIA )
TA
3. BETWEEN TWO ISLAND ARCS
( NORTH MOLUCCAS )
S
IS
B. COLLISION
WITHOUT SUBDUCTION
LA
M
# COLLISION TECTONIS
R
# INDENTATION TECTONICS
# EXTRUSION TECTONICS
IA
# ESCAPE TECTONICS
# OBDUCTION
U
# FLAKE TECTONICS
U
N
IV
ER
SUBDUCTION COMPLEX
SI
TA
RELATED TERMINOLOGY :
(DEPEND ON THE PROCESS
AND CONDITION DURING
S
SUBDUCTION)
TRENCH
IS
SUBDUCTION
COMPLEX SUBDUCTION ZONE
LA
ACCRETIONARY PRISM
CONTINENTAL MELANGE WEDGE
CRUST
M
SUBDUCTION ACCRETION AND
SUBDUCTION EROSIAN
R
OCEANIC
IA
CRUST
U
U
N
IV
SUBDUCTION COMPLEX
ER
3 DISTINCT STRUCTURAL
STYLES CAN BE RECOGNIZED
SI
( DICKINSON AND SEELY, 1979 )
TA
1. BEDDED SEQUENCE
ISOCLINALLY FOLDED
S
IS
2. METAMORPHIC TECTONITES,
SCHISTOSE OR SEMI SCHISTOSE,
LA
IN PERVASIVELY METAMORHOC FABRICS.
M
R
IA
U
U
N
IV
THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE
IS MADE UP OF A SERIES
ER
OF IMBRICATE LISTRIC
THRUST
SI
DIPPING TOWARDS THE ARC
TA
S
CONTAIN BODIES OF
IS
INTENSELY DEFORMED ROCKS
SCRAPED
CHARACTERIZED BY :
LA
TRENCH FILL, TURBIDITES,
1. INCLUSION OF TECTONICALLY AND PELAGIC SEDIMENTS AND
MIXED FRAGMENTS OR BLOCKS,
M
RANGE UP TO SEVERAL UNDERLYING OCEANIC CRUST,
MILES LONG, BY THE LEADING EDGE OF
R
THE OVERRIDING PLATE
2. IN PERVASIVELY SHEARED
IA
MATRIX
U
ARC-TRENCH SYSTEM CHILLIAN TYPE
U
UPLIFT SUBSIDENCE;
N
COMPRESSIONAL EXTENSIONAL BASIN FORMATION
REGIME
IV
REGIME
SHALLOW
ER
MAGMA RESERVOIR
OCEANIC CRUST IN THE CRUST
SUBDUCTION
COMPLEX
SI
CONTAMINATION CONTINENTAL
TA
BATOLITHAND FRACTIONATION
OF ALKALINE
CRUST
MAGMA
MANTEL
S
RANGE IN COMPOSITION
FROM GABBRO
THROUGH DIORITE
IS
TONALITE AND
GRANODIORITE
100
LA
PARTIAL
MELTING
M
R
IA
MELTED
LITHOSPHERE
U
150
KM Convergent Tectonics
U
N
IV
ER
SI
TA
S
IS
LA
M
R
IA
U
ARC-TRENCH SYSTEM CHILLIAN TYPE
U
UPLIFT SUBSIDENCE;
N
COMPRESSIONAL EXTENSIONAL BASIN FORMATION
REGIME
IV
REGIME
SHALLOW
ER
MAGMA RESERVOIR
OCEANIC CRUST IN THE CRUST
SUBDUCTION
COMPLEX
SI
CONTAMINATION CONTINENTAL
TA
BATOLITHAND FRACTIONATION
OF ALKALINE
CRUST
MAGMA
MANTEL
S
RANGE IN COMPOSITION
FROM GABBRO
THROUGH DIORITE
IS
TONALITE AND
GRANODIORITE
100
LA
PARTIAL
MELTING
M
R
IA
MELTED
LITHOSPHERE
U
150
KM Convergent Tectonics
U
N
IV
ER
DICKONSON AND SEELY (1979)
RECOGNIZED 3 TYPES OF FOREARC BASIN
SI
TA
1. ACCRETIONARY BASINS
S
2. EXTENSIONAL INTRA-MASSIF
IS
BASIN
LA
3. BASIN LOCATED BETWEEN
MAGMATIC ARC AND THE
M
OUTER ACCRETIONARY ARC
R
IA
U
U
N
IV
ER
SI
TA
S
IS
LA
M
R
IA
U
U
N
IV
ER
SI
TA
S
IS
# SMALL BASINS ON THE INNER TRENCH SLOPE.
LA
# IS A STRUCTURAL DEPRESSION
BETWEEN THRUST MASSES
M
# RESTING ON AND FOLDED INTO THE MELANGE
R
# WERE MILDLY DEFORMED BEFORE
THE THRUST INACTIVE
IA
U
Convergent Tectonics EXAMPLES : NIAS ISLAND
U
N
IV
ER
SI
TA
BASIN
S
IS
LA
# OCCUR WITHIN THE MAGMATIC ARC,
M
WHERE BROAD FOREARC REGION DEVELOPED
R
# BOUNDED BY NORMAL FAULTS
IA
# ORIENTATION DETERMINED BY PREEXISTING
BASEMENT GRAIN
U
U
N
IV
ER
# THE LARGEST AND MOST IMPORTANT
SI
# SEDIMENT PONDED TO THE EXTENT
TA
OF UPLIFTED TOPOGRAPHIC FEATURE
( SUBAQUEOUS TO SUBAREAL )
S
IS
BASIN
LA
M
R
SUBDIVIDED INTO 2 TYPES :
IA
RESIDUAL BASIN ; FLOORED BY CONTINENTAL
CRUST OR OBDUCTED OCENAIC
U
CONSTRUCTED BASIN ; FLOORED BY SUBDUCTION
COMPLEX
U
N
IV
ER
( RETROARC OR FORELAND BASINS )
SI
THE OVERRIDING PLATE MAY CONSIST OF :
TA
A. CONTINENTAL OR THE VOLCANIC ARC MAY
B. OCENANIC CRUST BE FLANKED BY SMALL
EXTENSIONAL BASINS;
S
THE RETROARC BASIN IS
TYPICALLY OVERLIES BY
IS
MAJOR FOLD-THRUST BELT
LA
MOST BASINS IN SUMATRA
USUALLY TERMED AND JAVA
M
MARGINAL SEAS;
EXTENSIONAL IN
R
CHARACTER
IA
U
U
N
IV
ER
SI
TA
S
SUMATRA
IS
BACK ARC BASINS
LA
M
R
IA
U
U
N
IV
ER
A. CONTINENTAL OR THE VOLCANIC ARC MAY
SI
BE FLANKED BY SMALL
EXTENSIONAL BASINS;
TA
THE RETROARC BASIN IS
TYPICALLY OVERLIES BY
S
MAJOR FOLD-THRUST BELT
IS
LA
BACKARC SPREADING
SOME AREAS SHOW
DEPENDING ON THE
M
INCIPIENT OR
TECTONIC CONDITION OF
ABORTED BACKARC
THE ARC :
R
SPREADING
EXTENSIONAL OR
COMPRESSIONAL
IA
U
SANDBOX MODELING OF COMPRESSIONAL
U
N
IV
ER
SI
TA
S
IS
LA
M
R
IA
U

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