Books 113 0

Creative
Space
Creative Space
Arts, Humanities and Healthcare
Patron: Professor Sir Kenneth Calman, Chancellor, University of Glasgow
Organising Committee: Christine Borland (Artist, Glasgow Medical Humanities Unit), Carol
Clugston (University of Glasgow), Marek Dominiczak (Glasgow Medical Humanities Unit;
Committee Chair), Irene Florence (Art in Hospital, Glasgow), Barbara Gulliver (Art in Hos-
pital, Glasgow), Andy Law (Reiach and Hall Architects, Edinburgh), Pauline Muir (Artist,
Glasgow Metropolitan College), Maureen Park (University of Glasgow), Jila Peacock (Art-
ist, Glasgow Medical Humanities Unit), Jackie Sands (Arts and Health Co-ordinator, NHS
Greater Glasgow and Clyde)
Book of Abstracts design and editing : Marek Dominiczak

Glasgow Medical Humanities Unit 2008
Cover image: Charles Rennie Mackintosh: An artists cottage: west elevation

Hunterian Museum and Art Gallery, University of Glasgow
Creative Space
Arts, Humanities and Healthcare
Fifth Annual Meeting of the

Association for Medical Humanities
University of Glasgow, 8 - 9 July 2008
Book of Abstracts
Contents: Meeting themes:
Acknowledgements page 8 Visual Arts Media and Performance (vamp)
Chancellors welcome page 9 Literature and Medicine (lit)
Plenary lectures page 11 Architecture and Healing Environment (ahe)
Abstracts of presentations page 17 Humanities in Medical Curricula (hmc)
Authors biographical notes page 79 Clinical Practice (cp)
Accompanying events page 93
Exhibition
Communication Suite page 95
NHS seminar on
art and architecture page 96
Note on the reproduced

artwork page 99
Index of names page 100

8
Acknowledgements
We thank NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde and Scottish Arts Council for their gener-
ous support of this meeting. We are also very grateful to University of Glasgow Con-
ference Services and, in particular, to Ms Claire Harper, for administrative support. We
thank the Medical Faculty for making their excellent space available for the meeting.
We are indebted to Dr Maureen Park for proofreading of the abstracts. Last but not
least, we acknowledge the excellent secretarial assistance of Mrs Sheila Le Vin and
Miss Jackie Gardiner
Organising Committee
9
Welcome to Glasgow
It is a pleasure to welcome the participants of the Fifth Annual Meeting

of the Association for Medical Humanities to the University
and the city - of Glasgow.
The aim of the AMH, founded in 2002, has been to promote medical humanities in
education, healthcare and research. It is largely due to the work of its members that
medical humanities are today a recognized field in both research and medical
education. Scholars from our University participated both in the early and current
developments in medical humanities and we are delighted to be hosting this meeting.
Perhaps the most important characteristics of medical humanities is that it links

seemingly disparate disciplines and stimulates collaborations that benefit patients.
In this tradition, the work which will be presented here comes from medical and arts
communities, and from healthcare as well as academia. It promises to generate
discussion and new ideas, and stimulate further development.
I wish the Association every success.
Professor Sir Kenneth Calman

Chancellor
University of Glasgow
11
Plenary Lectures
12
Robin Downie is Honorary Professorial Research Fellow and Emeritus Profes-

sor of Moral Philosophy at Glasgow University. For many years he taught ethics
to medical and nursing undergraduate and postgraduate students, and has been a
Visiting Professor in medical ethics in Vancouver, Sydney and Hong Kong. He
is particularly interested in using the humanities in medical education and runs
an evening Literature and Medicine group, and has taught (with Dr Jane Mac-
naughton) a Special Study Module on Plato in the undergraduate medical cur-
riculum. He is the author or joint author of many books and articles on medical
issues, such as Healthy Respect (with Sir Kenneth Calman; Oxford, 1994),
Clinical Judgement: Evidence in Practice (with Jane Macnaughton; Oxford,
2000), The Philosophy of Palliative Care: Critique and Reconstruction (with
Dr Fiona Randall; Oxford 2006). This book won the Medical Journalists As-
sociation Prize in 2007 for the best medical book of the year. Most relevantly
to this Conference he has edited an anthology entitled The Healing Arts: an
Illustrated Oxford Anthology (Oxford, 1994, pb. Oxford 2000), and (with
Jane Macnaughton) Bioethics and the Humanities: Attitudes and Perceptions
(Routledge-Cavendish, 2007).
13
Plenary Lecture One :
Robin Downie
Bioethics and the Humanities
Bioethics is basically concerned with the regulation of clinical practice and research in
the health care professions. But it is not possible to regulate the attitudes of the pro-
fessionals involved, and yet it is for their attitudes that health care professionals are
often criticised. The humanities may have an educational role here for at least some
health care professionals. For example, the humanities can assist with the develop-
ment of some transferable skills, as in letter writing and communication, they can
depict human beings and their problems from more than one perspective, they can
develop self-awareness, and they can stress the irreducibly qualitative nature of human
relationships. Moreover, ethical regulation cannot affect the perceptions which health
care professionals have of their profession for example, that it is caring and altru-
istic - nor of the assumptions underlying some of the research that it must involve
numbers. The humanities can question these assumptions, for example, the assumption
that it is better to use an assessment tool (which is objective) rather than exercise
a judgement (which is subjective). But those professing the humanities should show
some modesty about what can be achieved in the health care area: they are not neces-
sarily more compassionate than doctors, and they dont need to take the hard
decisions.
14
Patricia McKeever is a health sociologist. She holds The Bloorview Kids Founda-
tion/ University of Toronto Chair in Childhood Disability Studies. She is a Senior Sci-
entist at the Bloorview Research Institute, Bloorview Kids Rehab; Adjunct Scientist
at The Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children and Professor at the Lawrence
Bloomberg
Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto. Her research program addresses sociospa-
tial, philosophical and policy aspects of childhood disability/chronic illness. Current
projects focus on these childrens care providers and their built environments. Her
areas of expertise include long-term care policies, interdisciplinary scholarship, con-
temporary social theory and qualitative research methods. She has designed multiple
interdisciplinary graduate courses and has supervised graduate students from a range
of academic disciplines and health science professions.
15
Plenary Lecture Two:
Patricia McKeever
Featuring Childrens Hospitals: Then and Now, Here and There

Please note
Each accepted abstract has been assigned a unique number. Here, the ab-
stracts are arranged in numerical order. You can also find an abstract through
authors name using the index on pages 100-101.
Note that in places the abstract numbers are not consecutive - the gaps represent withdrawn abstracts.
17
Abstracts of presentations
18
ABSTRACT 1 Theme: LITERATURE AND MEDICINE (lit)
Kalevala or Keats: oral and literary traditions in poetry as models for interdisciplinary misunder-
standing in psychiatry
D. Dodwell
Peterborough District Hospital, Peterborough
Following a Serious Untoward Incident on a psychiatric ward, I reflected on the issues it raised, particularly problems
in communication between psychiatrists and in-patient psychiatric nurses. I considered that the different poetic tradi-
tions of literary poetry and oral tradition poetry provided a good model of major differences in communication style
and technique between the group of psychiatrists and the group of nurses. These differing traditions appear compat-
ible but have different governing rules and intentions (i.e. different pragmatics). The fact that these differences are
inapparent and not discussed makes them dangerous due to the high risk of miscommunication, a situation akin to
linguistic false friends.
In this presentation, the non-medical model of poetic traditions is summarised and then used as a mirror to raise
awareness of these interdisciplinary communication problems and to initiate problem-solving discussions. This model
may be applicable to areas outside psychiatry.
19
Rebel against the tyranny of reason

D. Dodwell
Peterborough District Hospital, Peterborough
In Notes from the Underground by Dostoevsky (1964), a novella is prefaced by a first person monologue. This
emotional diatribe rails against prevailing beliefs in scientific laws predetermining social and biological evolution,
and argues for the values of free will, individuality, and personal responsibility. Rationality and science are seen as
a dehumanising straitjacket reducing us to automata: the only way to break free is to assert oneself by actions which
may appear irrational and at times self-destructive/self-defeating.
The cultural context of this reason is still pertinent to our society. Dostoevskys fictional response can contribute to an
understanding of behaviours which are seen as unhealthy, illogical, and undesirable in general health terms (smoking,
failure to keep appointments) and specifically in mental health settings (deliberate self-harm, addictions, personal-
ity disorders, and problems in the therapeutic relationship). This suggests that there are implicit limits to both the
achievement of evidence-based medicine in clinical consultations, and the implementation of governmental/public
health policies (even if these policies are rational and beneficial).
20
ABSTRACT 3 Theme: HUMANITIES IN MEDICAL CURRICULA (hmc)
The Art & Humanities in Heath & Medicine Program: a medical

humanities program initiative the the University of Alberta, Edmonton
Alberta, Canada
P. Brett-MacLean
University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Deep connections that exist between medicine, the arts, and the humanities are increasingly being recognized. It has
been suggested that aesthetic approaches to teaching and learning can deepen understanding through the experience of
heightened awareness and concentrated attention. Others have suggested that the arts can serve to provide a balance
for scientific knowledge, leading to enhanced reflexive capacity and insight and more compassionate care. It has also
been suggested that including arts, humanities and social science perspectives in medical education can also better
prepare physicians for participating in discussions regarding health care ethics, policy, and other social and organiza-
tional issues that can influence or challenge professionalism.
Launched in May 2006, the Arts & Humanities in Health & Medicine Program acts as an umbrella structure within the
Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the University of Alberta to promote the integration of insights from the arts and
humanities into education and practice. In addition, our program is directed to promoting linkages and collaboration
between related programs and activities across the university. The program is directed to students, residents, and fac-
ulty. It is intended to contribute to the life of the faculty, the university at large, and the Edmonton community through
a variety of extra-curricular experiences and events. Various activities and upcoming developments are described.
A newly introduced Canada-wide Educational Interest Group, Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences in Medicine
(AHSSM), is also described.).
21
Incorporating the arts & humanities in medical education: the AHHM-ED database (an online
resource)
P. Brett-MacLean, Maleka Ramji
University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
There is increasing interest in integrating arts, humanities and social sciences perspectives in medical education. This
presentation introduces a new database created by the Arts & Humanities in Health & Medicine Program at the Uni-
versity of Alberta. We have created a new online database of published journal articles that describe electives, courses,
and other educational innovations that have used the arts, humanities or social sciences perspectives in medical
education. Using Refworks a web-based citation manager, our database is intended to provide a supplement to the
valuable and well-respected Literature, Arts and Medicine database maintained by the New York University School
of Medicine. We have compiled this database to support incorporation of arts and humanities in medicine and other
health discipline curricula through the description of actual attempts in doing so, along with evidence (where avail-
able) of the success of these attempts. Comprised of over 300 articles, and growing, it is intended that this database
will be a useful resource for educators involved in developing learning objectives and curricula, as well as researchers
and scholars interested in this area, among others.
22
ABSTRACT 5 Theme: VISUAL ARTS MEDIA AND PERFORMANCE (vamp)
Picassos bodies: a symptom of modern medicine?

A. Borsay.
School of Health Science, Swansea University
During the course of a long artistic career, the work of Pablo Picasso (1881-1973) passed through a number of stages.
In the late nineteenth century, he painted in the social realist tradition, with portraits like Science and Charity (1897)
representing the skill and care of the doctor in a seemingly transparent way. The suicide of a friend inaugurated a Blue
Period where struggling to come to terms with grief and depression he continued in series such as Poor People on
the Seashore (1903) to depict recognizable bodies but as hunched, cold and tragic victims of the human condition. Pi-
cassos most famous style, however, was his cubism, which promoted a conceptual rather than a perceptual approach
to art by basing works on the stable components of an object and not just observation by the naked eye. In Seated
Nude (1909/10), for example, the human form was identifiable not from perspective or colour but from the three-di-
mensional effect of the cubes that made up the canvas.
As Cynthia Freeland (2001) has argued, artists operate within an artworld a set of institutions linking them to a
public within a social, historical and economic environment and they use symbols to represent and express feel-
ings, opinions, thoughts, and ideas. But to what extent did medicine occupy the same cultural world? My paper
will explore this question by examining the relationship between Picassos bodies and the health care practised at the
beginning of the twentieth century.
23
No pretty in pink here: violence in breast cancer art

D. Woodman
Department of English and Film Studies, University of Alberta, Canada
Through pink culture, breast cancer as a social phenomenon influences how women are categorized as a gender
and how, in turn, their social roles and domains are determined. Programs such as Canadas Look Good Feel Better
promote the use of prostheses, wigs and make-up to help women being treated for breast cancer pass as normal and
return to what some describe as the real me. Furthermore, pink culture influences cultural ideas of the normative
woman as apolitical and domestic through the image of the iconic pink survivor as an advocate for, rather than critic
of, medical culture; as a supporter of corporate-driven fundraising; and as a consumer of pink kitchen appliances and
pink-ribboned cosmetics.
However, art by survivors in the Art.Rage.Us Exhibition and in work by Hollis Sigler and Jo Spence subverts and
challenges pink ideologies through depictions of grotesque bodies with haunting faces, bloody wounds, decapita-
tions and missing limbs of all sorts. Women are often represented alone rather than as part of the group of survivors
seen smiling in ads and commercials. Themes suture carcinomas with environmental toxins; surgically altered bodies
with skeletal trees; surgeries with raw violence; and clinics with regulatory and disciplinary practices. These images
and themes, I will argue, are forms of social critique speaking back to ideologies that reinforce gender as a stable
category - as heteronormative and as the site of unequally distributed power - and that promote capitalist-driven con-
sumption.
24
Brainwashing: the power of the psychiatrist portrayed in sixties visual media

