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A gerund is a verbal that ends in -ing and functions as a noun. The term verbal indicates that a gerund, like the
other two kinds of verbals, is based on a verb and therefore expresses action or a state of being. However, since
a gerund functions as a noun, it occupies some positions in a sentence that a noun ordinarily would, for
example: subject, direct object, subject complement, and object of preposition.
Gerund as subject:
Traveling might satisfy your desire for new experiences. (Traveling is the gerund.)
The study abroad program might satisfy your desire for new experiences. (The gerund has been
removed.)
A Gerund Phrase is a group of words consisting of a gerund and the modifier(s) and/or (pro)noun(s) or noun
phrase(s) that function as the direct object(s), indirect object(s), or complement(s) of the action or state
expressed in the gerund, such as:
Finding a needle in a haystack would be easier than what we're trying to do.
Finding (gerund)
a needle (direct object of action expressed in gerund)
in a haystack (prepositional phrase as adverb)
The gerund phrase functions as the direct object of the verb appreciate.
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Newt's favorite tactic has been lying to his constituents.
lying to (gerund)
his constituents (direct object of action expressed in gerund)
faking (gerund)
an illness (direct object of action expressed in gerund)
to avoid work (infinitive phrase as adverb)
Being (gerund)
the boss (subject complement for Jeff, via state of being expressed in gerund)
Punctuation
Points to remember:
Infinitives
An infinitive is a verbal consisting of the word to plus a verb (in its simplest "stem" form) and functioning as a
noun, adjective, or adverb. The term verbal indicates that an infinitive, like the other two kinds of verbals, is
based on a verb and therefore expresses action or a state of being. However, the infinitive may function as a
subject, direct object, subject complement, adjective, or adverb in a sentence. Although an infinitive is easy to
locate because of the to + verb form, deciding what function it has in a sentence can sometimes be confusing.
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Be sure not to confuse an infinitivea verbal consisting of to plus a verbwith a prepositional phrase
beginning with to, which consists of to plus a noun or pronoun and any modifiers.
An Infinitive Phrase is a group of words consisting of an infinitive and the modifier(s) and/or (pro)noun(s) or
noun phrase(s) that function as the actor(s), direct object(s), indirect object(s), or complement(s) of the action or
state expressed in the infinitive, such as:
The infinitive phrase functions as the direct object of the verb intended.
to leave (infinitive)
early (adverb)
The infinitive phrase functions as the direct object of the verb agreed.
to give (infinitive)
me (indirect object of action expressed in infinitive)
a ride (direct object of action expressed in infinitive)
The infinitive phrase functions as the direct object of the verb asked.
me (actor or "subject" of infinitive phrase)
to bring (infinitive)
some food (direct object of action expressed in infinitive)
The infinitive phrase functions as the direct object of the verb wanted.
Carol (actor or "subject" of infinitive phrase)
to be (infinitive)
the captain (subject complement for Carol, via state of being expressed in infinitive)
of the team (prepositional phrase as adjective)
Actors: In these last two examples the actor of the infinitive phrase could be roughly characterized as the
"subject" of the action or state expressed in the infinitive. It is somewhat misleading to use the word subject,
however, since an infinitive phrase is not a full clause with a subject and a finite verb. Also notice that when it is
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a pronoun, the actor appears in the objective case (me, not I, in the fourth example). Certain verbs, when they
take an infinitive direct object, require an actor for the infinitive phrase; others can't have an actor. Still other
verbs can go either way, as the charts below illustrate.
In all of these examples no actor can come between the italicized main (finite) verb and the infinitive direct-
object phrase.
In all of these examples an actor is required after the italicized main (finite) verb and before the infinitive direct-
object phrase.
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ask expect (would) like want
Examples:
In all of these examples the italicized main verb can take an infinitive object with or without an actor.
Punctuation: If the infinitive is used as an adverb and is the beginning phrase in a sentence, it should be set off
with a comma; otherwise, no punctuation is needed for an infinitive phrase.
Points to remember
1. An infinitive is a verbal consisting of the word to plus a verb; it may be used as a noun, adjective, or
adverb.
2. An infinitive phrase consists of an infinitive plus modifier(s), object(s), complement(s), and/or actor(s).
3. An infinitive phrase requires a comma only if it is used as an adverb at the beginning of a sentence.
Split infinitives
Split infinitives occur when additional words are included between to and the verb in an infinitive. Many
readers find a single adverb splitting the infinitive to be acceptable, but this practice should be avoided in
formal writing.
