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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

Chapter I: Electricity
INTRODUCTION

An invisible force that can produce heat, light, and motion. Electricity
The force for _________ is an attraction or repulsion between Motion
electric charges.
The basic form for a quantity of electricity. Electric Charge
The closed path for the movement of charges. Circuit

NEGATIVE AND POSITIVE POLARITIES

Two basic particles of electric charge. Electron and Proton


_______ is the smallest amount of electric charge having the Electron
characteristic called negative polarity.
The proton is a basic particle with ________. Positive Polarity
Is it true or false that the neutral condition means equal positive True
and negative charges?

ELECTRONS AND PROTONS IN THE ATOM

The smallest particle of the basic elements that form solid, liquids, Atom
gases we know as physical substances.
Central mass of an atom Nucleus
Proton is _______ times heavier than an electron. 1840
Electrons that can move freely from one atom to the next. Free electrons
Electrons that can move easily from atom to atom in a material. Conductor
The best conductor. Silver
A material with atoms in which the electrons tend to stay in their Insulator
own orbits.
An insulating material and also can store electric charges. Dielectric
A material that conducts less than the metal conductors but more Semiconductors
than the insulators.
Practically all transistors are made of _________. Silicon
Defined as a substance that cannot be decomposed any further Elements
by chemical action.
Greek word that means a particle too small to be subdivided. Atom
Semiconductors have _____ electrons in the outermost ring. 4
____ Electrons in the outside ring is a stable structure. 8
A group of two or more atoms. Molecule
A group of two or more elements. Compound
The smallest unit of a compound with the same chemical Molecule
characteristics.
Atomic number of oxygen. 8

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM

In 1913, ________ proposed our present planetary model of the Niels Bohr
atom
A new idea of nuclear atom was developed by _________. Lord Rutherford
Max Planck and
The quantum theory of radiation was developed by ________. Albert Einstein
This gives the number of protons or electrons required in the atom Atomic Number
for each element.
Atomic number of hydrogen is ______. 1
The planetary electrons are in successive shells. K, L, M, N, O, P, Q
Maximum electrons in Q shell. 8
____ Shell is the closest to the nucleus. K
The number of electrons in an incomplete outermost shell. Electron Valence
A completed outer shell has a valence of _______. Zero
Carbon has a valence of __. 4
The number of outer electrons is considered __________, as these Positive Valence
electrons are in addition to the stable shells.
__________ indicate magnetic properties of atom. Subshells
_________ is electrically neutral without any net charge. Neutron
Neutron has a mass same as a _______. Proton
_________ has a positive charge of a hydrogen nucleus. Proton
0.16 x 10-18 C,
Charge of electron, in orbital shells negative
0.16 x 10-18 C,
Charge of proton, in nucleus. positive
Charge of neutron, in nucleus. None
Mass of electron, orbital shells. 9.108 x 10-28 g
Mass of proton, in nucleus. 1.672 x 10-24 g
Mass of neutron, in nucleus. 1.675 x 10-24 g
Mechanical force of attraction or repulsion between charges is Static Electricity
the fundamental method by which electricity makes itself evident.
Value of a coulomb. 6.25 x 1018 C
The analysis of static charges and their forces. Electrostatics
The symbol of electric charge. Q or q
A French physicist who measured the force between charges Charles A. Coulomb
A dielectric with positive electric charge of 2C has 12.5 x 1018 0
electrons added. What is its charge then?
An American physicist who measured the extremely small force of Robert A. Millikan
electron and proton.
One coulomb is equivalent to __________ electrons. 6.25 x 1018
__________ refers to the possibility of doing work. Potential
The result of work done in separating electrons and protons. Charge
A measure of work needed to move an electric charge. Volt

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

1 joule of work per


One volt equals to ___________ coulomb of charge
The potential difference between two charges forces a third Electric Current
charge to move.
The value of the charge moves at the rate of 6.25 x 1018 One Ampere
electrons flowing past a given point per second.
The ampere unit of current was named after __________. Andre M. Ampere
A measure of how intense or concentrated the electron flow is. Current/Amperage
Current multiplied by time is equivalent to a ________. Charge
The charge of 5 C moves past a given point in 1s. How much the 5A
current?
The most common charge. Electron
Vacant space where an electron is missing. Hole charge
Type of current of Ion. Ion current
An atom that has either lost or gained one or more valence Ion
electrons to become electrically charged.
The opposition which limits the amount of current that can be Resistance
produced by the applied voltage.
The practical unit of resistance. Ohm
The opposite of resistance. Conductance
A German physicist who named after the unit of resistance George Simon Ohm
A European inventor who named after the unit of conductance. Ernst Van Siemens
The current that flow through the load resistance. Load Current
The motion of positive charges in the opposite direction from the Conventional Current
electron flow.
Similar characteristic of a Direct Current and Alternating Current Heating Effect
Unit for cycle per second. Hertz
Frequency used in most homes. 60 hertz
Is it true when the polarity of the applied voltage reverses, the True
direction of current flow also reverses?
_______ Produces voltage by means of a conductor rotating in a Generator
magnetic field.
An element that is often used as a source of photoelectrons. Cesium
The emitting electrode. Cathode
It is used to collect emitted electrons. Anode
The quantity unit of electrons or protons Coulomb
Potential difference between two unlike charges. Voltage
Opposition that reduces amount of current Resistance

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

Chapter 2: Resistors
INTRODUCTION
Carbon-composition
The most often used construction of a resistor. type
The purpose of using a resistor in a circuit is to reduce Current (I)
__________ to a specific value.
True or false: the resistance has a common effect for DC and AC True
circuits.

TYPES OF RESISTORS
Resistance and its
Two main characteristics of a resistor. power rating
It means the power is wasted. Dissipation
The power rating of carbon resistors. 1W or less
Resistors with higher resistance values usually have lower wattage They have less
ratings because __________. current
True or false: the lower the power rating, the smaller the physical True
size of the resistor.
A type of resistor that has a special type of wire called Wire-wound Resistor
resistance wire.
The power rating available in small wire-wound resistors. 3 to 4W
This type of resistor is made of finely divided carbon or graphite Carbon-composition
mixed with a powdered insulating material. Resistor
These are metal caps with leads of tinned copper wire of resistor Axial leads
for soldering the connection into circuit.
Available values of carbon resistors. 1 to 20
The power rating of carbon resistor. 0.1 to 2W
Carbon film type and
Two kinds of film-type resistors. Metal-film
This type of resistor has a carbon coating fired onto a solid Chip resistors
ceramic substrate.
This type of resistor is a wire-wound resistor made to burn open
easily when the power rating is exceeded. It then serves the dual Fusible resistors
functions of a fuse and a resistor to limit the current.

RESISTOR COLOR CODING


Electronic Industries
The organization standardized the color coding of resistor. Association (EIA)
The first digit in the
In reading the resistor color coding value, the first band close to numerical value of
the edge gives ______. resistor.
In reading the resistor color coding value, the third band indicates The decimal
______. multiplier.
The amount by which the resistor can be different from the color- Tolerance
coded value.

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

The typical tolerance of wire-wound resistor. 5%


The typical tolerance of precision wire-wound resistor. 1% or less

VARIABLE RESISTORS
It can be wire-wound or carbon-type resistor. Variable Resistor
Typical value of carbon controls of variable resistor. 1000 to 5M
Typical power rating of variable resistor. to 2W
The way resistor varies with the shaft control. Taper of the control
It is convenient unit for providing any one resistor within a wide Decade box
range of values.

RHEOSTATS AND POTENTIOMETERS


It is a variable resistor with two terminals connected in series with Rheostat
a load. The purpose is to vary the amount of current.
It is generally called pot and it has three terminals. Potentiometer
The purposes of the circuit I to tap off variable part of the 100V Potentiometer circuit
from the source.
These are generally wire-wound high-wattage resistors for Commercial
power applications. rheostats

POWER RATING OF RESISTORS


A resistor should have _________ to dissipate the power
produced by the current flowing through the resistance, without High wattage rating
becoming too hot.
A type of resistor that operates at high temperature, a typical Wire wound resistor
value being 300C for the maximum temperature.

SERIES AND PARALLEL COMBINATIONS OF RESISTORS


Two equal resistors in ________ double the resistance. Series
Two equal resistors in ________ have one-half the resistance. Parallel
Equivalent of one
The equivalent of total resistance of four equal resistors in series- resistor with four
parallel combination. times the power
rating

RESISTORS TROUBLES
There is no current in
When the open resistor is a series component, ____________. the entire series path.
These are preferred in applications such as volume and tone
controls because the smoother change in resistance results in less Carbon controls
noise when the variable arm is rotated.
Resistance measurements are made with a _____________. Ohmmeter
A ____________ resistor reads infinitely high ohms. Open
A resistor can change in value beyond it tolerance caused by Heat over a long
__________. period of time

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

Chapter 3: Ohms Law


INTRODUCTION

He discovered the Ohms Law. Georg Simon Ohm


It is used to determine the amount of electric power in the circuit. Ohms Law
True or false: Ohms law applies to both DC and AC circuits. True

THE CURRENT I=V/R

He discovered the Ohms Law. Georg Simon Ohm


The ohms law is equal to __________________. V=IR
In Ohms law, increase in voltage is _________ in current. Decrease
Directly proportional;
The current is _______________ to volts and ______________ to inversely
the resistance. proportional

THE VOLTAGE V=IR

The voltage is ______________ to current and resistance. Direct proportional

THE RESISTANCE R=V/I

Inversely
The resistance is ______________ to current and proportional;
_____________ to the voltage. proportional

PRACTICAL UNITS

It is the amount of current through a one-ohm resistance that has One ampere
one volt of potential difference applied across it.
It is the potential difference across a one-ohm resistance that has One volt
one ampere of current through it.
It is the amount of opposition in a resistance that has a V/I ratio One ohm
of 1, allowing one ampere of current with one volt applied.

MULTIPLE UNITS

1 milli-ampere multiply by 1 kilo ohms is equal to __________. 1 volt


1 micro-ampere multiply by 1 mega-ohm is equal to _________. 1 volt
1 milli ampere is equal to _______________. 1000 A

LINEAR PROPORTION BETWEEN V AND I

The formula which states that V and I are directly proportional Ohms Law
for any value of R.

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

In ohms law, increases of volts will __________ the current. Increase


It shows how much current the resistor allows for different Volt-ampere
voltages. characteristic graph
In a volt-ampere characteristic graph, the value in y axis or Current values
ordinate is _______________.
In a volt-ampere characteristic graph, the value in x axis or Voltage values
abscissa is _____________.
In ohms law, voltage and current are __________. Directly proportional
This type has a nonlinear volt-ampere characteristic. Nonlinear resistance
Whether the resistor is linear is not, the current is ________ for Less
more resistance, with applied voltage constant.

ELECTRIC POWER

The unit of electric power. Watt


James Watt (1736-
He discovers the unit of electric power. 1819)
It equals the work done in one second by one volt of potential One watt of power
difference in moving one coulomb of charge.
It is the time rate of doing work. Power
It is the time rate at which charges is forced to move by voltage. Electric power
764 Watts or 550 ft
1 horse power is equal to____________. lb/s
One horse power is approximately equal to ____________. kW
It is the power used during a period of time. Work
One joule is equal to ________ 1watt second
One watt is equal to ___________. 1 joule/second
One joule is equal to ________ coulomb 6.25 x 1018 eV
This is a unit commonly for large amounts of electrical work or Kilowatt-hour
energy.
The amount is calculated simply as the product of the power in
kilowatts multiplied by the time in hours during which the power is Kilowatt-hour
used.

POWER DISSIPATION IN RESISTANCE

It is produced when current flows in a resistance because friction


between the moving free electrons and the atoms obstructs the Heat
path of electron flow.
It is generated by the source of applied voltage and consumed in Power
the resistance in the form of heat.
It is desirable because the component must produce heat in order Electric Power
to do its job. Dissipation
0.24 calorie of heat
1 watt during the time of 1sec is equivalent to __________. energy

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

POWER FORMULA

Power is equivalent to __________. VI; I2R; V2/R


The calculations that can be used for just about all types of Ohms Law
circuits.

CHOOSING THE RESISTOR FOR A CIRCUIT

Its purpose is to limit the current flowing in the circuit. Resistor


The safety factor in the power rating in carbon resistor. 2
Power rating of a resistor that would allow the circuit to operate High Power Rating
normally and last longer without breaking down from excessive Resistors
heat.
Using a resistor with a suitable power rating provides the Voltage rating
required ___________.

ELECTRIC SHOCK

It is a sudden involuntary contraction of the muscles, with a feeling Shock


of pain, caused by current through the body. It can be fatal.
The greatest shock hazard is from ______ that can supply High-voltage circuits
appreciable amounts of power.
The value of let go current for men. 9mA
The value of let go current for women. 6mA
The greatest danger of shock is form a source having an output
of ________ with enough power to maintain the load current More than 30 V
through the body when it is connected across the applied voltage.

OPEN-CIRCUIT AND SHORT-CIRCUIT TROUBLES

It is useful for calculating I, V, and R in a closed circuit with normal Ohms Law
values.
The amount of current could be infinitely high with _________. No resistor

Chapter 4: Series Circuits


INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this circuit is to connect different components that Series Circuits
need the same current.

WHY I IS THE SAME IN ALL PARTS OF A SERIES CIRCUIT

It is a movement of charges between two points, produced by the Electric Current

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

applied voltage.
The order in which components are connected in series does not Current
affect the ___________.
It is the same amount at the same time in all series components. Current
The free electrons moving away from one point are continuously
replaced by free electrons flowing from a ____________ in the Adjacent Point
series circuit.

TOTAL R EQUALS THE SUM OF ALL SERIES RESISTANCES

It is equal to the sum of the individual resistances. Total Resistance


A combination of series resistance. String
It is equals the sum of individual resistance. String Resistance

SERIES IR VOLTAGE DROPS

The voltage across the resistor is equal to _________. IxR


With no current through a resistor, the resistor has __________ Resistance
only.
In series circuits, the _________has the largest IR voltage drop Highest R
across it.

THE SUM OF SERIES IR DROPS EQUALS THE APPLIED VT

It is the sum of the series IR drops. Total Voltage (VT)

POLARITY OF IR VOLTAGE DROPS

When an IR voltage drop exists across a resistance, one end must More positive or
be either ________________ than the other end. more negative
The polarity of IR voltage can be associated with the direction of Current through a
___________. resistor
The top end of R in the diagrams is _______. Negative
True or false: The resistor does not know which direction of current True
we are thinking of.

TOTAL POWER IN A SERIES CIRCUIT

The power needed to produce current in each series resistor is Heat


used up in the form of __________.
It is the sum of the individual values of power dissipated in each Total Power
part of the circuit.

SERIES-AIDING AND SERIES OPPOSING VOLTAGES

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

These are connected with polarities that allow current in the same Series-aiding
direction. Voltages
Voltages are connected ______ when the plus terminal of one is Series-aiding
connected to the negative terminal of the text.
Voltages are connected ______ when the negative terminal of Series-opposing
one is connected to the negative terminal of the text.
If the series-opposing voltages are equal, the net voltage is Zero
equal to __________.

ANALYZING SERIES CIRCUITS

We must know the _________ to calculate current because the Total Resistance
total applied voltage is given.
A common application of series circuits is to use a resistance to Drop
______ the voltage from the source to a lower value.

EFFECT OF AN OPEN CIRCUIT IN A SERIES PATH

It is break in the current path. Open Circuit


The resistance of the _________ is very high because an insulator Open path
like air takes place conducting path of the circuit.
With an open in any part of a series circuit, the current is _____ Zero
in the entire circuit.
Each of the resistors in the open circuit has an IR drop of ______. Zero
There is ___________ with the open circuit because there is no No Current
complete path outside the battery between its two terminals.
The __________ have the entire applied voltage indicates a Open Terminals
good way to find an open component in a series string.

SERIES CIRCUIT FOR THE AND LOGIC FUNCTION

It allows voltage at the input to be passed through to the output Gate Circuit
only under certain conditions.
The _________ gate functions correspond to switches in series. AND gate

Chapter 5: Parallel Circuits


INTRODUCTION

There have one common voltage across all the branches but Parallel Circuits
separate branch currents that can be different.
It is formed when two or more components are connected across Parallel Circuits
one voltage source.

THE APPLIED VOLTAGE VA IS THE SAME ACROSS PARALLEL BRANCHES

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

The typical application of parallel circuits. Typical House Wiring


It is formed when two or more components are connected across Parallel Circuits
one voltage source.

EACH BRANCH I EQUALS VA/R

In applying Ohms Law, it is important to note that the current


equals the voltage applied across by the circuit divided by the Resistance
___________ resistance between the two points where that
voltage is applied.
The ___________ can be different in parallel circuits that have Current (I)
different R because V is the same across all the branches.

THE MAIN-LINE IT EQUALS THE SUM OF THE BRANCH CURRENTS

Components to be connected in parallel are usually wired Directly


_________ across each other.
Current in the Main-
It is equal to the sun of the branch currents. Line

RESISTANCES IN PARALLEL

In ohms law, divide the common voltage across the parallel Total current of all
resistances by the ___________. the branches
It is equal to the applied voltage divided by the total current of Required Resistance
all the branches. (REQ)
A combination of parallel branches. Bank
This applies to any number of parallel resistances of any value. Reciprocal Formula
On branch divided
If R is equal in all branches, the REQ is equal to the value of by the number of
__________ branches.

CONDUCTANCE IN PARALLEL

It is equal to the reciprocal of resistance. Conductance


Working with _____ may be more convenient than resistance is Conductance (G)
parallel since it avoid to use of the reciprocal formula for REQ.

TOTAL POWER IN PARALLEL CIRCUITS

It is equal to sum of the individual values of power in each Total Power


branch.

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

It can alter the distribution of voltage or current, but power is the Series or parallel
rate at which energy is applied. connections

ANALYZING PARALLEL CIRCUITS

When you know the voltage across one branch, this voltage is Across all the
__________. branches
If you know IT and one of the branch currents I1, you can find I2 Subtracting I1 from IT
by _______________.

EFFECT OF AN OPEN BRANCH IN PARALLEL CIRCUITS

An open in any circuit is a ____________ that results in no Infinite Resistance


current.
In parallel circuits, open circuits in one branch results No current through
___________, but in other branches can have their normal that branch
current.

EFFECT OF A SHORT CIRCUIT ACROSS PARALLEL BRANCHES

In parallel circuits, a short circuit has _________, resulting in Zero Resistance


excessive current.
All the parallel paths
In parallel circuits, when one branch is short-circuited, are also short-
__________. circuited.

PARALLEL CIRCUIT FOR THE OR LOGIC FUNCTION

The __________ gate function corresponds to switches in parallel. OR Gate

Chapter 6: Series - Parallel Circuits


INTRODUCTION

It is used when it is necessary to provide different amounts of


voltage and current for the components using one source of Series-Parallel Circuit
applied voltage.

FINDING RT FOR SERIES-PARALLEL RESISTANCES

To find the total resistance in the series-parallel circuit, we______ Add


add the series resistance and combine the parallel resistance.

RESISTANCE STRINGS IN PARALLEL

In series-parallel circuits, with too low a _________, there would Voltage

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

be insufficient current for normal operation and the bulbs would


not operate at normal brilliance.
Each branch current equals the voltage applied across the branch The total resistance
divided by __________ in the branch.
For any one resistance in a string, the current in the string
multiplied by the resistance equals the ___________ across that IR Voltage Drop
particular resistance.
Total line current
It is equal to the sum of the branch currents for all parallel strings.
Resistance of the
It is equal to the applied voltage divided by the total line current. total series-parallel
circuit
The series parts have the same _________. Current
The parallel parts have the same __________. Voltage

RESISTANCE BANKS IN SERIES

The group of parallel resistance. Bank


The purpose of a resistance banks in series circuit is to provide
the same voltage for two or more resistance in a bank, where the Less than
bank voltage must be ___________ the applied voltage by the
amount of IR drop across any series resistance.
The general procedure for the banks in series circuits is to find the
________________ of each bank and then add all the series Equivalent resistance
resistance.

RESISTANCE BANKS AND STRINGS IN SERIES-PARALLEL

To find the currents and voltages in this circuit, first find Total Resistance
__________ in order to calculate the main-line current.

ANALYZING SERIES-PARALLEL CIRCUITS

With parallel string across the main line, the branch currents and Total Resistance
total current can be found without _______.
When parallel strings have series resistance in the main line,
______ must be calculated to find IT, assuming no branch current is Total Resistance
known.
It is applied across the RT of the entire circuit, producing an IT that Source Voltage
flows only in the main line.
Any individual series resistance has its own IR drop that must be Less than
_____ the total VT.

WHEATSTONE BRIDGE

It has four terminals, two for input voltage and two for output. Bridge Circuit

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

Sir Charles
Inventor of the Wheatstone Bridge Wheatstone (1802
1875)
In this circuit, an unknown resistance is balanced against a Wheatstone Bridge
standard accurate resistor for precise measurement of resistance.
It can be analyzed as simply series resistance strings in parallel Balanced Bridge
when the current is zero through the meter. Circuit

CHASSIS GROUND CONNECTIONS

It is usually made by driving copper rods into the ground and Ground Connection
connecting the ground wire of the electrical system to these rods.
A chassis ground in which connected to earth ground. Cold side or low side
A chassis ground in which not connected to earth ground. Hot side or High side

VOLTAGES MEASURED TO CHASSIS GROUND

When a circuit has the chassis as a common return, we generally Chassis


measure the voltages with respect to ___________.
Positive voltages to
The negative side of total voltage is grounded. negative ground
The voltage source is inverted. Any point in the circuit must be Negative Voltages to
more negative than the positive terminal of the source, even when Positive Ground
this terminal is grounded.

OPENS AND SHORTS IN SERIES-PARALLEL CIRCUITS

It has practically zero resistance. Short Circuit


It has infinitely high resistance with practically zero current. Open Circuit

Chapter 7: Voltage Dividers and Current Dividers


INTRODUCTION

Voltage Division
It gives the series voltages even when the current is not known. Formula
It gives the branch currents even when the branch voltage is not Current Division
known. Formula

SERIES VOLTAGE DIVIDERS

It is the same all the resistance in a series circuit. Current


Each resistance provides an IR drop V equal to its proportional Voltage Dividers
part of the applied voltage.
The series resistance has the most _________. Voltage
The advantage of the voltage divider method is we can find the Current

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

proportional voltage drops from VT and the series resistance


without knowing the amount of ________

CURRENT DIVIDERS WITH TWO PARALLEL RESISTANCES

Current Division
It can be used only for two branch resistances. Formula

CURRENT DIVISION BY PARALLEL CONDUCTANCES

If conductance is the reciprocal of resistance, therefore, Directly


conductance and current are ____________ proportional.
The method of _______ is usually easier to use than the method Conductance
of resistances from three or more branches.

SERIES VOLTAGE DIVIDER WITH PARALLEL LOAD CURRENT

It is often used to tap off part of the applied voltage VT for a Voltage divider
load that needs less voltage than VT.
All the current in the circuit must come from the _______. Source Voltage
It is a steady drain of the source. Bleeder Current

DESIGN OF A LOADED VOLTAGE DIVIDER

This type of circuit is used for the output of a power supply in Loaded Voltage
electronic equipment to supply different voltages at the taps, with Divider
different load currents.

Chapter 8: Direct Current Meters


INTRODUCTION

Meters with values printed on a scale and moving a pointer that Analog meters
indicates values on the scale.
Meters with numerical readouts that indicates values directly. Digital meters
To measure voltage, the test leads of the voltmeter are connected Parallel
in __________ across two points of potential difference.
To measure currents in units of amperes, milli-amperes, or micro- Series
amperes, the meter is a __________ component in the circuit.
A combinational meter, like the VOM and DMM will all three Multimeter or
functions. multitester

MOVING COIL METER

Volt-ohm-milli-
It can be used to measure voltage or resistance. ammeter

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

It is generally used in a VOM in which the construction consists


essentially of a coil of fine wire on a drum mounted between the Moving coil meter
poles of a permanent magnet.
It is directly proportional to the amount of current in the coil. Pointer deflection
It is an extremely sensitive instrument for measuring very small Galvanometer
values of current.
It is used for reading the value of a small momentary current, to Ballistic
measure electric charge. galvanometer
The moving coil arrangement is often called a ___________, DArsonval
after its inventor, who patented this meter movement in 1881. Movement
The optical error caused by looking at the meter from the side. Parallax error
The meter movement can be constructed with moving coil and
pointer suspended by a metal band, instead of the pivot and Taut-band meters
jewel design with a restoring spring.

MEASURING THE CURRENT

The current meter must be in _________ in the circuit where the Series
current is to be measured.
True or false: in a series circuit, the current is the same through all True
series components.

METER SHUNTS

It is a precision resistor connected across the meter movement for


the purpose of shunting, or bypassing, a specific fraction of the Meter shunt
circuits current around the meter movement.

VOLTMETERS

It is commonly used for measuring voltage by the addition of a Voltmeter


high resistance series with the movement.
The series resistance must be _________ than the coil resistance Higher
in order to limit the current through the coil.
It is a series resistor usually connected inside the voltmeter case. Multiplier
Since a voltmeter has high resistance, it must be connected in
______________ to measure the potential difference across two Parallel
points in a circuit.
The ohms-per-volt rating is also called ___________ of the Sensitivity
voltmeter.

LOADING EFFECT OF A VOLTMETER

The effect when the voltmeter resistance is not high enough, Loading down
connecting if across a circuit can reduce the measured voltage

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

compared with the voltage present without the voltmeter.


It can be minimized by using voltmeter with a resistance much Loading effect
greater than the resistance across which the voltage is measured.
It causes the voltage reading to be too slow because high volt Loading effect of a
resistance is too low as a parallel resistance. voltmeter

OHMMETERS

It consists of an internal battery, meter movement, a current- Ohmmeter


linking resistance.
For measuring resistance, the ohmmeter leads are connected External resistance
across the __________ to be measured.
Typical resistance of series ohmmeter circuit. 1500
When the ohmmeter leads are open, not touching each other, the Zero
current is _________.
The arrangement of the ohms scale increases from left to right. Back-off scale
A symbol which means that the measured resistance is infinitely
Lazy eight or
greater than the ohmmeter resistance.
It is given for each ohms range because the highest resistance is Multiplying factor
infinite on all the ohms ranges.
For higher values of external resistance, the meter current
_________ to indicate higher resistances on the back-off ohms Decreases
scale.
To compensate for lower voltage output as the internal battery
ages, an ohmmeter includes a ____________ to calibrate the Variable resistor
ohms scale.
A back-off ohmmeter is always adjusted for __________. Zero ohms

MULTIMETERS

It is use to measure voltage, current, or resistance. Multimeter


The main types of Multimeters VOM and DMM
Most analog Multimeters have an AC voltage scale calibrated in Decibels (dB)
_________ for measuring AC signals.
It is a logarithmic unit used for comparisons of power levels or Decibels (dB)
voltage levels.
Positive decibel values, above the zero mark, indicate AC 0.775 V
voltages above the reference of ___________.
It is a probe with a clamp that fits around the current-carrying
wire in which its magnetic field is used to indicate the amount of Amp-clamp probe
current.
The accessory probe that can be used with a multimeter to
measure DC voltages up to 30kV. The probe is basically just an High-voltage probe
external multiplier resistance for the DC voltmeter.

17
MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

DIGITAL MULTIMETERS

This type of test instrument has become very popular because the
digital value of the measurement is displayed automatically with Digital multimeter
decimal point, polarity, and the unit for voltage, ampere, or
ohms.
These are generally easier to use because they eliminate the
human error that often occurs in reading different scales on an Digital meters
analog meter with a pointer.
The basis of the DMM operation is the use of a ____________ Analog to digital
circuit. circuit
It is a visual display with decimal values in which generally used Liquid-crystal display
to show the values processed by digital circuit. (LCD)
The input resistance of the DMM is in the range of _________. 10 to 20M
Internal diode
The DMM has a ____________ that serves as an AC converter. rectifier
A DMM ohmmeter usually has an open-circuit voltage across the 0.4V
meter leads of about __________.
To measure current in DMM, the ______ provide proportional IR Internal resistors
voltage.
It is supplied by the DMM for the diode to test the voltage across Current
it junction.
For diode test in DMM, the short-circuit junction will read 0V
_______.
It enough for practically all measurements made in 3 digit resolution
troubleshooting electronic equipment.
It is where the meter automatically shifts to a higher range as Auto-range function
soon as an overload is indicated.
Maximum diode test voltage in DMM. 2V
Maximum DC voltage range of DMM. 1000V
Test frequency used for audio equipment. 400Hz
Test frequency used for power-line equipment. 60Hz
The range of current measurements of DMM. 0 to 320mA
The bar at the bottom of the display is used only to show the
relative magnitude of the input compared to the full-scale value Analog display
of the range in use.

METER APPLICATIONS

To avoid excessive current through the meter, it is good practice


to start on a _________ when measuring an unknown value of High range
voltage or current.
A good fuse reads ___. 0
It can also be checked with the power on in the circuit by using a Fuse

18
MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

voltmeter.