P. Dakin
Woodlands Medical Practice, London
A comparatively neglected representation of the Psychiatrist is that of coercive agent utilising drugs and behavioural
psychology to serve a sinister goal. Rather than treat illness or relieve distress, they undermine the mental health of an
individual through brainwashing techniques, transforming the thoughts and actions of their subjects to devastating
effect. Such presentations enjoyed a brief popularity during the 1960s with notable British examples, the film, The
Ipcress File, and two iconic television series, The Prisoner, and The Avengers. The representations are examined and
compared with historical experiences of brainwashing originating from the Korean War. I will explore whether the
portrayals are realistic, how they developed, and the reasons why this model resonated so powerfully with contempo-
rary audiences.
25
Goldilocks and Granny: iconic deaf characters represented in the English novel
P. Dakin
Woodlands Medical Practice, London
Despite 1 in 7 of the UK population having hearing problems, deaf characters are rarely represented in the English
novel. This presentation considers the characterisation of deafness from a survey of twenty eight novels intended for
a mainstream readership. I propose that deaf characters can be categorised into two types of iconic representation,
Goldilocks and Granny, the portrayals within each group demonstrating similar features. The results of this survey,
believed to be the most extensive of specifically English examples, expands on a paper presented at the last AMH
Conference, and considers how deaf characters are described, the modes of communication used, issues of identity
and community, and possible reasons why they were created by the author.
26
Medicines Exquisite Corpse: towards an aesthetic of medical education

A. Bleakley. Peninsula Medical School, Truro, Cornwall
One of the features of new undergraduate medicine curricula is an increasing use of learning by simulation both for
anatomy and clinical and communication skills. Despite the wealth of contemporary literature on the culture of the
simulacrum, learning by simulation in medical education is poorly theorised and has attracted little interest from
the arts. The absent body, as corpse, has always been a focus for both identity construction and learning for medical
students, and the revival of the corpse as a body of learning characterises medicine itself. But what happens when the
cadaver is replaced by Sim-Man? In an ongoing collaboration with Peninsula Medical School, Christine Borland is
addressing this question, most recently through a recent exhibition at the Newlyn Gallery, With Practice.
The Surrealists invented a parlour game - the Exquisite Corpse. Several people compose a sentence or drawing with-
out anyone seeing the preceding collaboration. The example giving the game its name was: The-exquisite-corpse-
will-drink-new-wine. This is a wonderful metaphor for how issues in medical education such as learning by simula-
tion can be illuminated by the arts. Drawing particularly on the work of Christine Borland, this presentation argues
that medical education needs an aesthetic dimension to bring beauty, depth, and a kind of terror, to invigorate what has
become a corpse, an-aesthetised to its possibilities through an obTheme with function and instrumentality rather than
form. Medical education needs to place appreciation before explanation, and risk before comfort, in order to re-ani-
mate its potentially exquisite corpse.
27
Submission of two-screen video work All washed up

S. Bleakley and A. Bleakley
Peninsula Medical School, Truro, Cornwall
The winter of 2007-08 brought some of the most violent storms and huge seas seen off the west coast of the UK. On
Sue and Alan Bleakleys local beach at Gwenver, just north of Lands End, new waves of flotsam and jetsam washed
up on the beach, reflecting a new environmental concern. Medicines and medical equipment, including drips, syring-
es, ointments and droppers were prominent amongst the tidespill and created a fascinating but terrible medical tideline
a reminder also that an important slice of medicine is all at sea in the 21st century.
At the same time as these jettisoned or lost artefacts of medicine were washing up, each with a tale to tell, the tidal
fringe started to do strange things. A new phenomenon of thick, detergent-like foam appeared during the worst storm,
a sign that all was not well with the health of the ocean itself. In focusing on the health of our own bodies, even in
this age of awareness of global warming, have people forgotten that the health of the planet is paramount? This split
screen video work reminds us that what is washed up from littering at sea has now taken on a medical theme, offering
beachcombers a whole new conundrum.
28
Out of our heads! The arts in medicine in Bristol on-line

T. Thompson, C. Lamont-Robinson, L. Younie, J. Williams and D. Alder
Academic Unit of Primary Care, University of Bristol
In the University of Bristol Medical School there has been an on-going initiative to create the conditions in which stu-
dents can engage in creative activities in relation to their medical studies. In addition to nurturing the dedicated artists
within our student community through SSCs and a degree programme, we have encouraged all medical students to
flex their creative muscles. In what we sometimes call, ironically, compulsory creativity, there are three occasions in
the five years of the curriculum where students submit creative work as part of the formal assessment process. As well
as producing the art work they are required to produce a short paragraph reflecting on the context and meaning of the
work. This greatly enhances our ability to appreciate their efforts. Often, relatively nave art work is grappling with
complex and poignant human predicaments.
Having gathered a large body of medical student art work, over four years, we have now assembled a team of aca-
demics and designers to create and curate an on-line collection of the best (that is semantically rich and/or artistically
accomplished) examples. In this presentation we explain how we have created opportunities for medical student crea-
tivity, how we have interpreted and themed work for on-line presentation and the practical challenges of such design.
We will show examples from the Out of Our Heads anthology in different media including visual arts, poetry, short
prose, music and film and reflect on the value of such creativity in medical education.
29
Poetry and prose in medicine

C. Elliott
Royal Free and University College Medical School, London
This presentation will describe a course for undergraduate medical students at University College London that has
been running for more than 6 years. The course uses literature to explore the concepts of personal destiny and re-
sponsibility as they relate to doctors and patients. It helps the students to develop their critical and interpretive skills
when reading poetry and prose and to identify some of their own expectations of their chosen career. In addition, the
students discuss some of the ways in which illness can interfere with patients life plans. They also are encouraged to
develop reflective skills that will allow them to think about their practice throughout their career.
To do this, the students use poetry and prose to explore the concept of destiny and the metaphor of life as journey.
They discuss the role of the medical student and the part played by role-models in their choice to be a doctor. They
explore the ambiguous feelings that being a medical student can involve, appreciate some of the hopes and fears about
being a doctor and how a doctor can be affected by his or her contact with patients. They also discuss some of the
ways in which illness impacts on peoples lives and how they might feel if this happened to them.
The students present their own selection of poetry or prose at the final session and are required to write a piece of fic-
tion for assessment.
30
Introducing medical humanties to undergraduates: the student response

A. Fernando
University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka
This paper describes the introduction of medical humanities for the first time in a medical faculty in Sri Lanka. Teach-
ing medical humanities is rare in Asian medical schools. Constraints include fear of overloading the curriculum and
scarcity of resources. A course was designed and conducted on an experimental basis to introduce medical humanities
to students of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka, using available resources and time.
A series of short optional lectures was given to fourth year medical students from October to December 2005. Pow-
erPoint presentations were supplemented by handouts. A preliminary evaluation of the course was done by means of
a questionnaire at the end of six lectures. Students were asked to comment on individual lectures as well as on the
course in general. Ninety nine students completed the questionnaire. More than 80% had enjoyed the lectures and
thought they were relevant to the stated objectives. Ninety six percent wanted the course continued. The comments of
the students were positive and enthusiastic. These will be described.
While it is difficult to prove that teaching medical humanities to medical students will produce more humane doctors,
the written comments of the students about the effect of the lectures on their attitudes and feelings reflected the posi-
tive outcome of the course. Short, didactic lectures are feasible, acceptable to students, and effective as a preliminary
method of introducing Medical Humanities to undergraduates, in a developing country with limited resources.
31
The visual representation of mental illness a determinant of stigmatizing discourse about peo-
ple with mental health problems
G. Ash
University of Manchester Hilldale Ormskirk and District General Hospital, Wigan Road, Orm-
skirk
Stigma poses a significant social barrier to recovery from mental health problems. Media stories and imagery are
important shapers of discourse about the social identity of the invisible population of people with mental health
problems. The report,Mind Over Matter (2006) concluded that reportage of mental health problems is focused on
contacts with the criminal justice system, is seen primarily as a source of human interest stories, and that journalists
experience difficulty in finding relevant images.
I will discuss case studies based on contemporary reportage and examine the notion of a medicalised gaze, the visual
conventions of which protect the viewer from anxiety over his or her personal mental health. Issues arising include
the historical continuity, or discontinuity, of these conventions, their specificity to mental health and intersections with
the representation of other outsider groups such as the homeless, criminal, and unemployed. I will argue that visual
analysis of contemporary imagery provides support for the historical continuity of a medical gaze and that visual
conventions separate the mentally ill from other outsider groups. These do not appear to be artefacts of production or
of the socioeconomic status of subjects.
Greater focus on the production and media dissemination of positive images of recovery from mental illness would
help to reduce stigma. Art in Mental Health groups would seem to hold the potential to play a significant role in this
process.
Reference: CSIP/Shift.(2006). Mind over matter: Improving media reporting of mental health. Accessed via www.shift.org.uk, January 2006.
32
Therapeutic roles of the visual arts in the treatment of children with cancer: past and present per-
spectives
Robin L. Rohrer
Seton Hill University, Greensburg, Pennsylvania, USA
The study of children with cancer includes many disciplines, drawing primarily from the areas of medicine, sociol-
ogy, and psychology. One neglected aspect of this study is the role of the visual arts in the holistic therapy for these
children. The creation of dedicated spaces, access to opportunities for artistic expression and the roles of the arts in
the healing process are virtually unexplored constructs for discussion. In the widest sense, the significance of the arts
in the care of these children has not been identified.
In developed countries today approximately 1 in 330 children will be diagnosed with a type of cancer before the age
of twenty-one. Cancer treatment for children is intense, toxic and can take place over months or years. The stressors
on families as well as the children results in a significant degree of symptoms and side effects. The impact often lasts
for lifetimes.
Using archival, published sources and oral interviews, this paper will explore what has been accomplished in the way
of introduction of dedicated playrooms and alternate arts/crafts/ programs for the child in cancer treatment. Identify-
ing the professionals and volunteers involved in these venues (i.e. social workers, nurses, child life specialists, art
therapists) and their roles is also part of this study. Finally, the work will begin an inquiry into the reported effective-
ness of the overall value of the arts to children in this very difficult period of their lives.
33
The arts in psychiatry: developing the first humanities based special study module for University
of Nottingham medical students
V. Tischler, A. Chopra, N. Nixon
University of Nottingham
There has been an increasing recognition of the role that humanities can play in enhancing psychiatric practice (e.g.
Bloch, 2005; Bolwig, 2006). This includes the promotion of empathy, sensitivity, holism, narrative and the value of
subjectivity (Oyebode, 2002; RCPsych, 2005). Arts-based interventions in clinical practice have also been demon-
strated to be effective, for example, in reducing aggression (Bornmann et al, 2007; Smeijisters and Cleven, 2006).
Despite this, there have been few humanities courses developed to augment the teaching of psychiatry and promote an
understanding of the links between art and mental health and illness.
The development of the arts in psychiatry special study module will be discussed. After reviewing the wealth of ma-
terials available, three themes were agreed: fine art, music and literature. Each module co-ordinator led on a particular
theme. This involved researching the topic and identifying and negotiating with teaching staff and facilitators. These
included local artists, musicians, clinicians, service users and humanities academics. Module development issues will
be reviewed in the context of a medical school with little prior experience of humanities teaching.
It is anticipated that the lessons learnt in the development of this module will be of value to others contemplating
establishing similar courses.
34
Madness and the movies: an undergraduate module