Examples:
I like to on a nice day walk in the woods. * (unacceptable)
On a nice day, I like to walk in the woods. (revised)
I needed to quickly gather my personal possessions. (acceptable in informal contexts)
I needed to gather my personal possessions quickly. (revised for formal contexts)
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1. Gerunds
A gerund is a verbal that ends in -ing and functions as a noun. The term verbal indicates that a gerund, like the
other two kinds of verbals, is based on a verb and therefore expresses action or a state of being. However, since
a gerund functions as a noun, it occupies some positions in a sentence that a noun ordinarily would, for
example: subject, direct object, subject complement, and object of preposition.
Gerund as subject:
Traveling might satisfy your desire for new experiences. (Traveling is the gerund.)
The study abroad program might satisfy your desire for new experiences. (The gerund has been
removed.)
A Gerund Phrase is a group of words consisting of a gerund and the modifier(s) and/or (pro)noun(s) or noun
phrase(s) that function as the direct object(s), indirect object(s), or complement(s) of the action or state
expressed in the gerund, such as:
Finding a needle in a haystack would be easier than what we're trying to do.
Finding (gerund)
a needle (direct object of action expressed in gerund)
in a haystack (prepositional phrase as adverb)
The gerund phrase functions as the direct object of the verb appreciate.
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my (possessive pronoun adjective form, modifying the gerund)
offering (gerund)
you (indirect object of action expressed in gerund)
this opportunity (direct object of action expressed in gerund)
lying to (gerund)
his constituents (direct object of action expressed in gerund)
faking (gerund)
an illness (direct object of action expressed in gerund)
to avoid work (infinitive phrase as adverb)
Being (gerund)
the boss (subject complement for Jeff, via state of being expressed in gerund)
Punctuation
Points to remember:
2. Participles
A participle is a verbal that is used as an adjective and most often ends in -ing or -ed. The term verbal indicates
that a participle, like the other two kinds of verbals, is based on a verb and therefore expresses action or a state
of being. However, since they function as adjectives, participles modify nouns or pronouns. There are two types
of participles: present participles and past participles. Present participles end in -ing. Past participles end in -ed,
-en, -d, -t, or -n, as in the words asked, eaten, saved, dealt, and seen.
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Shaken, he walked away from the wrecked car.
The burning log fell off the fire.
Smiling, she hugged the panting dog.
A participial phrase is a group of words consisting of a participle and the modifier(s) and/or (pro)noun(s) or
noun phrase(s) that function as the direct object(s), indirect object(s), or complement(s) of the action or state
expressed in the participle, such as:
Placement: In order to prevent confusion, a participial phrase must be placed as close to the noun it modifies as
possible, and the noun must be clearly stated.
In the first sentence there is no clear indication of who or what is performing the action expressed in the
participle carrying. Certainly foot can't be logically understood to function in this way. This situation is an
example of a dangling modifier error since the modifier (the participial phrase) is not modifying any specific
noun in the sentence and is thus left "dangling." Since a person must be doing the carrying for the sentence to
make sense, a noun or pronoun that refers to a person must be in the place immediately after the participial
phrase, as in the second sentence.
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Punctuation: When a participial phrase begins a sentence, a comma should be placed after the phrase.
If the participle or participial phrase comes in the middle of a sentence, it should be set off with commas only if
the information is not essential to the meaning of the sentence.
Note that if the participial phrase is essential to the meaning of the sentence, no commas should be used:
The student earning the highest grade point average will receive a special award.
The guy wearing the chicken costume is my cousin.
If a participial phrase comes at the end of a sentence, a comma usually precedes the phrase if it modifies an
earlier word in the sentence but not if the phrase directly follows the word it modifies.
The local residents often saw Ken wandering through the streets.
(The phrase modifies Ken, not residents.)
Tom nervously watched the woman, alarmed by her silence.
(The phrase modifies Tom, not woman.)
Points to remember
1. A participle is a verbal ending in -ing (present) or -ed, -en, -d, -t, or -n (past) that functions as an
adjective, modifying a noun or pronoun.
2. A participial phrase consists of a participle plus modifier(s), object(s), and/or complement(s).
3. Participles and participial phrases must be placed as close to the nouns or pronouns they modify as
possible, and those nouns or pronouns must be clearly stated.