CHECKING THE CONTINUITY WITH THE OHMMETER

A wire conductor that is continuous without a break has practically Zero ohms
_________ of resistance.
It can be useful in testing for the continuity. Ohmmeter
Infinite resistance means that the wire element is ________. Open

Chapter 9: Kirchoffs Laws


INTRODUCTION

The algebraic sum of the voltage sources and IR voltage drops in Zero
any closed path must total ________.
At any point in a circuit the algebraic sum of the currents directed Zero
in and out must total ________.
Creator of Kirchoffs Law Gustav R. Kirchoff

KIRCHOFFS CURRENT LAW (KCL)

The algebraic sum of the currents entering and leaving any point Kirchoffs Current
in a circuit must equal the algebraic sum of the currents out of that Law (KCL)
point.
It means combining positive and negative values. Algebraic Sum
Consider all currents into a branch point as __________ and all Positive; Negative
current directed away from that point as ____________.
It is really the basis for the practical rule in parallel circuits that Kirchoffs Current
the total line current must equal the sum of the branch currents. Law (KCL)

KIRCHOFFS VOLTAGE LAW (KVL)

Go around any closed path and consider any voltage whose


negative terminal is reached first as a negative term and any Kirchoffs Voltage
voltage whose positive terminal is reached first as a positive Law (KVL)
term.
Any closed path is called __________. Loop
The Greek letter which means sum of. Sigma
When a loop does not have any voltage source, the algebraic Zero
sum of the IR voltage drops alone must total ________.

METHOD OF BRANCH CURRENTS

Using the Kirchoffs law, first indicate the ___________ and mark Current Directions

19
MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

the voltage polarity across each resistor.


It is a branch point where currents divide or combine. Principal Node

NODE-VOLTAGE ANALYSIS

These currents are used for specifying the voltage drops around Branch Current
the loops.
A branch point in which the voltage drops specify the currents. Node
Solving the __________, we can calculate the unknown branch Loop Equations
currents.

METHOD OF MESH CURRENTS

It is the simplest possible closed path. Mesh


It is assumed to flow around a mesh without dividing. Mesh Current
The number of meshes equals the number of _________, which is Mesh currents
the number of equations required.
In each mesh equations, the algebraic sum of the voltage drops Applied voltage
equals the ____________.
Pattern of algebraic
The advantage of mesh currents is the ______, without the need signs for the
for tracing any branching currents. voltages
The only positive IR voltage in a mesh is for the ____ of each Total Resistance
mesh current in its own mesh.

Chapter 10: Network Theorems


INTRODUCTION

It is just a combination of components, such as resistances Network


interconnected in a way to achieve a particular end result.
It usually provides shorter methods of solving the circuit than the Network Theorems
Kirchoffs law.

SUPERPOSITION

This theorem is very useful because it extends the use of Ohms Superposition
Law to circuits that have more than one source.
In a network with two or more sources, the current or voltage for Superposition
any components is the algebraic sum of the effects produced by Theorems
each source acting separately.
Each __________ can have any number of series resistances. Voltage Divider
It means that current is proportional to the applied voltage Linear
It means that the current is the same amount for opposite Bilateral
polarities of the source voltage.

20
MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

There are components that doesnt amplify or rectify. Passive components


These are components such as transistors, semiconductors diodes,
and electron tubes in which are never bilateral and often are not Active Components
linear.

THEVENINS THEOREM

Named after M. L. Thevenin, a French engineer, this theorem is Thevenins Theorem


very useful in simplifying the voltages in a network.
It states that the entire network connected to two terminals can be
replaced by a single voltage source VTH in series with a single Thevenins Theorem
resistance RTH.
It is the open-circuit voltage across terminal. VTH
It is the open-circuit resistance across terminals. RTH

THEVENIZING A CIRCUIT WITH TWO VOLTAGE SOURCES

To calculate VTH, find ______ across the open terminals. Voltage


To calculate RTH, ____________ the sources V1 and V2. Short-circuit
True or false: Thevenin equation simplifies the superposition True
equation.

THEVENIZING A BRIDGE CIRCUIT

To calculate VTH, find ______ across the open terminals. Voltage


To calculate RTH, ____________ the sources V1 and V2. Short-circuit
NORTONS THEOREM

Named after E. L. Norton, a scientist with Bell Telephone


Laboratories, this theorem is used for simplifying a network in Nortons Theorem
terms of currents instead of voltages.
It states that the entire network connected to two terminals can be
replaced by a single current source IN in parallel with a single Nortons Theorem
resistance RN.
It is the resistance looking back from open terminals. RN
Any components directly across the two terminals are also short- Wire Jumper
circuited by the _________.

THEVENIN NORTON CONVERSIONS

It says that any network can be represented by a voltage source Thevenins Theorem
and series resistance.
It says that any network can be represented by a current source Nortons Theorem
and shunt resistance.
The resistance RN always has the same value as _____. RTH

21
MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

CONVERSION OF VOLTAGE AND CURRENT SOURCES

It is a specific example of the general principle that any voltage


source with its series resistance can be converted to an equivalent Norton Conversion
current source with the same resistance in parallel.
It can often simplify circuits, especially those with two or more Conversion of
sources. Voltage and Current

MILLMANS THEOREM

This theorem provides a shortcut for finding the common voltage


across any number of parallel branches with different voltage Millmans Theorem
sources.
This formula is derived from converting the voltage sources to Net VXY
current sources and combining the results.

CIRCUITS WITH CURRENT SOURCES

When current sources are in _________, they can be combined. Parallel


When voltage sources are in _______, they can be combined. Series
When current sources are in ________, convert to voltage sources Series
so that they can be combined.
When voltage sources are in ________, convert to current sources Parallel
so that they can be combined.

T OR Y AND OR CONNECTIONS

In the Y-to- conversion, each side of the delta is found by first


taking all possible _____ of the arms of the wye, using two arms Cross Products
at a time.
In the -to-Y conversion, each arm of the wye is found by taking
the ________ of the two adjacent sides in the delta and dividing Product
by the sum of the three sides of the delta.
When all the resistor values are equal in a network, it is balanced
_________.

Chapter 11: Conductors and Insulators


INTRODUCTION
These have a very low resistance. Conductors
Typical value of resistance in copper wire of 10 ft. 0.1
It is used in the manufacture of carbon composition resistors. Carbon

22
MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

FUNCTION OF THE CONDUCTORS

The resistance of the two 10 ft lengths of copper wire conductor


0.08
is ________.

STANDARD WIRE GAGE SIZES

It specifies the size of the round wire in terms of its diameter and Gage Number
cross sectional area.
As the gage numbers increases from __________, the diameter
and circular area decrease. Higher gage numbers indicate 1 40
thinner wire sizes.
The circular area ________ for every three gage sizes. Doubles
The higher the gage number and thinner the wire, the _______ Greater
the resistance of the wire for any given length.
In typical applications, hookup wire for electronic circuits with No. 22 gage
current in the order of mill amperes is generally about ________.
House wiring for circuits where the current is 5 15A is usually No. 14 gage
________.
Minimum sizes for house wiring are set by ____________. Local Electrical Code
The cross sectional area of round wire is measured in _________. Circular Mil
It is one thousandth of an inch. Mil
It is the cross sectional area of a wire with a diameter of 1 mil. Circular Mil

TYPES OF WIRE CONDUCTORS

Most wire conductors are ________. Copper


It is easier to solder for connections. Tinned Wire
It is flexible, easier to handle and less likely to develop an open Stranded Wire
break.
It is often has an insulating coating of enamel or shellac. Very Thin Wire
Hookup that is bare should be enclosed in a hollow insulating Spaghetti
sleeve called ___________.
Is it used fro very low resistance. Braided conductor
Two or more conductors in a common covering form a ________. Cable
It has 25 conductors but not in pairs. Ribbon Cable
Constant spacing between two conductors through the entire Transmission Line
length provides a _____________.
It is generally used for the signals in cable television. Coaxial Cable
Two conductors are imbedded in plastic to provide constant
spacing. This type of line is commonly used in television for Twin Lead Wire
connecting the antenna to the receiver.
It specifies an opposition to current that can include resistance, Impedance
inductance and capacitance.

23
MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

It is constant for any length because it depends on the square Characteristic


root of ratio for the inductance in the line to the capacitance Impedance
between the conductors.
For inch coaxial cable, it s characteristic impedance is
75
approximately _______.
For twin lead wire with 3/8 inch spacing, the characteristic
300
impedance is _______.

CONNECTORS

It is often used for screw type materials. Spade Lug


It is commonly used for shielded cables with audio equipment. RCA type Plug
It is still used in some applications, but in a smaller size. Phone Plug
It is universally used in cable television because of its convenience. F Connector
It has eight wires in a flat, plastic ribbon. Multiple Connector
It is a standard connector for computer equipment. It has 26 pins. RS 232

PRINTED WIRING

Most electronic circuits are mounted on a plastic insulating board Printed Circuit Board
with printed wiring. (PCB)
Pins at end terminals, usually with multiple connections. Stakes

SWITCHES

These are commonly used to open or close a circuit. Switches


Single Pole Single
It provides an ON or OFF position for one circuit. Throw (SPST)
Single Pole Double
It provides switching for one side of the circuit. Throw (SPDT)
Double Pole Double
It provides switching for both lines of either of two circuits. Throw (DPDT)
It has eight miniature rocker switches. DIP Switch
It is an automatic switch with contacts that can be closed or Relay Switches
opened by current in the relay coil.

FUSES

It is used as a protection against an overload resulting from a Fuse


short circuit.
Aluminum, tin
The metal fuse element may be made of __________. coated copper or

24
MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

nickel
This type of fuse has a coiled construction. They are designed to Slow Blow Fuse
open only on a continued overload.
These have a thermal element in the form of a spring. Circuit Breaker
Short length of bare
It is sometimes used as a fuse in television receivers. wire
It can be mounted between two terminal strips on the chassis. Wire link

Chapter 12: Batteries


INTRODUCTION

It is a group of cells that generate energy from the internal Battery


chemical reaction.
It consists of two different conducting materials as the electrodes Cell
that are immersed in an electrolyte.
A battery with an output of 1.5v. Carbon zinc dry cell
These are used for all types of portable electronic equipment, Dry Battery
photographic equipment and toys.
Lead Sulfuric Acid
It is the type almost always used for automobile batteries. Cell

GENERAL FEATURES OF BATTERIES

It is combination of cells. Battery


It was used to supply enough current to heat the filament for A Battery
thermoionic emission of electrons from a heated source.
4.5 6 V with
Typical rating of A battery. 150mA or more
It was used for a small negative DC bias voltage at the control C Battery
grid.
A battery that has a medium voltage and current ratings B Battery
This type of cell cannot be recharged. Primary Cells
This type of cell can be recharged because the chemical action is Secondary
reversible. Cells
The discharging and recharging of the cell is called _______. Cycling
Secondary can be recharged. Storage Cell
The most common type of secondary cell. Lead Acid Cell
In this type of cell, the electrolyte cannot be spilled and the cell Dry Cells
can operate in any position.
This type is a secondary cell that can be recharged, but it has a Sealed Rechargeable
sealed electrolyte that cannot be refilled. Cells

25
MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

THE VOLTAIC CELL

The method of converting chemical energy into electric energy. Voltaic Cell
Voltaic cell is also called a _______, named after Luigi Galvani. Galvanic Cell
It gives relative activity in forming ion charges for some of the Electromotive Series
chemical elements.

CARBON ZINC DRY CELL

This is probably the most common type of dry cell. It is also called Carbon Zinc Dry
the Leclanche cell. Cell
It consists of a zinc anode and a manganese dioxide cathode in a Electrochemical
moist electrolyte. System
It is a combination of ammonium chloride and zinc chloride Electrolyte
dissolved in water.
The reaction in which the ammonia releases hydrogen gas which Polarization
collects around the carbon electrode.
Carbon zinc dry cells are generally designed for an operating 70F
temperature of _______.

ALKALINE CELL

Manganese Zinc
Type of cell which has an alkaline electrolyte. Cell
It consists of a powered zinc anode and a manganese dioxide Electrochemical
cathode in an alkaline electrolyte. System
The outstanding performance of the alkaline cell is due to its Low Internal
_________. Resistance
This type is actually a modified carbon zinc cell but the Zinc Chloride Cells
electrolyte contains only zinc chloride.

ADDITIONAL TYPES OF PRIMARY CELLS

The electrochemical system consists of a zinc anode, a mercury


compound for the cathode, and an electrolyte of potassium or Mercury Cell
sodium hydroxide.
The mercury cell can perform well at elevated temperatures, up 130 - 200f
to _________.
The electrochemical system consists of a zinc anode, a cathode of
silver oxide with small amounts of manganese dioxide, and an Silver Oxide Cell
electrolyte of potassium or sodium hydroxide.

SUMMARY OF DRY CELLS

Carbon-zinc, zinc
Types of dry cells. chloride, and

26
MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

alkaline
Which is better for heavy duty use; alkaline or zinc chloride Alkaline Cell
type?

LITHIUM CELL

This type is a relatively new primary cell. Lithium Cell


Lithium cell can provide at least _______ more energy than the 10 times
equivalent carbon zinc cell.
The sulfur dioxide is kept in a liquid state using a high pressure Lithium Sulfur
container and an organic liquid solvent. Dioxide
LEAD ACID WET CELLS

Where high values of load current are necessary, it is the type Lead Acid Wet Cells
most commonly used.
It is a dilute solution of sulfuric acid. Electrolyte
It is a secondary cell or storage cell, which can be recharged. Lead Acid Wet Cells
It is a combination of hydrogen and sulfate ions. Sulfuric Acid
These are generally rated in terms of how discharge current they Lead Acid Batteries
can supply for a specified period of time.
Typical values of automobile batteries. 100 300 AH
It is a ratio comparing the weight of a substance with the weight Specific Gravity
of water.
It refers to a method in which the charger and the battery are Float Charging
always connected to each other for supplying current to the load.

ADDITIONAL TYPES OF SECONDARY CELLS

It is a storage cell that can be recharged by reversing the Secondary Cells


internal chemical reaction.
It is the common type of storage cell. Lead Acid Cell
This type is popular because of its ability to deliver high current Nickel Cadmium Cell
and to be cycled many times for recharging.
It is a true storage cell with a reversible chemical reaction for NiCd Cell
recharging that can be cycled up to 1000 times.
Developed by Thomas Edison, this cell was once extensively in Nickel Iron (Edison)
industrial truck and railway applications. Cell
This type has been used in limited railway applications. Nickel Zinc Cell
Zinc Chlorine
This cell has been under development for use in electric vehicles. (Hydrate) Cell
This type is under development for commercial energy Lithium Iron Sulfide
applications. Cell
This is another type of cell being developed for electric vehicle
applications. The cell is designed to operate at temperature Sodium Sulfur Cell
between 550 and 650F.

27
MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

A recent development in battery technology is the rechargeable


plastic cell made from a conductive polymer, which is a Plastic Cell
combination of organic chemical compounds.
It consists of an electrolyte between two polymer electrodes. Plastic Cell
This type converts the suns light energy direct into electric Solar Cell
energy.

SERIES AND PARALLEL CELLS

The combination of cells. Battery


The current capacity of battery with cells in _______ is the same
as for one cell because the same current flows through all the Series
series cells.
It is equivalent to increasing the size of the electrodes and Parallel Connection
electrolyte.
In order to provide higher output and more current capacity, cells Series Parallel
can be connected in ____________. Combination

CURRENT DRAIN DEPENDS ON LOAD RESISTANCE

The cell delivers ________ for a higher resistance in the load Less Current
circuits.
The cell can deliver a ________ load current for a longer time. Smaller

INTERNAL RESISTANCE OF A GENERATOR

Any source that produces voltage output continuously. Generator


It is important when a generator supplies load current. Internal Resistance
It is the opposition to load current inside the generator. Internal Resistance
Typical values of internal resistance of carbon zinc D size cell. 0.1

WHY THE TERMINAL VOLTAGE DROPS WITH MORE LOAD CURRENT

The full generated voltage is available across the output Open Circuit Voltage
terminals.
The ______ the internal resistance of a generator, the better it is
in terms of being able to produce full output voltage when Lower
supplying current for a load.

CONSTANT VOLTAGE AND CONSTANT CURRENT SOURCES

A generator with very low internal resistance is considered to be Constant Voltage

28
MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

a __________. Source
It has very high resistance, compared with the external load Constant Current
resistance, resulting in constant current, although the output Generator
voltage varies.

MATCHING A LOAD RESISTANCE TO THE GENERATOR

When load resistance is to match the internal resistance, Maximum Power


_____________ is transferred from the generator to the load. Transfer
The load should have as high a resistance as possible. Maximum Voltage
It increases as load resistance increases. Efficiency

Chapter 13: Magnetism


INTRODUCTION

It is derived from the iron oxide mineral magnetite. Magnetism


It refers specifically to the magnetic properties of iron. Ferromagnetism

THE MAGNETIC FIELD

North and South


These are the points of concentration of magnetic strength. Poles
The magnet can be considered as the _____ for an external Generator
magnetic field, provided by the two opposite poles at the ends.
These are unaffected by non magnetic materials. Magnetic Field Lines
The end of the magnet bar in which pointed at the North. North-seeking pole
The end of the magnet bar in which pointed at the South. South-seeking pole
A North Pole (N) and a South Poke (S) tend to _________ each Attract
other.
A North Pole (N) tends to ________ another North Pole (N), which Repels
is also, can apply in the South Pole (S).

THE MAGNETIC FLUX ()

The entire group of magnetic field lines, which can be considered


Magnetic Flux ()
to flow outward from the North Poke of a magnet.
It has more lines of forces and more flux than a weak magnetic Strong magnetic field
field.
It is equal to one magnetic field. One Maxwell (Mx)
It can provide a magnetic flux of about 5000Mx. 1-lb of magnet
James Clark
An important Scottish mathematical physicist who contributed Maxwell (1831
much to the electrical and field theory. 1879)

29
MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

It is equal to 1 x 108 lines or maxwells. Weber


Wilhelm Weber
The weber unit is named for _________, a German physicist. (1804 1890)
Centimeter-gram-
This system defines small units. second system (CGS)
Meter-kilogram-
This system is for larger units of a more practical size. second system (MKS)
System International
It provides a worldwide standard in MKS dimensions. (SI)
With magnetic flux, the maxwell is a _______ unit. CGS
The weber is a _________ unit. MKS or SI unit
For science and engineering, the _______ units are preferred SI units
values.

FLUX DENSITY (B)

It is the number of magnetic field lines per unit area of a section Flux Density (B)
perpendicular to the direction of flux.
In the CGS system, this unit is one line per square centimeter, or 1 Gauss
Mx/cm2.
The unit Gauss is named for ____________, a German Karl F. Gauss (1777
mathematician. 1855)
As typical values, flux density for the earths magnetic field can 2G
be about __________.
In SI, the unit of flux density is weber per square meter. One Tesla (T)
weber per square meter is called ___.
The unit tesla is named for ___________, a Yugoslav-born Nikola Tesla (1857
American Inventor in electricity and magnetism. 1943)

INDUCTION BY THE MAGNETIC FIELD

The electric or magnetic effect of one body on another without Induction


any physical contact between them.
The ability to concentrate magnetic flux. Permeability
The flux density in air. 1G
The relative permeability of the iron core. 200
Typical values of relative permeability for iron and steel. 100 9000

AIR GAP OF A MAGNET

The air space between poles of a magnet is its _______. Air Gap
When it is desired to concentrate magnetic lines within a magnet, Closed Magnetic
however, the magnet can be formed as ___________. Loop
Toroid or Ring
It is made in the form of a doughnut. Magnet

30
MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

It is often used for the core. Iron


This type of electromagnet has maximum strength in the iron ring, Ring Magnet
with little flux outside.
The small part of the field in the air. Leakage Flux
Protect permanent
The principle of the closed magnetic ring is used to ______. magnet in storage.
It maintains the strength of the permanent magnet as it becomes Keeper
magnetized by induction to form a closed loop.

TYPES OF MAGNET

It needs current from an external source to maintain its magnetic Electromagnet


field.
With this magnet, not only is its magnetic field present without
any external current, but the magnet can maintain its strength Permanent Magnet
indefinitely.
With the length much greater than its width, the coil is called ___. Solenoid
It is a switch with contacts that are opened or closed by an Relay
electromagnet.
Magnetic Tape
Common application of electromagnet. Recording
These are made of hard magnetic materials, such as cobalt steel, Permanent Magnet
magnetized by induction in the manufacturing process.
A common material of permanent magnet. A commercial alloy of Alnico
aluminum.
It is often used for permanent magnet loudspeakers. Alnico V
About 5 lb, with a
A typical size for a steady magnetic field. flux of 500 25,000
lines or maxwells
The point at which a magnetic material losses its ferromagnetic Curie Temperature
properties.
The Curie temperature for iron. 800C
These include iron, steel, nickel, cobalt, and commercial alloys Ferromagnetic
such as alnico and Permalloy. Materials
Permeability of the ferromagnetic materials. 50 50,000
The relative permeability of Permalloy. 100,000
Paramagnetic
These include aluminum, platinum, manganese, and chromium. Materials
The permeability of the paramagnetic materials. More than 1
These include bismuth, antimony, copper, zinc, mercury, gold, and Diamagnetic
silver. Materials
The permeability of the diamagnetic materials. Less than 1
Magnetic field
The basis of all magnetic effects is the __________. associated with
electric charges in

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

motion.
In terms of molecular structure, iron atoms are grouped in Domains
microscopically small arrangements called ____.
Each domain is an elementary ________, with two opposite Dipole magnet
poles.
In crystal form, the iron atoms have domains that are _______ to Parallel
the axes of the crystal.

FERRITES

This is the name for nonmetallic materials that have the Ferrites
ferromagnetic properties of iron.
The ferrites have __________ permeability. Very high
The permeability of ferrites. 50 3000
The specific resistance is ________, which makes the ferrite an
105.cm
insulator.
Ferrite core in the
A common application of ferrite. coils of RF
transformers
It is used in small coils and transformers for signal frequencies up Ferrite Core
to 20MHz.
It is used as a string for one or more beads of ferrite beads. Bare wire
The purpose of this is to reduce the current just for an undesired choke
radio frequency.

MAGNETIC SHIELDING

The idea of preventing one component from affecting another Shielding


through their common electric or magnetic field.
It is best for two shielding functions. Good Conductor
Good Magnetic
The best shield for a steady magnetic field is a Material of High
______________. Permeability
It is produced by a permanent magnet, a coil with steady direct Steady Field
current, or the earths magnetic field.
The shield can be considered as a __________ for the lines of Short circuit
magnetic flux.

THE HALL EFFECT

A small voltage is generated across a conductor carrying current Hall Effect


in an external magnetic field.
The semiconductor material __________ is generally used to Indium Arsenide
produce larger values of Hall voltage. (InAs)
It is directly proportional to the value of flux density. Hall Voltage (VH)
Flux density of InAs. 10kG

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

Chapter 14: Magnetic Units


INTRODUCTION

It is always associated with charges in motion. Magnetic Field


Magnetizing force or
The current supplies a _____________ that increases with the Magneto Motive
amount of current. Force (mmf)
It produces a flux density that increases with the permeability of Field Intensity (H)
the medium.

AMPERE TURNS OF MAGNETO MOTIVE FORCE (MMF)

With a coil magnet, the ________ depends on how many current Strength of the
flows in the turns of the coil. Magnetic Field
The more current, the ___________ the magnetic field Stronger
It specifies the amount of magnetizing force or magnetic Quantity IN
potential.
The SI abbreviation for ampere turn is ____, since the number A
of turns in a coil usually is constant but the current can be varied.
With thinner wire, _______ turns can be used in a given space. More
The CGS unit of mmf is _________. Gilbert (Gb)
William Gilbert
An English scientist who investigated the magnetism of the Earth. (1540 1603)
One ampere-turn is equal to __________. 1.26 Gb
The number is approximately _________, derived from the 4/10
surface area of a sphere.

FIELD INTENSITY (H)

It depends on how long the coil is. Field Intensity (H)


The field intensity for a solenoid is at the ___________. Center of an air core
Through the entire
The field intensity for a iron core is at the ___________. core
It is basically mmf per unit of length. Field Intensity (H)
The CGS unit for H is _________. Oersted (Oe)
H. C. Oersted (1777
A Danish physicist who discovered electromagnetism 1851)
Ampere turns per
The unit for field intensity (H). meter

PERMEABILITY ()

Using SI units, it is the flux density in webers per square meter. B


It is the absolute permeability, in unit of B/H. Permeability ()

33
MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

The values of relative permeability (r) must be multiplied by 1.26 x 10-6


______ for o to calculate as B/H in SI units.

B H MAGNETIZATION CURVE

It is often used to show how much flux density (B) results from B H Curve
increasing the amount of field intensity (H).
The current in the coil equals to ________. V/R
The __________ of magnetizing force increase with more current. Ampere turns IN
The field intensity (H) increases with _________. Higher IN
The __________ depends on the field intensity (H) and Flux Density (B)
permeability of the iron.
The effects of little change in flux density when the field intensity Saturation
increases.

MAGNETIC HYSTERESIS

It means a lagging behind. Hysteresis


The flux ________ the increases or decreases in magnetizing Lags
force.
The energy wasted in heat as the molecular dipoles lag the Hysteresis Loss
magnetizing force.
It is actually a B H curve with an AC magnetizing force. Hysteresis Loop
The value of flux density in which is residual induction of a Retentivity
magnetic material.
The value of -HC, which is equals the magnetizing force that must
be applied in the reverse direction to reduce the flux density to Coercive Force
zero.
The method of demagnetization. Degaussing

OHMS LAW FOR MAGNETIC CIRCUITS

The opposition to the production of flux in a material. Reluctance (R)


Reluctance is inversely proportional to _____________. Permeability
It has high permeability and low reluctance. Iron
It has low permeability and high reluctance. Air or Vacuum
It is considered to produce flux in a magnetic material against the Mmf
opposition of its reluctance (R).
Ampere turns per
The reluctance is ________ in SI units. weber
The reluctance is ________ in CGS System. Gilberts per maxwell

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

RELATIONS BETWEEN MAGNETIC UNITS

Generally used for magnetic circuits. SI units


For a coil having 50 turns and 2A, how much is the mmf? 100A.t

COMPARISON OF MAGNETIC AND ELECTRIC FIELDS

Electrostatic Flux
The entire group of electric lines of force of the static charges.
It is associated with the voltage between static charges. Electric Field
It is associated with moving charges or current. Magnetic Field
It states that the force increases with the amount of charge. Coulombs Law
System International
MKS unit were standardized in 1960 by International Agreement. (SI)
The reciprocal of reluctance. Permeance
The SI unit for conductance. Siemens (S)
It is the ability of a magnetic material to concentrate magnetic Permeability
flux.
It is the ability of an insulator to concentrate electric flux. Permittivity

Chapter 15: Electromagnetic Induction


INTRODUCTION

He found that current in a wire could move a magnetic compass Oersted


needle.
A magnetic field in motion forces electrons to move, producing Current
___________.
The Henry unit of inductance is named after __________. Joseph Henry
The farad unit of capacitance is named after __________. Michael Faraday
It combines effect of an electric current and magnetism. Electromagnetism

MAGNETIC FIELD AROUND AN ELECTRIC CURRENT

The magnetic lines are ________, as the field is symmetrical with Circular
respect to the wire in the center.
The magnetic field with circular lines of force is in a Plane Perpendicular
_____________ to the current in the wire.
If you look along the wire in the direction of electron flow, the Counterclockwise
magnetic field is ___________.
The opposite direction of electron flow produces a ___________. Reversed Field
When the magnetic lines of two fields are in the same direction, The lines of force aid
_______________. each other.
With the magnetic lines in opposite directions, ___________. The fields cancel.

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

MAGNETIC POLARITY OF A COIL

A coil of a wire conductor with more than one turn is generally Solenoid
called _________.
An ideal solenoid has a length much greater than its Diameter
___________.
If the coil is grasped with the fingers of the left hand curled North Pole of the
around the coil in the direction of electron flow, the thumb points coil.
to the ______________.
It is used here because the current is electron flow. Left Hand Rule
Direction of the
current and the
The magnetic polarity depends on the ______________. direction of the
winding
It can be over and under, starting from one end of the coil, or Direction of winding
under and over with respect to the same starting point.

MOTOR ACTION BETWEEN TWO MAGNETIC FIELDS

The physical motion resulting from the force of magnetic fields. Motor Action
The direction of motion of the net force is always toward the Weaker Field
_________.
Current in a
It has an associated magnetic field. Conductor
The conductor must be ____________ to the magnetic field. Perpendicular
With the conductor at 90, or perpendicular to the external field, Maximum
the action between the two magnetic fields is _________.
With the conductor at 0, or parallel to the external field, there is No effect between
___________. them.
Only the
When the conductor is at an angle between 0 and 90, perpendicular
______________. component is
effective.
The effect of a force in producing motion in which the resulting
forces are upward on one side of the loop and downward on the Torque
other side, making it rotate.
It is proportional to the current; the amount of rotation indicates Torque
how many current flows through the coil.

INDUCED CURRENT

The action in which the motion of magnetic lines cutting across a Induction
conductor forces free electrons in the conductor to move.

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

It is the result of generator action as the mechanical work put into


moving the magnetic field is converted into electric energy when Induced Current
current flows in the conductor.
Current flows in the
When the magnet is moved downward, _____________. direction shown.
Without motion, there is ________ current No current
It is necessary in order to have the flux lines of the magnetic field Motion
cut across the conductor.
The conductor must be ___________ to make its induced current
have an associated magnetic field in the same plane as the Perpendicular
external flux.
The effect of electromagnetic induction is increased where a Coil
__________ is used for the conductor.

LENZ LAW

It is simply states that the direction of the induced current must be


such that its own magnetic field will oppose the action that Lenz Law
produced the induced current.
The direction of the induced current is determined by the Left Hand Rule
________ for electron flow.