V. Datta
Guys, Kings, and St Thomas School of Medicine, Kings College London
For many people, and medical students are no exception, the movies have coloured their perception of the mentally
ill and the doctors who care for them. The representation of mental illness, psychiatry and psychiatrists in cinema has
reflected the prevailing attitudes to the aetiology of mental disorder and public attitudes towards the discipline of psy-
chiatry. More recently, it has been proposed that films may prove a useful education tool in teaching students how to
examine the mental state, make diagnoses and develop sensitivity and awareness to cultures different from their own.
Based on these observations, we designed a 10-week special study module for third year medical students who had
completed or were on their psychiatry attachment. The module aimed to develop an understanding of the use of film
as an educational tool in psychiatry and developing cultural sensitivity and to critically examine how the social, cul-
tural, and historical context of a movie impacts on the representation of mental illness, psychiatry, and psychiatrists.
Each week had a specific theme. There was a weekly film screening accompanied by either a lecture or a seminar.
The lectures were given by psychiatrists whereas the seminars were led by a senior medical student. Students were
required to read prescribed materials and watch an additional film each week from a different time period or culture
from the one shown. Assessment was based on contribution to seminars, preparation of a formally assessed 15 minute
presentation, an article and an essay on three different chosen topics.
This was a popular module which the students found highly enjoyable. The students particularly enjoyed learning
about non core-curriculum topics such as multiple personality disorder and remarked that this was the first time dur-
ing the medical course where they had been encouraged to formulate and express personal opinions. They were very
receptive to having a senior medical student as seminar leader. The senior medical student found the experience of
sparking enthusiasm for both cinema and psychiatry rewarding and valued the opportunity to develop his teaching
skills.
35
Romantic science and the rise of pathography: the writings of Oliver Sacks, Aleksandr R. Luria
and the re-appearance of the Sick Man in medical cosmology
A. Hull. Centre for Philosophy, Humanities & Law in Healthcare, School of Health Services,
Swansea University
Zaretsky, the patient with a terrible brain wound in Lurias, The Man with a Shattered World, survives by a gruelling
and doomed daily attempt to recapture some of his lost faculties. His other motivating purpose is writing of this strug-
gle in his own account of his sufferings which he calls, Ill Fight On. Surviving, reaching some kind of accommoda-
tion with his debilitating injury, reconstructing a life with some meaning, are thus tied up with this act of writing. In
writing the accommodation is made real and he can pick up a new kind of self-narrative after the severe disruption of
his injury. A form of recovery can thus take place.
This paper traces the development of Lurias interest in such patient, as opposed to technical, professional, accounts
of health problems, and their influence upon Oliver Sacks a key player in the recent patient-centeredness movement
within medicine. In an era in which the client has, once again, come to exercise some control over the nature and
scope of medicine, we have witnessed an exponential growth in the pathography genre. So little understood and so
important is the patients narrative now considered, that even doctors feel obliged to write of their own illness experi-
ences. They hope to shock the profession into empathy and a deeper realization that understanding the subjectivity
of suffering is a crucial corollary to understanding its physiological mechanisms, in the search for more effective
interventions. This paper explores how and why patient illness narratives have, once again, become as important as
doctors narratives to medical knowledge and practice and argues that via a focus on narratology - they provide one
of the main areas in which the Medical Humanities can make a substantive connection and contribution to clinical
work.
36
Context, culture and critique: medical humanities education at the University Bristol
M. Bresalier, T. Thompson
Department of Philosophy University of Bristol
In this paper, we outline the philosophical bases of a new undergraduate programme in Medical Humanities at the
University of Bristol. Started in autumn 2006, the programme has been uniquely designed to provide intercalating
third-year medical students with training in the history, literature and philosophy of Western medicine, from the Ren-
aissance to the present. The programme is structured around three interrelated pedagogical aims. First, using histo-
riographical tools, students are introduced to understanding the context-dependence of medical ideas, institutions and
practices, and the practical value of historical knowledge for clinical practice. Second, using tools of literary studies,
students explore the culture of medicine and the notion of medicine-as-culture through reading and analysis of
literary texts ranging from Shakespeare to AIDS literature. And finally, using tools drawn from the philosophy of sci-
ence and medicine, students learn to critique and ask critical questions of the epistemology of modern medicine.
By fostering skills in each of these areas, the medical humanities programme cultivates in medical students a reflec-
tive and analytical attitude towards medicine and its underpinnings. It is our hope that this approach helps produce
more rounded and critically-minded doctors. Our paper will draw on examples from students dissertation work and
their end-of-course evaluations.
37
Telling the truth: a cinematographic experience of education in the Medical Humanities perspec-
tive
G. Bernegger, S. Clerici, G. Martignoni
Osservatirio per le medical humanties della Scuola Universitaria Professionale della Svizzera Ital-
iana, Fondazione Sasso Corbaro di Bellinzona Manno, Switzerland
The use of cinematographic narratives is traditionally one of the privileged instruments of education in Medical Hu-
manities perspective. It will be shown a format of lesson about the communication of truth in the medical field, expe-
rienced in some educational contexts in Switzerland. This well known issue is already addressed by several disciplines
(medical psychology, communication science...). The question is now to know whether the use of the cinematographic
support represents an added value. In our reflection, we will focus specifically on the narrative tool and its ability to
come to grips and teach complex situations. Telling the truth will address several philosophical topics, related to
the constructing or the plotting of the different movie fragments. Who tells the truth? To whom? When? Where?
At which pace? Why? And above all, which truth? The truth? A truth? What is the truth? What is its opposite? And
further: telling the truth is informing or communicating? The aim will be to understand the way in which the narrative
instrument allows to assess the scope of the problem both at the levels of communication, psychology, ethics...
38
ABSTRACT 24 Theme: CLINICAL PRACTICE (cp)
Intimacy and exposure of the Self in the spatial, temporal and existential condition of waiting
G. Bernegger, G. Martignoni
Osservatorio per le medical humanities, Scuola Universitaria Professionale della Svizzera Italiana
(SUPSI), Manno, Switzerland
In the field of intensive care, various problems are emerging with respect to the intimacy sphere. We will reflect on
them, especially considering the context in which they emerge and in particular the condition of waiting that charac-
terizes such context. This condition, which concerns in different ways patients, relatives and care-givers experiences,
deeply involves two aspects of intimacy: primarily the own-sphere; secondarily the tension between closure and
(forced) exposure of the Self.
The condition of waiting will therefore be widely understood in terms of an existential condition: as waiting-sus-
pension, waiting-foreseeing, waiting-abandonment. The ability to project, foresee, anticipate the future which
constitutes the subjectivity core is menaced at its basis. Observing the waiting condition allows to identify and study
the intimacy, understood both as necessary protection enabling the Self to defend itself in a troubling situation and as
a condition to express it.
39
One situation, many points of view. Appraisal approach in the intensive care ward
G. Morinini, G. Martignoni
Osservatorio per le medical humanities, Scuola Universitaria Professionale della Svizzera Italiana
(SUPSI), Manno, Switzerland
According to the appraisal approach, a situation is interpreted and valued in a cognitive way in order to cause an
emotional response. This evaluation is performed instantly, in an automatic and unconscious way so that the resulting
emotion is the consequence of the evaluation.
This cognitive evaluation is based on five checks (Scherer): novelty, pleasantness, goal/need conduciveness, cop-
ing potential, norm/self compatibility. Following this approach, an individuals point of view and their interpretation
will induce a different affective state, and will possibly lead to different behaviours. When we consider the hospital
world and specifically the intensive care ward, we can observe that there are different categories of people living in
this world: caregivers, patients and the relatives of the patients (to simplify). Will they all evaluate the situation in the
same way? Will they all feel the same emotions in the same situation? The individual differences will play an impor-
tant role, but also the distinction of the role they are playing and their experience will influence their appraisal of the
situation. We will refer to the appraisal theory to investigate the characteristics that the three groups cited above have
in common and those that differentiate them from each other. We will also examine what the function of these differ-
ences is and how each group can influence the others.
Reference: Scherer, Klaus R., Appraisal considered as a process of multilevel sequential checking, in Appraisal Processes in Emotion: Theory,
Methods, Research, Di Klaus R. Scherer, Angela Schorr, Tom Johnstone, Oxford University Press, 2001.
40
The Body between apparent death and apparent live: care between consciousness and intimacy
V. Di Bernardo, C. Marazia, R. Malacrida
Istituto di ricerca in etica clinica e in medical humanities dellEnte Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC),
c/o Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Lugano, Switzerland
In the context of intensive care, not the curing gestures themselves seem to be actually relevant, but the particular
conditions of the patients body which influences these gestures, changing their significance. A fundamental condi-
tion is consciousness. We can primarily differentiate conscious from unconscious patients. Inside this second category
we have to distinguish patients who do not show any movement, but will recuperate consciousness (apparent death),
and patients for who this possibility is hopeless precluded (apparent live). In this group we include patients who,
irrespective of the different pathologies, need intubation and artificial ventilation. It seems that under these condi-
tions the body of the patient has a dignified aspect in proportion to the fact that we guarantee him to be clean and tidy
or that his nakedness cannot offend the sense of decency: as a sick body does not exhibit his nudity but his frailty
and above all in the case of sedated patients does not move, for this reason every possible reference to sexuality
becomes incidental. In this sense we will linger on the connection between bodies and intimacy starting from the daily
gestures that show the familiarity the caregivers develop with these docile, abandoned, controllable bodies. A fa-
miliarity and a daily recurrence that we want to explore because we are sure that a better understanding of the habits,
inevitably established during the cure, and a better attention to the details, determine the quality of the care.
41
Medical movie series, intimacy and the collective imaginary of hospitalisation

M. Malacrida, G. Martignoni
c/o Ospedale Regionale di Lugano Lugano, Switzerland
This paper will concentrate on the investigation of medical movie series, in order to obtain a better understanding of
the collective imaginary of hospitalization. The study will focus on the scenes concerning the intensive care ward in
11 movie series: ER, Chicago Hope, Dr House, Greys Anatomy,Scrubs, Something the Lord Made, St.
Elsewhere, Doc, Medicina Generale, Nati ieri, A lcole de mdecine. A particular attention will be paid to 3
film series, in which the protagosists are women (Dr. Quinn, Strong medicine, Private Practice) and the outlook,
the perspective, could be different. The main part of this study will be around the personality of Gregory House (D.
House).
At the centre of this reflection will be the figure of the caregiver, especially the physician, and the relationships
she/he establishes with the patients, their relatives and other caregivers. We will put the accent on the hierarchy of the
interaction caregiver-patient-relative, but also of those between physician and nurses. In movie series, are the relation-
ships represented in a hierarchical way? Can such relationships create intimacy? Are nurses more able to establish an
intimate relationship than physicians?
42
Illness and shame in Western culture

C. Marazia, R. Malacrida
The concept of shame as a constitutive emotion of Western culture has been exhaustively studied in humanities and
social sciences. However, even if illness is often quoted as a paradigmatic shame-provoking factor, a comprehensive
interdisciplinary enquiry focused on the relationship between sickness and shame seems still approximate. In order to
investigate how Western tradition has stimulated, illustrated and handled with the pervasive and insidious correlation,
this paper will explore several significant examples from literature and philosophy (from Homer to Plato, from Dosto-
evsky to Simmel), which directly establish or just simply allude to some closer link between sickness and shame. The
aim of this investigation is to overcome the negative inspiration of this emotion, and to recuperate its positive, genuine
motivation, that is the sense of respect, in order to suggest some new proposal for facing patients modesty and their
shame of illness.
43
Intimacy and professional distance in intensive care

N. Tortola, R. Malacrida
Intimacy is an essential side of human living because of its role in identity differentiation and its influence on the way
we live distance and proximity in our relationships. Our intimacy helps us to protect ourselves from confusion be-
tween ourselves and the other; but, at the same time - because of its constant need of defending ourselves from an
intrusive glance - it appears to be vulnerabilitys bearer. Here, we could see reserve and shame as ways to protect our
intimacy because of their delimitations function. In intensive care, intimacy is constantly solicited: this goes for pa-
tients as well as professionals. In the patients case, his body is always exposed as well as his emotionally reactions to
this context - of forced proximity and dependence on stranger professionals - and to his pain experience. In the nurses
case, theyre continuously there - always looking after their patient - dealing with patients pain and intimacy and
daily confronted to existences precariousness. How could nurses protect their own intimacy from the relation they
have to handle with patients intimacy? In sociomedical contexts, we often talk about professional distance as a way
to solve burn-out problematics: such distance should help care-professionals to understand about patients problems,
without getting emotionally involved.
We could simply imagine this is the professionals solution to this distress emerging from such a delicate situation;
but, in this paper we will try to analyse this professional distance as an expression of a subjective strategy to satisfy
intimacys needs of self-protection.
44
The expression of trauma in literature and art of the Rwandan genocide

M. Gent
University of Leicester
How can trauma theory be applied to medical practice? What is the relevance of trauma testimonies to narrative based
medicine? And how can literary and visual representations of trauma help doctors to understand patient responses to
traumatic events?
Following fieldwork in Rwanda, Leicester medical student, Miriam Gent, will present her MA dissertation topic: the
expression of trauma in literature and art of the Rwandan genocide. By studying the work of both Rwandan genocide-
survivors and international witnesses, this paper will examine the cultural variables, which inform the literary and
visual representation of trauma. Particular attention will be paid to Rwandan conceptions of the body and illness and
its implications for the imagery of expression.
The study will be most relevant to the delivery of medical and psychiatric care in countries recovering from conflict,
and to service provision for refugees and asylum seekers in the UK. But trauma theory can be applied across medical
specialities to foster a more holistic approach to the human experience of physical and mental distress.
45
Perceived barriers to interdisciplinary healthcare provision for world class performance athletes
I. McEwan, W. Taylor
Manchester Metropolitan University
This paper examines the perceived barriers to interdisciplinary healthcare provision for world class performance
athletes in UK sport and moves to understand differences emerging between training, situated practice and sporting
traditions. It represents on-going work which considers the changing landscape of medical professionalism in the field
of sports medicine at a time when UK sport is going through a period of change. As sports medicine becomes increas-
ingly recognized as a medical specialism, the emergence of the sports medicine professional is an inevitability. This
specialism extends beyond medical practitioners to other professions such as physiotherapy and sports rehabilitation.
Of particular interest to professional practice is the scope for interdisciplinarity between somewhat discrete profes-
sional fields. Where this may be especially evident is within elite sport when the various specialists come together.
Utilising the work of Bourdieuan philosophy, the analysis reflects upon the experiences of existing and potential
sports medicine professionals and other stakeholders (e.g. Health Professions Council, Sport National Governing Bod-
ies, Performance Directors, and athletes) operating at the level of elite sport in UK. It examines notions of internal and
external resistance, compliance in situ, and other external factors that may impact on sports medicine practice.
46
Hans Prinzhorn and the quest to understand the disordered mind

T. Schramme
University of Swansea
Hans Prinzhorn (1886-1933) studied psychology, philosophy, art history and medicine. From 1919-1921 he collected
about 5000 samples of paintings, drawings and texts made by ca. 450 mentally ill patients from several European
countries. This is now known as the Prinzhorn Collection, and has been transformed into a permanent exhibition
in Heidelberg, Germany. In his book, The Artistry of the Mentally Ill (1922), Prinzhorn considered these images
as expressions of troubled minds, which might be useful in understanding the affliction. Indeed, if paintings are a
materialisation of the soul, then we would have a means to access, if indirectly, other peoples minds. In my paper,
Ill introduce Prinzhorns main findings and discuss some objections to the idea of understanding the disordered mind
by means of pictorial expressions. Although Prinzhorn is wary of equating certain stylistic features with mental illness
(one cannot definitely say: this image was made by a mentally ill person, because it has these features), he tries to
establish a certain interpretation of what it is like to suffer from schizophrenia. According to him, a feeling of aliena-
tion from the world and other human beings is the mark of the schizophrenic world-view.
47
Humanism in The House of God

