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NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING MANUAL
** On A/C ALL
2. Basic Principles
A. Generation of Eddy Currents
(1) If conductive materials are placed in an alternating magnetic field, circular currents are generated in the
material, flowing around the field lines. Generally, the currents flow vertically to the field lines in a
circular direction.
(2) If the magnetic field is now excited by a coil, the exciting currents and the currents generated in the
conductive material are antiparallel. They flow in the same plane (vertical to the magnetic field Lines),
but with the opposite direction of rotation.
(3) The induced currents produce a further magnetic field . As the induced currents are flowing in an
opposite direction to the exciting currents, the magnetic field produced by the induced currents is also
opposite to the existing magnetic field. This will weaken the exciting magnetic field, causing the coils
reactance to decrease.
(4) If permanent eddy currents are to be excited in an electrically conductive material, an alternating
current must be passed through the coil (See FIGURE 51-60-00-991-004-A).
B. Depth of Penetration of Eddy Currents
(1) The depth of penetration of eddy currents decreases with increasing exciter frequency (f) ; see FIGURE
51-60-00-991-005-A. Changes in permeability () and conductivity (o) also affect the depth of
penetration . Ferromagnetic materials have a large range of permeability (100 to 1000). The
permeability of non-ferromagnetic materials is a constant (1).
(2) For practical purposes, there are two types of eddy current equipment. The type used depends on the
depth of penetration required.
(a) Type 1: High Frequency (HF). It has frequencies higher than 10 kHz, and is used to inspect for
surface discontinuities.
(b) Type 2: Low Frequency (LF). It has frequencies lower than 10 kHz, and is used to inspect sub-
surface discontinuities.
(3) The electrical conductivity of a material is influenced by the following:
- material specification,
- material heat treatment condition,
- mechanical processing (machining, forming etc.),
- the temperature of the material.
(4) The conductivity values for materials which are commonly used in aircraft construction, see TABLE 1.
Values are given as a function of the material condition. Conductivity values can be converted from
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NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING MANUAL
MS/m to % IACS, or vice versa (See FIGURE 51-60-00-991-006-A and TABLE 2 and or TABLE 3).
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MS/m & IACS MS/m & IACS MS/m & IACS MS/m & IACS
1 1.72 15 28.5 30 51.7 44 75.8
2 3.45 16 27.6 31 53.4 45 77.6
3 5.17 17 29.3 32 55.2 46 79.3
4 6.90 18 31.0 33 56.9 47 81.0
5 8.62 19 32.7 34 58.6 48 82.7
6 10.3 20 34.5 35 60.3 49 84.5
7 12.1 21 36.2 36 62.1 50 86.2
8 13.8 22 37.9 37 63.8 51 87.9
9 15.5 23 39.6 38 65.5 52 89.6
10 17.2 24 41.4 39 67.2 53 91.4
11 18.9 25 43.1 40 68.9 54 93.1
12 20.7 26 44.8 41 70.7 55 94.8
13 22.4 27 46.5 42 72.4 56 96.5
14 24.1 28 48.3 43 74.1 57 98.3
29 50.0 58 100.0
Conversion of Conductivity Values (MS/m in % IACS)
TABLE 3
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NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING MANUAL
** On A/C ALL
COIL
ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTIVE
MATERIAL
L_NT_516000_1_0040101_01_00
20 ZIRCONIUM 0.8
0.6
TUNGSTEN URANIUM
0.001
0.02 0.0008
0.0006
0.01 0.0004
0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 1000 2000 5000 10000
FREQUENCY (KHz)
L_NT_516000_1_0050101_01_00
Cu = 58 MS / m = 100% IACS
IACS = International Annealed Copper Standard
100 58
(% IACS) (MS / m) 50 29
55
49
90
48 28
50
47
27
80 46
45 (% IACS) (MS / m)
45 26
44
70 40 25
43
42
24
60 35 41
40
23
39
30
50 38 22
37
25 21
36
40
35
20
20 34
30 33 19
15 32
31 18
20 30
10 17
29
28
10 16
5 27
26 15
0 0 25 14.5
L_NT_516000_1_0060101_01_00
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NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING MANUAL
** On A/C ALL
POSITION 2
DRIVER COIL
V V
EDDY CURRENTS
EDGE EFFECT
MEASURING
COIL
L_NT_516000_1_0070101_01_00
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NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING MANUAL
** On A/C ALL
EVALUATION DISPLAY
GENERATOR
UNIT UNIT
PROBE
TEST PART
L_NT_516000_1_0080101_01_00
PHASE
L_NT_516000_1_0090101_01_00
1.0
cmR =
1.73
0.9
s=
2.90
0.3810
0.8 CALCULATED VALUES
L
Lo MEASURED VALUES
4.98
R2 = CONSTANT
INDUCTANCE
0.7 0.1905
8.56
0.0952
0.6
18.0
0.0476
29.0
0.5
0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20
RESISTANCE R
Lo
R = COIL RADIUS
S = LIFT OFF
= RADIAN FREQUENCY
R = PERMEABILITY
S
= CONDUCTIVITY
L = INDUCTANCE
L_NT_516000_1_0100101_01_00
X X
COMPENSATION FILTER FOR
DISPLAY AND
OSCILLATOR AND SIGNAL ROTATING
EVALUATION
ROTATION SYSTEMS
Y Y
TEST PART
L_NT_516000_1_0110101_01_00
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** On A/C ALL
ABSOLUTE PROBES
1 COIL SYSTEM
THE TRANSMITTER IS
ALSO THE RECEIVER
MEASURING COIL
AND
2 COIL SYSTEM
THIS HAS A TRANSMITTER
AND A RECEIVER
MEASURING COIL
DIFFERENTIAL PROBE
MEASURING COIL
L_NT_516000_1_0130101_01_00
FOURPOLE PROBE
MEASURING COIL
A TEST PART
ROTARY PROBE
MEASURING COIL
ROTARY HEAD
A
L_NT_516000_1_0140101_01_00
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(6) Calibration Block for Special Applications
(a) For some special inspections, a calibration/reference block must be made which represents the
part to be inspected. This type of block must be made from the same materials and to the same
construction blocks as the part to be inspected. The block must contain representative
discontinuities in the areas where discontinuities are likely to occur in the real structure.