GENERATING AN INDUCED VOLTAGE

It is an electromotive force (emf), generated by the work of Potential Difference


cutting across the flux.
With a coil, the induced emf is increased by the ___________. Number of turns
The polarity of the induced voltage follows from the direction of Induced Current
____________.
It represents a voltage source with a potential difference Induced voltage as a
resulting from the separation of charges produced by generator
electromagnetic induction
In a motor, current is applied so that an associated magnetic field Motion of the
can react with the external flux to produce __________ conductor

FARADAYS LAW OF INDUCED VOLTAGE

The more magnetic lines of force that cut across the conductor, the Higher
_________ the amount of induced voltage.
The more turns in a coil, the ___________ the induced voltage Higher
It is the sum of all individual voltages generated in each turn in vind
series.
The __________ the flux cuts a conductor, the higher the induced Faster

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

voltage.
The amount of induced voltage can be calculated by Faradays Law
___________.
It means a change in the flux . d
It means a change in time. dt
Lower value of
A smaller value of d/dt, results in a _______________. induced voltage.
If the external flux increases, the magnetic field of the induced Opposite Direction
current will be in the ____________.
The induced voltage has the polarity the __________ the change. Opposes

Chapter 16: Alternating Voltage and Current


INTRODUCTION

The number of cycles per second is the frequency whose unit is Hertz (Hz)
________.
It is equal to one cycle per second. One Hertz
In alternating current, it reverses polarity at a specific rate. Voltage
For either polarity, it varies in amplitude. AC Voltage

ALTERNATING CURRENT APPLICATIONS

Characteristics of
It is the reason why AC circuits have so many applications. Varying Values
The changing magnetic flux of a varying current can produce Induced Voltage
____________.
It is important with the changing electric field of a varying Capacitance (C)
voltage.

ALTERNATING VOLTAGE GENERATOR

One complete revolution of the loop around the circle. Cycle


The half cycle of revolution. Alternation
It can be defined, therefore, as including the variations between
two successive points having the same value and varying in the Cycle
same direction.
It is convenient to consider parts of the cycle in ________. Angles
In angular measure it is convenient to use a specific unit angle Radian
called _______.
The circumference around the circle. 2r
Zero degrees are also _________. Zero Radians

THE SINE WAVE

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

The amount of induced voltage is proportional to the sine of the Sine Wave or
angle of rotation in the circular motion producing the voltage. Sinusoid
The sine wave has a sharper slope of changing values when the Near Zero Axis
wave is __________.
The angle of sine wave in which the amplitudes of a sine wave 0 to 90
increase exactly as the sine value for the angle of rotation.
The angle of sine wave in which the values decreases as a mirror 90 to 180
image of the first 90
The angle of sine wave in which the amplitudes of a sine wave 180 to 360
increase exactly opposite of the first and second.

ALTERNATING CURRENT

When a sine wave of alternating voltage is connected across a A sine wave


load resistance, the current that flows in the circuit is _________.
The amount of current is equal to. V/R
Only the waveforms for _________ can be compared. V and I

VOLTAGE AND CURRENT VALUES FOR A SINE WAVE

It is the maximum value VM or IM.


Peak Value
It applies to either the positive or the negative peak.
These values can be used for either current or voltage to define Peak, Average, or
specific magnitudes for comparing one wave with another. RMS
In order to include both peak amplitudes, the _________may be Peak-to-peak Value
specified.
This is an arithmetic average of all the values in a sine wave for Average Value
one alternation, or half-cycle.
The most common method of specifying the amount of a sine Root Mean Square or
wave of voltage or current is by relating it to DC voltage and Effective Value
current that will produce the same heating effect.
The advantage of _______ is that is provides a measure based RMS
on the ability of the sine wave to produce power.
The ratio of the RMS to average values. Form Factor

FREQUENCY

The number of cycles per second. Frequency


It is measured between two successive points that have the same Complete Cycle
value and direction.
The unit of frequency. Hertz
It is a Latin word for I hear Audio
The approximate range of audible frequencies. 16 16,000 Hz
The higher the frequency, the ______ the pitch or tone of the Higher

39
MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

sound.
High audio frequencies, about 3000Hz and above, can be Treble
considered to provide ______ tone.
Low audio frequencies, about 300Hz and below, can be Bass
considered to provide ______ tone.
It is determined by amplitude. Loudness
Sound waves above the audible range of frequencies. Ultrasonic Waves
Sound waves in the audible range of frequencies below Sonic or Sound
16,000Hz can be considered __________. Frequencies

PERIOD

The amount of time it takes to go through one cycle. Period


The higher the frequency, the ______ the period. Shorter
The basic unit of time. Second
These are reciprocals of the corresponding units for frequency. Units of Time

WAVELENGTH

It is the length of one complete wave or cycle. Wavelength


For electronic radio waves, the velocity in air or vacuum is 3 x 1010 cm/s (Speed
__________. of Light)
The velocity of sound waves in air. 1130ft/s

PHASE ANGLE

In order to compare the phase angle between two waves, they Same Frequency
must have the ___________.
The sine and cosine waveforms really have the same variations,
Sinusoids
but displaced by 90.
The 90 angle in sinusoids. Quadrature Phase
These are used for a quantity that has direction, requiring an Phasor or Vector
angle to specify the value completely.
A phase angle of 0 means the two waves are _______. In Phase
An angle of 180 means _________. Out of Phase

THE TIME FACTOR IN FREQUENCY AND PHASE

The angle of 360 represents the time for _______. One cycle or Period

ALTERNATING CURRENT CIRCUITS WITH RESISTANCE

It is the same in all parts of the series circuits. Current

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

The voltage across the _______ is the same as the applied Parallel Branches
voltage.

NON-SINUSIODAL AC WAVEFORMS

It is the basic waveform for AC variations for several reasons. Sine Wave
Non-Sinusoidal
Any waveform that is not sine or cosine wave. Waveform
It is measured between two points having the same amplitude Cycle
and varying in the same direction.
It is measured from the zero axes to the maximum positive or Peak Amplitude
negative value.
The RMS values of 0.707 of maximum apply only to _________. Sine Wave
It is applied only to sine wave, as angular measures are used Phase Angles
only for sine waves.
All the waveforms represent ____________. AC Voltage
It represents a voltage that slowly increases, with a uniform or
linear rate of change, to its peak value, and then drops sharply Sawtooth Wave
to its starting value.
Waveform of the sawtooth. Ramp Voltage

HARMONIC FREQUENCIES

Harmonic
Exact multiples of the fundamental frequency. Frequencies
These are useful in analyzing distorted sine waves or non- Harmonics
sinusoidal waveforms.
Unit for frequencies multiples which is a range of 2:1. Octave

THE 60 HZ AC POWER LINE

The 120 V source of commercial electricity is the _________, 60Hz Power Lines or
indicating it is the main line for all the parallel branches. the Mains
The incoming electric service to residences is normally given as 120VRMS
________.
The advantage of AC over DC power is ___________. Greater Efficiency
Frequency of the AC power line in the United States. 60Hz
Frequency of the AC power mains in the England and most 50Hz
European countries is __________..
The 60 Hz power line frequency is maintained accurate to 0.333%
_________.
The color coding for the grounded neutral wiring. White
The color coding for the high side wiring Black or Red
The color coding for the grounded wiring Green
The three wire service with a grounded neutral. Edison System

41
MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

It is grounded at the service entrance to a water pipe or metal Neutral Wire


rode driven into the earth.
It is the practice of connecting one side of the power line to the Grounding
earth or ground.
Ground Fault
It is a device that can sense excessive leakage current and open Circuit Interrupter
the circuit as a protection against shock hazard. (GCFI)

MOTORS AND GENERATORS

It converts mechanical energy into electric energy. Generator


It can converts electricity into a rotary motion. Motor
In a generator, it connects to the external circuit to provide the Armature
generator output voltage.
In a motor, it connects to the electrical source that drives the Armature
motor.
It is often constructed in the form of a drum, using many conductor Armature
loops for increased output.
The rotating armature is the ______ part of the assembly. Rotor
This electromagnet provides the flux cut by the rotor. Field Winding
In a motor, it is produced by the same source that supplies the Field Winding
armature.
In a generator, it may be obtained from a separate exciter Field Winding
source.
Residual magnetism in the iron yoke of the field allows Self-excited
_________ to start. Generator
When the field winding is stationary, it is the ______ part of the Stator
assembly.
It enables the rotating loop to be connected to the stationary Slip Rings
wire leads for the external circuit.
These graphite connectors are spring mounted to brush against Brushes
the spinning rings on the rotor.
It converts the AC machine to DC operation. Commutator
Wire wound or
The rotor of an inductor motors may be ______ squirrel caged type
It is constructed with a frame of metal bars. Rotors
This type operates on either alternating or direct current because Universal Motor
the field and armature are in series.
For large power requirements, It is usually a rotating field, while Alternators
the armature is the stator.

THREE PHASE AC POWER

In an alternator with three generator windings equally spaced 120 out of phase
around the circle, the windings will produce output voltages

42
MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

_________ with each other.


Wye or Star
The three windings are in the form of a Y also called _______. Connections

Chapter 17: Inductance


INTRODUCTION

It is the ability of a conductor to produce induced voltage when Inductance


the current varies.
Long wire has ________ inductance than a short wire. More
Components manufactured to have definite value of inductance Inductors
are just coils of wires called _________.
The unit of inductance. Henry
These are used in RF circuits because higher frequencies need less Air Core Coils
inductance for the required inductive effect.
These are used in the audio frequency range and for lower Iron Core Inductors
frequencies in general.

INDUCTION BY ALTERNATING CURRENT

It is the result of flux cutting across a conductor. Induced Voltage


In AC circuits, it is continuously changing and producing induced Current
voltage.
The effect when the direct current is changing between zero and
its steady value, the inductance affects the circuit at the time of Transient Response
switching.

SELF INDUCTANCE L

The ability of a conductor to induce voltage in itself when the Self inductance or
current changes. Inductance
The unit of inductance in which named after ______. Joseph Henry
It is the amount of inductance that allows one volt to be induced One Henry
when the current changes at the rate of one ampere per second.
A greater number of turn _____ the inductance. Increases
More area enclosed by each turn ____ the inductance. Increases
The inductance increases with __________ of the core. Permeability
The permeability of an air core 1
A typical air core RF inductor is called ________. Choke
Inductance values for iron core inductors for the 60Hz power line. 1 25H

SELF INDUCED VOLTAGE VL

43
MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

The self induced voltage across an inductance L produced by a di


vL = L
change in current can be stated as ________. dt
It is an actual voltage that can be measured when voltage is Induced Voltage
produced only while the current is changing.

HOW VL OPPOSES A CHANGE IN CURRENT

It is the characteristic that opposes any change in current Inductance


It states the reaction voltage opposes it cause, which is the change Lenz Law
in current.

MUTUAL INDUCTANCE LM

When the current in an inductor changes, the varying flux can cut
across any other inductor nearby, producing _____ in both Induced Voltage
inductors.
Two coils have ______ of 1H when a current change of 1A/s in Mutual Inductance
one coil induces 1V in the other coil.
Any magnetic lines that do not link the two coils result in Leakage Flux
________.
Coefficient of
The fraction of total flux. Coupling
A high value of coefficient of coupling Tight Coupling
It allows the current in one coil to induce less voltage in the other Loose Coupling
coil.
It increases with higher values for the primary and secondary Mutual Impedance
inductances and tighter coupling.

TRANSFORMERS

It is an important application of mutual inductance. Transformer


Transfer primary
The purpose of the transformer is to ________. voltage to the
secondary.
It is used to provide power for the load resistance instead of
connecting it directly across the generator, whenever the load Transformer
requires an AC voltage higher or lower than the generator
voltage.
The ratio of the number of turns in the primary to the number in Turn Ratio
the secondary.
The ratio of the voltage induced in each turn of the secondary Voltage Ratio
and primary.
It is the inverse of the voltage ratio. The voltage step up in the Current Ratio
secondary means current step down, and vice versa.
It consists of the one continuous coil with a tapped connection. Auto Transformers

44
MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

These are used often because they are compact, efficient, and
usually cost less since they have only one winding.
The secondary is not connected directly to the AC power line in Reducing the chance
the primary produces _________. of the electric shock.
Transformer
It is defined as the ratio of power out to power in. Efficiency
For the RF transformer, the color code of the output electrode of Blue
transistor amplifier.
For the RF transformer, the color code of the DC supply voltage Red
for this electrode.
For the RF transformer, the color code of the input electrode of Green
next amplifier.
For the RF transformer, the color code of the return line of Black or White
secondary winding.
For the power transformer, the color code of the primary leads Black
without tap.
For the power transformer, the color code of the tap on primary Black with Yellow
For the power transformer, the color code of the high voltage Red
secondary to rectifier in power supply.
For the power transformer, the color code of the tap on high Red with Yellow
voltage secondary.
For the power transformer, the color code of the low voltage Green - Yellow
secondary.

CORE LOSSES

It flows in a circular path through the cross section of the core. It Eddy Current
represents wasted power dissipated as heat in the core.
It not only isolates the coil from external varying magnetic fields,
but also minimizes the effect of the coils RF current for external RF Shield Cover
circuits.
It is the result from the additional power needed to reserve the
magnetic field in magnetic materials in the presence of Hysteresis Losses
alternating current.
Inductance for small
It is limited to low values in the microhenry or millihenry range. coils with an air core

TYPES OF CORE

The purpose of _______ is to reduce the amount of eddy Core


currents.
It is a shell-type core formed with a group of individual Laminated Core
laminations.
It is generally use to reduce eddy currents in the iron core of an Powdered Iron Core
inductance for radio frequencies.
Powdered iron core consists of individual insulated granules Slug

45
MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

pressed into one solid form called _______.


It can be for high frequencies with minimum eddy current losses. Ferrite Core

VARIABLE INDUCTANCE

It is an arrangement for varying the position of one coil within the Variometer
other.
It is an autotransformer with a variable tap to change the turn Variac
ratio.

INDUCTANCES IN SERIES OR PARALLEL

This case depends on the amount of mutual coupling and on Series Coil
whether the coils are connected series aiding or series opposing.
It means that the common current produces the same direction of Series Aiding
magnetic field for two coils.
It is the connection in opposing fields. Series Opposing

STRAY INDUCTANCE

The inductance of any wiring not included in the conventional Stray Inductance
inductors.

ENERGY IN MAGNETIC FIELD OF INDUCTANCE

The ________ associated with current in an inductance has


electric energy supplied by the voltage source producing the Magnetic Flux
current.

TROUBLE IN COILS

The most common trouble in coils is ________. Open Winding


It has DC resistance equal to the resistance of the wire used in the Coil
winding.
An open winding in coils has __________. Infinite Resistance
No primary current
When the primary of a transformer is open, _______. can flow
It cannot supply
When the secondary of a transformer is open, _______. power to any load
resistance.
Excessive primary
When the secondary of a transformer is short, _______. current flows.

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

Chapter 18: Inductive Reactance


INTRODUCTION
It indicates reactances. X
It is an opposition to current, measured in ohms. Reactance
The amount of XL is equal to _________. 2fL

HOW XL REDUCES THE AMOUNT OF I


The higher the frequency of the alternating current, the _____ is Higher
the XL opposition.
There is no XL for _________. Steady Direct Current
An inductance can have _______ to reduce the amount of Inductive Reactance
alternating current.
The ________ value depends on the amount of inductance and Inductive Reactance
the frequency of the alternating current.

XL = 2FL
This formula includes the effect of frequency and inductance for
XL = 2fL
calculating the inductive reactance.
Inductive reactance has a unit of ______. Ohms

SERIES OR PARALLEL INDUCTIVE REACTANCES


The total is the sum of the individual values. Series Reactance
It will be less than the lowest branch resistance. Parallel Reactance

OHMS LAW APPLIED TO XL


The amount of current in an AC circuit with just inductive reactance Applied voltage
is equal to _____. divided by XL

APPLICATIONS OF XL FOR DIFFERENT FREQUENCIES


Provide minimum
The general use of inductance is to ________. reactance.
Inductive reactance is less than 1000 for frequencies below 60 Hz
________.
Inductive reactance is equal to _______ at 60 Hz 1000
Inductive reactance is more than 1000 for frequencies below 60Hz
________.

WAVE SHAPE OF VL INDUCED BY SINE WAVE CURRENT

The induced voltage curve has its zero values the induced current Maximum
cure is _________.
The ratio of vL/iL actually specifies the inductive reactance in Ohms
_____.

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

Chapter 19: Inductive Circuits


INTRODUCTION

It is use as a choke to reduce the current. Coil

SINE WAVE IL LAGS VL BY 90

It can be measured between any two points having the same 90 Difference
value on the iL and vL values.
Because the vL
Why the phase angle is 90? depends on the rate
of the change of iL.

XL AND R IN SERIES

When a coil has series resistance, the current is limited by Both XL and R
_______.
Voltage VL is _______ with I. 90 out of phase
It just shows the 90 angle without any addition. Phasor

IMPEDANCE Z TRIANGLE

A triangle of R and XL in series corresponds to the voltage Impedance Triangle


triangle.
Phase angle of the
The angle between the generator voltage and its current. circuit
It is a trigonometric function of any angle, equal to the ratio of Tangent
the opposite side to the adjacent side of a triangle.
The angle that has the tangent equal to ________. 1 - 45
It specifies the angles tangent function as a numerical value. Ratio of XL/R
In a _______ circuit, the higher value of XL compared of R, the Series
more inductive the circuit is.

Chapter 26: Resonance


INTRODUCTION

The main application of this is in RF circuits for tuning to an AC Resonance


signal of the desired frequency.
It can select a particular frequency for the output, with many Resonant Circuit
different frequencies at the input.

THE RESONANCE EFFECT

48
MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

It increases as the frequency is increased.. Inductive Reactance


It decreases with higher frequencies. Capacitive Reactance
This case of equal and opposite reactances. Resonance
The AC circuit can be called _________. Resonant Circuit
It can be resonant. It all depends on the frequency. LC Circuits
The frequency at which the opposite reactances are equal. Resonant Frequency
In this use, the LC circuit provides maximum voltage output at the
resonant frequency, compared with amount at any other Tuning
frequency either below or above resonance.
Tuning in Radio and
One of the applications of resonance. Television

SERIES RESONANCE

In a series AC circuit, the inductive reactance _______ by 90, Leads


compared with the zero reference angle of resistance.
In a series AC circuit, the capacitive reactance _______ by 90, Lags
compared with the zero reference angle of resistance.
The series resonance should be ______________ for a sharp As small as possible
increase in current at resonance.
The amount rise of
current to its
The main characteristic of series resonance. maximum at the
resonant frequency
Below the resonant frequency, the _________ is small. XL
Above the resonant frequency, the ________ is small. XC
At the resonant frequency, __________ are equal. XC and XL
The impedance of the series circuit. Minimum
The current is ____________ at the resonant frequency. Maximum
The current is ____________ with the generator voltage, or the In phase
phase voltage of the circuit is 0.
The voltage is ____________ across either L or C alone. Maximum
The impendence is __________ at resonant frequency. minimum

PARALLEL RESONANCE

At parallel resonance, the line current is __________. Minimum


At parallel resonance, the impedance is __________. Maximum
LC circuit as the load
The main application of parallel resonance. impedance
At the resonant frequency of 1000 kHz, the line current is at its 0.000133A
minimum value of ___________.
It is at minimum at the resonant frequency. Line Current
The line current is _____________ with the generator voltage, or In phase

49
MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

the phase angle of the circuit is 0.


The impedance is ______ at the resonant frequency. Maximum
A parallel resonant LC circuit is called __________. Tank Circuit
The ability of the LC circuit to supply complete sine waves. Flywheel Effect
The process of producing sine waves after a pulse of energy has Ringing
been applied.

RESONANT FREQUENCY

Reactance at
It changes with different combination of L and C. resonance
With more inductance, then less __________ can be used for the Capacitance
same resonant frequency.
The test instrument for measuring inductance or capacitance. Q meter

Q MAGNIFICATION FACTOR OF RESONANT CIRCUIT

It is indicated by the factor Q in sharpness of resonance of the Quality or Figure of


resonant circuit. Merit
Since the series resistance limits the amount of current at
resonance, the lower the _____________, the sharper the Resistance
increase to maximum current at the resonant frequency.
With typical RF coils, an approximate rule is the maximum Q can
1000
be obtained when XL is about _________.
It can be considered a magnification factor that determines how Q of the resonant
much the voltage across L or C is increased by the resonant rise circuit
of current in a series circuit.
The coil of AC resistance can be _______ than double the DC More
resistance measured with an on ohmmeter.
For parallel resonance, the ____________ determines by how
much the impedance across the parallel LC circuit is increased Q Magnification
because of the minimum line current.
At resonant frequency, the minimum line current is _______. 1/Q

BANDWIDTH OF RESONANT CIRCUIT

LC circuit is resonant at ____________. One Frequency


The width of the resonant band of frequencies centered on the Bandwidth of the
resonant frequency. tuned circuit
The group of frequencies with a response 70.7% of maximum or Bandwidth of the
more. tuned circuit
For series circuit, the bandwidth is measured between the two
frequencies producing 70.7% of the ___________ at resonant Maximum current
frequency.

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

For parallel circuit, the bandwidth is measured between the two Maximum
frequencies producing 70.7% of the ___________ at resonant Impedance
frequency.
Sharp resonance with high Q means ____________. Narrow Bandwidth
The _________ the resonant frequency, the greater is the range
of frequency values included in the bandwidth for a given Higher
sharpness of resonance.
The slope is the sharper for the sides is called __________. Skirts
The total impedance of the series reactance ad resistance is 1.4
_________ times greater than R.

TUNING

This means obtaining resonance at different frequencies by Tuning


varying either L or C.
The change in resonant frequency is inversely proportional to the Tuning Ratio
square root of the change in L or C.
It consists of fixed plates called stator and rotor which has the
plates that move in and out. The tuning is done by the air Radio Tuning Dial
capacitor.
For electronic tuning, the capacitance is varied by a Varactor
___________.

MISTUNING

When the frequency of the input voltage is lower tan the


resonant frequency of a series LC circuit, the capacitance is Greater
__________ than the inductive reactance.
Above the resonant frequency, the inductive reactance is Greater
_________ than the capacitive reactance.
With a _________, the smaller amount of inductive reactance
below resonance results in more inductive branch than capacitive Parallel LC Circuit
branch current.
Above the resonant frequency, the net line current is Capacitive
___________.

ANALYSIS OF PARALLEL RESONANT CIRCUITS

Parallel resonance is more ___________ than series resonance. Complex


With a low Q circuit impedance must be calculated in terms of Branch Impedance
the _______________.
The condition for unity power factor. Anti-resonance
For a series resonant circuit there are no ___________ to Parallel Branch
consider.

DAMPING OF PARALLEL RESONANT CIRCUITS

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

The effect of varying parallel is opposite from the _______. Series


Less resistance in a parallel branch allows __________. More current
Resonant dip to
It is less sharp with more resistive line current. minimum line current
For the opposite case of shunt resistance being infinite. Open Circuit

CHOOSING L AND C FOR A RESONANT CIRCUIT

At very high frequencies, _______ must be the minimum possible Capacitor


value.
At medium frequencies, _______ must be used. Inductor
The circuit is resonant at _________ whether L or C is in series or 159 kHz
parallel.

Chapter 27: Filters


INTRODUCTION

It separates different components that are mixed together. Filters


It can separate particles from liquid or small particles from large Mechanical Filter
particles.
It can separate different frequency components. Electrical Filter
Inductors and
These are used for filtering. Capacitors
Separating audio
Most common filtering applications. from radio
frequencies.

EXAMPLES OF FILTERING

It can pass the higher frequency component to the load


resistance, which is the case of high pass filter, or a low pass Electrical Filters
filter can be used to favor the lower frequencies.
For the case of audio mixed the radio frequencies, _________ Low Pass Filters
allows the audio frequencies in the output.
It allows the radio frequencies to be passed to the load. High Pass Filters

DIRECT CURRENT COMBINED WITH ALTERNATING CURRENT

Pulsating or
Current that varies in amplitude but does not reverse in polarity. Fluctuating DC
The effect in which the DC component has been inserted into the DC Insertion
AC variations.
The AC component that consists of the variations above and AC Ripple
below the DC axis.

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

As a common application, __________ always have fluctuating Transistor


DC voltage or Current when used from amplifying an AC signal.
Transformer with a
It isolates or blocks steady direct current in the primary. separate secondary
winding

TRANSFORMER COUPLING

It produces induced secondary voltage just for variations in Transformer


primary current.
It corresponds to a steady value of primary current that has a DC Axis
constant magnetic field.
The phase of the AC secondary voltage may be _________, 180 opposite
depending on the connections and direction of the windings.

CAPACITOR COUPLING

This method is probably the most common type of coupling in Capacitor Coupling
amplifier circuits.
It means connecting the output of one circuit to the input of the Coupling
next.
It is effectively a high pass filter for pulsating direct current. RC Coupling Circuit
It blocks the steady DC voltage but passes the AC component. Capacitance
It is the steady DC component of the input voltage in the RC Voltage across CC
coupling circuit.
In RC coupling circuit, when vin decreases below the average The capacitor loses
level, __________. charge

BYPASS CAPACITORS

It is path around a component. Bypass


These are often used in parallel with resistance to bypass the AC Capacitors
component of a pulsating DC voltage.

FILTER CIRCUITS
It allows the lower frequency components of the applied voltage Low Pass Filters
to develop output voltage across the load resistance.
It allows the higher frequency components of the applied voltage High Pass Filters
to develop voltage across the output load resistance.
The case of RC coupling circuit is an example of _________. High Pass Filters
More AC voltage is
With higher frequencies in the AC components, ____________. coupled.
Most common types of filters. L, T, and
The _____________uses coupling capacitance in series with the High Pass Filters
load or choke inductance in parallel in the load

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

The __________ uses inductance in series or bypass capacitance Low Pass Filters
in parallel with the load.

LOW PASS FILTERS

The ability to reduce the amplitude of undesired frequencies. Attenuation


The frequency at which the attenuation reduces the output to 70.7 Cut Off Frequency
percent response.
Frequency lower than the cut off frequency. Passband
Frequency higher than the cut off frequency. Stopband
A low resistance generator needs the ____________ so that the
choke can provide a high series impedance for the bypass T Filter
capacitor.
It is more suitable with a high resistance generator where the
Filter
input capacitor can be effective as a bypass.
Filters that uses only capacitors, inductors, and resistors. Passive Filters
Filters that uses the operational amplifiers (op amp) on an IC chip, Active Filters
with R and C.

HIGH PASS FILTERS

It passes to the load all frequencies higher than the cutoff High Pass Filter
frequency.
Filter that allows a band of frequencies to be coupled to the Bandpass Filter
load.
Its purpose is to have the filter present constant impedance at the Constant K Filter
input and output terminals.
The design is based on the ratio of the filter cutoff frequency to The m-derived Filter
the frequency of infinite attenuation.

RESONANT FILTERS

It provides a convenient method of filtering a band of radio Tuned Circuits


frequencies.
Filters that prevents a band of frequencies from being coupled to Bandstop Filter
the load.
In the application of a bandstop filter to suppress certain Wavetrap
frequencies, the LC circuit is often called __________.
It has maximum current and minimum impedance at the resonant Series Resonant
frequency. Circuit
Parallel Resonant
It has maximum impedance at the resonant frequency. Circuit
Filters which uses quartz crystals. Crystal Filters
The characteristic of some crystals in which can be made to Piezoelectric Effect
vibrate by a voltage input or produce voltage output when it is

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

compressed, expanded, or twisted.


Crystal used in crystal filters. Lead Titanate

INTERFERENCE FILTERS

It is a conductor for interfering RF currents produced by motors, Power Line Filters


fluorescent, lightning circuits, and RF equipments.
Filters that attenuate frequencies below 54MHz, which is lowest Television Antenna
frequency for channel 2. Filter

Chapter 28: Electronic Devices

INTRODUCTION

A group of chemical elements with special electrical characteristic


and has a unique atomic structure that allows the addition of Semiconductor
specific impurity elements to produce useful features that can be
applied in electronic circuits.
Silicon and
Most common semiconductors. Germanium

SEMICONDUCTORS

Materials that are not as good as the metals as electrical Semiconductor


conductors but they are not insulators.
Electron valence of all semiconductor elements. 4
Atomic number of silicon. 14
A combination of atoms sharing groups of valence electrons. Covalent Bond
All semiconductor devices are ____________, generally using Solid-State
silicon. Components
Semiconductor that doesnt have impurities. Intrinsic
_________ is the common source of silicon.
Sand
Silicon Dioxide.
The year where the element silicon was discovered. 1823
The year where the element germanium was discovered. 1886
Germanium is recovered from the ___________. Ash of certain coals
1
Germanium has only about ________ the resistance of Silicon.
1000
The process of adding impurity elements that result in the desired Doping
electrical characteristics.
Extrinsic
Doped semiconductor is also called _________. Semiconductor

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

Arsenic, Antimony,
Doping elements for N-type. or Phosphorus
Boron, Aluminum,
Doping elements for P-type. Gallium, or Indium
The one missing electron in such a covalent bond that is Hole
considered as a free positive charge.
The charge that is same amount as a proton, equal to that of an Hole Charge
electron but with opposite polarity.
Electron flow in P-type semiconductor. Hole Current
When the majority charges are made to move in a semiconductor Forward Current or
by an applied voltage, the result is a relatively large amount of Easy Current
___________.
Reverse Current or
Very small current of minority charges. Leakage Current
________ is an atom, with it nucleus, where the atom has a net Ion
charge, either positive or negative.