A. Steventon, C M. Harper
Brighton and Sussex Medical Schools
Comparing and contrasting The House of God by Samuel Shem and the Robertson Davies address Can a Doctor
be a Humanist can teach us much about being good and, more specifically, humanistic doctors. A powerful streak of
cynicism runs through The House of God which, at first glance, may not suggest that it is the best text to advocate
humanism. However, Shem has many things to say about doctors relationships with their patients, why it is some-
times difficult to focus on the patient in amongst all the science and how to do a better job. He also explores the idea
that whilst not caring for the patient is obviously detrimental to their care, it is possible to care too much. First, if the
doctor becomes too emotionally involved they may lose perspective with the result that the patient receives sub-opti-
mal treatment. Second, this can manifest itself in over-investigation and overtreatment, both of which can result in
iatrogenic harm. Although his tone is very different, many of the same sentiments can be found in Davies. He wants to
feel that a doctor is more than just a middle-man between [the patient] and the pill-factory. He also sees the danger
in too much science and too many investigations, summarising this as science may cure disease, but can it confer
health? In conclusion, these books lead us from opposite directions to the same conclusion that literature can teach us
to be better and more humanistic doctors.
48
Madame Bovary as an historical perspective on hysteria and somatisation disorder

P. Hodges and C. M. Harper
Madame Bovary, Flauberts portrait of a provincial doctors wife desperately seeking ways to expand her life
beyond the confines of nineteenth century French bourgeois society, has been seen by some as a portrait of a woman
suffering from hysteria. It is perhaps more relevant to the modern reader to consider whether Madame Bovary might
nowadays be labelled with the modern equivalent diagnoses: somatisation disorder, conversion syndrome and histri-
onic personality disorder. It is well-known that Flaubert identified with the character that he had created through the
problems he had with his own health. Taking this into account, our paper considers the question of whether Flaubert
deliberately medicalised his portrait of Emma Bovary or whether it is the reader who places the medical interpretation
upon the character. It is even possible that this reaction to the character by early readers of the novel resulted in the
establishment of the diagnosis of hysteria which came into fashion in France later in the century.
49
The Ethical Issues raised in My Sisters Keeper

C. Blanshard and C. M. Harper
My Sisters Keeper by Jodi Picoult shows the physical and psychological toll of desperately sick child within a
family setting. Through this it illustrates the ethical problems for and against the present legal position of the Human
Genetic Commission on the role of saviour siblings. Such children are created by the recognition of a specific em-
bryo with the identified human leukocyte antigen typing of the sick child in conjunction with preimplantation genetic
testing. Jodi Picoult develops the novel to show the tragic conflicts of human rights for the parents, the sick child and
the saviour sibling themselves. It incorporates the arguments of the pertinent within the novel: the claim that saviour
siblings would be treated as commodities. The practice of saviour siblings may lead to the creation of designer ba-
bies, and saviour siblings are at risk of being physically or/and psychologically harmed.
In everyday medical settings, anyone who has received a blood transfusion has used the blood donor as a means to
their own end. Creating a baby as a means to health in another person might be justified as a logical extension to this.
My Sisters Keeper succeeds in raising the awareness of a wide audience to the ethical dilemmas by illustrating both
sides of a difficult argument. We discuss the ways in which the novel highlights the moral difficulties faced in decid-
ing whether these childrens deaths are less terrible than the consequences of allowing this particular use of preim-
plantation genetic testing and the emotional and physical suffering of the resultant siblings.
50
Orphans in literature and their relevance to medicine

H. Ellicot and C.M. Harper
What do Cinderella, Batman, Luke Skywalker, Frodo Baggins, Jane Eyre, Peter Pan, Harry Potter, Snow White and
Mowgli all have in common? They are all literary orphans. The theme of a protagonist orphan is a cross-cultural
phenomenon. However what is it that draws the readers from all backgrounds to these characters, what does this
reflect in our own personality and profession? Orphans have autonomy from which much can be learnt, many a time
the protagonist places himself or herself at great risk through this autonomy and they naturally turn to themselves
for support and guidance, rather than a book or advisory. It is their moral compass that guides them through their
troubles which is what, for example, sets Harry Potter apart from his rival Tom Riddle: It is our choices Harry, that
show what we truly are, far more than our abilities. There is tremendous resilience in orphans, often in the face
of adversity; they learn to depend on their own resources, physically and emotionally. What we can enjoy in these
stories is the frightening yet liberating position of being alone, tasting the joy and terror of working alone, whilst
enjoying the literary buffer that protects ourselves. This paper looks at the similarities between fictional orphans and
the emotional and professional isolation that can confront us in medicine, as well as exploring the ways in which we
can learn from them.
51
Saturday, the altruism of good samaritan acts and living with terminal illness
Z. Baha and C.M. Harper
This paper is based on the novel Saturday by Ian McEwan and its comments about Good Samaritan acts (defined as
clinical assistance offered by doctors as bystanders in emergencies or accidents) in relation to the duty of a doctor and
the ideas it raises about living with a neurodegenerative disorder. The central character of the book is a doctor who
makes a decision to use his medical knowledge and role as a doctor to get out of a difficult situation. The character
is somewhat cynically written in that he appears to have lost the capacity to care for his own patients and, despite
being part of a car accident, is reluctant to help the possible injured party. This forces us to consider what the views
and expectations of doctors are. Is there an expectation to act in all circumstances regardless of danger? Is there even
such a time when a doctor is off duty? This is discussed in relation to some examples of Good Samaritan acts where
cases were made against doctors that intervened or, indeed, didnt. We also discuss the dilemmas faced by the books
antagonist who has Huntingtons diseases in relation to the larger picture of assisted suicide, right to die cases and
the recent emergence of death tourism as a means of learning about and engaging in these difficult issues.
52
F. Scott Fitzgeralds Tender Is the Night and Anthony C. Winklers The lunatic: two stories of
mental illness and abuse
L. Ramsawak and C.M. Harper
Tender Is the Night is set in the rich French Riviera in the 1920s, whereas The Lunatic is based in a rural Jamai-
can village in the 1980s. Despite the glaring differences in both the setting and the characters background, they
have similar experience of being diagnosed with schizophrenia. Aloysius and Nicole describe a lack of control over
their illness, diagnosis and the way they are treated, and are unable to relate to the label of their diagnosis. This lack
of control leads to low self-esteem and they both become vulnerable to exploitation in their personal lives. Aloysius
is physically and sexually abused whereas Nicole is subjected to psychological abuse from her husband who is a
psychiatrist. Abuse is common when people become helpless to chronic illness and both protagonists demonstrate the
effects of this abuse on their health. Unfortunately this is not exclusive to these fictional characters and continues to be
a regular occurrence for many patients. Happily Nicole and Aloysius are able to extricate their suffering by making
new relationships with non-abusive people thus improving their mental health and well being.
53
ABSTRACT 42 Session: Posters
Moving pain from the body to society through art

E. Huss
Department of Social Work, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
This proposal, based on my doctoral study using art within empowerment groups of marginalized Bedouin single
mothers, aims to demonstrate a move from somatization of emotional pain as an indirect speech act, to the use of sym-
bolization of pain within art and words.
While somatization was understood within traditional Bedouin culture as an effective speech act, or communication
of pain to the surrounding culture without challenging that cultures authority, it has lost its effectiveness within the
context of the cultural transitions that the Bedouin culture as whole is undergoing, and that these women are often the
victims of on multiple levels of oppression that does not let them partake in the westernization process due to poverty
and single status.
This paper will demonstrate through examples of art work and their interpretation by the women who drew them, how
the use of visual symbols as expressions of the many losses and pains that the women experience becomes an effec-
tive speech act instead of somatization, as it continues to be an indirect language, that gives voice to their strengths
as well as weaknesses, creating a new narrative within a culturally accepted form to replace somatization that is no
more affective.
54
How do I smell? The relevance of smell to the practice of medicine

R. Marshall
Peninsula Medical School, Truro, Cornwall
I have been running a special study module with medical students, examining what we may learn by studying the
sense of smell. This is to report our findings. Medical textbooks nod to the importance of smell in the practice of
medicine but it is given a token and superficial role in the play of the senses. Above all, it is not thought important to
educate this sense, as it would be the other more privileged senses of sight, hearing and touch.
We have found that simply talking to medical practitioners, especially nursing staff, reveals that a greater panoply
of smells is used diagnostically in medicine than one would suspect from textbooks. Educating the sense of smell
depends heavily on the use of metaphor, as we lack a smell vocabulary to describe its many colours, equivalent to the
richer vocabularies of sight and hearing. All senses, however, borrow each others language to extend our sensibility,
(the rich textures of a symphony, the harmonies of a painting).
An examination of this language therefore enhances the use of all our senses. I will examine the different classifica-
tions that have been used for smell, and examine how this underprivileged sense may help in practical terms and how
it may enhance our use of the other senses.
55
The dangerous practice of empathy: empathy as a skill in medical practice

J. Macnaughton
Durham University, Queens Campus, Stockton-on-Tees
If you were to ask a medical practitioner what kind of feeling they should have towards their patients, especially those
who are distressed, the response would very likely be empathy. This is especially true of recently qualified practi-
tioners in the UK and US who receive training in this communication skill and may have their empathic responses
subjected to numerical measurement by empathy scales. A number of current novelists, including Salley Vickers and
Hanif Kureishi, have portrayed psychiatric consultations in which empathy may be used as a diagnostic or thera-
peutic tool. Literary portrayals of the empathic response challenge a positivist handling of empathy and facilitate an
understanding of what the concept actually means. This paper will explore the meaning of the concept from its early
twentieth century origins in the novels of the occult spiritualist, Vernon Lee, to its mainstream meaning derived from
the psychotherapy of Carl Rogers. I will examine literary accounts of doctor-patient interactions to illustrate the
concept as both perception and response (drawing on Martin Bubers ideas in I and Thou) and will question the value,
desirability and, moreover, veracity of empathy as a skill in clinical practice.
56
ABSTRACT 46 Seminar: ARCHITECTURE AND HEALING ENVIRONMENT (asem)
Art, architecture and design in healthcare

A. Ottar
Medplan, Oslo, Norway
Medplan believes that the hospital environments, through good architecture, design, art, daylight and contact to sur-
rounding nature contributes significantly to the patients the healing process as well as staff satisfaction.
As architects we have always believed this. Modern research on environmental implementations on the patients heal-
ing process is through later years proving it. We try to reach this goal through a humanistic approach to our design
process, creating buildings built by people for people. Through our projects we believe to have proved, that there are
no functional reasons why hospitals cannot be great architecture, that good architecture and design do not have to
increase costs building costs, but only reduces maintenance costs.
Illustrations of three recent hospitals in Norway that will be shown in the paper to be presented at this seminar:
1. The Rikshospital University Hospital in Oslo, competed 2000;

2. St. Olav University Hospital, phase one, The Women and Children Centre in Trondheim, competed 2005;
3. Nordland Teaching Hospital in Bod phase two, still on the drawing board.
These are meant to explain Medplans design philosophy and its results.
57
Art in Madness: art as patient activity at Crichton Royal Institution, Dumfries, in the mid-nine-
teenth century
M. Park , University of Glasgow
Recent years have witnessed the increasing involvement of art as decoration and as a form of patient activity
within British hospitals. The healing environment has not only been enhanced by the display of works by profes-
sional artists; patients have also been encouraged to participate in art activity and their work grace the walls of many
healthcare buildings.
But how new is this development? This paper will focus on art as a patient activity at Crichton Royal Institution in
Dumfries in the mid-nineteenth century. Dr W. A. F. Browne (1805-1885), Crichtons first medical superintendent,
was a pioneer of moral treatment. In an attempt to cure or relieve the symptoms of his patients mental disorders,
he encouraged them to participate in a wide range of activities including amateur theatricals, concerts, educational
classes, lectures and the publication of an asylum magazine. He also provided certain of his patients with the oppor-
tunity to become involved in art activity and displayed their work on the asylum walls. His collection of patient art,
titled Art in Madness is the earliest such example known to have survived. This paper will examine the collection in
detail: what survives, the range of subjects chosen and which patients benefited from Dr Brownes enlightened treat-
ment.
58
ABSTRACT 48 Session: Posters
Una Rivista per le Medical Humanities A Journal for the Medical Humanities. Towards an ethi-
cal culture regarding disease and treatment
R. Malacrida, F. Barazzoni,G. Bernegger, V. Di Bernardo, E. Sassi
M. Malacrida, M.Terzaghi, B.Monguzzi, P. Luraschi
Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), Bellinzona, Switzerland
The Journal for the Medical Humanities by the Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC, the Public Hospitals of South
Switzerland) is a work programme, a course to go through together, whose goals are not defined from the start. It is
neither a disciplinary journal nor it is addressed to specific medical fields; rather it is open to those who investigate the
illness, the treatment and the institutions. The Journals scientific, ethical and cultural view is one of open and critical
research and debate on the most actual problems.
Every issue includes two sections each one dealing with different topics: the Dossier section considers topics related
to the medical humanities whereas the Materials COMEC (the ethical commission of EOC) section goes into the
problems related to clinical ethics, bioethics and sanitary policy. The publication also includes an Interview section
where the reader is given the opportunity to read the opinions of important cultural representatives called to analyse
their experience with disease and treatment.
Clinical cases are given a special space. They are discussed in distinct narrative and analytic forms to show the differ-
ent perspectives when it comes to patients and their histories. The Open case section gives the readers the opportunity
to express their standpoint.Another section is dedicated to the desirable Good practice in relation to treatment.
Every issue comes with a photographic Portfolio. The magazine, published by EOC, is the product of the intense
collaboration between the COMEC and the Fondazione Sasso Corbaro (Bellinzona) on matters related to the human
sciences as well as the treatment in its various forms.
59
Inclusive and empathetic: innovating dynamic data visualisation in healthcare