4. A participial phrase is set off with commas when it:
o a) comes at the beginning of a sentence
o c) comes at the end of a sentence and is separated from the word it modifies.
3. Infinitives
An infinitive is a verbal consisting of the word to plus a verb (in its simplest "stem" form) and functioning as a
noun, adjective, or adverb. The term verbal indicates that an infinitive, like the other two kinds of verbals, is
based on a verb and therefore expresses action or a state of being. However, the infinitive may function as a
subject, direct object, subject complement, adjective, or adverb in a sentence. Although an infinitive is easy to
locate because of the to + verb form, deciding what function it has in a sentence can sometimes be confusing.
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To wait seemed foolish when decisive action was required. (subject)
Everyone wanted to go. (direct object)
His ambition is to fly. (subject complement)
He lacked the strength to resist. (adjective)
We must study to learn. (adverb)
Be sure not to confuse an infinitivea verbal consisting of to plus a verbwith a prepositional phrase
beginning with to, which consists of to plus a noun or pronoun and any modifiers.
An Infinitive Phrase is a group of words consisting of an infinitive and the modifier(s) and/or (pro)noun(s) or
noun phrase(s) that function as the actor(s), direct object(s), indirect object(s), or complement(s) of the action or
state expressed in the infinitive, such as:
The infinitive phrase functions as the direct object of the verb intended.
to leave (infinitive)
early (adverb)
The infinitive phrase functions as the direct object of the verb agreed.
to give (infinitive)
me (indirect object of action expressed in infinitive)
a ride (direct object of action expressed in infinitive)
The infinitive phrase functions as the direct object of the verb asked.
me (actor or "subject" of infinitive phrase)
to bring (infinitive)
some food (direct object of action expressed in infinitive)
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The infinitive phrase functions as the direct object of the verb wanted.
Carol (actor or "subject" of infinitive phrase)
to be (infinitive)
the captain (subject complement for Carol, via state of being expressed in infinitive)
of the team (prepositional phrase as adjective)
Actors: In these last two examples the actor of the infinitive phrase could be roughly characterized as the
"subject" of the action or state expressed in the infinitive. It is somewhat misleading to use the word subject,
however, since an infinitive phrase is not a full clause with a subject and a finite verb. Also notice that when it is
a pronoun, the actor appears in the objective case (me, not I, in the fourth example). Certain verbs, when they
take an infinitive direct object, require an actor for the infinitive phrase; others can't have an actor. Still other
verbs can go either way, as the charts below illustrate.
In all of these examples no actor can come between the italicized main (finite) verb and the infinitive direct-
object phrase.
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You've convinced the director of the program to change her position.
I invite you to consider the evidence.
In all of these examples an actor is required after the italicized main (finite) verb and before the infinitive direct-
object phrase.
Examples:
In all of these examples the italicized main verb can take an infinitive object with or without an actor.
Punctuation: If the infinitive is used as an adverb and is the beginning phrase in a sentence, it should be set off
with a comma; otherwise, no punctuation is needed for an infinitive phrase.
Points to remember
1. An infinitive is a verbal consisting of the word to plus a verb; it may be used as a noun, adjective, or
adverb.
2. An infinitive phrase consists of an infinitive plus modifier(s), object(s), complement(s), and/or actor(s).
3. An infinitive phrase requires a comma only if it is used as an adverb at the beginning of a sentence.
Split infinitives
Split infinitives occur when additional words are included between to and the verb in an infinitive. Many
readers find a single adverb splitting the infinitive to be acceptable, but this practice should be avoided in
formal writing.
Examples:
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I like to on a nice day walk in the woods. * (unacceptable)
On a nice day, I like to walk in the woods. (revised)
I needed to quickly gather my personal possessions. (acceptable in informal contexts)
I needed to gather my personal possessions quickly. (revised for formal contexts)
Look at the following pair of sentences. In the first, the use of a gerund (functioning as a noun) allows the
meaning to be expressed more precisely than in the second. In the first sentence the interrupting itself, a specific
behavior, is precisely indicated as the cause of the speaker's irritation. In the second the cause of the irritation is
identified less precisely as Bill, who just happens to have been interrupting. (In the second sentence,
interrupting is actually a participle, not a gerund, since it functions as an adjective modifying Bill.)