THE PN JUNCTION

_________ provides an internal contact potential, which is 0.7v PN junction


for silicon and 0.3v for germanium.
Width of the PN junction. 10-4 cm
The combination of opposite charge in the PN junction that is Electron-hole pairs
neutral.
External voltage of Silicon 0.7 V
External voltage of Germanium 0.3 V
The barrier voltage is higher for a ____________ because its Silicon Junction
lower atomic number allows more stability in the covalent bonds.
_________ of the junction is characteristic of the element. Barrier Voltage (Vb)
Because of its neutral electron-hole pairs, the junction area is
considered as ____________. It has no free charge carriers that Depletion Zone
can be moved.
Barrier voltage ______ when higher than room temperature is Decreases
applied.
Connection of wire conductors without any barrier potential. Ohmic Contact

SEMICONDUCTOR DIODES

A _________ is essentially a PN junction. Diode


The CR stands for ___________ in the schematic diagrams. Crystal Rectifier
________ is the positive side of the diode. Anode
________ is the negative side of the diode. Cathode
This function is converting ac input from the 60Hz power line to dc Power-Supply
output. Rectifier
A rectifier that only using one diode. Half-Wave Rectifier

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

It uses a diode to rectify a modulated signal in order to recover Signal Detector


the modulating signal.
In these circuits, the diode functions as a switch.
Digital Logic Gates
It is on when the diode conducts and off without conduction.
Capacitive Diode
Diode that can use for electronic tuning. (Varactor)
Common current for rectifiers. 1A
The stud mount type of diode generally has ____________. High Current Ratings.
Type of power supply that requires four diodes. Bridge Rectifiers
The PIV rating for popular diode is typically __________. 1000 V
Rating of maximum forward current. 1-25 A
The value that can be used across the diode in reverse polarity, Peak Inverse Voltage
negative at the anode, without disrupting the electrical (PIV)
characteristics of the junction.

PNP AND NPN TRANSISTORS

A component consists of a P or N semiconductor between opposite Transistor


types.
The function of emitter in the transistor. Supplies free charges
Controls the flow of
The function of base in the transistor. charges
Collects the charges
The function of collector in the transistor. from the emitter
With the N-type base, the transistor is _________. PNP
Most small transistors are _________ type. NPN
Most small transistors are made of ___________. Silicon
In schematic diagram of transistor, the arrow indicates the flow of Emitter
current to the __________.
In the transistor schematic diagram, if the arrow is pointed to the PNP
base, the transistor is _________ type.
Bipolar Junction
The NPN and PNP types are called __________. Transistors
Collector, base,
Three terminals of BJT. emitter
Bipolar junction transistor is a __________ device. Current-controlled
With three electrodes, the transistor is considered a _________. Triode
Practically, all __________ in electronics circuits use transistors. Amplifiers
Transistors are the main components in _________. IC chips
The transistor was invented in ______ at Bell Telephone 1948
Laboratories.
The name transistor is derived from ________, meaning that it
can transfer its internal resistance from low resistor in the emitter- Transresistor
base circuit to a much higher resistor in the collector-base circuit.
This junction has forward voltage applied across the PN or NP Emitter-Base Junction

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

junction in order to allow the free charges of the emitter to move


into the base.
Typically, ________ is a normally off device because it needs Junction Transistor
forward voltage applied to start conducting.
Collector-Base
The function of this junction is to remove charges from the base. Junction
Practically, _____ transistors take dc supply voltage at the NPN
collector for reverse voltage.
The typical values of dc supply voltage of transistor depending 3-100v
on the power rating of the transistor.
No majority current
The reverse voltage across the collector-base junction means can flow from
_________. collector to base
The ________ has heavy doping to supply free charges. Emitter
The ________ has only light doping and is very thin. Base
The ________ voltage is relatively high. Collector
For typical amplifiers, the actual _________ may have a lower
value than the supply voltage because of voltage drops in the Electrode Voltage
circuit.
Typically, _________ or more of the emitter charges provide 98-99%
collector current.
It is standard practice to consider _________ into semiconductor Hole current
as the positive direction of current.
For most transistors, ____ is in microamperes or milliamperes. IB
_______ is in milliamperes or in amperes in power transistors. IC and IE
The factor why a transistor can amplify signal input is because Collector
the base current controls the _________ current
The increase of base current means increase of ________. Collector current
To produce current, the emitter-base junction must have at enough Forward voltage
___________.
For a silicon transistor, the typical values of VBE are _______. 0.5-0.7v
With enough VBE to provide emitter current, the transistor can Amplification
produce __________.

FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTOR (FET)

This semiconductor device is an amplifier with the same function


Field-Effect Transistor
as a junction transistor.
(FET)
It is a unipolar device.
FET input resistance is very high. The typical value is _______. 15M
FET is a ___________ device. Voltage-controlled
Drain, source, and
Three terminals of FET. gate
A part of FET that serves as a platform on which the other Bulk or substrate
electrodes are diffused.

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

This is the terminal where the charge carriers enter the channel Source
bar to provide current through the channel.
This is the terminal where current leaves the channel. Drain
This terminal controls the conductance of the channel between the
source and drain. The input voltage is generally applied to this Gate
terminal.
Terminals that has no polarity since they are just ohmic contacts. Source and drain
________ Voltage at the gate induces negative charges in the positive
channel.
It consists of a metal electrode for the gate separated from the Insulated-Gate FET
channel by a thin layer of silicon oxide. (IGFET)
In IGFET, _________ is used to apply a voltage to the gate to Electrostatic
induce charges in the channel. induction
Depletion and
Two type of IGFET. enhancement mode
The depletion type of IGFET is a normally _____-device. On
In EIA, IGFET depletion-enhancement type C requires _______. Positive gate bias
In EIA, IGFET depletion-enhancement type A takes _______for a Negative gate bias
middle value of drain current.
In EIA, IGFET depletion-enhancement type B can operate with Zero gate current
_______.
Junction Field-Effect
JFET means ___________. Transistor

THYRISTORS

This name is a general term for semiconductor devices like the


silicon controlled rectifier and the triac often used for power-
control circuits. Thyristors
A solid-state electronic switch for high values of current in the
range of amperes.
The name thyristor comes from an older device called a
_________, which is a gas-filled tube formerly used for similar Thyratron
applications.
The thyristor is a __________ device. PNPN
Reverse voltage at any junction of thyristor prevents _________ Forward current
between the two end terminals
It is a power rectifier device that needs a forward gate voltage Silicon Controller
to start conduction. It is considered as a reverse-blocking triode Rectifier (SCR)
thyristor.
Anode, cathode, and
Terminals of SCR. gate
Typical values for the gate electrode of SCR. 1-3V
Typical value of gate current of SCR. 10-20mA

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

The minimum value of anode current needed to sustain conduction. Holding Current
The value needed to switch the anode circuit on from the off Latching Current
condition.
The latching current is typically _______ times more than the Three
holding current.
The thyristor device which is equivalent to a bidirectional SCR. Triac
Half-cycles of the AC
The triac can supply power to the load for both _________. input
This thyristor is a two-terminal device without a gate electrode. It Diac
is used as a bidirectional trigger diode.
The typical value of firing potential of the diac. 30V
True or false, unijunction transistor not a transistor amplifier. True
A negative resistance characteristic of UJT means that the current Increases
_________ with less voltage.
The power rating of UJT is __________. Less than 1 W.
The name ______________ is sometimes used for UJT. Double-base diode
Maximum emitter current of UJT is ______. 8-20mA

SEMICONDUCTOR TYPE NUMBERS AND CASE STYLES

In EIA, the letter __ indicates a semiconductor device. N


In JIS, the letter __ indicates a semiconductor device. S
Joint Electronic
The semiconductor packaging is standardized by _________. Device Engineering
Council (JEDEC)
Case styles labeled TO is for ________. Transistor outline
____________ is a metal chassis or any metal structure that Heat sink
conducts heat away from the transistor.
True or false, transistor gets hot in normal operation from the True
collector current.
The ______ package is for the high-power applications. TO-3
Typically, small-signal transistors generally have a maximum 200 to 800 mW
power dissipation of ____________.
Small-signal transistors have a collector current of ____. 1-50 mA
Package case of medium-power transistor. TO-5
Typical power rating of medium-power transistor. 5W
Typical collector current rating of medium-power transistor. 2A
Typical power rating of TO-220 transistor. 10W
Typical collector current rating of TO-220 transistor. 4A
Typical power rating of TO-3 transistor. 25-100 W
Typical collector current rating of TO-3 transistor. 5A

SPECIAL-PURPOSE DIODES

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

A semiconductor diode is just a _________. PN Junction


The main use of semiconductor diode. Rectification
This semiconductor device is also called a capacitive diode. Varactor
With reverse voltage of the varactor, the _________ enables the
junction to serve as a capacitance because of the separated Barrier Voltage
charges in the depletion zone.
The capacitance values in the varactor are in _______ range. Pico farad
The amount of _______ of the varactor can be controlled by Capacitance
varying the reverse voltage.
The __________ is negative at then anode of the varactor. Reverse voltage
The __________ determines the oscillator frequency of the LC tuned circuit
varactor.
Across the tuned circuit, that varactor provides ________ as part Capacitance (CV)
of capacitance that determines the resonant frequency.
Also known as the voltage-reference diode. Zener Diode
The name Zener diode is named after __________, who C.A. Zener
analyzed the voltage breakdown of insulators.
Typical reverse breakdown voltage of the Zener diode. 3 to 100 V
In a Zener diode, the voltage __________ is constant as a Voltage
reference value that can be used for voltage regulation.
The name ____________ is also used for a Zener diode. Avalanche Diode
Another term for a tunnel diode. Esaki Diode
___________ can cause a tunneling effect of charge carriers Heavy doping
through the depletion zone at junction.
__________ is a low-power device for microwave frequencies, Tunnel diode
with relative freedom from radiation effects.
For best efficiency for LED, special compounds of __________ Gallium (Ga)
are used.
In Light-emitting diodes, a ________ radiates light when current PN junction
passes through the unit.
Type of voltage used in LED. Forward Voltage
Typical voltage value of LED to produce a forward current 1.6 V
Typical value of forward current of LED. 20mA
These are made of a photosensitive material, where the Photocells
resistance decreases with more light.
Material used in photocells. Sulfide
The resistance without light. Dark Resistance
Typically range of the dark resistance. Mega ohms

VISUAL CHARACTER DISPLAYS

The ________________ has more elements of display than the Dot Matrix

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

seven-segment display device.


The __________ is displayed by having all seven segments lit. Digit 8
The _________ uses a combination of five columns of dots Dot Matrix Display
vertically with seven horizontal rows.
In dot matrix, how many combinations of dots can be lit? 35
The complete assortment of characters is called _______. Font
The type of package of seven-segment display. DIP package
The __________ display uses thin filaments for each segment, Incandescent
similar to those in regular light bulbs.
The display that requires relatively high voltage and emits Gas-discharge Tube
orange glow.
The __________ display gives off a greenish glow and operates Fluorescent
at lower voltages.
Light-emitting diode
The very common display which is usually has a red glow. Display
The newer display that creates black characters on a silver Liquid Crystal
background. Display
In actual applications, IC units called _________ are used to Decoder/drivers
activate the segments for desired number.
The ____ is formed when segments a, b, and c are lit in LED 7
display.
Low-frequency AC
Segments on the LCD are driven by ___________. signals
False, it must not use
True or false, direct current must be used to LCD. cause it will damage
them.

VACUUM TUBES

A ________ has a glass envelope enclosing metal electrodes in a Vacuum Tube


vacuum.
A ________ is heated to emit electrons. Cathode
A ________ is a two-terminal device, since the heater connections Diode Tube
are not considered as electrodes.
In diode tube, the _________ is connected to a power source to Heater or filament
heat the cathode to a high temperature, which emits electrons.
A ________ has three electrodes: cathode, plate, and control- Triode Tube
grid electrode.

The _____ is a fine metal wire wrapped around two supports


placed in the space between the cathode and anode. It Control Grid
connected to a base pin so that its voltage determines how many
electrons can travel from the cathode to the plate.

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

For small triode amplifier tubes, typical values of positive plate 90 to 300 V
voltage are ______.
This tube has an additional grid, resulting in four electrodes. Tetrode
The ___________ purpose is to screen the plate from the control
gird, in order to reduce the amount of capacitance between the Screen Grid
two electrodes.
The screen grid must have _________ applied. Positive DC voltage
This tube has one more electrode which is placed between the Pentode
plate and the screen grid.
The _________ purpose is to suppress secondary emission form Suppressor Grid
the plate.

TESTING DIODES, TRANSISTORS, AND THYRISTORS

It can be used to check either for an open circuit or a short circuit. Ohmmeter
In an ohmmeter, short indicated practically in ________. Zero Ohms
In an ohmmeter, open circuit indicated practically in ________. Infinite Ohms
When the ratio of reverse to forward resistance is _______, the Very High
diode is probably good.
When both the forward and reverse resistances are very low, Short Circuit
close to zero, the diode junction is ___________.
When _____________ are very high, close to infinite, the diode Forward and reverse
probably has an open at the terminal. resistance
When the forward voltage for VBE is 0.6 to 0.7 V, the transistor is Silicon
_________.
When the forward voltage for VBE is 0.2 to 0.3 V, the transistor is Germanium
_________.

Chapter 29: Electronic Circuits

INTRODUCTION

Two common types of semiconductor devices that make it possible Transistor and
to have so many applications of electronics. Diodes
One of the main applications of transistors. Amplifier Circuit
A device that increases the magnitude or amplitude of signal Amplifier
variations to make the desired signal stronger.
Integrated Circuit (IC)
_________ combines transistors and diodes in one unit. chip
Transistor or diode that not in an IC chip because the part is Discrete Component
complete itself.

ANALOG AND DIGITAL SIGNALS

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

__________ consists mainly of amplifiers for voltage or current Analog Circuits


variations that are smooth and continuous.
__________ provide electronic switching of voltage pulses. Digital Circuits
The analog form is generally called a ________ type of IC unit Linear
because analog information deals with proportional values.
The ________ in electronic circuits are changes in voltage and Signal
current that corresponds to the desired information.
The electrical variations have a direct relation to the changes that Analog Signal
represent the information.
A _________ consists of a train of pulses for the voltage or Digital Signal
current.
The pulse in digital signal is called ___________. Bit
Group of bits is called ___________. Word
A word can have up to _______ bits. 32
An 8-bit word is called __________. byte

AMPLIFIER GAIN

An amplifier circuit has ability to _________ the amount of Increase


signal.
Defined as the ratio of output signal to input signal. Measurement Gain
of amplifier circuit.
___________ is a general form of symbol of amplifier. Triangle
Typical values of voltage gain for transistor amplifier circuits. 10 to 2000
The amplifier can be considered as a _________ circuit because Inverter
it can reverse the polarity of the signal.
It is more important in amplifier is the ________ of the output Current Gain
signal.
True or false: there are no units for current gain it is a ratio of the True
same two units of current.
Typical values of current gain with transistors. 1 to 500
The product of the voltage gain times the current gain. Power Gain
It can drive a load
that requires
A high value of power gain for an amplifier means _________. appreciable voltage
and current
False, discrete is
True of False: IC chips have higher power rating than discrete higher than the IC
transistor. chip
Each amplifier circuit with one transistor is called ________. Stage
When the output terminal of one stage drives the input terminal Cascade
of the next stage, the two stages are connected in __________.
In amplifier stages that are in cascaded form, the total gain is Multiplied
__________.

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

CHARACTERISTICS OF AMPLIFIER CIRCUITS

Transistors are called a _________ because it can amplify the Active device
signal.
Resistors, inductors, and capacitors are considered _________. Passive device
The ________ reduces the amount of current. Resistance
Resistance provides a __________ which is equal to IR. Voltage drop
A ________ can charge and discharge with changes in voltage. Capacitor
Capacitive reactance _________ for higher frequencies. Decreases
Capacitor is practically a __________ circuit. Open
To block dc voltage,
couple ac signal, and
The functions of capacitors in amplifier circuits are; bypass the ac signal
around the
components
Typical value that is commonly used for a coupling or bypass 5F
capacitor in audio amplifiers.
Typical value that is commonly used for RF circuits. 100pF
A ___________ allows direct current with dc voltage applied. Inductor
The amount of inductive reactance _______ with higher Increases
frequencies and more inductive.
Inductors are used where it is desired to have _________ for High impedance
alternating current.
Both inductor and capacitor can be used in _________. Resonant circuits
The range of audio frequency. 20 to 20,000 Hz
The frequency range for high-fidelity audio equipment. 50 to 15,000 Hz
The range of audio frequencies in telephone. 100 to 3,000 Hz
MF, HF, VHF, and
Four bands that included in RF range. UHF
Range of AM radio broadcast service. 635 to 1605 kHz
Range of FM commercial radio service. 88 to 108 MHz
Range of TV broadcast stations. 6 MHz
RF amplifiers are usually tuned with _______ resonant at the LC circuits
desired frequency.
A ___________ is a special case for amplifying audio and radio Wideband Amplifier
frequencies.
The amount of gain in a tuned RF amplifier is its ________. Sensitivity
__________ is how narrow the response is in terms of the band Selectivity
of frequencies that are amplified.

OSCILLATORS

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

The process of ________ means that variations in amplitude are Oscillation


repeated continuously at a specific frequency.
A mechanical example of oscillation. Swinging Pendulum
A ___________ generates ac signal output without any AC signal
input from an external source. It is an AC generator for audio or Oscillator
radio frequencies.
True or false: the oscillator output can generate without using False, it cannot
energy. generate
The _________ means that the AC signal for oscillator feedback
must be in the same phase that an AC input signal would have for Positive polarity
amplification.
The ________ results from the two phase reversals of 180 each. Positive feedback
This type of circuit uses a tuning circuit and amplifier which Tuned RF feedback
provide feedback. Oscillators
The tuned circuit is often called a ________ because it stores Tank Circuit
energy.
In the oscillator circuit, the capacitor is the tuning capacitor which Set the frequency of
is use to _________. the oscillator output.
These are named for the inventors of the two main types of Hartley and Colpitts
circuits for an RF feedback oscillator. Oscillators
In this type of circuit, the feedback is provided by a tapped coil
which serves as an AC voltage divider for the output voltage and Hartley Circuit
feedback signal.
In this type of circuit, similar results are obtained with a Colpitts Circuit
capacitive voltage divider.
In this type of circuit, a piezoelectric crystal is used as a resonant Crystal Oscillators
circuit.
The __________ means the crystal can vibrate mechanically Piezoelectric effect
when excited electrically and produce AC voltage output.
Typical values of resonant frequency of crystal oscillators. 0.5 to 30 MHz
Very high Q which
The advantage of crystal over the LC circuit is _________. results in good
frequency stability
RC feedback
This type of circuit is used for audio oscillators. Oscillators
Typical frequencies for the RC feedback oscillators. 20Hz to 200kHz

MULTIVIBRATORS

The ________ is in a class by itself as an oscillator because it is Multivibrator (MV)


important as a pulse generator in digital electronics.
Multivibrator serves as a __________ to synchronize the timing in Reference clock
a digital system for the switching of pulses.
The voltage levels oscillate between the high and low levels Relaxation Oscillator
because of the changes between conduction and cutoff in the MV

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

circuit is sometimes called _________ because of the periods of


cutoff.
True or false: the Multivibrator operates as an oscillator without True
need for any input signal.
The Multivibrator is a ___________. Pulse Generator
In Multivibrator, _______ in a stage means it is turned on with Conduction
driving voltage at the input.
In Multivibrator, the OFF means that the stage in not conducting Cutoff Voltage
because of _________ at the input.
In Multivibrator, the ON means that the stage is conducting and Low
the output voltage is _______.
The __________ is a type of Multivibrator which is not stable in
terms of the ON and OFF states of their stage. This circuit is a Astable Multivibrator
free-running oscillator.
The __________ is a type of Multivibrator that can be made to
remain stable with either stage OFF and the other ON. It has two Bistable Multivibrator
stable states.
The function of forcing the stage into conduction when the circuit
stays in one of these states until an input pulse is applied to the Triggering
off stage to make it conduct.
The name _________ is used for the bistable Multivibrator circuit
to describe this idea of switching the ON-OFF states one way Flip-flop
and then the opposite way by means of input trigger pulses.
This circuit has only one stable state. An input pulse is needed to Monostable or One-
trigger the OFF stage in to conduction. shot Multivibrator

MODULATION

It can be defined as modifying the characteristics of one Modulation


waveform with the variations in another signal.
Common examples of modulation. AM and FM
The frequencies of carrier wave must be much ______ than the Higher
modulating frequency.
In AM radio broadcasting, audio frequency signals modulate a RF carrier wave
__________.
The lower-frequency signal for the modulation. Baseband signal
In AM and FM radio broadcasting, the baseband modulation is a Audio signal
____________.
In television, ________ is used as the baseband modulation. Video signal
Peak-to-peak
amplitude,
Three characteristic of the carrier wave in baseband modulation. instantaneous
frequency, and
phase angle
The carrier input to the modulator comes from an RF oscillator. Amplitude

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

Modulation
____________ means that the output amplitudes are not exactly Nonlinear
proportional to the input signal. Amplification
In the AM output signal, the _________ have variations that RF peak-to-peak
correspond to the audio modulation. amplitude
The outline of varying amplitudes. Modulation envelope
True or false: the RF amplitude variations are symmetrical around True
the zero axis.
Frequency spacing of AM radio broadcasting. 10kHz
Frequency spacing is needed in AM radio broadcast for the 5kHz
bandwidth of __________ with an AF baseband signal.
AF baseband signal of AM radio broadcast. 50 to 5000 Hz
In television service, _________ channels are used for 6MHz
broadcasting.
Frequency bandwidth of channel 2. 54-60MHz
Frequency bandwidth in television service is needed for a video 0 to 4 MHz
baseband signal of _______.
To allow for the
A modulated signal needs more bandwidth than the carrier wave variations produced
itself because ___________. by the modulation
The necessary bandwidth is at least ________ to the frequencies Equal
in the baseband signal.
The part of the
baseband signal
More than 100% modulation cannot be used in an AM signal would be missing
because ______________________. and the carrier
amplitude is zero.
In this method, the instantaneous frequency of the carrier wave is Frequency
made to vary in step with the variation of voltage in the Modulation
baseband signal.
The FM radio broadcast band. 88-108 MHz
Frequency spacing of FM radio broadcast band. 200kHz or 0.2MHz
In this method, the instantaneous phase angle of the RF carrier Phase Modulation
wave is made to vary in step with the modulating voltage.
Equivalent FM or
Phase modulation produces ____________. Indirect FM
Phase angle produces a larger change in the ___________ for RF carrier frequency
higher audio modulating frequencies.
Many FM transmitters use a phase-modulator circuit because Good frequency
__________________. stability.
This method is necessary with the pulses representing digital Pulse Modulation
information.
PAM, PFM, PWM,
Typical systems of pulse modulation. PCM
The carrier power is
Pulse modulation is efficient because ______________. on for only the time

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

of the pulses.
Pulse modulation needs ___________ for the harmonic frequency Greater bandwidth
components of sharp pulses.

DIODE RECTIFIERS

The non-conducting diode is practically a _________ circuit. Open


The current in the positive half-cycle of the diode is a Conventional current
__________ because it only flows in one direction. or electron flow
A _________ can operate in such a way that it really serves as Diode
electronic switch.
Current can flow in the diode only when the ____ is positive. Anode
The anode is
The diode is off when ___________. negative
A process of switching in accordance with a specific polarity. Commutating
One of the most common applications of the diode rectifier is the DC power supply
___________.
Half-wave rectifier uses ________ diode because only one-half One
of the AC input cycles are used from DC output.
In the diode circuit, a __________ is used to act as a surge- Resistor
limiter which prevents excessive current through the diode
The capacitors in the half-wave rectifier circuit are used for Filters
___________.
The ___________ represents the combined resistance of all the Output resistor
load currents connected to the output of the DC power supply.
The input filter
The DC output voltage may be higher than the RMS value of the capacitor can charge
AC input voltage because ______________. to the peak value
The value of DC output voltage, compared to the AC input The amount of DC
voltage, depends on ___________. load current
Inverted power
The circuit which have an opposite polarity of DC output. supply
The frequencies of AC ripple. 60 to 120 Hz
The inductor filter of a power supply is an iron-core choke used Series components
as a _________.
The inductor filter of a power supply must have _______ High
reactance at the frequency of the AC ripple.
Half-wave rectifier with ___ diode is the basic power supply. One
A two diode power supply can be arranged in a _________ Full-wave rectifier
circuit.
The higher ripple frequency means ________________. Easier to filter
A __________ is a rectifier circuit for small values of signal Detector
voltage.
Type of diode that have less resistance. Germanium Diode

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

TROUBLESHOOTING THE DC SUPPLY VOLTAGE

The effect when the filters in a power supply do not have enough
capacitance and the result is too much of the AC ripple Hum
component in the DC output voltage.
No DC output and
Troubles in a power supply are generally __________. Insufficient DC
output

Chapter 30: Transistor Amplifiers


INTRODUCTION

Any _______ operates by having a small input able to control Amplifier


more power in the output circuit.
Amplifier circuits for __________ operate with a combination of AC signals
AC and DC values.

CIRCUIT CONFIGURATIONS

This description specifies which electrodes in the amplifier are Circuit Configuration
used for input and output signals.
The ___________ usually is the one that does not have any signal Common Electrode
in the circuit configuration.
True or false: all the circuit configurations of the transistor have
reverse voltage for the collector and forward bias for the True
emitter-base junction.
The _________________ circuit is the one generally used for
amplifiers because it has the best combination of current gain Common-Emitter
and voltage gain.
The only advantage of __________ is that it has the best Common-Base
stability with an increase in temperature.
Collector current
The common-base circuit has no current gain from the input to must be less than
output because ______________. emitter current.
A transistor circuit which input voltage is applied to the base with Common-Emitter
respect to the grounded emitter.
Collector current is
The common-emitter has current gain because _____________. much larger than
base current.
The disadvantage of common-emitter circuit is that Reverse leakage
_______________ is amplified in the circuit. current
Common-emitter
The only amplifier that inverts the polarity of signal voltage. amplifier
A circuit configuration of the transistor which input voltage is Common-collector
applied to the base with respect to the grounded collector.

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

The output signal


There is no voltage gain in common-collector circuit because provides negative
__________. feedback to the base
input.
The name __________ is generally used for the common-collector Emitter-follower
circuit.
The emitter-follower circuit is often used for ____________. Impedance matching
The circuit configuration consists of two emitter followers Darlington Pair
connected in cascade.

CLASS A, B, OR C OPERATION

The amplifier class of operation is defined by the ________ that Percentage of the
is able to produce output signal. input signal
DC bias compared to
cutoff value and the
The class of operation depends on this two amplitudes: peak AC signal
compare with DC
bias.
The class of operation determines the ____________ of the Power efficiency and
signal may be produced by the amplifier. distortion
In this type of operation, the DC bias allows an average output Class A
current of about one-half the maximum value.
True of false: output current of class A operation can cut-off. False, It never cut-off
In this type of operation, the output current flows 180, or Class B
approximately one-half of the input cycle.
In class B operation, the negative half-cycles of input signal are Output current then
cut-off in the output because _____________. is zero.
True or false: class b operation requires more DC bias and more True
AC signal drive than the class A.
Class B operation with a single stage corresponds to Half-wave
___________ of the AC signal input. rectification
In this type of operation, the output current flows for less than
one-half the input cycle. Typical operation is 120 of output Class C
current during the positive half-cycle of input.
Class C operation is used for ______________ because of its Tuned RF power
high efficiency. amplifiers
In class A operation, distortion is ______, but also are AC power Lowest
output and efficiency.
Typical values of percent distortion of class A operation. 5 to 10
Typical values of efficiency of class A operation. 20 to 40%
Typical values of efficiency of class C operation. 80%
The ___________ operation allows the greatest AC power output Class C
but with the most distortion.
With audio amplifiers, _________ must be used in a single stage Class A
for minimum distortion.

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

A _______________ amplifying an amplitude-modulated signal RF stage


must operate class A for minimum distortion of the modulation.
Most small-signal amplifiers operate in ______________. Class A
The circuit used in class B which in each stage of which supplies Push-pull amplifier
opposites half-cycles of the signal input.
Audio power output
Push-pull circuit is often used for _______________. to a loudspeaker.
In class C operation, __________ circuit can provide a full-sine LC circuit
wave cycle of output for each pulse of the output current.
Output current is
very low compared
Class C operation have high efficiency because ___________. with the peak signal
amplitude.
A ___________ operates as a class C operation. Pulse clipper circuit

ANALYSIS OF COMMON-EMITTER (CE) AMPLIFIER

Typical values of VBE are in _________ for junction transistor. Tenths of a volt
The required bias at the base for a class A amplifier is 0.6 to 0.7 V
_________ for silicon.
The required bias at the base for a class A amplifier is 0.2 to 0.3 V
_________ for germanium.
A __________ means that the amplifier conducts current of 360 Class A operation
of the signal cycle for minimum distortion.
The maximum AC input signal without overload distortion. 0.1 V
Without any forward bias, a junction transistor is cut off by Barrier potential
__________.
The __________ is the lowest VBE that allows appreciable Cut-in voltage
collector current.
The __________ is the highest VBE that allows it to produce Saturation voltage
proportional changes in collector current.
True or false: at saturation, the maximum collector current does False, it doesnt
increase with an increase of forward voltage. increase
The transistor amplifier itself is usually labeled ________. Q
True or false: one supply voltage is used for both collector and True
base in the common-emitter circuit.
The signal changes in _________ produce variations in the Collector current (iC)
voltage drop across the collector load for the output circuit.
In signal analysis of the common-emitter circuit, positive signal Increase
voltage in the forward direction __________ the base current.
True or false: the base bias produces the required collector True
current with the specified RL.
Each of the cascaded amplifiers increases the __________ Signal current
enough to drive the next stage.

