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Figure 69026
Figure 69025
2014 CHANGE ANALYSIS: Two changes were made
in this section, which covers ground-fault detection
(A) Ground-Fault Detection and Interruption (GFDI). The and interruption, although neither is likely to really
ground fault protection must: affect the installer. New to this edition of the NEC is
(1) Be capable of detecting a ground fault in the PV array dc that the grounded conductor must now be provided
current-carrying conductors and components, including any with ground-fault protection, whereas in 2011 it was
intentionally grounded conductors, permitted but not required. This change will force man-
ufacturers to revise their products. The other change
(2) Interrupt the flow of fault current, is to 690.5(C), which simply refers the Code user back
to the general rule of 110.21(B) for the requirements
(3) Provide an indication of the fault, and,
of signs. These requirements include suitability for the
(4) Be listed for providing PV ground-fault protection. environment involved, as well as a prohibition on hand
written warnings. This is of little consequence in this
(C) Labels and Markings. A warning label that isnt handwrit- context, because this sign is almost always provided
ten and is of sufficient durability to withstand the environment by the manufacturer.
involved, must be permanently affixed [110.21(B)] on the utility-
interactive inverter at a visible location at PV system batteries
stating the following: Figure 69026
340 Mike Holts Illustrated Guide to Understanding NEC Requirements for Solar Photovoltaic Systems
Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Systems|690.7
Figure 69027
Authors Comment:
n Open circuit voltage (Voc) is the voltage when theres no
load on the system.
Authors Comment:
PV System Voltage Based on Manufacturer
n PV module voltage has an inverse relationship with tem- Temperature Coefficient V/C
perature, which means that at lower temperatures, the
PV modules voltage increases; at higher temperatures, Example: Using the manufacturers temperature coeffi-
the PV modules voltage decreases from the manufac- cient of -0.137V/C, whats the maximum PV source circuit
turers nameplate Voc values. voltage for twenty-three modules each rated Voc 38.30, at
a temperature of -7C? Figure 69031
Figure 69031
Figure 69030
342 Mike Holts Illustrated Guide to Understanding NEC Requirements for Solar Photovoltaic Systems
Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Systems|690.7
-10 to -6 22 to 14 1.14 String Voc Table 690.7 = Module Voc Table 690.7
-15 to -11 13 to 5 1.16 Correction Factor # Modules per Series String
-20 to -16 -4 to 4 1.18 Module Voc = 38.30 Voc 1.14
-25 to -21 -13 to -5 1.20 Module Voc = 43.66V
-30 to -26 -22 to -14 1.21
PV Voc = 43.66V 12 modules
-35 to -31 -31 to -23 1.23 PV Voc = 524V
-40 to -36 -40 to -32 1.25
Figure 69033
344 Mike Holts Illustrated Guide to Understanding NEC Requirements for Solar Photovoltaic Systems
Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Systems|690.8
Maximum PV Source Circuit Current = Maximum PV Output Circuit Current = (8.90A 1.25)* 2
Module Isc 1.25 Maximum PV Output Circuit Current = 11.13A 2
Maximum PV Output Circuit Current = 22.26A
Maximum PV Source Circuit Current = 8.90A 1.25 *690.8(A)(1)
Maximum PV Source Circuit Current = 11.13A
Figure 69037
Figure 69036
Figure 69039
Figure 69038
Authors Comment:
n The inverter output circuit consists of the circuit con-
ductors from the inverter output terminals or ac mod-
ules [690.6(B)] to ac premises wiring.
n The instruction manual should be used because the
inverter output current can change based on the input
voltage. Regardless of the modules, conductors and
overcurrent devices are based on the output current,
whether theres one module or one million modules.
(5) DC-to-DC Converter Output Current. The maximum output Figure 69040
current for a dc-to-dc converter is the converter continuous
output current rating. Figure 69039
Authors Comment:
(B) Conductor Ampacity Sizing. PV circuit conductors must be n Conductors terminating on terminals rated 75C are
sized to the larger of 690.8(B)(1) or 690.8(B)(2). sized in accordance with the ampacities listed in the
(1) Before Ampacity Correction or Adjustment. PV circuit con- 75C temperature column of Table 310.15(B)(16)
ductors must have an ampacity of not less than 125 per- [110.14(C)(1)(a)(3)], if the conductor insulation tem-
cent of 690.8(A) current before the application of conductor perature rating is 75C or 90C.