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** On A/C ALL
SLOT A B C
mm in mm in mm in ELECTRO EROSION SLOTS
DEPTH 0.2 0.008 0.5 0.02 1 0.039
WIDTH 0.2 0.008 0.2 0.008 0.2 0.008
C
7 mm A
(0.276 in)
80 mm
(3.15 in)
35 mm
(1.378 in)
L_NT_516000_1_0150101_01_00
SLOT
X
HOLE WITH A
SPARK EROSION SLOT
NOTE:
THE WIDTH OF THE SLOT MUST BE A MAXIMUM OF 0.2 mm (0.008 in)
THE DEPTH OF THE SLOT MUST BE APPROXIMATELY 0.5 mm (0.02 in)
L_NT_516000_1_0160101_01_01
REDUCTION
FROM D
5% 10% 15% 20%
A A
A A
150 mm
(5.906 in)
20 mm
(0.79 in)
50 mm 3 x 50 mm
(1.969 in) (3 x 1.969 in)
250 mm
(9.843 in)
NOTE: BOTH AXES OF THE REBATES MUST BE GREATER THAN THE PROBE DIAMETER.
L_NT_516000_1_0170101_01_00
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NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING MANUAL
(b) Eddy Current Probe
1 Special differential coil rotating probe. The probe diameter is 0.1 mm (0.004 in) less than
the diameter of the hole to be inspected.
(c) Calibration Block
1 For Calibration Block for the inspection of holes, see 51-60-00-006-A, Figure 51-60-00-016.
(2) Holes can be inspected with this procedure only if the fasteners (bolts, rivets, pins etc.) are removed.
FIGURE 51-60-00-991-020-A shows an example of an inspection of holes using a dynamic rotating
probe test system.
(3) The countersink area of fastener holes can also be inspected using this procedure. This is done using a
suitably contoured rotating probe.
(4) The inspection of holes and countersink areas can also be done using HF-EC equipment with hand-
rotated absolute probes.
(5) These inspections can be done in single or multiple-layer structures.
E. Corrosion Inspection and Evaluation (See FIGURE 51-60-00-991-021-A)
(1) The following equipment may be used to inspect for and evaluate corrosion on the inner surface of
sheet materials.
(a) Test Instrument
1 LF-EC equipment with greater depth of penetration and impedance plane presentation
(Screen display).
(b) Eddy Current Probe
1 Special absolute probe adapted to the inspection task.
(c) Calibration Block
1 For Calibration Block to inspect for and evaluate corrosion, see 51-60-00-006-A, Figure
51-60-00-017. The material specification and nominal thickness must be similar to the
structure to be inspected.
(2) FIGURE 51-60-00-991-021-A shows the basic principle of corrosion inspection.
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NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING MANUAL
** On A/C ALL
CALIBRATION BLOCK
CRACKS
ABSOLUTE
PROBE
DRAFTMANS
CIRCLE TEMPLATES
L_NT_516000_1_0180101_01_01
6 SCALE DIVISIONS
WITHOUT CRACK
PROBE A
CENTER MARK
EXTERNAL
SKIN DIFFERENTIAL PROBE
(FOURPOLE PROBE)
PROBE
GUIDE
RIVET
ROW 1
INTERNAL
SKIN
INSPECTION
DIRECTION
RIVET
ROW 1
SIMULATED CRACKS
(SAWCUTS) FATIGUE
CRACKS
100% 100%
75% 75%
50% 50%
25% 25%
0% 0%
HOLE WITH
NO SLOT
ROTARY PROBE
SLOT
HIGH FREQUENCY
A
EDDY CURRENT
INSTRUMENT WITH
SYNCHRONOUS
SCREEN DISPLAY
MOTOR UNIT TO
ROTATE THE PROBE CALIBRATION
BLOCK
CRACK
L_NT_516000_1_0200101_01_01
INSPECTION AREA
OUTER SKIN
A A
CALIBRATION BLOCK
A A
L_NT_516000_1_0210101_01_01