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

COLLECTOR CHARACTERISTIC CURVES

The _________ shows the volt-ampere characteristics for the


collector and also provided by the manufacturer in a transistor Characteristic curve
manual or application notes.
For the common-emitter circuit, the collector curves are for Base current
different values of __________.
For common-base circuit, the collector curves are for different Emitter current
values of __________.
For more collector current, the transistor needs more ________. Base current
This specification for a junction transistor indicates the amount of
Beta () characteristic
current gain in the common-emitter circuit.
False, because it is a
True or false: there is a unit for beta (). ratio of two currents.
Alpha ()
This ratio compares collector current to emitter current.
characteristic

LETTER SYMBOLS FOR TRANSISTORS

Symbols in capital letters and subscripts are used for _________. Average DC values
The supply voltage
Double subscripts that are repeated in VCC indicate __________. that does not
change.
The symbol _________ is used to denote the DC supply voltage VEE
for the emitter.
Instantaneous value
that vary with
The small letters are used for ___________. fluctuating DC
waveform
A small letter in the subscript indicates the _____________. AC waveform
A capital letter with a small in the subscript indicates the RMS value of the AC
_____________ component
The symbol ____________ denotes reverse leakage current. ICBO
Small letter h stands for ___________. Hybrid parameters

FET AMPLIFIERS

This circuit corresponds to the common-emitter with junction


transistors. With an FET, the input signal is applied to the gate Common-source
which is the control electrode. Amplified output signal is taken circuit
from the drain. The source is the common electrode
In this circuit, the input signal is applied to the source, with output Common-gate circuit
from the drain.
In this circuit, the input signal is applied to the gate, with output Common-drain
from the source. circuit
Common-drain circuit is named ________, corresponding to the Source follower

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

emitter follower with junction transistors.


The circuit configuration used most often for FET amplifiers. Common-source
This factor is important for the FET because it specifies how the Transconductance
gate voltage controls the drain current. (gm)
The unit of gm because it is a ratio of current over voltage. Siemens
The ______ indicates a mutual conductance relation of how the
effect of the input voltage at the gate is transferred to the output gm
current in the drain current.

TYPES OF DISTORTIONS

The __________ has been introduced in the amplifier when the


waveform of the amplified output signal is not exactly the same Distortion
as that of the input signal.
The _________ is produced by operating the amplifier over the Amplitude distortion
nonlinear part of the transfer characteristic of the amplifier.
This distortions occurs when the input signal or drive is excessive Overload distortion
Any _________ in a class A amplifier is a measure of the amount Shift of DC level
of amplitude distortion.
The change of the relative amplitudes is the same as introducing Harmonic distortion
harmonic components not present in the input signal.
A ___________ is composed of a fundamental sine wave at the Square Wave
same frequency plus odd-harmonic frequency components.
Typical values of harmonic distortion at full power output. 1to 5%
The effect which results in harmonics introduced in the amplifier
can combine with each other or with original frequencies to Intermodulation
produce new frequencies that are not harmonics of the distortion
fundamental.
____________ is the reason for the rough, unpleasant sound of
amplitude distortion, because that distortion is not harmonically Intermodulation
related to the signal.
The distortion that results when the gain of the amplifier varies Frequency distortion
with frequency.
The uniform gain at the center of the curve. Flat response

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

___________ means coupling part of the amplified output signal Feedback


back to the input.
The result when the feedback is in phase with the input signal. Positive feedback
Positive feedback is used in _________. Oscillator circuits.
The result when the feedback is out-of- phase with the input Negative feedback
signal.
The amount of feedback is determined by __________ which is Feedback network
also can vary the feedback for different frequencies.

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

The amount of amplifier gain with feedback. Closed-loop gain


The amount of amplifier gain without feedback. Open-loop gain
There is partial
The reason why negative feedback reduces distortion is because cancellation of the
___________. out-of-phase signals
True or false: such signal frequencies have more positive False, it has more
feedback. negative feedback
True or false: both amplitude and frequency distortion are True
reduced in negative feedback.

Chapter 31: Digital Electronics

INTRODUCTION

It involves circuits that operate using only two voltage levels for Digital Electronics
all input and output signals.
The two voltage levels most commonly used in digital electronics. 0 and 5 v
Modern calculators and computers that process binary numbers Logic Gates
use decision-making elements called _______.
Combinational logic
circuits and
Two broad categories of digital logic circuits. sequential logic
circuits
A circuit is considered a ___________ if its output goes either low Combinational logic
or high with a specified combination input signals. circuits
This circuit must have a definite order or sequence for its inputs Sequential logic
before the desired output is obtained. circuits
The basic building block of combinational logic circuits. Logic gates
The basic building block of sequential logic circuits. Flip-flop

COMPARING BINARY AND DECIMAL NUMBERS

True or false, in binary number system, there are only two digits, True
0 and 1.
All number systems have a _________ which specifies how many Base or radix
digits can be used in each place count.
In the decimal number system, the base is _____. 10
In the binary number system, the base is ____. 2
The most commonly used number system. Decimal
A number system that is used in digital electronics. Binary
True or false: typical binary numbers are often written in groups True
of four or eight digits.
Each digit of binary numbers is referred to as a _______. Bit
A string of four bits are called _________. Nibble
Eight bits makes a __________. Byte

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

For either binary or decimal numbers, the digit at the right is Least significant digit
referred to as a _________. (LSD)
Most significant digit
The digit at the left-most is referred to as a _________. (MSD)

DECIMAL TO BINARY CONVERSION

The method used to convert a decimal number to its binary Double-dabble


equivalent. It requires successive divisions by 2.

HEXADECIMAL NUMBERS

It is used extensively in the microcomputer field. It has a base of Hexadecimal


16. Numbers
The first ten digits in the hexadecimal system are represented by 0-9
_________.
The ______________ are used to represent the numbers 10, A-F
11,12,13,14 and 15.
The method used to convert a decimal number to a hexadecimal Hex-dabble
number.
The process of replacing long strings of data with a much shorter Chunking
string.

BINARY CODED DECIMAL SYSTEM

Binary coded
Commonly used number system in the field of digital electronics in decimal system
which expresses each decimal digit as a 4-bit nibble. (BCD)
The highest BCD value that a 4-bit nibble could represent. 9
It is used when it is necessary to transfer decimal information into BCD number system
or out of a digital machine.
True or false: when using the BCD number system, all zeros can False, zeros must be
be dropped. retained.

THE ASCII CODE

The _____________ is an alphanumeric code; it has binary ASCII Code


values for each letter, number, and symbol.
Each keystroke on an ASCII keyboard produces a corresponding Binary code
_________ for the designated character.
ASCII code represented by a ___________ in the form of X6, 7-bit binary word
X5, X4, X3, X2, X1, and X0.
The first bit of ASCII code. X6
The ASCII code for the capital letter W. 1010111

LOGIC GATES, SYMBOLS, AND TRUTH TABLES

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

It is a circuit that has one or more input signals but only one Logic Gate
output signal.
The ______________ list all input possibilities and the Truth table
corresponding output for each input.
True or false: logic gates can be analyzed by constructing a truth True
table.
It has only one input and one output, where the output is the Inverters
opposite of the input.
The small bubble on inverter diagram represents __________. Inversion
The number of possibilities listed in the truth table is __________. 2N
A logic circuit with two or more inputs but only one output. The
output is high if any or all inputs are high. The output is low only OR Gate
when all inputs are low.
A logic circuit with two or more inputs. The output is low if any or AND Gate
all inputs are low. The output is high only when all inputs are high.
A logic circuit with two or more inputs but only one output. The
output is low if any or all inputs are high. The output is low only NOR Gate
when all inputs are low.
A logic circuit with two or more inputs but only one output. The
output is high if any or all inputs are low. The output is low only NAND Gate
when all inputs are high.
A logic circuit with two or more inputs but only one output. The
output is high when an odd number of 1s is applied to its inputs. XOR Gate
The output is low when an even number of 1s is applied to its
inputs.
A logic circuit with two or more inputs but only one output. The
output is high when an even number of 1s is applied to its inputs. XNOR Gate
The output is low when an odd number of 1s is applied to its
inputs.

BOOLEAN ALGEBRA

Logical system of using binary information in digital circuits. Boolean algebra


For the basic logic inverter the Boolean algebra expression would
X=
be ____________.
Inversion or
The over-bar above the input variable A represents __________. complementing
To invert or complement, a binary number means to change it to Opposite state
the _____.
The + sign stands for ___________. OR addition
The multiplication dot stands for __________. AND operation
The Boolean expression for the NOR gate. A +B = X
The Boolean expression for the NAND gate. AB = X
The Boolean expression for the XNOR gate. AB = X

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

The Boolean expression for the XOR gate. AB = X

DEMORGANS THEOREM

Important principles of Boolean algebra which can help to Demorgans Theorem


greatly simplify expressions in which a product or sum is inverted.
First theorem of Demorgans theorem. A +B = A . B
Second theorem of Demorgans theorem. AB = A + B

ACTIVE HIGH/ACTIVE LOW TERMINOLOGY

When an input or output line on a logic gate symbol does not Active high
show a bubble, it indicates that these lines are _________.
When an input or output line on a logic gate symbol does show a Active low
bubble, these lines are said to be _________.
The presence or absence of _________ on the inputs and output
of logic gates indicates whether a line is considered to be high or Bubble
low.
When an input variable or output in a Boolean expression has no Active high
over-bar, it means that the input variables or outputs are ______.
If an input variable or output in a Boolean expression does have
an over-bar, it means that the input variables or outputs are Active low
______.

TREATING UNUSED INPUTS ON LOGIC GATES

True or false: unused inputs on logic gates should never be left True
disconnected or floating.
Unused inputs on AND and NAND gates should be connected
directly to __________ or tied to another input that is being VCC (+5V)
used.
Unused inputs are always ________. High
The unused input should never be tied to ground for an AND gate The output would
because ______________. always be low.
Unused inputs on OR and NOR gates should be tied to ________. Ground
The unused inputs on OR gates should never be tied to VCC The output will
because ___________. remain high.
NAND OR NOR gates can be used as __________ if all inputs Inverters
are tied together.

TTL CIRCUITS AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS

Transistor-transistor
It is the most popular family of digital devices. Logic (TTL)
It is a group of compatible devices with the same logic voltage Digital family

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

levels and DC supply voltage.


The __________ are categorized according to the number of Digital IC
logic gates contained in one IC.
Bipolar and MOS
Two basic technologies for manufacturing digital ICs. technology
It fabricates bipolar transistors on an IC. Bipolar technology
It fabricates MOSFETS on an IC. MOS technology
It is used for SSI and MSI. Bipolar technology
It is used for LSI, VLSI, and USLI. MOS technology
True or false: bipolar device have faster switching speeds than True
MOS devices.
It is used when it is required to package hundreds or thousands of MOS technology
logic gates into one chip.
The TTL devices are often referred to as the ___________. 7400 series
The 7400 device is a __________, which means that this chip Quad 2-input NAND
contains four 2-input NAND gates inside. gate
The 7404 device is called ________. Hex inverter
Three, 3-input NOR
The 7427 contains ___________. gates
The 7400 series uses VCC of _____________. +5V
The arrangement of schematic diagram of hex inverter in which Totem-pole output
used because of its low output impedance.
If an input to a standard TTL logic gate is 0.8V or less, the logic Low input
gate recognizes this as ______.
If an input to a standard TTL logic gate is 2.0V or more, the logic High input
gate recognizes this as ______.
The range of two input voltage levels of TTL logic gates are Worst case input
referred to as a ___________. voltages
The maximum number of TTL inputs that can be reliably driven by Fan-out
a standard TTL output is called the _________.
7400 series device will work over a temperature of 0 to 70 C
___________.
Range of supply voltage of 5400 series device. 4.5 - 5.5 V
Temperature range of 5400 series device. -55 to 125C
True or false: 5400 series device should never be substituted with True
7400 series devices.

CMOS DEVICES

The basic logic gates such as inverter, AND, OR, NAND, and NOR MOSFET
gates are manufactured using ____________.
Slower switching
Disadvantages of MOS. speed and extreme
sensitivity to ESD
Complementary metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor CMOS

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

True or false: CMOS devices have slower switching speeds as True


compared to TTL.
P-channel and N-
The MOSFETS most often used in the construction of logic gates. channel
enhancement types
Commonly used CMOS device series. 4000 series
Range of supply voltage of 4000 series. 3-15 V

COMBINATIONAL LOGIC CIRCUITS

Digital circuits often consist of several different ________,


interconnected in such a way as to perform a specific logic Logic gate
function.
Minterm Boolean
Sum of products is called ________. expression
Any logic circuit of AND gates and OR gates can be replaced NAND gates
with equivalent _________.
True or false: double inversion is the same as no inversion at all. True

BINARY ADDERS

The _____________ of computer is where arithmetic operations Arithmetic Logic Unit


such as addition take place. (ALU)
Logic circuits that has provisions for carry-out of 1 but not carry- Half adder
in.
Digital circuit that has provisions for carry-in of 1 and carry-out Full adder
of 1.

FLIP-FLOPS

It is a digital circuit that has two stable states. It can hold or store Flip-flop
digital data.
True or false: the flip-flop can remain in either stable state True
indefinitely.
Flip-flops are used to store ____________. Binary information
The __________________ that can store bits of data are an Digital memory
essential part of any computer system. circuits
The most basic type of flip-flop that can be built using either two RS flip-flop
NOR gates or two NAND gates.
The flip-flop is said to be set when __________. Q=1 and Q=0
The flip-flop is said to be reset when __________. Q=0 and Q=1
These can pull TTL inputs to ground for binary 0. Pull-down resistors
The maximum resistance of pull-down resistors should not exceed
500
______.

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

These pulls the TTL inputs up to +VCC for a binary 1. Pull-up resistors
It is a RS flip-flop that has a clock (CLK) input. Clocked RS flip-flop
It is a square wave that has a maximum value of +5V and Clock voltage
minimum value of 0V.
It prevents the flip-flop outputs from changing until exactly right Clock input signal
time.
Type of flip-flop in which the flip-flop can edge-triggered. D-type flip-flop
The flip-flop is edge-triggered because the flip-flop only Clock
responds when the _____ is changing states.
This flip-flop will respond only to a negative-going clock pulse. JK flip-flop
In JK flip-flop, the flip-flop is ______ when the clock is low, high, Inactive
or on its positive- going edge.

BINARY COUNTERS AND REGISTERS

JK flip-flops can also be connected together to form a ________. Binary counter


These are used when it is necessary to count the number of clock Binary counters
pulses that arrive at a clock input.
Equivalent circuit of binary counters. Four JK flip-flop
The counter in which the output of one flip-flop is fed to the clock Ripple counter
input of another.
The _________ of the counter is the number of output states it Modulus
has.
It is a digital circuit that can hold or store digital data. Buffer register
Equivalent circuit of buffer register. Memory circuit

NEW LOGIC SYMBOLS

In 1984, a new set of standard symbols was introduced by the IIEE and ANSI
_______________.
The _______ inside the inverter gate rectangle denotes a gate 1
with only one input.
The _______ symbol inside the AND gate rectangle means the &
output will go active high only when the all inputs are active high.
The symbol inside the OR gate rectangle means that the output

will go active high when one or more inputs are active high.

TROUBLESHOOTING DIGITAL CIRCUITS

One of the most commonly used pieces of test equipment for


troubleshooting digital circuits. It has two LED indicators that light Logic probe
to indicate whether a voltage level is equivalent to binary 0 or
binary 1.
It is a troubleshooting tool that generates a short-duration pulse Logic pulsers
when activated manually, usually by pressing a button.

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

A very special oscilloscope that has either 8 or 16 input leads for


connection to the circuit, which allows the electronic technician or Logic analyzer
engineer to see how all the different circuits are functioning at the
same time.
A very useful tool to help determine the exact location of a short Current tracer
without breaking the circuit.

Chapter 32: Integrated Circuits

INTRODUCTION

This is actually microelectronic circuits. Integrated Circuits


It is used in computers, calculators, and digital clocks as well as Digital IC
many other digital devices.
It is used in analog-type circuits such as audio amplifiers, voltage Linear IC
regulators, operational amplifiers, and radio frequency circuits.
False, there are low-
True or false: most linear ICs are high-power devices. power devices.

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS

Operational
It is a high-gain, direct-coupled, differential amplifier. Amplifier (Op amp)
True or false: operational amplifiers are the most commonly used True
type of linear integrated circuit (IC).
Common op amp which different manufacturers produce. 741
The output of op amp is taken at the emitters of transistors which Push-pull
are connected in a _____________ configuration.
The push-pull configuration in the output of op amp allows the op Very low output
amp to have a ____________. impedance
The ___________ affects the operation of the op amp at higher Compensating
frequencies and it is used to prevent undesirable oscillations from capacitor
occurring within the op amp.
Typical value of compensating capacitor of the op amp. 30pF
Figure of schematic symbol of an op amp. Triangle
Pin 7 of 741 op amp connects to ________. +VCC
Pin __ of 741 op amp connects to -VCC. Pin 4
Pin ___ of 741 op amp connects to the op amp input. Pin 2 and 3
Pin 6 of 741 op amp connects to the ________. Op amp output
The _____________ of an op amp is its voltage gain when there Open-loop voltage
is no negative feedback. gain AVOL
Output voltage to its
The open-loop voltage gain of an op amp is the ratio of differential input
_________. voltage

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

The typical value of AVOL for a 741 op amp. 200,000


True or false: output voltage of an op amp will be positive if the
non-inverting input is made positive with respect to the inverting True
input.
When the voltage at the non-inverting (+) input is made negative Negative
with respect to its inverting (-) input, the output is _________.
Positive saturation
The upper limit of output voltage of op amp. voltage
Negative saturation
The lower limit of output voltage of op amp. voltage
If the output voltage of any op amp lies between positive and
negative saturation voltage, then the differential input voltage Zero
can be considered as ________.
Typical input bias current of 741 op amp. 80nA
The difference between the current flowing for the non-inverting Input offset current
terminal and the current flowing from the inverting input terminal.
Typical input offset current of 741 op amp. 20nA
The frequency where gain of open-loop equals to 1. Unity frequency
Unity frequency of 741 is approximately ________. 1MHz
The ___________ tells how fast the output voltage can change. Slew rate
Volts per
The slew rate of an op amp is specified in _____. microsecond
Slew rate of 741 op amp. 0.5V/s
Slew rate distortion of a sine wave produces a _________. Triangular wave
True or false: the higher the peak voltage of a sine waves for a True
given frequency, the greater the initial slope.
If the initial slope of the output waveform exceeds the slew rate Slew rate distortion
of the op amp, ____________ will occur.
The _________ of an op amp circuit is the highest undistorted
frequency out of an op amp for a given slew rate and peak Power bandwidth
voltage.
The output short circuit current of 741 op amp. 25mA
Common mode
It is defined as its ability to amplify differential input signals rejection ratio
while attenuating or rejecting common mode signals. (CMRR)
Typical CMRR of 741 op amp. 90dB

OP AMP CIRCUITS

Most op amp uses ____________ feedback. Negative


True or false: op amp circuits without negative feedback are too True
unstable to be useful.
It reduces the overall voltage gain of the op amp circuit. Negative feedback
Type of amplifier in which the input and output signals are 180 Inverting amplifier
out of phase when input voltage is applied to the inverting (-)

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

input terminal.
It provides the negative feedback of inverting amplifier, which in Resistors RF and Ri
turn controls the circuits overall voltage gain.
Type of op amp circuit in which the input signal drives the non- Non-inverting
inverting input terminal of the op amp. amplifier
For the non-inverting amplifier circuit, the input and output signals In phase
are always ___________.
The op amp circuit connected to provide a voltage gain of one, Voltage follower
or unity.
Voltage follower provides no voltage gain because op amp Buffer
circuits will ______ the voltage source for the load.

THREE- TERMINAL IC VOLTAGE REGULATORS

ICs feature when the internal temperature of the chip reaches a


certain temperature, the regulator shuts down and prevents the Thermal shutdown
chip from getting any hotter.
The range of load current of IC voltage regulators. 100mA 3A
The popular series of three-terminal IC voltage regulators. LM340 series
To ensure proper operation of a three-terminal IC voltage
regulator, the unregulated DC input voltage must always be at 2-3V
least ________ higher than its regulated DC output voltage.
This IC has 1.25V reference voltage between its output terminal LM317
and adjustment terminal.

555 TIMERS

A very popular IC used in timing circuits. 555 timers


Range of supply voltage of 555 timers. 5-18V
This circuit will produce a single output pulse when a trigger input Monostable (one
pulse is applied. shot) multivibrator
True or false: in monostable operation, the larger the RC time True
constant, the greater the length of the output pulse.
In this circuit, the capacitor voltage is initially 0V when power is Astable multivibrator
applied.

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

Additional Lecture:

Branch of physics dealing with the behavior of electronics in


vacuums and in gases, with their conduction, with effect in Electronics
semiconductors and with the utilization of these properties for the
design of electronic devices.
Hans Christian Oersted showed that an electric current produces 1820
magnetic effects.
The element silicon was discovered. 1924
Michael Faraday discovered that magnet in motion can generate 1831
electricity.
The element germanium was discovered. 1886
J.A. Fleming introduces the first vacuum tube diode called Fleming 1904
Valve.
Dr. Lee de Forest introduces the first vacuum tube amplifier called 1906
Audion Tube.
Shockley, Bardeen and Brattain developed the first transistor at 1948
Bell Telephone Laboratories.
Jack St. Clair Kilby invented the first integrated circuit, which is a
place shift oscillator at Texas Instruments. 1958

Methods of Electron Emission

Emission wherein electrons are emitted from the emitter by


supplying heat energy.
Thermionic Emission
The most widely used type of emission because it is very
convenient method of obtaining electron emission.
The process in which electromagnetic radiation (light) incident Photoelectric
upon a metal surface causes as every to be transferred to free Emission
electron and eject then from the surface.
The emission of electrons by a metal surface when it is
bombarded by rapidly moving electrons resulting to collision of Secondary Emission
some electrons within the metal surface that causes them to be
projected outward like a billiard ball.
The emission of electrons takes place by the application of strong
electric field at the surface of a metal, usually at room High-Field Emission
temperature.
The work of additional energy required to emit an electron from Work function
the surface of a metal, measured in eV.
An electron tube containing an almost perfect vacuum that emits Vacuum Tube
electron from a hot metal cathode, precursor of the transistor. (Thermo-ionic Valve)

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

Types of Vacuum Tube

An electron tube with two- electrodes (anode and cathode). Vacuum Tube Diode
Used primarily as a rectifier. (Fleming Valve)
The cloud stream of electrons formed on the space between
cathode and plate that introduce repelling effects thus reducing Space charge
plate current.
A thermo-ionic vacuum tube with three electrodes; anode,
cathode and control grid. Triode
Used to amplify signals and eliminate space charge that is (Audion Tube)
present in a vacuum tube diode.
Consist of a five mesh placed very close to the cathode where the
plate is held at some positive potential with respect to cathode Control Grid
while control grid is placed at negative potential with respect to
cathode.
A four electrode tube containing an anode, cathode, control grid, Tetrode
and screen grid.
A thermoionic valve which has five electrodes (anode, cathode, Pentode
control grid, screen grid, and suppressor grid).
And electron-beam tube built so that directed electron becomes
contribute substantially to its power handling capability special Beam Power Tube
deflecting electrodes are used to concentrate the electrons into
beams, also known as tetrode.
The ratio of the charge in anode voltage of an electron tube to a
charge in control electrode (grid ) voltage that produces the Amplification Factor
same change in anode current when other voltages and currents ()
are held constant.
The equivalent resistance of the interval plate to cathode circuit. Plate Resistance (rp)
It is the ratio of a change in anode current with respect to a Transconductance
change in control grid voltage. (gm)

Semiconductor Fundamentals
The smallest particle of an element that still retains the Atom
characteristics of that element.
Positively charged particles. Proton
Uncharged particle Neutrons
Basic particles of negative charge. Electrons
An atom or molecule that has been electrically unbalanced by the Ion
loss or gain of one or more electrons.
An atom that has lost an electron Positive Ion
An atom that has gained an electron. Negative Ion
It is formed when the electron in the outer shell of an atom gains
sufficient energy from the surrounding media and break away Free Electrons
from the parent atom.
Capable of moving from one atom to another in the material. Free Electrons

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

Any material that will support a generous flow of charge when a Conductor
voltage source at limited magnitude is applied across its terminal.
A material that offers a very low level of conductivity under Insulator
pressure from an applied voltage source.
A material that has a conductivity level somewhere between an Semiconductor
insulator and a conductor.
Class of material whose electrical properties lie between the
extremes of conductors and insulators that exhibits relatively high Semiconductor
resistance in a pure state and much lower resistance when it
contains small amounts of certain impurities.
Semiconductors that have been carefully refined to reduce the Intrinsic
impurities to a very low level. Semiconductor
Semiconductor whose electrical properties are dependent in Extrinsic
impurities added to the semiconductor crystals. Semiconductor
Process of adding impurity elements to increase the number of
free charges that can be moved by an externally applied Doping
voltage.
Impurity that gives up electrons. Donor Impurity
Impurity that accepts electrons. Acceptor Impurity
Semiconductor whose density of hole concentration in the volume
bond is exceeded by the density of electrons in the conduction N-type Material
bond.
Form of semiconductor material whose electron density in
conductor bond is exceeded by the density of holes in the P-type Material
valence bond.
The tendency of an atom to share electrons with their neighboring Covalent Bonding
atoms to achieve stable condition.
The merging of free moving and spatially separated electrons
and holes, stopping their movement and current carrying Recombination
capability.
The amount of time between the creations and disappearance of Lifetime
free electrons.
A two-terminal semiconductor device that exhibit a nonlinear Semiconductor
current voltage characteristics. Diodes
The maximum reverse voltage that a diode can with stands Peak Inverse Voltage
destroying the junction. (PIV)
Current that flows through a Reverse Bias Diode caused by Reverse Saturation
thermally produced minority carriers. Current
Caused by surface impurities and imperfection in the crystal Surface Leakage
structure. Current

ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

A complete electronic circuit in which both the active passive Integrated Circuit
components are fabricated on an extremely tiny clip of silicon.
A phenomenon that is associated with the presence of motion of Electricity
electrons and other charged particles.
Composed of atoms which are made up of nucleus around which Matter
an infinitesimal charge revolves.
A substance consisting of electrons, protons and neutrons Atom
A substance consisting of atoms of only one kind. Element
A combination of 2 or more different atoms or elements. Compound
Smallest part of a compound that retains the properties of the Molecule
compound.
Basic quantity for negative charge; can be valence electron
being the electrons of the outermost shell; can be bound electrons Electron
of the innermost; can be free or conduction electrons that are free
to move.
Basic quantity for positive charge; neutral particle in atom. Proton
Materials with less than 4 valence electrons; allows electrical Conductors
current to flow easily; Example Cu, Al, Au and Ag.
Materials with more than 4 valence electrons; prevents the flow
of electrical current; conductor insulation serves as physical shield Insulators
of wire against heat or moisture. Example: plastics, glass, rubber
and etc.
With exactly 4 valence electrons; have electrical characteristic in Semiconductor
between conductor and insulator.
Energy difference between that valence and conduction band; Energy Gap
1.1.eV for Si, 0.67eV for Ge.
Region of the valence shell and valence electrons. Valence Band
Region where free electrons are said to be present. Conduction Band
Region where no electron exist. Forbidden Band
Static electricity at rest with any motion; the result of work done
in separating electrons of its atoms; coulomb (C0, unit for Charge
electrical charge named after Charles Coulomb.
Unlike or dissimilar charges attract each other Law of Electrical
Like or similar charges repel each other. Charges
The force between charges is proportional to the amount of
charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance Coulombs Law
between charges.
It is a rate charge in motion; a continuous flow of free electrons; Current
I= Q/t: Example: 1 ampere = 1 coulomb/ second.
It is the base unit of current; named in honor to the French Ampere (A)
physicist Andre Marie Ampere.
Current flows only in one direction. Direct Current (DC)
Alternating Current
Current flows in alternate direction periodically. (AC)

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

Electromotive Force
Force that is used to move the charges particles such as electrons. (emf or e)
The ability to charges body to do work on charges particles such Electric Potential
as electrons.
A potential energy difference (or simply P.D) that exists across
two points which tend to cause a flow of electrons.
A unit of potential difference and named after Italian physicist
Alessandro Volta. 1 volt will push 1 ampere of current through 1 Voltage
ohm resistance.
V= W/Q
Example: Volt= 1 Joule/Coulomb or 1 Newton-meter/
Coulomb
A property pf electric circuit, material and substance that tend to Resistance
limit the amount of current that can be produced by the applied (R or r)
voltage and converts electrical energy into heat energy.
The basic unit of resistance named after George Simon Ohm. Ohm ()
The resistance of conducting material is directly proportional to its
length (R directly proportional to L and inversely proportional to Resistance Law
its across-sectional area (R directly proportional to I/A).
Conductivity is the reciprocal of resistivity. Conductance
Unit of conductance formerly known as mho Siemens (S)
Combination of resistance and reactance in AC circuit Impedance (Z)
Reciprocal of impedance. Admittance (Y)
Opposition to current offered by capacitive and inductive Reactance (X)
elements.
Reciprocal of reactance. Susceptance (B)
The accomplishment of motion against the action of a force which Work
tends to oppose the motion.
SI unit of work energy. Joule
1 Joule= 1 Newton-meter= 1 Coulomb/Volt
Unit of energy for single electron Electronvolt
1eV= 1.6x10-19 (eV)
Rate of producing work or consuming energy. Power
P= W/t = VI= I2R=V2/R
The SI unit of electric power named after James Watt. Watts
Power rating of electric rating motor. Horsepower
1 Hp= 746 Watts or 0.746 KW
It is the ability to do work. Energy
For heat energy: 1 Kcal= 4180 J. 1BTU= 778.16 ft-lb
A device having known specific values of resistance in ohms ()
that limits the amount of current flowing through it.
Can divide the voltage in a circuit. Resistor
With power rating that show how much power can be safely
dissipated.
The resistor in an incandescent lamp. Fine Tungsten Wire

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

Used as heating elements in toasters, flat irons, and other heating Nickel-chromium
resistance heating elements. alloy
It offers few Ohms of resistance. Nichrome Wire
1/8W to 2W in rating, and its Ohmic rating can be determined Carbon composition
by its color code.
They are very accurate and its ohmic and wattage (above 2W)
is painted on its covering. Can be made from a Nichrome wire Wire Wound
wound ranges from 5W to 100 W.
It uses a thin film of metal particle mixture to achieve various Metal Film
resistances.
Two terminal variable resistors. Rheostat
Three terminal variable resistor; connected in a circuit to vary the
voltage; taper of a potentiometer refers to the way in which the Potentiometer
resistance changes in relation to the position of its slider.
A potentiometer equipped with a plastic thumbwheel or a slot for Trimmer/ Trimpots
a screwdriver for occasional adjustment.
Thermistor Varistors
Temperature sensitive resistor; uses: protective device, or Voltage
temperature measurement or control. Dependent Resistor
(VDR)
Light sensitive resistors; use: sensing light, sense people or items Photoresistor, or
passing a point, adjust television picture brightness to match room Light Dependent
light. Resistor (LDR)
Opposes change in current
Allows DC but blocks AC
Stores energy by concentrating the magnetic field of current Inductor
Also know as choke
Termed as solenoid for coil with more than one turn
Property of a circuit that opposes the change in current
expressed in Henries (H).
Inductance (L)
For a N-turn coil wound around certain core, it is defined as the
amount of flux linkage of the coil per unit current through the coil.
One time constant is the amount of time for an inductor to Time Constant
energized and de-energized up to 63.2%.
Instantaneous
The amount of current flowing through the inductor at certain time Current of an
constant. Inductor
Used for radio frequency applications; inductance in H to mH; Air-core inductor
typical coefficient of coupling from 0.05 to 0.3.
Used for 60Hz and audio frequency applications; inductance Iron-core conductor
from 1H to 25H typical coefficient of coupling equals 1.
It stores electric energy
Preciously called as condenser (deprecated) Capacitor
Essentially consist of two conducting plates called electrodes
separated by a layer called dielectric.