A.S.Macdonald
The Glasgow School of Art
This paper describes an innovative visualisation tool designed to assist the many professional and lay individuals
concerned with the wellbeing of older people. This visual tool provides an empathetic approach to healthcare plan-
ning and demonstrates a means of visualising biomechanical data obtained as a result of lab measurements from older
people in the 60+, 70+, and 80+ age groups as they performed activities of daily living. Identifying that this tool has
the potential to share this information more widely across specialist disciplines, it is being evaluated by
researchers at The Glasgow School of Art through an ESRC New Dynamics of Ageing research grant, amongst such
diverse disciplines as physiotherapy, occupational therapy, bioengineering, ergonomics, design, clinical medical
science, and exercise science. Early trials have indicated its potential to facilitate a discourse amongst the different
disciplines influential in shaping healthcare pathways for older people and also the design of the built environment.
Because of the mode of visualisation, older adults themselves, normally regarded as subjects in such research, are
also enabled to be included in its evaluation as experts of some of the issues identified from the visualised data, e.g.
how they compensate for conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis of the hips or knees, problems with
balance or coordination, or avoiding falls. The paper is illustrated by 3D real-time dynamic animations derived from
motion-capture and force-plate trials. Delegates would be able to view and comment directly on the visual material.
60
ABSTRACT 50 Theme ARCHITECTURE AND HEALING ENVIRONMENT (ahe )
The building as a health care intervention no1

J. Douglas
Tweeddale Medical Practice, Fort William
Fort William Health Centre was opened in May 2008 as a new focus for Primary Care Health Services in Lochaber.
The building was designed to facilitate health teamwork and collaboration in patient care. An artwork project to
enhance the building for patients and professionals required personal investment by the general practitioners, grant
funding from culture agencies and local business. Paintings, sculpture, stained glass, walls and furniture were com-
missioned to reflect community themes from local artists. Patient satisfaction data from the GP practices 2 years
before the move and 6 months after moving into the new building show >10% improvements in a nationally validated
sample with no change in reception staff or doctors. This suggests the building design and artistic environment as the
reason for health gain. Is this a halo effect from a happy team working in a quality environment in both senses or
are the patients more relaxed and valued in their built environment? The entrance and waiting areas facilitate social
networking and the art works carry metaphors for consultations in adults and children. Gaelic tradition has been up-
dated through our stained glass Royal College of General Practitioners motto evolving from Cum Scientas Caritas
to Eolas Saidheans Le Truas which means Science with Caring. Illustrations will demonstrate the artwork themes
in the presentation.
61
The Pattern of a Bird: the story of seven hundred and thirty-one days of a hospice art project
M. MacLeman, Blawarthill Hospital, Glasgow
This is the story of seven hundred and thirty-one days of a hospice art project. On the eight hundred and ninety-
fourth day a nurse left a poem on an artists desk. It began
How to be an Artist
In April 2008, Art in Hospital lanched its new publication, The Pattern of a Bird. The book is an account of Arts
in Palliative Care at The Prince & Princess of Wales Hospice. Initially established in 2003 to redress the absence of
high quality sustained arts provision within palliative care in Glasgow, the project draws on the combined experience
of participants, healthcare and arts professionals, and local authority Cultural and Leisure Services. Accordingly, the
book is intended for them all. A series of essays capture the defining aspects of the project and these interlink through
participants narratives to read as a storybook. As such, the presentation will provide a synopsis of the book, using
patients experiences to reveal a transferable model and approach for the arts in healthcare in general.
Topics include:
From Zero. The role of the participant in the projects development from the recruitment of Artists, to the alloca-
tion of a designated art room, and its assimilation to hospice practices and documentation.
A Melody Interrupted. The advantages of a sustained approach and a dedicated workspace told through the experi-
ences of a biographer and a songster;
The Adapted Approach. The necessity for patient-led interventions revealed through the experiences of a father,
three mothers and an uncle in the inpatient unit;
Yesterday and its Environs. The benefits of exploring memories through the creative writing of a traveller and a
sailor;
62
ABSTRACT 52 continued
On Looking. Whilst the process or products of creativity afford temporal benefits, how they foster new ways of see-
ing which can enrich everyday experiences;
A Penny Wrapped in Silver. The importance of presentation and detail in conveying value;
On Meaning. A discussion of intention and interpretation.
63
ABSTRACT 53 Theme VISUAL ARTS MEDIA AND PERFORMANCE (vamp)
The visual arts project with renal dialysis patients

S.G. Kane
Art in Hospital, Glasgow
An eight-week project involving Renal Dialysis patients at Inverclyde Royal Hospital in the visual arts facilitated by
Art in Hospital took place in November/ December 2007. This ground-breaking project was the first of its kind to
take place in a renal ward, certainly in Scotland.
Patients on maintenance haemodialysis suffer from a loss of physical well being and are vulnerable to depression.
Artists Kirsty Stansfield, Belinda Guidi and Sharon Goodlet Kane invited patients to experiment with art materials
using an approach that responded to the needs of each individual. The project was well received, with over 30 patients
participating, producing an abundance of artwork in a variety of media, from paintings and drawings to new media
work including photography, animation and sound recording.
The project was evaluated with patients asked to fill in a validated quality of life questionnaire at the beginning and
end of the project. Analysis showed a significant positive improvement in mental well being of those involved. Par-
ticipants noted a positive change in attitude towards their dialysis treatment.
The project culminated in an exhibition of 25 framed artworks in the main corridor of the Renal Unit within In-
verclyde Royal Hospital. The exhibition will be taken to the British Renal Society Conference in Glasgow in May
and may be shown in other locations.
64
ABSTRACT 55 Theme VISUAL ARTS MEDIA AND PERFORMANCE (vamp)
Creating a craft aesthetic: from the Royal Academy to the Hall of Academy
H. McCormack, Department of History of Art, University of Glasgow
A beautiful and splendid series of Preparations showing the structure and growth of Bone, Cartilage, and Ligament
They are, without a doubt, the most magnificent in the world, and were prepared by the joint and arduous labours of
the celebrated Hewson, Cruikshank and Hunter.
In his observations of the interiors of the original Hunterian Museum in Glasgow, Captain James Laskey makes a
claim for a defined lineage of pioneering British anatomists and places much emphasis on the physical labour ex-
pended on the production of anatomical specimens. The beauty and magnificence of their work is closely related,
for Laskey, to the precision and skill demonstrated in the mechanical aspects of their creation. The acknowledg-
ment of such craft skills cannot be read as a simple admiration for the virtuosity of these craftsmen but is attributable
to a dominant aesthetic remaining within 18th century art practice that valued the relationship between learning and
manual skills .
This paper focuses on the connections between art practice and anatomical practice that became manifest in the manu-
facture, display and consumption of body parts. The complexities of these associations are represented here in a series
of objects and artworks from the original collection of Dr William Hunter (1718-1783), founder of the Hunterian
Museum. Hunters appointment as First Professor of Anatomy at the Royal Academy of Arts in 1768 reinforced these
ideas within his own professionalism. His lectures to students at the Academy reveal an ideological concern with the
transmission of knowledge through craftsmanship, similar to that identified by early modern writers . For Hunter, art-
ists were to be the ideal creators and disseminators of this new knowledge; the difference being the cultural shift that
occurred through the long eighteenth century, introducing a new commodified culture in which art
References:
Jordanova, Ludmilla, Portraits, People and Things: Richard Mead and Medical Identity, History of Science, xli, (2003), p305.
See for example, Pamela H Smith, The Body of the Artisan, University of Chicago Press 2004; Malcom Ostler, The Scholar and the Craftsman revisited: Robert Boyle as Aristocrat and Artisan,
Annals of Science, 49 (1992); Pamela H Smith, Science and Taste: Painting, Passion and the New Philosophy in Seventeenth Century Leiden, Isis, Vol 90, No3 (1999).
65
Medical knowledge and the space of imagining

S. Brind
Glasgow School of Art
This visual presentation will use three examples resulting from a period as an artist-researcher at the London School
of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM). Combining knowledge gained in LSHTMs library and archive with
literary research and information gleaned from experts, within the artworks and the presentation a poetic space for
understanding is uncovered and, crucially, the viewers individual subjective body is highlighted as the axial point of
experience.
Within the expanded field of contemporary art practice site-specificity and context are key elements in determining the
form of presented artworks. The processes involved in researching context both textual and conversational - have
become a vital and dynamic part of art-making; impacting positively on content, and revealing possible new methods
and directions for works. This visual presentation will use three examples resulting from a period as an artist-research-
er at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM):
bad air [malaria] (2001) a permanent commission that used texts, hand-rendered in gold leaf, ranging from the Classical period to the twentieth
century to explain shifting understandings of the causes of, symptoms, and cures for a tertian fever, specifically malarial.
the fevers of Great Britain (2002) a sculptural work using research carried out in 1862 by Charles Murchison. The text referenced is a
reworking of the authors recordings of his own typhus delirium.
Gold Field (2004), a series of three installed works, comprising photographs, video and 3 gilded books, that directly reference Robert Burtons
Anatomy of Melancholy (1621) and Mercks Materia Medica (1899) which prescribes Gold itself as a cure for melancholy, the cause of which was
both mental and physical, according to Burton.
Combining knowledge gained in LSHTMs library and archive with literary research and information gleaned from experts, within the artworks
and the presentation a poetic space for understanding is uncovered and, crucially, the viewers individual subjective body is highlighted as the axial
point of experience.
66
Medical visualisation, augmented reality and anatomy training: an intuitive approach of visual arts
and medicine
V. Charissis, B.M. Ward, S. Sakellariou, D. Chanock, D. Rowley, P. Anderson.
Glasgow School of Art Digital Design Studio, Glasgow, University of Edinburgh, Raigmore Hos-
pital, Department of Surgery, Inverness, Ayr Hospital, Department of Radiology, Ayr
Medical visualisation has been an active area of research worldwide over the last two decades. Only recently, how-
ever, has technology reached a level of maturity and cost/performance ration that makes is deployment feasible on
a large scale. In addition to providing scope to explore research in medical education, this opens a window of op-
portunity for ground-breaking research and product development that combines the underlying core technology with
user-led know-how to deliver the solutions that todays trainees demand.
This paper presents a study into augmented-reality training environments and their application in postgraduate anato-
my teaching an medical rehearsal. Interestingly, previous studies suggested that the interpretation of complex medical
sciences often require a strong grasp of the related 3D anatomy. Furthermore there is a great interest expressed in the
use of 3D applications, yet there has been little strategic application at the national level. To this end this paper elabo-
rates a multidisciplinary attempt to explore anatomy education and the potential role of augmented reality in the medi-
cal sector. Our endeavour has focused primarily on five case studies exploring current approaches augmented with 3D
visualisation and prototype human-computer interfaces. Notably the augmented reality and 3D visual representations
do not intent to replace the existing teaching methods but to enhance them through a complementary approach. These
tools have particular relevance in modern medical training where procedural techniques and specialist anatomy are
effectively taught simultaneously in pressured clinical environments.
ABSTRACT 57 continued
67
Overall this paper elaborates the potential merging of various design, engineering an medical disciplines aiming to
facilitate human anatomy understanding in training and surgical rehearsal. Early results suggest that the integration of
robust anatomical modelling techniques, intuitive human-computer interfaces and current educational theory work-
ing synergistically can improve learning outcomes. Finally the paper offers a tentative plan of future work, which will
focus in the development of a standardised, reproducible, and robust platform for further training applications.
68
ABSTRACT 58 Theme: ARCHITECTURE AND HEALING ENVIRONMENT (ahe)
The Healing Pool

A. Hooper & J. Pugh, Mackintosh School of Architecture, Glasgow
Clinical and hygienic are terms routinely used to describe the general perception of our contemporary healthcare
environments, whilst concepts such as mood and ambience rarely define user experience or design criteria. This
prioritisation of instrumental demands over emotional needs is symptomatic of the mechanistic approach adopted in
traditional Western medical practice. However, contemporary developments in medical practice towards a more holis-
tic approach to healthcare have offered architects the opportunity to design healthcare facilities where the environment
is valued beyond mere utility.
This provided the context for the design of a Healing Pool undertaken by third-year architecture students. The
project, manifestly a rejection of the mechanistic nature of typical hydrotherapy pool environments, questioned
whether the clinical requirements of hydrotherapy treatments could be met whilst providing an environment of ar-
chitectural quality. The brief intentionally provoked hybrid solutions, encouraging students to explore hydrotherapy
provision alongside the positive environmental and architectural aspects of spas and leisure pools. The location of the
proposed facility within the grounds of The Glasgow Homeopathic Hospital, a healthcare facility where the quality of
the environment is highly valued, was intended to promote the parallels of a holistic approach to both healthcare pro-
vision and building design, the latter requiring attainment of specific internal environmental criteria by largely passive
design within a wider environmentally sustainable design agenda.
While the exercise precluded field-testing of the project outcomes, the paper will include a presentation of design pro-
posals which have subsequently been placed first in several national and international healthcare design competitions
in Scotland, London and Tokyo.
69
The Centre for Health Science, Inverness