The same pattern is shown in these other example pairs below: in the first of each pair, a gerund (noun-function)
is used; in the second, a participle (adjective-function). Notice the subtle change in meaning between the two
sentences in each pair.
Examples:
He was not impressed with their competing. (The competing did not impress him.)
He was not impressed with them competing. (They did not impress him as they competed.)
The difference in the form of gerunds and infinitives is quite clear just from comparing the following lists:
Their functions, however, overlap. Gerunds always function as nouns, but infinitives often also serve as nouns.
Deciding which to use can be confusing in many situations, especially for people whose first language is not
English.
Confusion between gerunds and infinitives occurs primarily in cases in which one or the other functions as the
direct object in a sentence. In English some verbs take gerunds as verbal direct objects exclusively while other
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verbs take only infinitives and still others can take either. Many such verbs are listed below, organized
according to which kind of verbal direct object they take.
Examples:
He promised to go on a diet.
(not: He promised going on a diet. *)
Examples:
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They always avoid drinking before driving.
(not: They always avoid to drink before driving.*)
Examples:
These two verbs change meaning depending on whether a gerund or infinitive is used as the object.
Examples:
Jack forgot to take out the cat. (He never did it.)
Jack forgot taking out the cat. (He did it, but he didn't remember sometime later.)
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Jack remembers to take out the cat. (He regularly remembers.)
Jack remembers taking out the cat. (He did it, and he remembers now.)
In the second of each pair of example sentences above, the past progressive gerund form having taken can be
used in place of taking to avoid any possible confusion.
Certain sense verbs take an object followed by either a gerund or a simple verb (infinitive form minus the word
to). With many of the verbs that follow the object, the use of the gerund indicates continuous action while the
use of the simple verb indicates a one-time action. Still, sometimes the simple verb can indicate continuous
action if one-time action wouldn't make sense in the context.
Examples:
The detective noticed the suspect biting his nails. (continuous action)
The detective noticed the suspect bite his nails. (one-time action)
Sometimes the simple-verb version might seem unconventional, so it's safer in most cases to use the gerund
version.
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Gerunds and
Infinitives:
Their Noun Roles
Both gerunds and infinitives can be nouns, which means they can do just about anything that a noun can do.
Although they name things, like other nouns, they normally name activities rather than people or objects. Here
are five noun-uses of gerunds and infinitives (and one additional non-noun use, the adjective complement, that
we throw in here, free of charge).
It is not impossible for an infinitive to appear at the beginning of a sentence as the subject (as in Ib), but
it is more common for an infinitive to appear as a Subject Complement:
Both of these verbal forms can further identify a noun when they play the role of Noun Complement
and Appositive:
c. Her one burning desire in life, playing basketball for UConn, seemed a goal within reach.
The infinitive is often a complement used to help define an abstract noun. Here is a very partial list of abstract
nouns, enough to suggest their nature. Try following these adjectives with an infinitive phrase (their desire to
play in the championship game, a motivation to pass all their courses, her permission to stay up late, a gentle
reminder to do your work) to see how the phrase modifies and focuses the noun.
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decision plan requirement
desire possibility suggestion
fact preparation tendency
instruction proposal wish
motivation recommendation
Infinitive phrases often follow certain adjectives. When this happens, the infinitive is said to play the
role of Adjective Complement. (This is not a noun function, but we will include it here nonetheless.)
c. But she would not have been content to play high school ball forever.
Here is a list of adjectives that you will often find in such constructions.
Although we do not find many infinitives in this next category, it is not uncommon to find gerunds
taking on the role of Object of a Preposition:
And, finally, both gerunds and infinitives can act as a Direct Object:
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Here, however, all kinds of decisions have to be made, and some of these decisions will seem quite arbitrary.
The next section is about making the choice between gerund and infinitive forms as direct object.
Verbs that take other verb forms as objects are called catenatives (from a word that means to link, as in a chain).
Catenatives can be found at the head of a series of linked constructions, as in "We agreed to try to decide to stop
eating between meals." Catenatives are also characterized by their tendency to describe mental processes and
resolutions. (Kolln)
Although it is seldom a serious problem for native English speakers, deciding whether to use a gerund or an
infinitive after a verb can be perplexing among students for whom English is a second language. Why do we
decide to run, but we would never decide running? On the other hand, we might avoid running, but we would
not avoid to run. And finally, we might like running and would also like to run. It is clear that some verbs take
gerunds, some verbs take infinitives, and some verbs take either. The following tables of verbs should help you
understand the various options that regulate our choice of infinitive or gerund.