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

The electrical size of the capacitor.


A measure of how much electric energy a capacitor can store
expressed in Farads (F). Capacitance (C)
Previously called capacity (depreciated will permit the
establishment of flux lines within the dielectric.
The reciprocal of capacitance. It has a unit of daraf. Elastance (S)
S= 1/C
One time constant is the amount of tome for an inductor to Time Constant
energized and de-energized up to 63.2%.
capacitance values range approximately 1pF to 0.1F; Used Mica
over a wide temperature range (-55 to 155C)
Package as rolled sandwich; variety of values, 500pF to 50F. Paper
Used include polystyrene, polycarbonate, and polyester (Mylar); Plastic Film
available in typical ranges 500pF to 10F.
Low-k ceramic capacitor changes their value appreciably with Ceramic
temperature, dc voltage and frequency.
It can be aluminum and tantalum and either polarized or non-
polarized; used where large value of capacitance in a small Electrolytic
volume is required.
Capacitance values ranges from a few Pico farads up to 500pF; Air variable
maximum voltage rating is 9kV.
It utilized for tuning and din hybrid microelectronics circuit. Trimmer
No larger than a match head. It is volumetric efficient. Chip Capacitors
A short circuit caused by dielectric breakdown or an open circuit Catastrophic
caused by connection failure.
Results in a gradual decrease in leakage resistance and hence Degradation
gradual increase in leakage current.
Specifies the maximum DC voltage that can be applied without Voltage Rating
the risk of damage.
Indicates the amount and direction of damage in capacitance Temperature
value with temperature. Coefficient
The current that result in the total discharge of a capacitor if the Leakage Current
capacitor is disconnected from the charging network.
The voltage that can be applied across a capacitor for long Working Voltage
period of time.
A natural phenomenon in which some material (ferromagnetic)
can be attached by a magnet but not other material (non- Magnetism
magnetic).
A substance that attracts pieces of iron (and its compound), steel,
nickel, cobalt.
Natural magnet exhibits permanent magnetism.
Magnet
Lodes tone, a natural magnet.
Artificial magnets produce by exposing or subjecting a magnetic
material into a magnetizing force.
A permanent magnet often used in speakers. Alnico

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

It is used in high power transformers. Hipernik


A placed across poles to maintain strength during storage. Keeper
It is the air space between poles and magnet. Air Gap
Another name of demagnetization. Degaussing
Temperature where materials lose magnetism. Curie Temperature
It is know as the magnetic lines of force. Represent the lines which Flux
seem to emanate from north and terminates to South Pole.
The cgs unit of flux named after Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell (Mx)
Maxwell (1831-1879).
The SI unit of flux and named after German physicist Wilhelm Weber (Wb)
Webert (1804-1891).
Specifies the amount of magnetic lines per unit area (A). Flux Density
The cgs unit and named after Johann Karl Freidrich Gauss (1777- Gauss (G)
1855).
The SI unit and named after Croatian engineer Nikola Tesla Tesla
(1856-1943)
Magnemotive Force
The amount of magnetizing force or magnetic potential. (mmf)
It is needed to reduce flux density to zero. Coercive Force
Arrangement of atoms under mmf. Domain
The cgs unit and named after William Gilbert (1540-1603). Gilbert (Gb)
Magnetic Field
Amount of Magnemotive force per unit length. Intensity (H)
The cgs unit and named after Danish physicist Hans Christian Gilbert (Gb)
Oersted (1777-1871).
A property that concentrates the magnetic flux. It is a measure of
the ability of magnetic circuit to permit the setting up of flux. A
counter part of conductance in an electric circuit. Reluctant, Permeance (P)
reciprocal of permeance which is the limiter of the magnetic
circuit to the establishment of a magnetic flux.

With very high relative permeability from 50 to 5000.


Strongly magnetized in the same direction as magnetizing force. Ferromagnetic
Example: Alnico, cobalt, iron, nickel, steel, ferrites.
With relative permeability slightly greater than 1
Weakly magnetized in the same direction as the magnetizing Paramagnetic
force
Example: aluminum, chromium, manganese, platinum
With permeability equals to space or vacuum permeability which
is equals to 4 x 10 -7 H/m.
With relative permeability equals to 1. Non-magnetic
Do allow magnetism to pass through them, but they never become
magnetized to any noticeable degree.
With relative permeability slightly less than 1.
Diamagnetic
Weakly magnetized in opposite direction as magnetizing force.

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

Examples: antimony, bismuth, copper, gold, mercury, silver, zinc.


The delayed reaction of the magnetization of a ferromagnetic Hysteresis
material with the change of magnetizing force.
The amount of force that can bring the residual magnetism to Coercive Force
zero.
The amount of induced voltage is directly defendant on the
number of turns of a coil and on the rate a flux cuts the Faradays Law
conductor.
Faradays 1st law of
States that electromagnetic force is induced whenever a Electromagnetic
conductor cuts a magnetic flux. Induction
Faradays 2nd Law
The magnitude of induced emf is proportional to the relative of of Electromagnetic
change of flux: Induction
States that The direction of the induced current produces
magnetic field that opposes the action that produced the induced Lenz Law
current.
The concept whereby a small voltage is generated whenever a Hall Effect
conductor with current in an external magnetic field known.
The effect that describes the ability of a mechanically stressed
ferromagnetic wire to recognized rapid switching of Wiegand Effect
magnetization subjected to a DC magnetic field.

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS

It represents a net flow of charges past given point, expressed in


amperes (A) Electric Current (I)
It is specified by a magnitude and a direction.
Electron Drift
It is the speed with which charge drifts in a conductor.
Velocity (or velocity
It is about a fraction of a meter per second. of charge)
It represents the amount of energy expended or the amount of Voltage (or potential
work done in moving a certain amount of charge from one point difference) between
to the other per unit charge, expressed in volts (V). two points, v or V
It represents the amount of energy absorbed by (or work done
ON) charges per unit charges when positive charges are moved Voltage Rise
to a positive region (or negative charges are moved to a
negative region), in order to overcome the force of repulsion.
It represents the amount of energy released by (or work done
BY) charges per unit charges when positive charges are moved to Voltage Drop
a negative region (or negative charges are moved to a positive
region), in order to neutralized the force of attraction.

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

It is the speed with which the effect of emf is experienced at all Velocity of
parts of a conductor resulting in the flow of current propagation of
It is approximately equal to 3 x 108 m/s. electric field

CIRCUIT COMPONENTS

These are capable of generating and supplying energy. Active Elements


It maintains a specified voltage between its terminals regardless Independent Voltage
of the circuit connected to its terminals. Source
It provides a specified current through it regardless of the circuit Independent Current
to which it is connected. Source
These are voltage (or current) sources whose terminal voltage (or Dependent or
current) is controlled by a voltage or current defined at some Controlled Sources
other location in the circuit.
Theses are essential for producing amplifiers, which are electrical
devices that produce outputs more powerful than their inputs.
Controlled Sources
These are an integral part of active filters and other kinds of
electronic circuits.
It can absorb (or store) energy. Passive elements
It absorbs and converts energy. Resistors
Capacitors (or
It stores energy in an electrostatic field. condensers)
It stores energy in an electromagnetic field Inductors (or coils)
When the frequency of the current through a wire increases, the Increases
resistance of the wire ____________,
The tendency of the current to flow near the surface (or skin) of
the wire due to unequal or non-uniform flux distribution within the Skin Effect
area of the wire.
It is the reciprocal of resistance, expressed in siemens (S). Conductance (G)
It is a means by which different types of wires are compared with
% Conductivity of a
the standard copper conductor.
Wire
It may be computed by mass or by volume.
It states that in an electric circuit or a resistive element, the current Ohms Law
and the voltage are directly proportional.
The constant of proportionality between voltage and current is
called ______________. Resistance
It represents the opposition to the flow of current.
These are elements used to limit the current, divide the voltage or
convert electrical energy into heat energy (as in heaters) or light Resistors
energy (as in lamp filaments).
Type of resistors whose VI characteristic curve is linear. Linear Resistor
Molded carbon Composition resistors. Fixed Resistor
Vitreous Enameled
For all types of equipment. Wire Wound
Resistors

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

High Voltage
For HV applications up to 10kV requiring high levels of stability. Cement Film Resistor
For high stability, low temperature coefficient and low noise level Metal Film
requirement. Precision Resistors
Surface Mount power
Ideal for printed circuit boards. Resistor
Thick Film Chip
For design flexibility with hybrid circuitry. Resistors
Used to vary the resistance. Rheostat
Used to control potential levels. Potentiometer
Resistors whose VI characteristic curve is nonlinear.
Examples are filaments of incandescent lamps, diodes, Non linear Resistor
thermistors, varistors, etc.
When work is done, _______ is expended. Energy
When energy is converted from one form to another, _______ is Work
done.
Energy is neither created nor destroyed Law of Conservation
It is only converted from one form to another. of Energy
It is the energy converted to a form that is not useful to a system. Energy Loss
It is the ratio of the output power (or energy) to the input power Efficiency
(or energy).
Product of all individual efficiencies. Overall Efficiency

DC RESISTIVE CIRCUITS

It states that the algebraic sum of all currents at a junction or Kirchoffs Current
node is equal to zero. Law (KCL)
It states that the algebraic sum of all voltages around a closed Kirchoffs Voltage
path or loop is zero. Law (KVL)
It states that in a series circuit, the ratio of any two voltages (or Voltage Division
combination of voltages) is equal to the ratio of the respective Principle (or Voltage
resistance (or group of resistance in series). Divider Rule)
It states that in a parallel circuit, the ratio of any two branch Current Division
currents is equal to the reverse ratio of the respective resistance Principle (or Current
(or equal to the ratio of the respective conductances). Divider Rule)
It states that maximum power is delivered to the load when the Maximum Power
load resistance matches the internal resistance of the source. Transfer Theorem
It involves series connected resistive elements whose values are
designed in order that specified or desired smaller voltages may Voltage Dividers
be provided fro ma single voltage source.
It is used to limit the source current and to reduce or drop the Series Dropping
available source voltage to the required load voltage. Resistance
It is used to regulate the load voltage. Bleeder Resistance

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

It involves the direct application of Kirchoffs Voltage Law Mesh Analysis


It involves the direct application of Kirchoffs Current Law. Nodal Analysis

NETWORK THEOREMS

It states that any linear response of a linear bilateral system is


equal to the algebraic sum of all linear responses produced by
Superposition
all sources acting independently in the system.
Theorem
It is more commonly utilized in the frequency domain analysis of
AC circuits driven by sources operating at different frequencies.
It states that any linear response of a passive, linear system may
be expressed as a function of all independent sources applied to Principle of Linearity
the system.
It states that any active, one port network may be represented
by an equivalent by an equivalent model consisting of the series Thevenins Theorem
combination of a voltage source and a resistance.
It states that any active, one port network may be represented
by an equivalent by an equivalent model consisting of the Nortons Theorem
parallel combination of a current source and a resistance.
It involves the conversion of a network with the (or delta) Delta Wye (or Wye
configuration into a network with the T (or wye) configuration, Delta)
and vice versa, in order to facilitate network analysis. Transformation

FUNDAMENTALS OF ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC) CIRCUITS

These are stable linear circuits operating in the steady state with Alternating Current
sinusoidal excitation. (AC) Circuits
It involves finding the steady state response forced by a
Sinusoidal excitation after the natural or transient response has AC Circuit Analysis
elapsed.
Generation of AC voltage by means of rotating machines (AC Electromagnetic
generator or alternator).
Generation of AC voltage by means of oscillator circuits in signal
generators whereby alternating current is produced from a DC Electronic
source (inverters).
Time required for the waveform to complete one cycle (in seconds Period (T)
or radians).
Number of cycles the waveform completes per second (cps or Frequency (f)
Hz).
Angular or Radian
2f = 2/T rad/s
Frequency ()
Amplitude or Peak
The maximum positive or negative instantaneous value. Value

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

An angular measurement that specifies the position of the Phase Angle


waveform relative to a reference.
Between two sinusoidal waveforms operating at the same Phase Difference (or
frequency deviation between the zero (and maximum) Phase Shift)
instantaneous values of the two waveforms.

COMPLEX ALGEBRA
In circuit analysis, j acts as a ________. 90 operator
Rectangular Form
Forms of complex quantities Polar Form
Exponential Form
It represents the total opposition to the flow of alternating
current, expressed in ohms ().
Impedance (Z)
It represents the passive elements R, L, C and their combination in
the frequency domain.
The reciprocal of impedance, expressed in siemens (G). Admittance (Y)
Fro the resistive element, the current through it is ________ with In Phase
the voltage across it.
For the purely inductive element, the current through it _______ Leads
the voltage across it by 90.
For the inductive circuit (series RL or parallel RL), the current
______ the voltage by an angle less than 90 (equal to the Lags
angle of the equivalent impedance).
For the capacitive circuit (series RC or parallel RC), the current
______ the voltage by an angle less than 90 (equal to the Leads
angle of the equivalent impedance).
In a series circuit, the ratio of any two voltages is also the ratio of Voltage Division
the corresponding impedances. Rule
In a parallel circuit, the ratio of any two currents is also the ratio
of the corresponding admittance or the inverse ratio of the Current Division Rule
corresponding impedances.

POWER IN AC CIRCUITS

It represents the rate at which energy is stored or released in any Reactive Power (Q)
of the energy storing elements (the inductor or the capacitor).
It represents the rate at which total energy is supplied to the Apparent Power (S)
system.
P/S = cos Power Factor (pf)
Q/S = sin Reactive Factor (rf)
It shows the relationship of P, Q, and S derived from the power Power Triangle
vector diagram (using the current as reference).
It involves the use of a power measuring instrument such as the
wattmeter to obtain the average power delivered to a system Power Measurement
connected after the meter.

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

BALANCED THREE PHASE SYSTEMS


It comprises three identical single phase systems operating at a Balanced Three
120 - phase displacement from one another. Phase System
It can provide only one type of voltage (line to line) to both single Three Phase, 3
phase and three phase loads. Wire Systems
It can provide two types of voltage (line to line and line to Three Phase, 4
neutral) to both single phase and three phase loads. Wire Systems
Two single phase
Three phase power may be measured using ____________. wattmeter

RESONANT (OR TUNED) CIRCUITS

It is a circuit achieves resonant condition by varying the source Resonant Circuit


frequency.
It is a circuit that achieves resonant condition by varying a circuit Tuned Circuit
parameter (either L or C).
The magnitude of the equivalent impedance (or admittance) is Series Resonance
Maximum.
The magnitude of the equivalent impedance (or admittance) is Parallel Resonance
Minimum. or Anti Resonance
R/L = f2 f1 Bandwidth (BW)
1 1 Quality Factor or
Q = XL/R =XC/R = Figure of Merit (Q)
R C
Resonant Rise in
VL = VC = Q x VS Voltage across L or C
It describes a two port network and its model by defining the
relation ship that exists between the voltage and currents at the Two Port Network
ports.
Generalized
It may be utilized to calculate the forced response produced by a Impedance Z (S) or
complex frequency excitation with a particular value of S. Admittance Y (S)
It describes a given network by relating any response of the Network Function H
network with the input or driving function. (S)
Driving Point
It relates the networks terminal variables. Function
It relates any other voltage or current within the network to the Transfer Function
input voltage or current.

RESONANCE AND FILTERS

It is the condition where the current is in phase with the voltage. Resonance
During resonance, the circuit power factor is _______. Unity
Circuits that achieves resonant condition by varying the source Resonant Circuit

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

frequency.
A circuit that achieves resonant condition by varying a circuit Tuned Circuit
parameter. (either L or C)
Resonant Condition:
a. The current is in phase with the applied voltage in an RLC
circuit. Resonant Condition
b. The magnitude of the equivalent (or admittance) is either
i. Minimum- for series resonance
ii. Maximum- for parallel or anti-resonance
At resonance the circuit acts as a low impedance and frequency Series Resonance
selective network.
It refers to the goodness of a reactive component. I series circuit: Quality Factor
the voltage magnification factor at the time of resonance.
A range of frequencies taken between two-half power points Bandwidth
which operation is satisfactory.
At resonance, the circuit acts as high impedance and a frequency Parallel Resonance
selective network.
A circuit designed to pass desired frequencies and reject or
attenuate undesired frequencies.
Filter
Basic filter network needs to have frequency dependent devices
like inductor or capacitor.
It shows the output or gain of the network with respect to the Frequency Response
signal; frequency
The frequency that divides the response curve into either pass Cut-off Frequency
band or stop band.
Rate of change in voltage gain (dB) for every frequency interval Roll-off Rate
(octave or decade).
It is the ability of a circuit to respond more readily to signals of a
particular frequency to which it is tuned than to signals of other Selectivity
frequencies.
Consist of passive elements, R,L, and C
Can generate a maximum gain of 1.
May require bulky and expensive inductors. Passive Filter
Perform poorly at frequencies below the audio frequency range
(300 to 3000 Hz); useful at high frequencies

Consist of combinations of resistors, capacitors and op amps


Smaller and less expensive than passive filters
Can provide amplifier gain in addition to providing the same
frequency response as passive filters.
Can be combined with buffer (voltage followers) to isolate each Active Filters
stage of the filter from source and load impedance effects.
It is less reliable and less stable than passive filters.
Operate well below 100 Hz; kHz requires power supply.
Classification According to Frequency Responds

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

1. Low Pass Filter


A circuit offering easy passage to low-frequency
signals and difficult passage to high-frequency
signals.
With low pass filter, the frequencies between zero
and the cut-off frequency are called the pass band.
Ideal low pass filter has zero phases of the
nonsinusoidal signal is preserved.

2. High Pass Filter


Filter that passes with frequencies above the cut-off
and rejects frequencies below the cut-off.
Frequencies between zero and cut-off frequency is the
stop band.
Frequencies above the cut-off are pass band.
High Pass Filter
Filter that passes signals with frequencies above the
cut-off and rejects frequencies below the cut-off. High Pas Filter
Frequencies between zero and the cut-frequency
are the stop band.
Frequencies above the cut-off are pass board.
Band Pass Filter
Works to screen out frequencies that are too low or
too high, giving easy passage only to frequencies
within a certain range.
Band-pass filters can be made by stacking a low-
pass filter on the end of a high-pass filter, or visa-
versa. Band Pass Filter
The pass band is all the frequencies between the
lower and the upper frequencies.
Frequencies below the lower and above the cut-off
frequency are stopband.
Ideal band pass filter has zero attenuation in the
passband, infinite attenuation in the stopbanb and
two vertical transitions.
Bandpass filter is the difference is the difference between its
upper and lower 3-dB cut-off frequencies. Bandwidth
BW= f2- f1
The Q of a bandpass filter is defined as the center frequency Quality Factor
divided by the bandwidth.
If Q is less than 1, the bandpass filter is called a __________. Wideband Filter
If Q is greater than 1, the filter is called a ___________. Narrowband Filter
Also called band eliminated or band reject.
Also it is sometimes called a notch filter because it notches out or
removes all frequencies in the stopband. Bandstop Filter
It passes all frequencies above and below a particular range set
by the component values.

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

A filter that is designed that has passband and no stop band.


It passes signals between zero and infinite frequencies.
Zero attenuation to all frequencies. All Pass Filter
It is used in producing a certain amount of phase shift for the
signal being filtered without changing its amplitude.
A filter with a very flat amplitude response in the passband
Butterworth approximation is maximally flat approximation
because the passband attenuation is zero. Butterworth Filter
First-order Butterworth filter rolls at the rate of 20 dB per
decade or 6 dB per decade
Roll off faster in the transition region than a Butterworth filter.
Ripples and overshoot appear in the passband of the frequency
response. Chebyshev Filter
A filter with a roll-off rate greater than -20dB per decade or -
6dB per octave.
Need for flat passband response as well as fast roll-off.
It has a flat passband response and rippled stopband response. Inverse Chebyshev
Roll-off rate in the transition region is comparable to the roll off Filter
rate of Chebyshev filter.
Need for the fastest possible roll-off in the transition region
Also known as the CAUER filter Elliptic Filter
This Filter optimizes the transition region at the expensive of the
passband and stopband.
A filter that has a linear phase characteristics and no overshoot
on the output with a pulse input.
It has a flat passband and Monotonic stop band similar to
Butterworth approximation.
Bessel Filter
It has the highest order or greatest circuit complexity of all
approximations.
Bessel approximation is optimized to produce a linear phase shift
with frequency.
Order of a passive filter (symbolizes by n) equals the number of
inductors and capacitors in the filter.
If a passive filter has two inductors and two capacitors, n=4
Order of Filter
Thus the order tells us how complicated the filter is.
The order of an active filter defends on the number of RC circuits
(called poles) it contains.
n= number of capacitors.

ENERGY CONVERSIONS
Rotating electrical machines that convert mechanical energy Generators
input to usable electrical energy.

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

It is cylindrical in shape to which even number of poles is Yoke


bolted.
It supports the field coil and spread the flux over large area. Pole and Pole Shoe
The source of flux. The current flowing through this winding can Field Winding
be controlled to control the flux passing through the machine.
A cylindrical core. Made of sheet steel laminations and
insulated from each other by a thin layer of paper and vanish Armature
to reduce iron losses.
Cylindrical in shape and consist of segments of hard drawn
copper. A mica strip insulates each segment from each other. Commutator
Windings of armature and terminated on it.
It is used to connect the external circuit to the armature. Brushes
Type of winding which coil ends are connected to commutator Lap Winding
segments that are near to one another.
Type of winding which the coil ends are connected to
commutator segments that are of some distance from one Wave
another; nearly 360 electrical degrees.
Armature current paths for both DC motor and DC generator. Parallel paths
This is a voltage generated across the armature of the DC Generated Voltage of a
generator. It is an AC not DC. DC Generator (EMF)
It is responsible in converting the generated AC voltage in the Commutator
armature to DC.
It is reversal of current in the coil when the coil passes through Induced Voltage
the brush position.
When the generator is loaded, the armature conductor carries
current and hence current carrying conductors produce a Armature Reaction
magnetic flux of its own which affects the flux created by the
main poles.
A filed of strength in the gap is weakened under the leading
Effects of Armature
pole tips and strengthens under the trailing pole tip.
Reaction
Magnetic filed of the machine is distorted.
Neutralizes the cross-magnetizing effects of armature reaction.
These windings are connected in series with armature in such a Compensating Winding
way that the current in it flows in opposite direction to that
flowing in armature conductors directly below the poles shoes.
A better method of providing a commutating field
Interpoles
Does not reduce armature reaction.
The filed wingding is energized from an external dc source. It Exciter
maybe a battery or another dc generator.
The filed winding is energized by its own armature. Self excited generator
The field winding is energized by its own armature. Shunt generator
The filed is connected in series with the armature. Series Generator
It uses both the shunt and series field coils to produce its Compound generator
excitation.
Losses due to current in the various windings of the machine. Copper loss

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

a. Armature copper loss


b. Filed copper loss
c. Brush contact loss
Magnetic or core losses.
a. Hysteresis loss Iron Loss
b. Eddy current losses
Air friction of rotating armature
Bearing friction Mechanical losses
Brush friction
Machines designed to generate alternating currents. Alternators
When the rotor rotates, the stator conductors are cut by the
magnetic flux, hence they have induced emf produced in them.
Because of the magnetic poles are alternately N and S poles, Operating Principle
they induced an emf and hence current in the armature
conductors, which first flow in one direction and then in the
other.
It is produced in the stator conductors whose frequency
defends on the number of poles moving past in a conductor in Alternating Emf
one second and whose directions given by Flemings right-hand
rule.
Are rotating electrical machines that convert electrical energy
into mechanical energy.
The presence of back emf causes the armature current to
automatically changes with the increases of load on the motor. Motors
If there is no back emf, the armature may take very high
current and winding may be damage (like during starting, the
current is high)
These are motors that utilize DC energy as input to produce DC Motors
mechanical actions.
Its field is connected across the armature. Nearly constant or
adjustable speed. Medium starting torque. Used for fan, Shunt Motors
blower, pump, grinder, etc.
The field winding is connected in series with the armature. It
has variable speed. High starting torque. Used for elevators, Series Motor
crane, conveyor, hoist, gear drive, etc.
It has variable speed or adjustable speed. Has series and
shunt field coil similar to compound generator. High starting Compound Motor
torque. Used for elevator, conveyor, milling machine, punching
machine, etc.
Percentage rise in the motor when the mechanical load is Speed Regulation
removed.
An AC machine that operates at synchronous speed and Synchronous Motors
converts electrical energy to mechanical energy
It houses three phase armature windings in the slots of the core Stator
and receives power from three-phase supply.
It has a number of alternate N and S poles. The rotor poles Rotor

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

are excited by an exciter, which is a DC generator, mounted


on the rotor shaft.
The motor is said to be under-excited if the filed excitation is
such that the back emf is less than the applied voltage. The Under-excitation
motor has a lagging power factor.
The motor operates at almost unity power factor. Normal excitation
The motor operates in the leading power factor. Over- excitation
Used where a constant speed is required. Uses of Synchronous
Used in power factor correction in the factories. Motors
When a three- phase supply is applied to the stator, a
rotating magnetic filed is produced. This rotating magnetic
field produces induced emf in the rotor windings that the cause
induced current to circulate. Principles of Induction
By Lenz law, this induced current tends to opposite the action Motors
producing it and therefore circulate in such a manner that a
torque is produced. However, the rotor dies not rotate as fast
as the rotating magnetic field.
The speed at which the rotating flux rotates. Synchronous Speed
Actual speed of the motor. It cant be calculated but can be Rotor Speed
measured using tachometer or speedometer.
The difference between the synchronous speed and the actual Slip
speed.
It is used where low power is needed and speed control is
needed. Squirrel cage motor

Lip ring induction motor


It is used only when high starting torque is required. (wound motor)
A motor generator set consists of two machines; an AC motor
and a DC generator which are mechanical coupled. AC motor Motor-generator sets
may be synchronous or an induction motor.
A synchronous or rotary converter is a single machine with one
armature and one field. It combines the function of a Rotary converters
synchronous motor and a dc generator.
It is a device that converts alternating current into
unidirectional current by virtue of a characteristic permitting Rectifiers
appreciable flow of currents in only one direction.

Trade name for rotating amplifiers. It is a quick response dc


generator, the output of which is controlled by a very small Amplidyne
field power.

A generator employing silicon rectifiers as static commutation


devices. It is of particular value as aircraft generator,
difficulties having been experienced with sliding contacts Brushless Generator
under conditions of high running speed, dry rarefied and wide
temperature range.