J. Donachie, Centre for Health Science, Raigmore Hospital, Inverness
The Centre for Health Science is a purpose-built multi-user facility in the grounds of Raigmore Hospital The pre-
senThe Centre for Health Science is a purpose-built multi-user facilty in the grounds of Raigmore Hospital initiated
by Highlands and Islands Enterprise, which embraces a combination of organisations from the education, public and
private sectors involved with health care.
In January 2006 Jacqueline Donachie was appointed as Lead Artist, andover a period of 20 months she has been work-
ing closely with the design team to extend and enhance many of the public spaces within the building with a series of
ambitious contemporary art commissions, including works by Christine Borland, Toby Paterson and Mary Redmond.
Christines work Ecbolic Garden, Winter (2001) is installed in the street area of the Centre; this stunning work, which
hangs adjacent to the University of Stirling Department of Nursing and Midwifery, has had a highly influential impact
on the character and visual dynamic of the space. Other commissioned works include a series of new sculptures by
Mary Redmond for each of 8 new dental surgeries in Phase 2 of the building, and a major central courtyard for the 3
phases of the project, designed by artist Jacqueline Donachie in collaboration with landscape architect Chris Palmer
and Keppie Design.
The Centre is now run as an independent company, committed to continuing this ambitious programme of working
with contemporary artists. The aim now is to initiate a series of residencies where artists will use the building as a
base to research specific groups working there such as the Centre for Rural Health or NHS Education for Scotland.
The presentation would cover the initial concept for the building (Professor Alasdair Munro, retired surgeon at Chair-
man of the management board)), the process of commissioning contemporary art as part of the design (Jacqueline
Donachie, Lead Artist) and the ongoing benefits of maintaining a strong, research based, art presence within the build-
ing (Gillian Galloway, Centre Director).
70
Tomorrow Belongs to Me
J. Donachie
Centre for Health Science, Raigmore Hospital, Inverness
Tomorrow Belongs to Me
Families would see it. Theyd come to the doctors and say it is clearly getting worse in our family, and it would be
hard to say to those families you know, youre just a statistical aberration.
Kenneth H. Fischbeck, M.D.
Senior Investigator, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
This presentation would be based on a body of work produced between 2000 and 2006, as a result of continued
research work with Darren Monckton, a Professor of Human Genetics at the University of Glasgow. The collabora-
tion arose following the diagnosis of myotonic dystrophy, an inherited form of Muscular Dystrophy, within my own
immediate family, and was funded with a Sciart award from the Wellcome Trust to encourage artists and scientists to
work together on new projects that combine both their fields of research.
The collaboration resulted in a major exhibition, film (Tomorrow Belongs to Me, 18 minutes, colour with sound) and
book that looks at anticipation, the phenomenon of certain forms of inherited genetic illness worsening as they are
passed on from generation to generation. The film was based on a series of interviews with eleven scientists living
in cities across three continents who were involved in the key research that proved pivotal in establishing the idea of
anticipation as a true biological effect.
My presentation would involve an introduction to the collaboration and a discussion of the work produced the film,
publication and new installation work, together with hi-lights from the film itself. The complete film is also available
for screening, ideally, though not necessarily, as part of the presentation.
71
Visual art and health

S. McGregor
Creative Therapies, Glasgow
The following presentation uses images and associated reflections on the process of art therapy with a child with a
life-threatening illness, pulmonary hypertension. At the time of referral there was a life expectancy of months. The
presentation explores how engagement with the art making process within the boundaries of a therapeutic relation-
ship has helped extend her survival for over three years with no further deterioration in her lungs. Art therapy had
its roots in the treatment of sufferers from tuberculosis contracted during the last World War, in sanatoria, where it
was observed that engagement with creative processes such as painting resulted in faster rates of recovery, showing
the connection between emotional well-being and health. John Bellany is a Scottish artist who has experienced two
near-death experiences and has used his work as a painter and print-maker to explore these events. The presentation
takes the form of a case study, which uses visual images to demonstrate how difficult issues such as illness, death and
the fear of surgical procedures were explored, while simultaneously the child rediscovered a sense of playfulness
through puppetmaking and other art forms. Through engagement with creative processes she was able to regain her
sense of self and reject the stigma and isolation of being seen as merely a medical condition. Links are made between
the images made by Bellany and those made in art therapy by a child with little knowledge of art but an ability to con-
nect with archetypal themes of life and death.
The presentation proposes that it was this ability to find expression for the fear and anxiety associated with a life-
threatening illness through the media of visual art and play that has led to the stabilisation of her health.
72
Art architecture and design in healthcare

A. Law, T. Clark
Reiach and Hall Architects, Edinburgh
Reiach and Hall are architects with a very wide portfolio, including (currently) arts buildings, housing, hospitals,
teaching buildings, laboratories etc. Our approach to the design of all of these is similar, involving a thorough exami-
nation of all the factors which will influence the design and early identification of any opportunities to add value or
make the design extra-ordinary.
In healthcare buildings there is an over-riding concern for the well-being of the patient, both physical and emotional.
In my presentation I will investigate our response to these issues, using as illustration various buildings from Reiach
and Halls recent portfolio, from within and outside the health arena. I will concentrate on the New Stobhill Hospital,
and the effort that is being expended there to provide a supportive environment for the entire patient journey through
careful design of the building (through conversations with users) allied with work by a number of carefully selected
artists.
73
Space, place and voice in the dialogue between patients with long term medical conditions and
health-care professionals
R. Clive
Member, Lapidus Scotland
I would like to propose a presentation on the use of drama and story-making as tools to promote health, personal
development and positive change in group-work with people with complex and long-standing medical conditions. In
particular I would like to focus on the as yet not fully realised potential of drama, theatre and the arts to promote fruit-
ful dialogue between patients and health-care professionals. In doing this I will question issues of space, place and
voice in the relationships between healthcare professionals and patients. I propose presenting
a short historical overview of this type of work
a brief contextualisation of arts in health work in the contemporary arts, cultural and medi cal contexts
an overview of practical work as realised in drama groups I have facilitated, and research findings emerging
from this work
some visions for the future, and practical developmental possibilities.
74
Nature versus nurture: an evaluation of current theories accounting for affective responses to
visual landscape stimuli
Trevor Jones, Art in Healthcare, Edinburgh
Based upon the research findings of my undergraduate dissertation, this presentation strongly references the inter-
esting and productive work of Roger Ulrich, Director of the Center for Health Systems and Design at Texas A&M
University. However, while not disputing Ulrichs evidence-based design outcomes concerning the benefits of the
natural environment to the healing process, the conclusions regarding how and why one engages with and interprets
landscape paintings differs dramatically from Ulrichs theories.
Study into evolutionary mechanisms affecting cognition and behaviour has found its way into all areas of human
developmental research, the arts included. Upon this platform and after reviewing scores of empirical studies on
affective reactions to nature, Ulrich makes the assumption that preference for one nature scene over another is, in a
sense, a form of natural selection. Self-preservation drives one to prefer a landscape scenario that would ultimately be
of the most benefit to the viewer in terms of survival.
Conflicts arise however, when an investigation into the relationship between perception and the attribution of mean-
ing takes place. By demonstrating how individual perception, image manipulation and cultural conditioning affect
cognition, this presentation reevaluates the current views accounting for psycho-physiological responses to landscape
scenes and the value of this knowledge as it attempts to catalogue the art most appropriate for the healthcare envi-
ronment. In the process, it will provide an alternative explanation to the interpretation of and affinity to particular
landscape scenes based upon cultural values and historical shifts in landscape painting.
75
Design Action Plan: a NHS perspective

H Byrne, A Baxendale. NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde
In 2006 Scottish NHS Boards received national policy guidance from the Scottish Executive requiring that each NHS
Scotland body appoints a Design Champion at Board level, a supporting Project Officer, and that the body should
develop a Design Action Plan. This was in response to the growing evidence that good design in healthcare buildings
makes a measurable difference to the experience of staff, patients and their families.
This guidance sparked a development process that has taken NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde (NHSGGC) on an
organisational journey that will strongly resonate with other healthcare systems and their partners as they collectively
seek to deliver quality, state of the art health care within health improving, beautiful and functional facilities.
The NHSGGC journey has required a meeting of working processes, professional perspectives, languages and aspira-
tions. It involved considerations about community involvement and engagement, access and inclusion, our connec-
tion with local culture, history and effective partnerships. The employment of an NHS Arts and Health Co-ordinator
(jointly funded by the NHS and Scottish Arts Council in 2005) and an NHS Community Engagement Team (2004) are
NHSGGC initiatives that helped to open the discourse for a common vision for 21st century healthcare planning and
design.
The Design Action Plan sets out the vision, and its guidance notes set out the step-by-step guide on stages and mile-
stones for integration of a more collaborative practice. The plan is being embedded into organisational operation
within individual projects. Testing and evolution is our next critical milestone. With the biggest publicly funded NHS
super hospital planned for 2013 how are we doing? Are we getting there? Will we arrive? The presentation will build
on our local experience of creating a Design Action plan to draw wider learning and questions.
76
Eliciting childrens responses to hospital design
P. McKeever
University of Toronto,Canada
77
78
79
Authors Biographical Notes