346 Mike Holts Illustrated Guide to Understanding NEC Requirements for Solar Photovoltaic Systems
Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Systems|690.8
Example: Whats the minimum PV source circuit conduc- Example: Whats the minimum PV output circuit conduc-
tor ampacity before the application of conductor correction tor ampacity, before the application of conductor correc-
or adjustment for the PV source circuit (string) conductors tion or adjustment, supplied by two PV source circuits, each
having a short-circuit current rating of 8.90A; assuming all having a short-circuit current rating of 8.90A; if all termi-
terminals are rated 75C? Figure 69041 nals are rated 75C? Figure 69042
Conductor Ampacity = (Module Isc 1.25)* 1.25 Conductor Ampacity = (Module Isc 1.25
Number of Source Circuits)* 1.25
Conductor Ampacity = (8.90A 1.25)* 1.25
Conductor Ampacity = (11.13A)* 1.25 Conductor Ampacity = (8.90A 1.25 2 strings)*
Conductor Ampacity = 13.91A 1.25
Conductor Ampacity = 14 AWG rated 20A at 75C Conductor Ampacity = 22.26A* 1.25
[Table 310.15(B)(16)] Conductor Ampacity = 27.83A
*690.8(A)(1) Conductor Ampacity = 10 AWG rated 35A at 75C
[Table 310.15(B)(16)]
*690.8(A)(2)
Figure 69041
Figure 69042
Conductor Ampacity =
Inverter Nameplate Rating* 1.25
Figure 69043
348 Mike Holts Illustrated Guide to Understanding NEC Requirements for Solar Photovoltaic Systems
Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Systems|690.8
PV Source Circuit Ampacity after PV Source Circuit after Correction and Adjustment
Correction and Adjustment
Example: Whats the conductor ampacity after tempera-
Example: Whats the conductor ampacity after tem- ture correction and adjustment for four current-carrying
perature correction for two current-carrying size 14 RHH/ size 14 RHH/RHW-2/USE-2 or PV wires rated 90C in
RHW-2/USE-2 or PV wires rated 90C in a raceway or a raceway or cable on the roof, where the ambient tem-
cable on the roof, where the ambient temperature is 90F perature is 90F with 60F added in accordance with Table
with 60F added in accordance with Table 310.15(B)(3)(c), 310.15(B)(3)(c), supplying modules having a nameplate Isc
supplying modules having a nameplate Isc rating of 8.90A? rating of 8.90A for each circuit? Figure 69047
Figure 69046
Conductor Ampacity = Table 310.15(B)
Conductor Ampacity = Table 310.15(B)(16) Ampacity (16) Ampacity at 90C Column x
at 90C Column x Temperature Correction Temperature Correction x Adjustment
Temperature Correction = 0.58, Table 310.15(B)(2)(a) Temperature Correction = 0.58, Table 310.15(B)(2)(a)
based on 150F (ambient plus 60F roof temperature based on 150F (ambient plus 60F roof temperature
adder) adder)
Adjustment = 0.80, Table 310.15(B)(3)(a), based on four
Conductor Ampacity = 25A x 0.58
current-carrying conductors in a raceway or cable
Conductor Ampacity = 14.50A, which has sufficient
Conductor Ampacity = 25A x 0.58 x 0.80
ampacity after correction and adjustment to supply
Conductor Ampacity = 11.60A, which has sufficient
the PV source circuit current of 11.13A (8.90A x 1.25)
ampacity after correction and adjustment to supply
[690.8(A)(1)].
the PV source circuit current of 11.13A [8.90A x 1.25,
690.8(A)(1)].
Figure 69046
Figure 69047
Authors Comment:
n For an ungrounded system [690.35], both the positive
and negative conductor must have overcurrent protec-
tion; for grounded systems, only the ungrounded con-
ductor requires overcurrent protection [240.15].
Figure 69048 (b) The short-circuit currents (Isc) from all sources dont exceed
the ampacity of the PV circuit conductors or the maximum
overcurrent device size specified on the PV module name-
690.9 Overcurrent Protection plate. Figure 69050
Authors Comment:
(A) Circuits and Equipment. PV source circuits, PV output cir-
cuits, inverter output circuits, and storage battery circuits and n This occurs when the PV source or PV output circuits
equipment must have overcurrent protection in accordance with consist of no more than two circuits and the inverter
Article 240. Figure 69049 isnt capable of being backfed to the PV array. When
350 Mike Holts Illustrated Guide to Understanding NEC Requirements for Solar Photovoltaic Systems