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

Another name for rotary transformer. A composite machine


having a single magnet frame but two separate armature Dynamotor
windings, one acting as a generator and the other as a motor
and independent commutator.
A single-stage rotating amplifier relying on the use of positive Rototrol
feedback.
Trade name for rotating amplifier with cross field excitation. Magnicon
A device for converting thermal energy into electric by Magneto hydrodynamic
breaking a stream of hot ionized gas. It is also known as Generator
plasma hydrodynamic generator.
A generation device in which a stream of gas is ionized, the
positive ions being carried away by the stream while the Electro hydrodynamic
electrons are collected by an electrode ring causing a current Generator
to flow through a wire between the ring and a collecting grid.
Trade name for rotating amplifier. It is similar to the nature of Metadyne Generator
amplidyne.
A machine similar to metadyne generator with the
supplementary set of brushes connected to an external dc Metadyne Converter
supply so that the output power does not require any
appreciable mechanical power input to the transformer.
An induction motor and synchronous converter mechanically Motor Converter
and electrically coupled. It converts as to dc.
A converter consisting of an ac motor directly coupled to a dc
generator. There is no electrical connection between the two Motor Generator
machines.
A converter based on electronic devices of the semiconductor,
mercury arc or gaseous type, usually in combination with a Static Converter
transformer.
Thermocouple
Thermal- electrical conversion device. Generator
It is an AC static device that transfers power from one circuit to Transformers
another without a rotating part and change of frequency.
The windings are placed on outside of the core. Core type
The windings are placed on the inside of the core such that the Shell type
magnetic circuit completely surrounds the winding.
These include Hysteresis loss and eddy current loss. These are Iron Losses
independent of the load.
It is a heating loss due to the collision of irons magnetic Hysteresis Loss
particles when it aligned to the external magnetic rotation.
It is a loss due to eddy currents (eddy currents are circulating Eddy Current Loss
around the magnetic core of the transformer)
Losses due to the Ohmic resistance of the windings. Copper Losses
Condition for Maximum
Copper Loss= Core Loss Efficiency
The purpose of this test is to determine the no-load loss or The Open circuit test or
core loss. Impedance Test

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

An economical way to determining the following:


a. Equivalent impedance, leakage reactance and total The Short Circuit Test or
resistance of the transformer as referred to the winding Impedance Test
in which the measuring instruments are placed.
b. Rated or full-load copper loss.
It has only one winding which performs the function of both
primary and secondary wingding. Theses transformers are Autotransformer
used as regulating transformers where only a small variation
of voltage is required.
The conduction of electric current through the solution of an Electrolysis
electrolyte together with the resulting chemical changes.
The plate or electrode through which current enters the
electrolyte. The plate or electrode connected to the positive Anode
terminal.
The plate or electrode through which the current is leaving
the electrolyte. The plate or electrode connected to the Cathode
negative terminal of supply.
When the current is passed through the electrolyte gets Ions
chemically decomposed.
The ions having negative charge. Anions
The ions having positive charge. Cations
The mass of an ion set free by a current in the process of Faradays 1st Law of
electrolysis is proportional to the total quantity of charges Electrolysis
that has passed through the electrolyte.
When the same current passes through several electrolytes
for the same time, the mass of various ions deposited at each Faradays 2nd Law of
of the electrodes are proportional to their chemical Electrolysis
equivalents.
The process of depositing a thin layer of precious metal over Electroplating
an inferior metal.
An assembly of voltaic primary or secondary cell. Battery
Chemical action is not reversible. Primary Cells
Also known as accumulator or storage batteries. Secondary Cells
Uses alkali as an electrolyte. Alkali Cells
The continuous dissolution of the zinc rod even when the cell
is not connected to the external circuit.
This is due to impurities present in commercial zinc. The Local Action
impurities form small tiny cells, which are short circuited by
the main body of the zinc rod.
The collection of hydrogen bubbles on the surface of the Polarization
copper plate.

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

DIODES AND SEMICONDUCTORS

A type of diode that converts alternating current into a current


Diode Rectifier
with a large unidirectional component (DC).
Consist of transformer with a single diode in the secondary
circuit that conduct current during positive or negative half Half Wave Rectifier
cycles of input.
Maximum efficiency of rectification in half wave rectifier. 40.6%
Half Wave Rectifier requires only _______ and can be used
one diode
with or without transformer.
Half Wave Rectifier average output voltage is ________. Low
Ripple Frequency of a half wave rectifier is ______ to filter. Hard
Full Wave Rectifier employs two diodes and _______ enabling
Center Tapped
current to conduct through the load during both half cycles of
Transformer
input AC voltage.
Maximum efficiency of rectification in full wave rectifier. 81.2%
A bridge arrangement of four diodes providing full wave
Full secondary
rectification of the ____________ of the power transformer
voltage
consequently eliminating a center tapped secondary.
Full wave rectifier is more efficient since it operates on both
Half cycles
________ of the sine wave.
Ripple frequency of full wave rectifier is _________ to filter. Easier
Full wave rectifier diodes require _______ PIV rating. Higher
For a given transformer of full wave rectifier, the peak voltage
requirement is _______ in the full wave rectifier than in the Lower
half-wave.
A voltage multiplier is two or more peak detectors or peak
rectifiers that produce a _______ equal to a multiple of the DC voltage
peak input voltage.
A rectifier that gives approximately doubles the output voltage Half-wave
of a conventional half-wave rectifier. Multiplier Doublers
A diode circuits whose output is a function of the instantaneous
input amplitude for a range of values between predetermined Limiter (Clipper)
limits.
Clipper diode network has the ability to clip off a portion of
the _______ signal without distorting the remaining part of the Input
alternating waveform.
Clipper that has a diode appears as a series element. Series Limiter
Parallel Limiter has a diode appears as a ________ element. Shunt
For clipping line of series limiter, clipping line is at the _______. Abscissa
A circuit that shifts the DC level of the input signal. Clampers
Clamping Network always start with the part of the input
Turns on the diode
signals that _______.
Clamping Network output waveform should be ________ to the
Similar
input waveform.
The peak to peak value of the output signal of clamping
Equal
network should be ______ to the peak to peak value of the

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

value signal.
A semiconductor PN junction that when forward biased, emits
Light Emitting
light at a wavelength that is a function of its material and do
Diode (LED)
pants.
Typical Average Forward Current of LED. 10-20mA
Typical Forward Voltage of LED. 2.2-3V
A semiconductor that can be used to establish a fixed reference
Zener Diode
voltage for biasing and comparison purposes.
A semiconductor diode formed by contact between a
semiconductor layer and metal contact; it has a non-linear Schottky Diode
rectifying characteristic.
A semiconductor PN junction device whose region of operation is
Photodiode
limited to the RB region.
Plancks Constant 6.624 x 10-24 J-s
____________ is a measure of the amount of luminous flux
Light Intensity
falling in a particular surface area.
1 lumens = ________ watts 1.496 x 10-10 W
A solid state device that provide high electrical isolation by
Optoisolator
converting the input signal to light emission and reconverting it
(Optocoupler)
to an electrical signal.
A heavily doped junction diode that has negative resistance in
Tunnel Diode
the forward direction over a portion of its operating range.
A PN semiconductor diode whose capacitance varies with the
Varactor Diode
applied voltage.
______________ acts as a variable capacitor under reverse-
Varactor Diode
bias conditions.
The PIV for each diode in a full wave center-tapped rectifier is
Twice
________ the peak output voltage plus one diode drop.
Ripple factor of a rectifier is equal to the ratio of RMS value of average value of
AC component of signal and ______________. signal
If one of the diodes in a full-wave bridge rectifier opens, the A half-wave
output is ____________. rectified voltage

TRANSISTOR FUNDAMENTALS

Is a three layer semiconductor device consisting of either two N


and one P- type layers of materials or two P & one N- type
layers of the semiconductor material. Transistors
Basically a resistor that implies electrical impulses as they are
transferred from its input to its output terminals.

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

PNP transistor
Types of Bipolar Junction Transistor
NPN transistor

TRANSISTOR CONFIGURATION

In this circuit, the input signal is applied at the emitter, the output
is taken at the collector and the base is the common remind. This
Common Base
has very low input impedance. This circuit is seldom used for
Configuration
amplifiers.
Grounded base
The input is applied at the base, the amplified output is taken
from the collector & the emitter is the common terminal. This
Common Emitter
circuit is the one generally used for transistors because the CE
Configuration
amplifier has the best combination of current and voltage gains.
Grounded emitter.
The circuit has the input applied at the base, the output taken at Common Collector
the emitter terminal and the collector is the common terminal. This Configuration
is often used for impedance matching.

TRANSISTOR BIASING

Basic function of a transistor is to accomplish __________. Amplification


The increase in magnitude of the signal without any change in Faithful amplification
shape.
An electrical, mechanical, or magnetic force applied to a device
to establish a desired electrical or mechanical reference level
for its operation. Bias
In transistors, this is a DC voltage or current that sets the
operating point for amplifying the AC signal.
To turn on the
device
To place it in
operation in the
Reasons for Biasing region of its
characteristic
where the device
operates most
linearly
TYPES OF BIAS CIRCUIT

Is taken from a battery or power supply. Fixed Biased


The amplifier produces its own DC voltage from an IR drop
across resistor in the return circuit of the common terminal. Self Bias (Emitter
The most often because it is economical & has stabilizing effect Stabilized Bias)
on the DC level of output current.
The most stable type of biasing Voltage Divider Bias

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

The ratio of a small change in IC to a small change in IE.


Alpha ()
Commonly called common base short circuit amplification factor.
The ratio of a small change in IC to a small change in IB.
Common called common-emitter forward-current amplification Beta ()
factor.
In common-collector configuration, the forward current gain is
Gamma ()
called _________.

AMPLIFIERS

Circuits designed to increase the level of an electronic signal. Amplifiers


Voltage amplifier
Amplifiers according to function Current amplifier
Power amplifier
Common-base
amplifier
Common-collector
Amplifiers according to configuration amplifier
Common-emitter
amplifier
Class A
Class B
Amplifiers according to class of operation
Class C
Class AB
DC Amplifier
Audio Amplifier
Amplifiers according to frequency RF Amplifier
IF Amplifier
Video Amplifier
Direct
Amplifiers according to method of coupling Capacitive
Inductive
Transformer
Small signal
amplifier
Amplifiers according to the signal being amplified
Large Signal
amplifier

COMPOUND CONFIGURATIONS

A series with the output of one stage then applied as input to the
second stage. The cascade connection provides a multiplication of Cascade Connection
the gain of each stage for a larges gain.
Has one transistor on top (in series with) another. This arrangement is Cascode Connection
designed to provide high impendence with low voltage gain to

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

ensure the input Miller capacitance is minimum.


The main feature of this connection is that the composite transistor Darlington
acts a single unit with a current gain that is product of the current Connection
gain of individual transistor.
The feedback pair connector is a two transistor circuit. It uses a PNP Feedback Pair
transistor driving an NPN.
A unipolar device which as a voltage controlled device with either
electron current in N- channel or a hole current in a P- Channel. Field Effect Transistor
A three terminal unipolar device which defends for its operation on
the control current by an electric field.
Terminal where the charge carrier enter the channel bar to provide Source
current through channel
Terminal where the current leaves the channel Drain
Controls the conductance between the source and the drain Gate
JFET (Junction
Field Effect
Transistor)
MOSFET ( Metal
Types of FET: Oxide
Semiconductor
FET)
IGET (insulated
gate FET)
Linear Region
Indicates that low value of UPS, current varies directly with voltage Ohmic Region
following Ohms law
Saturation Region/ Amplifier Region
JFET operates as a constant current device because IP is relatively Pinch-off Region
independent of VDS.
VDS is increased beyond its value corresponding to VA
JFET enters the breakdown region when ID increase to an excessive Breakdown Region
value.
Drain current with gate shorted source condition IDSS

STATIC CHARACTERISTIC OF JFET

Gives relation between ID & VDS for different values of VGS. Drain Characteristic
(Running variable)
Transfer
Gives relation between ID & VGS for different values of VDS. Characteristic

SMALL SIGNAL JFET PARAMETERS

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

The AC resistance between drain and source terminals when JFET is AC Drain Resistance
operating in the pinch-off region. (rd)
Forward transconductance forward trans-admittance slope of
Transconductance
transfer character.
(gm)
Similar to gm characteristic of vacuum tubes
Ratio of total voltage of drain to source and the total voltage of Amplification Factor
gate to source ()
DC drain resistance
Also called static or ohmic resistance of the channel (RDS)
Neutrally or lightly doped silicon
IGFET or MOSFET
Serves as a platform on which the other electrodes are diffused
Either void of free carrier or therefore unable to support conductors. Depletion Region

FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS AND OSCILLATORS

It is the application of a portion of the output signal of a circuit


back to the input circuit.
Feedback
One in which fraction of the amplifier output is fed back to the
input circuit.
If the feedback signal is combined in phase with the input signal.
If the feedback voltage or current is so applied to increase the Positive feedback
input voltage or current. (Regenerative)
Application: Oscillator circuits
If the feedback signal is combined 180 degrees out-of-phase
with input signals.
Negative Feedback
If the feedback voltage or current id so applied to reduce (Degenerative)
amplifier input.
Application: Amplifier circuits
If the feedback network is connected in shunt across the output Voltage Sampling
mode.
If the feedback network is connected in series with the output Current Sampling
loop.
The feedback network is connected in series with the input loop so Series Mixing
that the feedback signal is in the form of voltage.
The feedback network is connected in shunt with the input terminal Shunt Mixing
so that what is added to the input is current.
Effects of positive
Increased gain that may lead to oscillation. feedback
Process by which variations in amplitude or repeated continuously Oscillation
at a specific frequency.

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Accomplished by using an amplifier in a circuit where part of the


output is feedback to the input.
The use of positive feedback which result in a feedback amplifier
having a closed loop gain greater than the unity.
If the output signal varies sinusoidal. Sinusoidal Oscillator
If the output voltage rises quickly to one voltage and later drops Square Wave or
quickly to another voltage level. Pulse Oscillator
Uses an Op Amp and RC bridge circuit, with the oscillator Wein Bridge
frequency set by the R and C components Oscillator
Inductors L1 and L2 have a mutual coupling M, which must be taken
into account in determining the equivalent inductance for the Harley oscillator
resonant tank circuit.
Basically a tuned circuit oscillator using a piezoelectric crystal as
a resonant tank circuit.
The crystal (usually quarts) has a greater stability in holding Crystal Oscillator
constant at whatever frequency the crystal is originally cut to
operate.
Exhibits the properly that when mechanical stress is applied
across the faces of crystal, a difference of potential develops
Quartz Crystal
across opposite forces of the crystal.
Peizo electric effect.
The reactances of the series RLC are equal (and opposite). The
Series Resonant
impedance is very low.
Circuit
Lower frequency
Higher frequency
The reactances of the series RLC equal the reactance of Parallel Resonant
capacitor. Circuit
Very high impedance

OP AMPS AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS


A very high gain directly coupled negatively feedback amplifier
which can amplify signals having frequencies ranging from 0Hz to
Operational
1MHz.
Amplifier
Originally designed to perform mathematical operation like
summation, multiplication, differentiation and integration
Infinite Input
It would consume no current from the source. Impedance
Zero Output
It would look like a perfect voltage source to a load. Impedance
Infinitely amplified at any input. Infinite gain
The terminal marked (-) is called the inverting input. Whatever Inverting input
signal polarity is applied to the inverting will cause the opposite

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polarity on the output terminal.


The terminal marked (1) is called the non- inverting input.
Whatever polarity is applied to the non- inverting input terminal Non Inverting Input
will cause one polarity in the output terminal.
Provides a gain with no polarity reversal. Unity follower
Feedback component with capacitor.
The output is the integral of the input with an inversion and scale Integrator
multiplies of 1/RC.
The output is proportional to the time derivative of the input. The
magnitude of the output increases linearly with increasing
frequency, and the different circuit has high gain at high
frequencies. Differentiator
This results in amplification of the high frequency components of
amplifier noise, and the noise output may completely obscure the
differential signal
It is the marriage of both the inverting and non-inverting
amplifiers. Differential amplifier
The output is the result of the difference between the two inputs.
This can be used as a limit, level detector or switch.
It can also be used to convert a ramp input to a pulse and the Comparator
pulse to reset the ramp.
The difference in the DC voltages that must be applied to the
input terminals to obtain equal quiescent operating voltage (0 Input offset voltage
output voltage) at the output terminals.
The difference in the current at the two input terminals. Input offset current
The DC voltage at either output terminal with respect to the Quiescent operating
ground. voltage
The total power drain of the device with no signal applied and DC device
no external load current. dissipation
The ratio of the signal voltages developed at either of the two Common mode
output terminals to the common signal voltage applied to the two voltage gain (AC)
input terminals connected in parallel.
Differential Voltage
The ratio of the change in output voltage at either output terminal Gain Single Ended
with respect to the ground to difference in the input voltages. Input-Output (Ad)
Common mode
The ratio of the full differential voltage gain to the common mode rejection ratio
voltage gain. (CMRR)
The ratio of the change in input voltage to the change in input Single ended input
current measured at either input terminal with respect to the resistance (Rin)
ground.
The ratio of the change in output voltage to the change in output Single ended output
current measured at either output terminal with respect to the resistance (Rout)
ground.
Device parameter indicating how fast the output voltage changes Slew rate
with time.

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The term describing the change in output voltage resulting from Drift
change in temperature.
The reduction of op amps gain due to increasing operating Roll-off
frequency.
Receives input of a linear voltage, comparing it to a reference
input voltage to determine which is greater.
The output is a digital signal that stays at a high level when the Comparator circuit
non-inverting input is greater than the inverting input and switches
to a lower voltage level when the non inverting input voltage
goes below the input reference voltage level.
Vary continuously over some range of values. Analog signals
At one of two levels representing the binary values of one or Digital signals
zero.
Uses a network of resistors
Accepts inputs of binary values at typically 0V or VREF and Ladder network
provides an output voltage proportional to the binary input
value.
Analog to digital conversion. Dual slope method
Used to interconnect different type of signals, both linear and
digital.
Interfacing circuit
May be used to drive a load or to obtain a signal as a receiver
circuit.
Used in the generation of pulse signals that are triggered by an
input signals.
Timer circuit
Generation of a clock signal that operates at a frequency set by
external resistor and capacitor.
Made of a combination of linear comparators and digital flip
flops.
555 timer
The entire circuit is usually housed in an 8-pin DIP package with
pin numbers.

INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

A complete electronic circuit in which both the active passive Integrated Circuit
components are fabricated on an extremely tiny clip of silicon.
Develop an IC in 1958. J.S Kilby
Built by connecting separate components. Discrete
Small Scale
The number of circuits contained in an IC package is less than 30. Integration (SSI)
The number of circuit per package is 30 - 100. Medium Scale

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Integration (MSI)
Large Scale
Circuit density is from 100-100,000 Integration (LSI)
Very Large Scale
Circuit density is from 100,000 10M Integration (VLSI)
Ultra Large Scale
Circuit density is from 10M-1B Integration (ULSI)
Super Large Scale
Circuit density is more than 1B Integration (SLSI)
Single stone
Monolithic
Single solid structure
All circuit components (both active and passive) are fabricated Monolithic Integrated
inseparably within a single continuous piece of Si crystalline Circuits
material.
Only passive components are formed through thick and thin film
techniques on the insulating surface such as glass or a ceramic
Thick and thin Film
material.
IC
The active elements are added externally as discrete elements to
complete a functional circuit.
Resistors and conductors are formed by varying the width and
thickness of the film and by using materials of different Resistivity.
Capacitors are produced by sandwiching an insulating oxide film Thin film IC
between two conducting films.
Small inductors can be made by depositing a spiral formation of
film.
Transistors and diodes are externally added and interconnected Wire bonds
by _________.
Constructed by depositing films of conducting material through a Glass or ceramic
mask on the surface of a substrate made of ___________.
Printed thin film circuits.
Silk screen printing techniques are employed to create the Thick film IC
desired circuit pattern on the surface of a substrate.
Fine stainless steel
Screens are made of ______________. wire mesh
Pulverized glass and
Inks are pastes of _________. Aluminum
Are formed either by interconnecting a number of individual chips Hybrid or Multichip
or by a combination of film or monolithic IC techniques. IC
The inputs and outputs can take on a continuous range of values Linear IC (Analog)
and the outputs are generally proportional to the inputs.
Switching circuits.
Monolithic integration because a computer uses a large number
of identical circuits.
Digital IC
Employ relatively few capacitors and values of resistance,
voltage and current are low
Contain circuits whose input and output voltages are limited to 2

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possible levels (low or high)


Attachment of Wires to One IC. Bonding
An extremely small part of silicon wafer on which IC is Chip (Die)
fabricated.
Si wafer of 2 cm diameter is equivalent of _________. 1000 IC chips
To check the proper electrical performance of each with the help Circuit Probing
of probes.
Introduction of controlled small quantities of a material into the Diffusion
crystal structure for modifying its electrical characteristics.
A glass plate with the circuit pattern drawn on it. Diffusion Mask
Putting a cup over the IC and sealing it. Encapsulation
Physical place of materials on a given surface. Epitaxy
Removal of surface material from a chip by chemical means. Etching
Providing ohmic contacts and interconnections by evaporating Metallization
aluminum over the chip
A photosensitive emulsion which hardens when exposed to Photoresist
ultraviolet light.
Incising or cutting whit ha sharp point. Scribing
A thin slice of a semiconductor material either circular or
rectangular in shape in which a number of IC is fabricated Wafer
simultaneously.
A P-type silicon bar is taken and cut into thin slices called wafers. Wafer preparation
An N-type silicon layer (15m thick) is now grown on the P-type
substrate by placing the wafer in furnace at 1200C and Expitaxial Growth
introducing a gas containing phosphorous.
A thin layer of SiO2 is grown over the N-type layer by exposing Oxidization
the wafer to an oxygen atmosphere at about 1000C.
Involves selective etching of SiO2 layer with the help of
photographic mask, photo resist and etching solution. Photolithographic
Helps to select particular areas of the N-layer which are Process
subjected to an isolation diffusion process.
The wafer is subjected to a P-type diffusion process by which N-
type layer is isolated into islands on which transistor or some Isolation Diffusion
other components is fabricated.
The P-type base of transistor is diffused into the N-type layer Base and Emitter
which itself acts as collector. Diffusion
For good metal ohmic contact with diffused layers, N+ regions Pre-Ohmic Etch
are diffused into the structure.
Done for making interconnections and providing bonding pads Metallization
around the circumference of the chip for later connection of wires.
Each IC on the wafer is checked electrically for proper Circuit Probing
performance by placing probes on the bonding pads.
Wafer is broken down into individual chips containing the
Scribing and
integrated circuits.
Separating into Chips
Wafers are first scribed with a diamond tipped tool and then

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separated into single chips.


The individual chip is very small and brittle.
Mounting and
It is cemented or soldered to a gold plated header through which Packing
leads have already been connected.
A cap is now placed over the circuit and seating done in an inert Encapsulation
atmosphere.

INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS

In 1890, he demonstrates the use of electronics for the remote Nicola Tesla
control of a model boat.
He develops the Fleming valve, which is the first vacuum tube Sir John Fleming
used for rectifying AC to DC.
He discovers the vacuum tube amplifier. Lee De Forest
In what year the electronic control of a DC motor is accomplished 1928
using vacuum tubes.
It is year where the first commercially made variable-speed AC
motor control system is developed. This system varies the 1941
frequency of the motor by using vacuum-tube technology.
In what year three American scientist John Bardeen, Walter 1947
Brattain, and William Shockley invent the transistor.
In what year the first solid-state variable speed motor control 1957
system becomes commercially available.
In what year the development of the laser for material processing 1960
and communications implemented.
In 1968, the first _______ is developed by engineers at General Programmable
Motors Hydromantic division. controller
In what year the first commercial fiber optic cable is installed. 1970
He invents the microprocessor. Ted Hoff
In 1979, the __________ are developed providing vision to Optical sensors
industrial condolers.
In what year the robots with artificial intelligence become 1986
commercially available.
In what year the 64-bit microprocessor commercially available. 1994
It is an automatic control system that controls the physical motion
or position of an object. One example is the industrial robot arm Motion control
which performs welding operations and assembly procedures. system

One or more variables are regulated during the manufacturing Process control
of a product.
It is a sequence of timed operations executed on the product Batch processing
being manufactured.

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One or more operations are being performed as the product is Continuous process
being passed through a process.
It is the simplest way to control a system. It is a system without a Open-loop system
feedback.
A system that provides continuous monitoring and self correcting
action of the operation for long period of time without Closed-loop system
interruption. It is a control system that uses feedback to control an
output variable.
Includes all semiconductor devices which shown inherent on-off
behavior as opposed to allowing gradual change in conduction;
are regenerative switching devices and they cannot operate in a
linear manner. Thyristor
Derived from the thyratron gas-tube predecessor with the same
characteristics. It is applied to a family of semiconductor devices
that are used extensively in electronic switching circuits.
Small thyristor which do not switch the main load current; useful in
the gate triggering circuit of large load power switching thyristor. Silicon Controlled
It is a three-terminal, three junctions, four-layer semiconductor Rectifier
device that is designed to perform switching functions.
Conduction Angle
The number of an AC cycle during which the SCR is turned ON (CA)
The number of degrees of Ac cycle that elapses before the SCR is Firing Delay Angle
turned ON.
Amount of gate current needed to fire a particular SCR 0.1 20mA
Gate current trigger for most medium sized SCR. 10mA
It is that voltage above which the SCR enter the conduction Forward break over
region. voltage
It is that value of current below which the SCR switches from the
conduction state to the forward blocking region under stated Holding Current
condition.
These are the regions corresponding to the open circuit condition Forward and reverse
for the controlled rectifier which block the flow of charge (current) blocking regions
from the anode to cathode.
It is equivalent to the Zener or avalanche regions of the Reverse break over
fundamental two layer semiconductor diode. voltage
It is determined by the setting of R2. Firing Delay Angle
Low, the gate current will be sufficiently large to fire the SCR R2
when the supply voltage is low FDA is small.
High, the supply voltage must climb higher to deliver enough gate R2
current to fire the SCR FDA is increased.
Unilateral
Break over in only one direction Breakdown Device
It is a solid-state device that uses break over voltage to go into Silicon Unilateral
conduction and provide a positive pulse. Switch
A three terminal used to control the average current in either Triac (Triode AC)
direction when it is turned on.

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It is a solid-state device that acts like two SCR that have been
connected in parallel with each other inversely so that the one
SCR will conduct the positive half-cycle and the other will conduct
the negative half cycle.
It is the amount of current the triac gate needs to stay in Latching Current
conduction after it has been initially turned on.
It is the main terminal current required after the triac has been Holding Current
initially turned on.
It is the amount of current that is necessary to go into conduction Gate Trigger Current
initially.
Main terminal RMS
It is the maximum amount of current that the triac can control. current rating
It can be turn ON by a single pulse of positive gate current, but in Gate Turn-off Switch
addition it can be turned off by a pulse of negative gate current. (GTO)
A break-over type switching device.
A solid state device that has been specifically designed to Unijunction
provide a sharp pulse when its breakover voltage level is Transistor (UJT)
reached.
Has effectively the same operating characteristic with as
standard UJT and is used in similar application. It is determined PUT (Programmable
by external circuiting rather than an intrinsic stand-off ratio. Unijunction
It is similar to the UJT in that it has the ability to provide a pulse Transistor)
that is used to trigger SCR and other thyristors.
A bilateral trigger diode; symmetrical trigger diode. Diac (Diode AC)
Popular in low voltage for diacs trigger circuits; has lower Silicon Bilateral
breakdown voltages than diacs. Switch
The higher the anode current, the lower the required anode to
cathode voltage to turn the device ON. To turn ON the device, a
negative pulse must be applied to the anode terminal, while a Silicon Controlled
positive pulse is required to turn OFF the device. A negative pulse Switch
at the anode gate will RB the BE junction of GI turning it OFF,
resulting in the open circuit state of device.
An SCR whose state is controlled by the light falling upon a LASCR
semiconductor layer of the device.
It is similar to the silicon bilateral switch. The major difference is Silicon Asymmetrical
that it has a different firing voltage in the positive quadrant that Switch (SAS)
nit does in the negative quadrant.
Asymmetrical Silicon
It is similar to silicon bilateral switch except it has two different Bilateral Switch
firing levels. (ASBS)
It also called the four layer diode.
It is a unidirectional diac, which is basically an SUS without a gate Shockley diode
terminal.
The most common electrical transducer. It can be used alone, or
they can be attached to a mechanical sensor to convert a Potentiometer
mechanical motion into an electrical variation. It consists of a

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

resistive element and a movable contact that can be positioned


anywhere along the length of the element.
The movable contact of a potentiometer. Tap, wiper, or slider
Linear Variable
It gives an AC output signal which is proportional to a physical Differential
displacement. Transformers (LVDT)
Devices that detect the measured pressure and convert it into a Pressure transducers
mechanical movement.
Deformed metal tube with an oval cross section. It is open at one Bourdon tubes
end and sealed at the other end.
Essentially a series of metal diaphragms connected together.
When subjected to fluid pressure, a metal diaphragm will distort Bellows
slightly because of the elasticity of the material used to construct
it.
Most common device for measuring industrial process
temperatures. It is pair of dissimilar metal wires joined together in Thermocouples
a complete loop.
It measures temperature from a distance by sensing the visible
and/or invisible electromagnetic radiation emitted by the hot Optical pyrometers
body at a frequency which is indicative of the body
temperature.
Device which measures acceleration. Accelerometers
Device which measures the angular speed of rotating shaft. Tachometers
It uses the phenomenon of Hall Effect by which charge carriers Hall Effect
moving through ha magnetic field are forced to one side of the Transducers
conducting medium.