80
Graham Ash is a Consultant Psychiatrist working in Ormskirk, Lancashire. He is an Honorary Lecturer in Psychiatry
at the University of Manchester and is a member of the Mental Health Group at the Centre for the History of Science,
Technology and Medicine. Since commencing studies in art history with the Open University in 2002, he has devel-
oped an interest in the application of concepts from the humanities to mental health practice and research. He has
published on psychological medicine and is currently involved in research on long-term outcomes of bipolar disorder.
ABSTRACT 15
Fabrizio Barazzoni graduated in medicine at the University of Zurich (Switzerland), where, in 1983, he received the
MD. In 1988 he achieved the Swiss Board Certifications (FMH) in Prevention and Public Health, followed, in 1993,
by a Master degree in Public Health at the Medical School, University of Geneva (Switzerland). Initiating his profes-
sional career in 1983 as an attending doctor, from 1984 to 1985 he was in charge with a research project promoted by
the World Health Organization (WHO) called Monica - Ticino, on cardiovascular risk factors.
From 1985 to 1993 he was appointed as Assistant Cantonal Medical Officer in the Social and Health Department of
Ticino Canton. Since 1993 he has been the Head officer of the Medical Area, being member of the General Direction
of the Cantonal Hospital Institution, Ticino Canton (EOC). He is member of the editorial board of the Rivista per le
Medical Humanities published by the Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale.
Guenda Bernegger studied philosophy in Lausanne and Berlin and holds a degree of Master of Medical Humanities
from the Insubria University (Italy). She carried out studies in the field of medical anthropology research sponsored
by the Swiss National Science Foundation in Turin (Italy). She is presently working as a scientific collaborator at the
Osservatorio per le Medical Humanities of the Scuola Universitaria Professionale della Svizzera Italiana (SUPSI). She
is involved in the research and in the teaching of Medical Humanities and Ethics. She is also an editor of the Rivista
per le Medical Humanities, published by the Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (the Cantonal Hospital Institution, Ticino
Canton) and a founding member of the European Society of Aesthetics and Medicine.
Anne Borsay is Professor of Healthcare and Medical Humanities in the School of Health Science at Swansea Univer-
sity. Her most recent publications are Disability and Social Policy in Britain since 1750 (2005) and (edited with Peter
Shapely) Medicine, Charity and Mutual Aid (2007). She sits on the Editorial Boards of Disability and Society and
81
Medical Humanities, and serves on the Advisory Board of the UK Centre for the History of Nursing and Midwifery
and the Arts and Health Steering Group of the Arts Council of Wales. She is currently writing an interdisciplinary
cultural history of disability for Palgrave Macmillan. ABSTRACT 5
Pamela Brett-MacLean, PhD, is Co-Director of the Arts & Humanities in Health & Medicine Program in the Faculty
of Medicine and Dentistry at the University of Alberta. Her interests include the role of the arts in medical education,
and the ways in which the arts contribute to health and well being. Her doctorate focused on arts, heath and aging.
She has been involved in promoting awareness of arts and health as a field of practice and inquiry in Canada for many
years
Susan Brind studied Fine Art at Reading University and the Slade School of Art, London. She lectures in the Depart-
ment of Sculpture & Environmental Art at Glasgow School of Art, and acts as the Fine Art Pathway Co-ordinator
for the Masters in Research in Creative Practices course. Using photography, video, text and sculptural elements,
Susans work has been exhibited widely in the UK and Europe, and she has received a number of awards and com-
missions. Publications include: Curious: Artists research in expert culture (VAP, Glasgow, 1999 - Editor) and The
State of the Real: Aesthetics in the Digital Age (Tauris, London, 2007 co-authored with D Sutton and R McKenzie).
ABSTRACT 56
Sabrina Clerici-Poli is a psychiatric nurse who is ending a Master degree in Medical Humanities at the Scuola Uni-
versitaria Professionale della Svizzera Italiana. She has worked during twenty years with different kinds of patients
and presently she collaborates in the directory team of a territorial structure, the Casa della Giovane, in Lugano (Swit-
zerland). She also collaborates in the Research for the Osservatorio per le Medical Humanities at the Scuola Universi-
taria Professionale della Svizzera Italiana (SUPSI) and at the Istituto di ricerca in etica clinica e Medical Humanities
of the Sasso Corbaro Foundation and of the Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (the Cantonal Hospital Institution, Ticino
Canton).
Valentina Di Bernardo is a qualified nurse in Intensive Care. She is presently working at the Intensive Care Unit of
the Ospedale Civico di Lugano (Switzerland) and as a resarcher at the Istituto di ricerca in etica clinica e Medical Hu-
82
manities of the Sasso Corbaro Foundation and of the Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (the Cantonal Hospital Institution,
Ticino Canton). She is an editor of the Rivista per le Medical Humanities, which is published by the Ente Ospedaliero
Cantonale. She is a member of the Board of Clinical Ethics of the Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale.
Vivek Datta is a medical student at Kings College London School of Medicine, and honorary research associate
in the Division of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, London. As Chair of the medical student interest
group in Psychiatry at Kings, he has spearheaded the introduction of innovative teaching methods in psychiatry train-
ing including use of film, literature and service user involvement. He was the student representative on the Royal Col-
lege of Psychiatrists Undergraduate Teaching Scoping Group. His current research includes the use of peer teaching
in undergraduate psychiatry, and the role of life events in manic-depressive illness. If he werent going to qualify as a
doctor in 2009, he would probably be a playwright, though thats not entirely off the cards... ABSTRACT 20
David Dodwell trained in Manchester and currently works as a consultant psychiatrist in Assertive Outreach Teams
in Peterborough and Fenland, Cambridgeshire. David has a lifelong interest in the arts - verbal, visual, and musical.
He is interested in medical humanities as therapy for patients, and as education and understanding for staff. He feels
a tension between scientific methods based on groups, and the personal approach needed by individuals. His clinical
work focuses on the therapeutic relationship between patient and doctor and on communication (and its failure) within
staff groups, and between staff, patients, and carers. [abstracts 1 & 2]
Jacqueline Donachie is one of Scotlands most respected contemporary artists, graduating from The Glasgow School
of Arts influential Environmental Art department, which encouraged artists to place their work in a variety of public
contexts out-with the gallery space. One of a group of artists who helped establish Glasgow in the 1990s as one of the
worlds most dynamic contemporary art communities, she is still based in Glasgow and has forged an international
reputation for a socially-engaged art practice, with a special interest in healthcare and bio-medical research.
In 2003 she was appointed lead artist for Inverness new Centre for Health Science, a purpose-built multi-user facilty
which embraces a combination of science/ health based organisations from the education, public and private sectors,
creating a unique working environment by integrating art works into every aspect of the design of the building.
83
Marek Dominiczak is Professor in the Facuty of Medicine at the University of Glasgow, Consultant Bochemist in
the NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde and director of the Glasgow Medical Humanities Unit. He combines clinical
practice (cardiovascular prevention and specialised hospital nutrition) with writing and medical humanities. He
is an author of research publications in the field of diabetic complications, and of internationally recognised text-
books of biochemistry for medical students. He founded Glasgow Medical Humanities Unit in 2002, and his current
interests are communication in clinical medicine and healing environment. He has chaired the organising committee
of this meeting.
Anoja Indrakanthi Fernando. I am Professor and Head of the Department of Pharmacology at the Faculty of
Medicine, University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka since July 1981. I was the Dean of the Faculty of Medicine from 1990 to
1996. I joined the university after some years of clinical medicine in Sri Lanka and the National Health Service of the
United Kingdom. While my main areas of interest in Pharmacology have been Rational Drug Therapy and Neuropsy-
chopharmacology, my current fields of interest are Medical Education, Medical Ethics, Bioethics, History of Medicine
and Medical Humanities. I am keen to promote medical ethics, bioethics and research ethics in Sri Lanka and I work
at a national and regional level to help train and educate university and other staff in the field of bioethics and medical
ethics.
As Senior Professor of Pharmacology, I am engaged in teaching and evaluation of medical students in Pharmacology
and Therapeutics in the Faculty of Medicine. In addition, I teach medical ethics, particularly the ethics of research,
and History of Medicine to medical undergraduates. The National Bioethics Committee (NBC) of the National Sci-
ence Foundation, which I chaired from 2004 to 2008, conducts workshops on research ethics, and training programs
for teaching bioethics, for academic staff members of universities in Sri Lanka. The NBC is also involved in develop-
ing national legislation on areas of bioethics. I have organized and helped to conduct several workshops on training
university teachers to teach bioethics, with UNESCO sponsorship. The Sri Lanka Medical Association (SLMA), of
which I was the president in 2001, is actively engaged in conducting training programs for postgraduates in Medi-
cal Ethics and Research Ethics. I am the Chairperson of the Ethical Review Committee of the SLMA as well as the
Forum for Ethical Review Committees in Sri Lanka, and the work of these committees include formulating national
guidelines for Sri Lanka.
I work with the UNESCO regional office in Bangkok to conduct bioethics education training workshops in the Asian
84
region. I was the external examiner for the Diploma in Bioethics conducted by the Centre for Bioethics and Culture,
in Karachi, Pakistan. I am member of the Steering Committee of the Forum for Ethical Review Committees in Asia
and the Western Pacific Region (FERCAP). I am a resource person at the research ethics workshops conducted by
FERCAP in this region, and also serve on WHO SIDCER/FERCAP teams surveying and evaluating ethical review
committees in the Asia Pacific Region. Abstract No: 14
Miriam Gent is a medical student intercalating on the MA Medical Humanities pathway at the University of Leices-
ter. Her research interests include: George Eliot and scientific realism; Florence Nightingale, Mary Seacole and the
gendered spheres of nursing and medicine; Blake Morrison and the ethics of life writing. She is currently writing
her dissertation on trauma and narrative in literature of the Rwandan genocide. As a member of the CAIPE student
network, Miriam will speak of medical humanities as an interdisciplinary discourse and tool for interprofessional
education at All Together Better Health 2008. She is also reporting for The British Association for Victorian Studies at
their annual conference, Victorian Feeling: Touch, Bodies, Emotions. Abstract N. 32
Alan Hooper. Since 2004 Alan Hooper has been Head of Third Year at the Mackintosh School of Architecture. Alan
graduated from MSA with a BArch(Hons) in 1987 and an MArch in 1988. Following extensive practice experience
Alan established his own architectural practice in 1999 with residential projects in Glasgow and London. Alan started
teaching part-time at MSA in 1998 and has also taught in the under and post-graduate architectural programmes in
Duncan of Jordanston, Dundee. Alan students have won a number of national and international prizes including the
inaugural Architects in Health prize.In 2006 Alan was the RIBA Bronze Medal Tutor, his student achieving the RIBA
best under-graduate project from one hundred schools of architecture around the world.
Alan is a member of various committees in GSA and has been the MSA Friday Lecture Series Co-ordinator since
2006. Alans research interests include institutional environments, design pedagogy and urbanism. ABSTRACT 58
Ephrat Huss trained as an art therapist and social worker, and is director of the creative tools for social workers MA
program at Ben- Gurion University. She researches the use of creative tools within individual and community inter-
ventions in social work and in health care:
85
Piero Luraschi. Vice Director of Public Hospitals Organization of Canton Ticino (Switzerland), is responsible for
the human resource area. Holder of a university degree in political economy, completed his studies with a Diploma in
public health and a Master in Medical Humanities. He is an editor of the Rivista per le Medical Humanities, published
by the Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale.
Martina Malacrida holds degrees in Contemporary History and aesthetics and film history from the University of
Geneva (Switzerland), as well as a degree of Master in Medical Humanities from the Insubria University (Italy).
She is currently working on her doctorate of History of Medicine at the University of Geneva, as a researcher at the
Istituto di ricerca in etica clinica e Medical Humanities of the Sasso Corbaro Foundation and of the Ente Ospedaliero
Cantonale (the Cantonal Hospital Institution, Ticino Canton) and as a freelance journalist. She is an editor of the Riv-
ista per le Medical Humanities, published by the Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale.
Roberto Malacrida is the head physician of the Intensive Medicine and the health director of the Ospedale Regionale
di Lugano (Switzerland). He is professor in Ethics at the Universities of Geneva and Fribourg (Switzerland). He is the
Editor in chief of the Rivista per le Medical Humanities published by the Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (the Cantonal
Hospital Institution, Ticino Canton), the director of the Istituto di ricerca in etica clinica e Medical Humanities of the
Sasso Corbaro Foundation and of the Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale. He is also the Coordinator of the Master Inter-
nazionale in Medical Humanities dellUniversit degli Studi dellInsubria, Varese (Italy) and of the Sasso Corbaro
Foundation of Bellinzona, Switzerland.
Chantal Marazia holds degrees in philosophy from the University of Venice (Italy) and in History of Medicine from
the University of Geneva (Switzerland). She received her Ph.D in History of Science at the University of Bari (Italy).
She is presently working as a translator and researcher at the Istituto di Ricerca in Etica Clinica e Medical Humani-
ties of the Sasso Corbaro Foundation and of the Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (the Cantonal Hospital Institution, Ticino
Canton). She is an editor of the Rivista per le Medical Humanities, published by the Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale. Her
interests include the History of Ideas, the History of Medicine and the History of Mentalities.
86
Graziano Martignoni is a physician, psychiatrist, psychotherapist FMH (the Swiss Medical Association) and
psychoanalyst. He is professor at the Department of Business Management and Social Sciences at the Scuola Univer-
sitaria Professionale della Svizzera Italiana (SUPSI) where he is as well in charge of the Osservatorio per le Medi-
cal Humanities and the coordinator of the post degree Training in Medical Humanities. He also teaches Sociology
of Cultural and Communication Processes at the Facolt di Scienze della comunicazione of the Universit Statale
dellInsubria (Italy), and general Psychopathology at the University of Fribourg (Switzerland). He is member of the
psycho-oncological research Foundation of Lugano (Switzerland) and he is vice-editor in chief of the Rivista per le
Medical Humanities and author of several publications.
Helen McCormack is the David Carritt Scholar in the History of Art at Glasgow University and Lecturer in the His-
torical and Critical Studies Department of Glasgow School of Art. She is a graduate of Birkbeck College, University
of London and the Royal College of Art/Victoria & Albert Museum. She specialises in British art and design history
of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries with a particular interest in the history of collecting, consumption theory
and material culture. Helen is currently completing her PhD at the University of Glasgow, entitled: The Collector as
Consumer in Eighteenth Century Britain: Dr William Hunter (1718-1783). Her research, which is supported by the
Paul Mellon Centre for Studies in British Art, explores the ideological processes of art, science and display within the
original collection of the founder of Glasgows Hunterian Museum. ABSTRACT 55
Islay McEwan. I am currently studying for a Doctor of Education degree at Manchester Metropolitan University. I
have a BSc(Hons) in PE and Sport Science and qualified as a Chartered Physiotherapist in 1987, worked in the NHS
until 1992. I then joined the Royal Opera House as Head Physiotherapist for Birmingham Royal Ballet and whilst
there completed an MSc in Sports Injury and Therapy at MMU. I left BRB in 1998 and worked in private practice
until joining MMU Department of Exercise and Sport Science in 1999. I have worked as a consultant Physiotherapist
to Team GB Sailing, the British Bouldering Team, and Team England 2006 Commonwealth Rifle Shooting Team.
87
ABSTRACT 33
Bruno Monguzzi is a designer, typographer and teacher. Monographs about his work have been published in Europe,
USA, China and Japan. Member of the Alliance Graphique Internationale AGI (the International Graphic Alliance),
he is the author of Lo Studio Boggeri,1933-1981 and Piet Zwart: the typographical work, 1923-1933. In 2003,
Bruno Monguzzi was awarded with Honorary Royal Designer for Industry by the Royal Society of Arts, London. He
is member of the editorial board of the Rivista per le Medical Humanities published by the Ente Ospedaliero Canton-
ale (the Cantonal Hospital Institution, Ticino Canton) of which he is responsible for the graphics.
Giona Morinini holds a degree in Psychology, a Diplom of Advanced Studies in psychology from the University of
Geneva (Switzerland), and a qualification in Sports Psychology from the University of Turin (Italy). He is presently
working as assistant at the Social Work Department of the Scuola Universitaria Professionale della Svizzera Italiana
(SUPSI), and as a collaborator at the Osservatorio per le Medical Humanities.
Arvid Ottar is co-owner and senior partner in Medplan AS Architects 1990-2006. He was Director of Medplan AS
Architects 1995-2005 He was born in Norway and received B.SC, B.ARCH, from Bath University of Technology,
UK, 1973. Selected hospital projects:
Nordlandssykehuset, Bod, Norway. Chief architect for the rehabilitation of existing buildings and building of new
treatment and laboratory wings totalling 70 000m2.
New Heart Clinic, Tuzla, Bosnia. Architectural consultant for the new specialist hospital for vascular surgery, angi-
ography and minimal invasive procedures totalling approximately 10 000m2. Design work started 2005, building in
2006 and completion is expected in 2008.
St. Olavs University Hospital, Heart- , Lung- and Acute centre, phase II, Trondheim, Norway. , Chief architect) in
team in cooperation with Frisk Architects for the last building phase of the new University Hospital where this centre
totalled 35 000m2 in 2004.
Aabenraa Sygehus, Denmark. Co-author winning 1. prize in limited architectural design competition in team with
CUBO Architects, Denmark for extensions to existing regional hospital totalling 13 000m2 in 2004 .
88
Detailed master plan for the St. Olavs University Hospital, faze II, Trondheim, Norway. , Principle project leader in
cooperation with Frisk Architects for the last building phase of the new University Hospital subdivided in four centres
totalling 90 000m2, 2003.
St. Olavs University Hospital, new Maternity and Paediatric Centre and new Laboratory Centre, phase I, Trondheim,
Norway. Principal coordinating architect for these two centres totalling 60 000m2. The two centres were completed
in 2005. Friedrich-Schiller Universittsklinikum, Jena, Germany. Co-author with Dr. Worceck architect Germany win-
ning 1.prize in a limited architectural competition for detailed master plan for a new university hospital for the state of
Turingen 1996-97. Chief architect for functional planning for the first building phase 1997-98 totalling 60 000m2.
New Rikshospital, Oslo, Norway. Co-author winning 1.prize in a limited architectural design competition for a new
Central State University Hospital totalling 136.000 m2. Chief architect during the project and building phase, 1991
2001.. ABSTRACT 46
Jonny Pugh Born in London; qualified (Bachelor of Architecture), Mackintosh School of Architecture, Glasgow
School of Art, 2005. 3rd year Healing Pool project won Lighthouse sust award (2005), NHS student award (2005),
Architects for Health student award (2007) and 5th GUPHA forum student award (Global University Programme in
Healthcare Architecture), Tokyo (2007). Worked as architectural assistant at Flores Prats Architects, Barcelona 2005-
2007 assisted by a Leonardo Scholarship; work includes animated website www.floresprats.com. Currently studying
Master of Architecture at the Royal College of Art, London 2006-2008 including a se ries of projects with 4 secondary
schools as part of the college outreach program.
Elisabetta Sassi graduated in 1972 at the Secondary Business school of Chiasso (Switzerland), and in 1989 she
received her linguistic school-leaving certificate in Pavia (Italy). In 2005 she received a Master degree in Economics
and Health Management at the Faculty of Economics at the Universit della Svizzera Italiana of Lugano. From 1974
to 1991, following her graduation, she worked as a secretary at the Department of Medicine at the General Hospital of
Mendrisio, Beata Vergine (Switzerland). From 1991 to 2002 she was responsible for the safety and education program
in Informatics and Technology at the Cantonal Hospital Institution (EOC), Ticino Canton.
89
Since 2002 she has been working as assistant of the Head officer of the Medical Area, under the Board of General
Directors of the Cantonal Hospital Institution. She is an editor of the Rivista per le Medical Humanities, published by
the Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale.
Thomas Schramme is Senior Lecturer at the Department of Philosophy, History and Law, School of Health Science,
at Swansea University. Previously he had been a Lecturer in Philosophy at Mannheim University, Germany. His main
research interests are in philosophy of medicine, ethics, and in political philosophy. Recently he has published papers
in Bioethics, Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics, and Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy. He has co-edited (with
J. Thome) the volume Philosophy and Psychiatry, Berlin: de Gruyter 2004 and has written a monograph on the con-
cept of mental illness (Patienten und Personen, Frankfurt: Fischer 2000). ABSTRACT 58
Matteo Terzaghi (Bellinzona, 1970) studied philosophy at the University of Geneva and wrote his dissertation on the
languages of art. He is the author of Il merito del linguaggio. Scrittura e conoscenza (Casagrande 2006). He is an
editor of the Rivista per le Medical Humanities, published by the Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale.
Trevor Thompson. Reared in Belfast, I studied in Oxford and London from where I graduated with a degree of
uncertainty about the completeness of the biomedical model. As an educationalist my motto is learning is fun
and I try to use different media in finding ways of engaging hearts and minds. Having completed a PhD in 2005 I am
focusing now mainly on education and am co-Director of the new BA in Medical Humanities programme at Bristol.
As a clinician I work as a GP in a colourful inner-city practice and in Bristols homeopathic hospital which continues
to thrive despite the best efforts of its detractors.
Nadia Tortola graduated at the Institute of Psychology of Lausanne (Switzerland). She did a training course at an
Institute for adolescents and adults with mental disorders and is presently doing a training course as psychologist
at the Research Unit on Epidemiology and Psychopathology (UREP) at the Department of Psychiatry of the Centre
Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) of Lausanne.
She is also involved as a researcher at the Istituto di ricerca in etica clinica e Medical Humanities of the Sasso Cor-
baro Foundation and of the Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (the Cantonal Hospital Institution, Ticino Canton). She is
90
particularly interested in the subject medicine vocation, which she wants to turn it into a doctorate project.
Dorothy Woodman is a doctoral student in the Department of English and Film Studies at the University of Alberta;
her awards include the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council doctoral fellowship. She has attended the
School of Criticism and Theory at Cornell University and will participate in a four-month mentorship at the Universi-
ty of Michigan. After treatment for breast cancer in 2005 she began her study of how metaphor in breast cancer art is
deployed to articulate corporeal polysemy and subjectless agency in contrast to metaphor as the ground for ideological
categories of the normative prevalent in medical and popular cultures.
Abstract 7
91
92
93
Accompanying Events
94
Communication Suite exhibition
The exhibition Communication Suite curated by Christine Borland (Glasgow Medical Humanities
Unit) will be open throughout the meeting.
The exihbition is supported by the Scottish Arts Council.