The verbs in the table below will be followed by an infinitive. We decided to leave. He manages, somehow, to
win. It is threatening to rain. Notice that many, but not all, of these verbs suggest a potential event.
Some of the verbs in the following table may be followed by a gerund if they are describing an "actual, vivid or
fulfilled action" (Frodesen). We love running. They began farming the land. These are described, also, below.
Emotion
Choice or Intent
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expect prefer wish
Mental Process
Intransitives
Miscellaneous
The verbs in the next table will often be followed by an infinitive, but they will also be accompanied by a
second object. We asked the intruders to leave quietly. They taught the children to swim. The teacher convinced
his students to try harder.
The verbs in blue, with an asterisk, can also follow the same pattern as the verbs in the table above (i.e., the
second object is optional). We all wanted to go. They promised to be home early.
Communication
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advise forbid remind
ask* invite require
beg* order tell
challenge permit warn
command persuade urge
convince promise*
Instruction
Causing
Miscellaneous
Gerunds accompany a form of the verb to go in many idiomatic expressions: Let's go shopping. We went
jogging yesterday. She goes bowling every Friday night.
The following verbs will be followed by a gerund. Did I mention reading that novel last summer? I recommend
leaving while we can. I have quit smoking These verbs tend to describe actual events.
Communication
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advise mention suggest
deny recommend urge
discuss
Continuing Action
Emotion
Mental Process
The verbs in the following table can be followed by either an infinitive or a gerund, and there will be virtually
no difference in the meaning of the two sentences. I like to play basketball in the park. I like playing basketball
in the park.
The verbs in this next, very small table can be followed by either an infinitive or a gerund, but there will be a
difference in meaning. I stopped smoking means something quite different, for instance, from I stopped to
smoke. The infinitive form will usually describe a potential action.
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Finally, the verbs below will be followed by either a gerund or a simple verb and a second subject will be
required. I saw the team losing its composure. I overheard my landlord discussing a rent increase. (I heard Bill
sing/singing.) These verbs involve the senses.
Verbs of perception hear, see, watch and a handful of other verbs help, let, and make will take what
is called the bare infinitive, an infinitive without the particle "to." This is true of these verbs only in the active
voice.
On the other hand, do we say "I noticed your standing in the alley last night"? Probably not, because it's not the
action that we noticed; it's the person. So we'd say and write, instead, "I noticed you standing in the alley last
night." Usually, however, when a noun or pronoun precedes a gerund, that noun or pronoun takes a possessive
form. This is especially true of formal, academic writing.
There are exceptions to this. (What would the study of language be without exceptions?)
When the noun preceding the gerund is modified by other words, use the common form of that noun, not the
possessive.
a. Federico was pleased by Carlos's making the Dean's List for the first time.
but
b. Federico was pleased by Carlos, his oldest son, making the Dean's List for the first time.
When the noun preceding the gerund is plural, collective, or abstract, use the common form of that noun,
not the possessive.
c. Professor Villa was amazed by her students working as hard as they did.
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d. The class working collaboratively was somebody else's idea.
There are certain situations in which the possessive and the gerund create an awkward combination. This
seems to be particularly true when indefinite pronouns are involved.
This is also true when the "owner" of the gerund comes wrapped in a noun phrase:
o I was thankful for the guy next door shoveling snow from my driveway.
GERUND OR INFINITIVE?
NOTES:
Come:
Come + gerund is like other verbs of movement followed by the gerund, and means that
the subject is doing something as they move:
She came running across the field.
Come + to-infinitive means that something happens or develops, perhaps outside the
subject's control:
At first I thought he was crazy, but I've come to appreciate his sense of humour.
How did you come to be outside the wrong house?
I remember locking the door (= I remember now, I locked the door earlier)
He regretted speaking so rudely. (= he regretted at some time in the past, he had
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spoken rudely at some earlier time in the past.)
When these verbs are followed by a to-infinitive, the infinitive refers to an action
happening at the same time, or later:
I remembered to lock the door (= I thought about it, then I did it.)
Don't forget to buy some eggs! (= Please think about it and then do it.)
We regret to announce the late arrival of the 12.45 from Paddington. (= We feel
sorry before we tell you this bad news.)