INSTRUMENTATION

Measurement of quantities in Electrical Engineering or Electrical or Instrumentation


Electrical Engineering quantities such as voltage, current, etc
Device that can give quantities description on a given Instrument
parameters.
An electromechanical device with moving pointers spring and Analog Meters
moving coils or moving waves.
Utilize electronic circuit in place of electromechanical and provide Digital Meters
a numerical reactant; auto rage; minimum power consumption.
Consists of movable coil situated within the magnetic field of a D Arsonval Meter
permanent magnet.
Consists of a moving coil, called armature that is free to move Electrodynamometer
within a magnetic field set-up by two stationary field coils.
The soft iron vanes are fastened to the shaft that drives the Iron Vane
pointer and are free to move within the magnetic set up by the Movements

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inclined coil.
Arises the fact the meter face is not accurately marked. Calibration Error
Ammeter Loading
Error caused by the internal resistance of the ammeter. Effect
This is the resistor connected in parallel with meter to increase the DC Ammeter Shunt
measuring capability of the ammeter. Resistance (Rsh)
A basic but versatile meters movement consisting of a fixed coil
divided into two equal halves and a moving coil between the Electrodynamometer
field coils. Used as a standard meter, transfer instrument, Movement
wattmeter and frequency meter.
Consist of a fixed coil of many turns and two iron vanes planes in Iron Vane Meter
the fixed coil. Widely used in industry for applications such as in Movement
automobiles.
An indicating mechanism resembling a variable capacitor. Used
for measurement of high voltage capacitor. Used for Electrostatic Meter
measurement of high voltage when very little current can be Movement
supplied by the circuit being measured.
Consist of a heater element usually made of fine wire, two
dissimilar metals and a D' Arsonval meter movement. Used for Thermocouple Meter
measurement of radio frequency AC signals.
Consist of a permanent magnet and a moving coil. D Arsonval Meter
D Arsonval meter used with half-wave rectification; to measure
alternating current with the D Arsonval meter, first rectify the AC Half - Wave
by the use of a diode rectifier to produce unidirectional current
flow.
D Arsonval meter with full-wave rectifier; to improve the
sensibility of a rectifier type of voltmeter, full wave rectification is Full - Wave
used.
These are instruments for making a comparison, measurement are
widely used to measure resistance, inductance, capacitance, and DC - Bridge Circuit
impedances. Balance Dc Bridges of DC voltage or resistance.
It consists of two parallel resistance branches containing two
series element, usually resistors. A DC voltage source connected The Wheatstone
across the resistance network to provide a source of current. A Bridges
galvanometer is connected between the parallel branches to
detect a condition of balance.
It is modified version of the Wheatstone bridge. It contains and
additional set of radio arms to compensate for the lead and The Kelvin Bridge
contact resistor of ohm or loss.
The best known and simplest of loop test used principally to
locate ground faults in short sections of communications and Murray Loop
power cables
One of the most accurate methods of locating ground fault and a Varley Loop
short circuit in high loop such as long communication lines.

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

Are used to measure inductance and capacitance accurately. Ac


bridges find widespread application in filters, oscillators and AC Bridges
other measurements.
AC Wheatstone
Used for bridges balance condition Bridge
Used to measure the impedance of capacitive circuits; also called
as Capacitance Comparison Bridge or the series resistance Similar Angle Bridge
capacitors bridge.
Opposite- Angle
Are also called as parallel capacitance comparison. Bridge
Used to determine an unknown inductance with capacitance Maxwell Bridge
standards.
It measures either the equivalent-series components of the Wein Bridge
equivalent parallel components of impedance.
Used for measuring properties, for phase angles of nearly 90. Schering Bridge
Used in laboratories to measure the impedance of both Radio- Frequency
capacitive an inductive circuit at higher frequencies. Bridge

MEDICAL ELECTRONICS

Takes inside photos of a patients body; invented by Roentgen. X-ray


A glass enclosed vacuum tube diode consisting of a cathode that X-ray Tube
thermally emits electrons and anode that attracts these electrons.
Electroencephalograph
Recording of electrical signals from the brain.
ECG
Graph- recording
Electro- electrical signals
Encephalo- Brain
Medical instrument that records electric currents generated by the EEG
brain
Computed Axial Tomography; combines the use of digital
computer together with a rotating X-ray device to create Computed Axial
detailed across sectional images or slices of different organs Tomography (CAT)
and body parts such as the lungs, liver, kidneys, pancreas, pelvis,
extremities, brain, spins and blood vessels.
A device that administers an electric shock through the chest wall
of the heart.
Automated External
A small, light weight device used to asses a persons heart rhythm. Defibrillation (AED)
It is necessary; it administers an electric shock to restore a normal
rhythm in victims of sudden cardiac arrest.
A specific type of imaging that used a low dose X-ray system for Mammography

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examination of the breasts.


Electrocardiogram: an non-invasive test that records the electrical
activity of the heart; used to measure the rate of regularity of
heartbeats as well as the size and position of the chambers , the ECG or EKG
presence of any damage to the heart and the effects of drugs or
devices used to regulate the heart (pace maker)
The use of sound waves to obtain a medical image or picture of
various organs and tissues in the body; a painless, non-invasive
and safe procedure which produces very precise images of your Ultrasound
soft sues and also reveals internal motions such as heart beat and
blood flow.
Regulating heart beats Pacemakers
SA node or sinus node; a small mass of specialized cells in the top
of hearts right atrium cupper chamber which makes electrical Natural Pacemaker
impulses that cause your heart to beat.
A small battery operated device that helps the heart beat in a Artificial pace maker
regular rhythm.
A test in which ultrasound is used to examine the heart. Echocardiograph
Provides single dimension images that allow accurate M-mode
measurement at the heart chambers.
Capable of displaying a cross-sectional slice of the beating 2-D-echo
heart.
A test that asses the health of the muscles and the nerves Electromyography
controlling the muscles.
A method of creating images of the inside of opaque organs in Magnetic Resonance
living organism as well as detecting the amount of bound water in Imaging (MRI)
geological structures.
Nuclear; universally dropped due to negative connotations; uses
larges magnets and radio frequency waves to create moving NMRI
images.

ROBOTICS

Is a branch of society of manufacturing engineers (SME). Robot Institute of


Accepted by the eleventh international symposium of industrial America (RIA)
robotics in 1981.
A reprogrammable multifunctional manipulator designed to move
materials, parts, tools, or other specialized devices through variable
programmed motions for the performance of variety of tasks.
Robot
A machine has a mechanism including degrees of freedom, often
having one of the appearance arms ending on a wrist of holding a
tool, a workplace, or an inspection device, its control unit use a

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memorizing device and it may sometimes use sensing to account into


environment and circumstances, the multi-purpose machines are
generally designed to carry out repetitive function and can be
adapted to other function.
Computer controlled robots were commercialized in early ______. 1970s
The first robot controlled by microcomputer appearing in _______. 1974
The word robot was coined in 1920 by the Czech author. K. Capele
Robot is derived from the Greek word ________, meaning working
an industrial robot has been defined as a reprogrammable
multifunctional manipulator, designed to move materials, parts, tools
or other specialized devices by means of variable programmed Robota
motions, and to perform a variety of other task. In a broader context,
the term robot also includes manipulators that are activated directly
by an operator.
It is an assembly of several major sections. It is made up of effectors Robot
tooling, the power supply, the controller and peripheral tooling.

Provides necessary motion to move the tool or part into the proper
position for an operation. The sole function of the arm is to provide Arm
motion for the end tooling.
It is the engine that drives the links (the sections between the joints Drive
into their desired position.
Every robot is connected in a computer which keeps the pieces of the
arm working together. Its function also allows the robot to be Controller
networked to other system, so that it may work together with other
machines, processes, or robot.
It is the tool that performs the actual work. We tend to think of robot
arm in a griper mechanism, but most robots in the industry have more
specialized end-of-the-arm tooling. Because robots themselves are End Effector
so flexible, there is an almost infinite variety of end effectors, special
tools, tool holders or manipulators assembles designed specially for
attachment to the robot arm itself.
It is the hand connected to the robots arm. It is often different from
a human hand. It could be a tool such as a gripper, a vacuum pump End- Effector or
tweezers, scalpel, and blowtorch. Just about anything that helps it do Hand
its jobs.
Provides the necessary power for moving the robot arm through its
range of motion. Most industrial robots use electric motors or stopper
motors for their motion. The only disadvantages are the increasing Power Supply
cost of electrical power. Some are use hydraulic or pneumatic power.
The power source for hydraulic or pneumatic arms is generally much
large than their electrical equivalents, as well.
Most robots of today are nearly deaf and blind. It can provide some
limited feedback to robot so it can do its job. Compared to the senses Sensor
and abilities of even the simplest living things, robots have a very

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long way to go. It can send information, in the form at electronic


signals back to the controller. It also gives the robot controller
information about its surroundings and let it know the exact position
of the arm or the state of the world around it. Sight, sound, touch,
taste, and smell are the kinds of information we get from our world.
Robots can be designed and programmed to get specific information
that is beyond what our senses can tell us. For instance, a robot sensor
might see in the dark, detect tiny amounts of invisible radiation or
measure movement that is too small or fast for human eye to be able
to see or notice.
Different types of robotic arms have different axis of motion. These
are called the ___________. Among many ways of classifying
robots, the degrees of freedom available to a fixed fully articulated Degrees of
arm. Motion of the entire arm is about the fixed base called the waist Freedom
motion. The third movement is called elbow extension. Virtually all
fully articulated robotic arms have these three degrees of freedom.
Many robotic arms have only one or two types of wrist motion of
shoulder and elbow, in the same plane as the motion of shoulder and Pitch
elbow.
It is the side-to-side motion, at the right angles to the motion of Yaw
shoulder and elbow.
It is a rotation of the wrist about the axis of the forearm, the motion Roll
you use when you tighten a screw.
Also known as pick-and-place robot. These robots are programmed
for a specific sequence of operations. Its movement if from point to Fixed Variable
point and the sequence is repeated continuously. The variable Sequence Robots
sequence- sequence robot can be programmed for as sequence of
operations.
An operator leads or walks the playback robot and its end of
effectors through the desired path. The other words, the operator
teaches the robot by shocking it what to do. The robot memorizes and Playback Robot
records the path and sequence of motions and can repeat them
continuously without any further action or guidance from the operator.
Numerically
The numerically controlled machine. The robot controlled by digital Controlled
data, and its sequence can be change with relative case. Robots
These robots are capable of performing some of the functions and
tasks carried out by human beings. These are equipped with a
variety of sensors with visual and tactile (touching) capabilities. Much
like human, these robots observes and evaluates the immediate Intelligent
environment and proximity to other objects, machinery, etc. by (sensory) Robot
perception and pattern recognition and proceeds with them. Because
the operation is too complex, powerful computers are required to
control this type of robot.
The area within which a robotic arm can work is called its work
envelope. The end effectors can reach every point within the work Work Envelope
envelope. The shape of the work envelope defends on the number of

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

degrees of freedom and the type of articulation that the arm has.

It can move its end effectors in only 3 directions; up and down; left to
right along a track; and front to back. The work envelope of this
robot is box shaped. Rectilinear robots have a smaller range of Rectilinear
motion than the other types, but they are the easiest to program
because if the rectangular coordinate system they use.
It has a greater range of motion than the rectilinear robots because
the arm can swing around its base in a circular or polar motion. The
up-and-down and front-to-rear motion of this robot is rectilinear the Cylindrical
work envelope is a cylindrical or cylinder with a core at the center
that cannot be reached.
It has polar articulation at the waist and the shoulder, but uses
rectilinear motion for reach. The work envelope is roughly spherical, Spherical
minus a pie-shaped wedge
It uses polar articulation for all degrees of freedom. This is the most
flexible scheme of articulation. It is also the most difficult to program.
The fully-articulated arm is the most popular arm in industry because Fully- Articulated
of its extended range of motion. Its work envelop is usually pie-
shaped crescent in the horizontal plane and an irregular spheroid in
the vertical plane.
It produces only two position motion about any individual robot axis Positive- stop
by this we mean that there are only two positions that the waist can Program Robots
stop in, there are only two possible positions that the shoulder can
stop in, and so on, for each axis of motion.
The essential feature that distinguishes a point-point program is its
range, rather than the two limit position. Thus if the mechanics of our
robot give it an inherent range of movements of 0 to 128 on its
shoulder, a point-to-point program with 8-bit resolution could position Point- to-point
the shoulder at 0.0 at 0.5 at 1.0 at 1.5 at 2.0 and so on up to Programs Robots
127.5

It is like a point-to-point program but with the destination positions


very close together. It is able to move the tool device to a destination Continuous-path
position very quickly though, and to move it via virtually invariable Programs
path, for the simple reason that the initial actual position of each axis
is very close to the destination position.
It is used mainly in small training robots. Some of these robots have
sufficient accuracy to be used in very light industrial and laboratory
tasks, but for the most part the stepper motor robot is rarity in the
industry. Although it is used to power the pumps or the compressors Stepper motor
for hydraulic or pneumatic robots, the AC motor is not widely used in
powering electric robots. AC motors are not as easily controlled for
either speed or position.

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

These are known for robots for their quiet operation and the
relatively small size of their power supplies. The growth of robotics in Electric Drives
the past few years has led to major advances in electrical motor Systems
design
It is the backbone of industrial electrically powered robots. Torque,
acceleration, position and speed are easily controlled with a new
type of DC motor. The latest innovation in DC motor in the brushless
permanent magnet excited DC motor. At first glace, this motor looks DC motor
lie a PM stepper motor. A closer inspection may give the motor the
appearance of synchronous AC motors. In design it is a sort of inside
out permanent magnet DC motor.
Hydraulic powered robots are used to handle heavy loads in todays
industrial applications, such robot design utilize the mechanical Hydraulic Drive
advantage that can be gained with fluid power. In addition, in the Systems
linear and vane type fluid motors, rotary actuators and hydraulic
gear motors are widely used in industrial robotics
Lower initial cost than a hydraulic system
The lower operating cost than a hydraulic system
Clean- no oil leaks to wipe up
Quick response
Programming of accurate positioning and velocity control are Pneumatic
impossible; use mechanical stops.
Weak force capability
Not so much holding strength when stopped as hydraulic system-
allows a heavy load
The working volume of robots obviously needs to be sufficient so that Working Volume
all the parts of working area can be reached.

The speed and acceleration of the robots must be large enough so Speed and
that task can be accomplished within an acceptable time. Acceleration

The repeatability of the robot is a measure of tolerance within which Repeatability


the end affection can be returned to pre-recorded point.

The resolution of the robot is the smallest step move that can be made Resolution
at a given position.
Accuracy of the robots ids different from that of repeatability. In this
case, the robot may have been programmed off line to move a given Accuracy
location 10 millimeters above a reference point. The accuracy maybe
improved by additional sensory feedback.
Economics. In addition to technical factors, cost and benefit
consideration are significant aspects at robot selection and their use.
The increasing availability, reliability, and reduced of sophisticated Economics
intelligent robot are having a major economic impact on
manufacturing operation and gradually replacing human labor.

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

Where as hourly wages steadily rising, particularly in industrial


nations, the cost of robot operation per hour has increased more
slowly.
Defending on a size of the robots work envelope, its speed and its
proximity to human, safety in a robot environment is an important Robot Safety
consideration. Particularly important are the programmers and
maintenance personnel that are in direct interaction with robots.
It serves as the muscle of the system, produces the motion with power Actuator
supplied electrically, pneumatically or by hydraulics.
A unit transmitting information and receiving instructions from a Communicator
remote operator.
A central computer that integrates the activity of several Control computer
microprocessors.
A mechanism consisting of several segments or arms. Manipulator

COMPUTERS

An electronic data processing machine and capable of


performing mathematical and logical operation accurately and Computer
processing large volumes of data at high speeds
Vacuum tubes
1st Generation Computers (1951-1958) (UNIVAC)
2nd Generation Computers (1958-1965) Transistors
ICs
3rd Generation Computers (1965-1970) Improved reliability
and faster speed
MSI and LSI
4th Generation Computer (1965-1970) Apple II, TRS-80
VLSI, optical devices,
parallel processing,
Current Generation Computer etc.
Multi-user, multi-
tasking
Small volumes of data, performs complex calculations using Scientific
sophisticated formulas.
Large volumes of data.
Business
Simple calculations.
Performs variety of operations, versatile enough to process General Purpose
diversified tasks.
Performs specific operation. Example, automatic tire alignment. Special Purpose
Programs that make a computer works Software

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

Set of instructions for the computer to follow


Physical computer that make up the computer Hardware
Interface or group of devices where people talk to the computer. Input Unit
Consist of electronics circuits that interpret and execute program
instructions as well as communicating with the input/output and
storage devices. Central Processing
Unit (CPU)
Arithmetic logic unit
Control Unit
Devices that give out information coming from the computer.
Output Unit
Device where computer interacts with the users.
Storage where programs are placed inside the computer systems.
Main memory Memory
Secondary memory
The keys on the computer keyboard are arranged in much the
same way as those on the typewriter. Keyboard

Device that is moves by hand over a flat surface.


Mouse
Has a ball on its underside.
Device that uses beam to read special letters, numbers or Bar Code Reader
symbols.
An indispensable output device similar to a television.
VDU (Video Display Unit)
Monitor
VDT (Video Display Terminal)
CRT (Cathode Ray Tube)
Produces printed reports as instructed by a computer program.
Printer
Produces information on paper output.
Combine a magnetic roller with powdered ink called toner to Laser Printer
transfer high quality of print.
Have small nozzles that actually spray fast drying ink onto page Inkjet printers
to form images.
Use pint head to strike on inked ribbon against paper like a Dot Matrix Printers
typewriter creating characters out of a series of dots.
Device that uses a light source to read text and images directly Scanner
to the computer.
Looks like a photocopier.
You need to lay the item to be scanned on a glass plate and the Flatbed
scanning head passes below the glass.
Looks and acts like fax machine.
The page or item is fed into the machine, scanned then split out on Sheet fed
the other end.
Good choose for large volumes of text but not good for photos.
Low cost alternative.
Manual device you more over a flat surface, just as you do to Hand
your PCs mouse.

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

Type of permanent memory.


Non-volatile Read Only Memory
Stores some of the operating systems software of the computer.
Basic input, output system
The only software built-in into the computer system.
Provides the interface between the computer hardware system BIOS
and the operating system.
Provides control to all devices that require interaction or services
of the microprocessor.
Complementary metal oxide semiconductor
Where the various parameters needed by the bios to perform its
tasks are permanently saved in a little piece of CMOS. CMOS
Power is supplied by a little battery so its contents will not be lost
after the PC is turned off.
Enable a set of instruction so that the CPU can communicate with Chipset
other parts of the motherboard.
Memory where data programs are stored
Working storage of the computer from it
Read/write memory RAM (Random
Data are written to and read from it Access Memory)
Temporary or volatile memory
Data are lost when power is turned off
The main board.
The most input of the computer.
Manage all transaction of data between CPU and the
peripherals. Motherboard
Houses the CPU and its second level cache, the chipset, the BIOS,
main memory, I/O chips, parts for keyboard, serial I/O, parallel
I/O disks and plug in cards.
Plug into an expansion slot in your PCs
Has a set of connectors that are exposed on the back of the PC
Sound Cards
Microphone and speakers
May include a volume control
A metal box found at the portion of the system unit case
Used to convert high, AC to a lower AC voltage to power up the Power Supply
computers electronics computer electronic components.
Let you communicate over standard telephone lines with other
computer user transfer data exchange electronic files and every Modems
typed, conversation is real time.
Hardware founds you into an expansion slot in your PCs system Internal Modems
unit.
Connected to the PC by plugging a cable into a part on the External Modems
system unit.

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

Said to be base 10 because it uses 10 digits and the coefficient Decimal System
a are multiplied by power of 10
2 possible value 0 and 1 Binary System
Conversation of
Multiplication is DY r and the coefficient found from the integers Decimal fraction to
may range in value from 0 to r-1 base r
Used in digital computers for simplifying the subtraction Complements
operation and for logical manipulations.
To represent a group of 2n distinct elements in a binary code
requires a minimum of n bits. Bit-binary Digit
It is possible to arrange n bits in 2n distinct ways.
BCD- Binary Coded
A straight assignment of the binary equivalent. Decimal
An extra bit included with a message to make the total number of Parity Bit
1s either odd or even.
A number in the reflected code changes by only one bit as its Reflected Code- Gray
provides from one number to the text. Code
Binary code of a group of elements consisting of the 10 decimal
digits, the 2b letters of the alphabet and a certain number of Alphanumeric Codes
special symbols such as $.
American standard code for information interchange ASCII
Extended binary coded decimal interchange code EBCDIC
Circuit whose input and output signals are 2-state, low or high Logic Circuit
voltage
Deals with variables that take on 2 discrete values and with Binary Logic
operation that assume logical meaning
A logic circuit with one or more input signal but only one output Gate
signal
Represent by a dot or by the absence of an operator AND (Intersection)
A table that shows all input and possibilities for a logic circuit Truth table
Represented by a plug sign OR (Union)
Represented by a prime (sometimes by a bar) NOT (inversion)
Electronic digital circuits, logic circuits, digital and switching circuits Logic Gates
Complement of AND; abbreviation of Not- AND NAND
Similar to OR but excludes the combination of both X and Y Exclusive or (XOR or
equal to 1 EOR)
A function that is 1 when the 2 binary variables are equal. Equivalent or
Example: when both are 0 or both are 1. exclusive or NOT
Produces the transfer function but does not produce any
particular logic operation since the binary value of the output is Buffer
equal to the binary value input.
Set elements, a set of operators and a number of unproved Boolean Algebra
axioms or postulates. (Symbolic Logic)
Introduces a systematic treatment to logic and developed for this George Bode (1854)
purpose an algebraic system.

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

Introduced a -valued Boolean algebra called switching algebra,


in which he demonstrated that the properties of disable electrical C.E. Shannon (1938)
switching circuits can be represented by this algebra.
A binary variable may appear either in its normal form (x) or its Canonical and
complement form (x) standard Forms
A symbol for each minterm is of mj where j denotes the decimal Minterm or Standard
equivalent of the binary number of the minterm designated Product
The complement of a function express as the sum of minterms Conversion between
equals the sum of minterms missing from the original function Canonical Forms
A Boolean expression containing OR terms called product terms Sum of Products
of one or more literals each. (SOM)
May be regarded as a pictorial form of a truth table as an Karnaugh Map
extension of the Venn diagram
Primary building block from which more complex function are Basic circuit
obtained.
Specifies the number of standard loads that the output of the Fan-out
gate can drive without impairment of its normal operation
The current flowing in the input or a gate in the same family Standard Load
Power consumed by the gate which must be available from the Power Dissipation
power supply
The average transition delay time for the signal to propagate Propagation Delay
from input to output when the signals change in value
The limit of a noise voltage which may be present without Noise Margin
impairing the proper operation of the circuit
These are applications where certain combination of input Dont care conditions
variables never occurs.
Consist of logic gates whose outputs at any time are determined Combinational Logic
directly from the present combination of inputs without regard to Circuits
previous inputs
2 binary inputs and 2 binary outputs Half Adder
Consist of 2 inputs and 3 outputs Full Adder
Comparator with hysteretic; digital circuit that produces a Schmitt Trigger
rectangular output from any input.
A combinational logic circuit that recognize the presence of a
specific binary number or word. The input is a multi-bit binary Decoder
number and the output is a signal that indicates the presence of a
specific number of bit combinations.
A digital function that produces a reverse operation from that of Encoder
a decoder.
An electronic switch that permits any one of the number of inputs Multiplier (data
to be chosen and routed to the output; was Z or more input and a selector circuit)
single output.
A combinational logic circuit that receives information on a single
line and transmits this information on one of 2n possible output Demultiplexer
lines.

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

Employ memory elements (binary cells) in addition to logic gates Sequential Circuits
A system whose behavior can be defined from the knowledge of Synchronous
its signals at discrete instant of time. Sequential Circuit
A two state circuit that can be remain in either state indefinitely,
Also called a Bistable Multivibrator. Flip Flop
An external trigger can change the output.
To eliminate the possibility of race condition. D flip-flop (D-latch)
Change of the output to the opposite state in a JK Flip-Flop Toggle
Ideal memory element when it comes to circuits that count. JK flip-flop
Preset-direct set/clean-direct reset. Preset and clear
Changing the output state of a flip-flop on the rising and falling Edge triggering
edge of a clock pulse.
Changing the output state of the input signals must be held Hold Time
constant after the clock edge has struck.
The minimum amount of the time the input to a flip-must be preset Set-up Time
before the clock edge arrives.
The time it takes for the output of a gate or flip-flop to change Propagation delay
after the inputs have changed. time
The time it takes for the output of an F/F responds to the level Level Clocking
(high or low) of the clock signal.
The simplest type of F/F, consisting of 2 cross couples NAND and Latch
NOR latches
Type of triggering using 2 cascade latches
Master- slave
Master + half cycle Triggering
Slave - half cycle
An undesirable condition which may exist in a system when 2 or Race Condition
more inputs change simultaneously
A group of memory elements that work together as a unit Register
A register that temporarily stores a word during data processing. Buffer register
A register that can shift the stored bits one position to the left or Shift Register
right
Has control inputs that determined what it does on the next clock Controlled Shift
pulse Register
Means storing a word in the shift register by entering 1 bit per Serial Loading
CP
A register capable of counting the member of clock pulses that
have arrived at its clock input; Electronic equivalent of a binary Counter
odometer
Counts clock pulses only when commanded to do so Controlled Counter
A counter in which the clock drives each F/F to eliminate the Synchronous
ripple delay Counters
A counter producing words with 1 high bit which shift one position Ring Counter
per clock pulse.

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

The no. of stable states a counter has Modules of Counter


Divided by 10 circuit: decade counter MOD 10 Counter
Counts down Down Counter
F/F Outputs are connected to storing networks Up Down Counter
The counter starts at the number greater than 0 Pre-settable Counter
A non-inverting buffer that can be closed or opened by a control 3 State Switch
signal; a tri-state switch
Pre-settable Counter
A counter that allows you to preset a number from which the (Programmable
count begins Counter)
A group with wires used as a common word path by several BUS
registers
Where the programs and data are stored before the calculations Memory
begin.
A way of specifying the location of data in memory, similar to a Address
house address.
The time it takes to read the contents of a memory location after Access time
it has been address.
A type of memory in which the stored data is not lost when the Non-volatile
powers is turned off.
A of memory in which the data stored in the memory is lost when Volatile
the power is turned off.
Programmable ROM.
PROM
Allows the user to store the data; cannot be erased
A device that is ultraviolet-erasable and electrically EPROM
reprogrammable. (Erasable PROM)
EEPROM (Electrically
Non-volatile like PROM, but does not require ultraviolet light Erasable PROM)
Read-write memory; core RAM; work house of earlier computers; RAM- Random
non-volatile Access Memory
Less bipolar or MOS F/Fs; data is retained indefinitely as long Static RAM
as power is applied
Uses MOSFET and capacitors that stores data Dynamic RAM
Sandwiches a thin films magnetic material between two Bubble Memory
permanent magnets.
It means small. micro
It means must be able to process data. processor
Also known as the brain of the computer.
A single chip that is capable of processing data and controlling
all the components, whether input or output. Microprocessor
Interprets inputs from the computer thru electrical connection
(buses) and determines a response based on the program stored
in the main memory of the computer.
Keep all other parts working together in the right time and Control Limit

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

sequence.
It contains the microprocessor data processing logic. Arithmetic Logic Unit
Prominent part of microprocessor wherein the data is being stores Register
Refers to all programs which can assist users to a particular type Software
of computer.
A very detailed list of steps which must be followed to accomplish Program
task.
A diagrammatic representation of sequence of events. Flow Chart
A section of program which repeat over and over again. Loop
Without any alternate routes or patches. Straight-line program
Allow us to write one program that can do different things at Branching
different times
A section of program which causes different actions to be taken Branch
based on condition
A portion of the program which is called upon to perform specific
tasks. When the tasks are furnished, the main part of the Sub Routine
program is returned to.
Only language the computer actually understands; consists of 1s Machine Language
and 0s
A low level language which uses mnemonics in place of binary Assembly Language
patterns.
Abbreviations for machine language instructions. Fortran (Formula
Something that aids memory. Translation)
Used advanced commands High level Language
Tailored to the needs of business.
Cobol
Common Business Oriented Language.
Beginners all-purpose symbolic instruction code.
Designed to be easy for non professional programmers to learn BASIC
and use.
Named after French math. Blaire Pascal.
Designed to encourage the programmer to adhere to what Pascal
considered correct programming practices.
In-between
Between high level and low-level languages C and Forth Language
When we write in assembly language we use abbreviations Assembly Language
mnemonics for certain operations or functions.
More like English than machine language Source code
You must look up the codes yourself. Manual assembly
A program (usually stored in ROM) which gives the programmer
access to the microprocessors stack, accumulator, registers, and Monitor
so forth.
A program which translates assembly language mnemonics into Assembler
binary patterns (machine language).
Program which translates binary patterns into assembly language Disassembler

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MITRC BOOK REVIEW GROB 7TH EDITION

mnemonics.
A complex program which convert computer instructions written in Complier
a source language.
A tool which helps you stays organized as you write programs.
Worksheet
Simply a form on which you can write your program.
Simple as possible SAP
A computer because it stores a program data before calculation
begin, and then it automatically carries out the program SAP-1
instructions without human intervention.
Next step in the evolution toward modern computers because it SAP- 2
includes jump instructions.
8 bit microcomputers that are upward compatible with the 8080 SAP-3
microprocessors.

137

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