95
Communication Suite
Abramovi/Ulay Mark Dion
Breda Beban Douglas Gordon
Christine Borland Alistair MacLennan
Aileen Campbell Kirsty Stanseld
Alan Currall Clara Ursitti
July 8August 1 2008

Wolfson Medical School Building, Level 4, Glasgow University,
University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ
Public panel discussion in the the atrium of the Wolfson Medical School Building,
Glasgow University on Tuesday, July 8 at 4.30pm. All welcome.
Exhibition open MonFri, 10am4pm.
For more information please contact cmborland@btinternet.com

The exhibition is the opening event in Creative Space, the Fifth Annual Meeting
96
Art and Design in Patient Care

and the Built Environment
The NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde Seminar
Co-ordinated by Jackie Sands, Arts and Health Co-ordinator,
NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde
Childrens contributions to hospital design.

Professor Patricia McKeever, Toronto University, Canada
Commissioning art in hospitals with a particular focus on childrens hospitals.

Juliet Dean, Curator, PACE.
Art in Hospital programme.

Barbara Gulliver, Director of Art in Hospital, Glasgow.
Art in Healthcare.
Margaret Hurcombe, Executive Director of Art in Healthcare, Edinburgh
97
In recent years there has been an arts and health revolution taking place, which, with continued partnership working
between the Arts and health sectors and funding bodies and supporters will help to change the public face and service
delivery of 21st century healthcare worldwide.
Arts in Health is an evolving community of practice, developing a recognized and valued contribution to health
care service design and delivery, improving social, emotional and physical environments in healthcare and healing. It
mobilizes partners in collaboration, unified in the common purpose and belief that increasing access to high quality art
and design processes and products will help to reduce health inequality, building both personal and community resist-
ance to dis - ease and unhappiness.
The spectrum of activity (as we have seen at this conference) is wide and the practice is complex and draws on both
historic traditions of hospitality, architecture and design and recent developments in socially engaged contemporary
arts practice.
The session will focus on four examples of recent contemporary practice - Art and Design in patient care and the built
environment. We will explore the process, challenges, and strengths of three projects currently operating in Scotland
in dialogue with recent work being examined by Toronto based sociologist Professor Patricia Mckeever.
NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde is currently going through its largest ever modernization of sites, facilities and serv-
ices. Glasgow is in a once in a lifetime position to make thoughtful, imaginative and intelligent decisions around the
integration of the arts and health.
A seminar for NHSGGC Staff and conference delegates interested in the partnerships, processes, products and phi-
losophy-surrounding integration of art and design practices in Healthcare.
Target audience: conference delegates, NHSGGC Acute Directorate staff - Capital planning leads, project managers,
Facilities mangers and staff, Clinicians, nurses, Community Engagement and Health Improvement practitioners
98
99
Note on the artwork reproduced on pages 11,17, 79 and 93
Listening- Speaking- Talking- Hearing- Understanding

The idea that communication is a baseline requirement in everyday life is reflected in
the primordial shape, and the notion of flowing conversation through the aquatic colour
scheme.
This work was created by third year medical students Douglas Blackwood, Jack Pugh,
Michelle Goh and Rachel Thomson during a Special Study Module Medicine and the
Visual Arts 2007
Medical Faculty, University of Glasgow.

Arts supervision: P Muir, M Park. Graphic design supervision: K. McFall. Module supervision: M Dominiczak
100
Index Clark 72 Gulliver 96 MacLeman 61
Clerici 37 Macnaughton 55
A Clerici-Poli 81 H Malacrida 40, 41, 42, 43,
Clive 73 Harper 47, 48, 49, 50, 58, 85
Alder 28
51, 52 Malacrida, 58
Anderson. 66 D
Hodges 48 Marazia 40, 42, 85
Ash 31, 80
Dakin 24, 25 Hooper 68 Marshall 54
B Datta 34, 82 Hooper. 84 Martignon 39
Dean 96 Hull 35 Martignoni 37, 38, 41,
Baha 51 86
Di Bernardo 40, 58, 81 Hurcombe 96
Barazzoni 58, 80 McCormack 64, 86
Dodwell 18, 19, 82 Huss 53, 84
Baxendale 75 McEwan 45, 86
Dominiczak 83
Bernegger 37, 38, 80 J McGregor 71
Donachie 69, 70, 82
Bernegger, 58 McKeever 14, 15, 76
Douglas 60 Jones 74
Blanshard 49 McKeever, 96
Downie 12, 13
Bleakley 27 Monguzzi 58, 87
Bleakley. 26 K Morinin 39
E
Borsay 22, 80 Kane 63 Morinini 87
Bresalier, 36 Ellicot 50
Brett-MacLean 20, 21 Elliott 29 L N
Brett-MacLean, 81
F Lamont-Robinson 28 Nixon 33
Brind 65, 81
Byrne 75 Law 72
Fernando 30 Luraschi 58 O
Fernando. 83 Luraschi. 84
C Ottar 56, 87
Chanock, 66 G M P
Charissis, 66 Gent 44, 84
Chopra 33 Macdonald 59 Park 57
101
Pugh 68, 88 Y
R Younie 28
Ramji 21
Ramsawak 52
Rohrer 32
Rowley 66
S
Sakellariou, 66
Sassi 58, 88
Schramme 46, 89
Steventon 47
T
Taylor 45
Terzaghi 58, 89
Thompson 28, 36, 89
Tischler 33
Tortola 43, 89
W
Ward 66
Williams 28
Woodman 23, 90
http://www.amh.ac.uk
http://www.seeglasgow.com
We acknowledge the generous support of

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Creative

Arts, Humanities and Healthcare

Patron: Professor Sir Kenneth Calman, Chancellor, University of Glasgow

Book of Abstracts design and editing : Marek Dominiczak

Cover image: Charles Rennie Mackintosh: An artists cottage: west elevation

Fifth Annual Meeting of the

Acknowledgements page 8 Visual Arts Media and Performance (vamp)

Chancellors welcome page 9 Literature and Medicine (lit)

Plenary lectures page 11 Architecture and Healing Environment (ahe)

Abstracts of presentations page 17 Humanities in Medical Curricula (hmc)

Authors biographical notes page 79 Clinical Practice (cp)

Accompanying events page 93

Note on the reproduced

Index of names page 100

It is a pleasure to welcome the participants of the Fifth Annual Meeting

Perhaps the most important characteristics of medical humanities is that it links

I wish the Association every success.

Professor Sir Kenneth Calman

Robin Downie is Honorary Professorial Research Fellow and Emeritus Profes-

Featuring Childrens Hospitals: Then and Now, Here and There

ABSTRACT 2 Theme: LITERATURE AND MEDICINE (lit)

Rebel against the tyranny of reason

The Art & Humanities in Heath & Medicine Program: a medical

ABSTRACT 4 Theme: HUMANITIES IN MEDICAL CURRICULA (hmc)

Picassos bodies: a symptom of modern medicine?

ABSTRACT 7 Theme: VISUAL ARTS MEDIA AND PERFORMANCE (vamp)

No pretty in pink here: violence in breast cancer art

Brainwashing: the power of the psychiatrist portrayed in sixties visual media

ABSTRACT 9 Theme: LITERATURE AND MEDICINE (lit)

Medicines Exquisite Corpse: towards an aesthetic of medical education

ABSTRACT 11 Theme: VISUAL ARTS MEDIA AND PERFORMANCE (vamp)

Submission of two-screen video work All washed up

Out of our heads! The arts in medicine in Bristol on-line

ABSTRACT 13 Theme: LITERATURE AND MEDICINE (lit)

Poetry and prose in medicine

Introducing medical humanties to undergraduates: the student response

ABSTRACT 15 Theme: VISUAL ARTS MEDIA AND PERFORMANCE (vamp)

ABSTRACT 17 Theme: HUMANITIES IN MEDICAL CURRICULA (hmc)

ABSTRACT 20 Theme: HUMANITIES IN MEDICAL CURRICULA (hmc)

Madness and the movies: an undergraduate module

ABSTRACT 21 Theme: LITERATURE AND MEDICINE (lit)

ABSTRACT 23 Theme: HUMANITIES IN MEDICAL CURRICULA (hmc)

ABSTRACT 25 Theme: CLINICAL PRACTICE (cp)

ABSTRACT 27 Theme: VISUAL ARTS MEDIA AND PERFORMANCE (vamp)

Medical movie series, intimacy and the collective imaginary of hospitalisation

Illness and shame in Western culture

ABSTRACT 29 Theme: CLINICAL PRACTICE (cp)

Intimacy and professional distance in intensive care

The expression of trauma in literature and art of the Rwandan genocide

ABSTRACT 33 Theme: CLINICAL PRACTICE (cp)

Hans Prinzhorn and the quest to understand the disordered mind

ABSTRACT 36 Theme: LITERATURE AND MEDICINE (lit)

Humanism in The House of God

Madame Bovary as an historical perspective on hysteria and somatisation disorder

ABSTRACT 38 Theme: LITERATURE AND MEDICINE (lit)

The Ethical Issues raised in My Sisters Keeper

Orphans in literature and their relevance to medicine

ABSTRACT 40 Theme: LITERATURE AND MEDICINE (lit)

ABSTRACT 42 Session: Posters

Moving pain from the body to society through art

How do I smell? The relevance of smell to the practice of medicine

ABSTRACT 45 Theme: CLINICAL PRACTICE (cp)

The dangerous practice of empathy: empathy as a skill in medical practice