Go on:
Go on + gerund means to continue with an action:
Go on + to-infinitive means to do the next action, which is often the next stage in a
process:
After introducing her proposal, she went on to explain the benefits for the
company.
John Smith worked in local government for five years, then went on to become a
Member of Parliament.
Mean:
Mean + gerund expresses what the result of an action will be, or what will be necessary:
If you take that job in London it will mean travelling for two hours every day.
We could take the ferry to France, but that will mean spending a night in a hotel.
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Stop tickling me!
It's difficult to concentrate on what you are doing if you have to stop to answer
the phone every five minutes.
Try:
Try + gerund means to experiment with an action that might be a solution to your
problem.
If you have problems sleeping, you could try doing some yoga before you go to
bed, or you could try drinking some warm milk.
'I can't get in touch with Carl.' 'Have you tried e-mailing him?'
The surgeons tried to save his life but he died on the operating table.
We'll try to phone at 6 o'clock, but it might be hard to find a public telephone.
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She forgot reading the book when she was a
kid. She forgot to pay the rent this month.
forget When "forget" is used with a gerund, it When forget is used with an infinitive, it means "to
means "to forget that you have done forget that you need to do something." The
something." The sentence above means that sentence above means that she forgot that she
she read the book when she was a kid, and needed to pay the rent.
that she has forgotten that fact.
start Marge started talking really fast. Marge is starting to talk really fast.
Marge started to talk really fast.
When "start" is used in continuous tenses, an
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infinitive is used.
When "start" is used in non-continuous I started to learn Russian, but it was so much work
tenses, you can either use a gerund or an that I finally quit the class.
infinitive.
In other situations, an infinitive means that you
did not complete or continue an action.
Some verbs take verbal completers that behave like nouns. These verbal completers may be infinitives or
gerunds. (A gerund is the -ing form of a verb when it's used as a noun. When the same form is used as a
modifier, it's called a participle.)
She encouraged him to eat at her house. (Encourage is a verb that takes an infinitive completer.)
He appreciated knowing that he was welcome there. (Appreciate is a verb that takes a gerund
completer.)
The family loved to see him. OR
The family loved seeing him. (Love takes either an infinive or a gerund .)
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There's no simple way of knowing whether a verb takes an infinitive or gerund completer. Sometimes verbs
with similar meanings take different completers:
I like to swim, but he hates to swim. OR
I like swimming, but he hates swimming. (Like and hate take either form.)
I enjoy swimming, but he dislikes swimming. (Enjoy and dislike take gerunds only. Although
they are smilar to like and hate, they cannot take infinitives.)
Further, some verbs (like encourage, in the first example above) require that the verbal completer should have
an agent, a person or thing that is responsible for the action of the verbal. (She encouraged him to eat at her
househim = the agent) Other verbs don't require an agent for the completer. There's no clear rule about this.
The best way to decide what kind of completer a verb needs is to look up the verb in a chart. Don't try to
memorize the chart. If you look up verb completers when they become relevant to your own writing, you will
remember them within the context of usage, which is the way native English-speakers have learned them.
Print out a copy of Chart 7, VERBS THAT TAKE GERUND AND INFINITIVE COMPLETERS and refer
to it as needed when you write. Return to the regular text for this chapter to find a Check this Out link to a
website that explains infinitive and gerund completers in more detail.
1. Infinitives
1a. Regular, no agent He can afford to call them.
1b. With optional agent for the action You wanted me to call them. OR
You wanted to call them.
1c. With required agent for the action She reminded us to call them.
1* Used without the word "to" We heard her call them.
2. Gerunds
2a. Regular, no agent Juno enjoys calling them.
2b. With required agent for the action We heard you calling them
(**) Difference in meaning I forgot to call them. || I forgot calling them.
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acknowledge choose enjoy hope persuade recommend seem
admit command expect imagine plan refuse start
advise consent fail intend practice regret stop
afford consider feel invite prefer remember teach
agree continue finish involve Completer Types | Examples
allow dare forbid learn
anticipate decide force let
appear demand forget like
appreciate deny get love
ask deserve give up make
avoid discuss hate mention
beg dislike have miss
begin endure hear need
celebrate encourage help neglect pretend remind tell
challenge enable (cannot) help notice promise see understand
watch want wish
1. A gerund is a noun made from a verb by adding "-ing." The gerund form of the verb "read" is "reading." You
can use a gerund as the subject, the complement, or the object of a sentence.
Examples:
Examples:
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2. Infinitives are the "to" form of the verb. The infinitive form of "learn" is "to learn." You can also use an
infinitive as the subject, the complement, or the object of a sentence.
Examples:
Examples:
3. Both gerunds and infinitives can be used as the subject or the complement of a sentence. However, as
subjects or complements, gerunds usually sound more like normal, spoken English, whereas infinitives sound
more abstract. In the following sentences, gerunds sound more natural and would be more common in everyday
English. Infinitives emphasize the possibility or potential for something and sound more philosophical. If this
sounds confusing, just remember that 90% of the time, you will use a gerund as the subject or complement of a
sentence.
Examples:
4. As the object of a sentence, it is more difficult to choose between a gerund or an infinitive. In such situations,
gerunds and infinitives are not normally interchangeable. Usually, the main verb in the sentence determines
whether you use a gerund or an infinitive.
Examples:
5. Some verbs are followed by gerunds as objects. List of Verbs Followed by Gerunds
Examples:
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6. Some verbs are followed by infinitives. List of Verbs Followed by Infinitives
Examples:
3. I miss in the travel industry. Maybe I can get my old job back.
7. You've never mentioned in Japan before. How long did you live there?
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3. Mandy has promised care of our dog while we are on vacation.
4. Mr. Edwards chose the management position in Chicago rather than the position in Miami.
5. I don't know what she wants tonight. Why don't you ask her?
8. Witnesses reported the bank robber as he was climbing out of the second-story window.
10. Mrs. Naidoo appears the most qualified person for the job
Choose the correct answer for each gap below, then click the "Check" button to check your answers.
1. Eliza recommended in a dim sum restaurant while we're in Hong Kong.
3. My grandmother recalled a plane for the very first time when she was six.
6. I can't understand such a big car when gas prices are so high, not to mention what it does to the
environment.
8. The wilderness adventure course lasts ten days and involves more than fifty miles through
rugged mountainous terrain.
10. She managed with them, even though she didn't speak their language.
Choose the correct answer for each gap below, then click the "Check" button to check your answers.
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1. She pretended a student in order to get a student discount.
4. We fully intend you for all the work you have done for us.
6. Laura and Ed discussed to the city to find work; however, in the end, they decided against
relocating.
8. After his accident last year, he would never consider another motorcycle.
9. Margaret just happened the lost car keys while she was looking for something else.
10. He never admitted the wild party while his parents were out of town.
Choose the correct answer for each gap below, then click the "Check" button to check your answers.
1. Jackie tends late on Mondays, but our boss doesn't seem to care about that very much.
3. The winner of the local competition gets in a national competition in Washington D.C.
4. We don't anticipate any more technical problems during the concert tour.
6. The politician swore the people honestly and with pride, but the scandal revealed that the
promise was little more than a lie.
7. Mr. Shinohara recollected with his father on his family's fishing boat when he was a young
child.
8. The medical team deserves the award for their volunteer work in sub-Saharan Africa.
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9. I really appreciate the opportunity to take part in this project and to work with such an excellent
team.
10. She delayed her application until just one week before the deadline.
Choose the correct answer for each gap below, then click the "Check" button to check your answers.
1. Everybody arranged at the train station 30 minutes before the train departed.
2. Simona resisted Italian during her English training program in London. She wanted to take
advantage of the opportunity to improve her English.
3. Do you care us later for dinner? We are meeting at Tony's Italian Restaurant downtown.
5. Julius vowed to his home country once again to see the village where he and his family had
lived before the war.
7. When she got through her book, she laid it on the table next to the bed and went to sleep.
8. They expected much earlier, but their plane was delayed in Paris.
2. Jennifer practiced the word until she sounded just like a native speaker.
4. Dana hopes enough money to travel around Europe for three months. It's her dream.
5. is her life. That is why Susan moved to New York to study dancing professionally.
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6. Constance plans part in the marathon next spring.
7. I can't help how my grandmother's life would have been different if she had been able to go to
college.
10. After the tsunami, Bette chose in Indonesia and work with a relief organization.
Choose the correct answer for each gap below, then click the "Check" button to check your answers.
1. is a great way to relax. I love to sit back and enjoy a good book.
3. When you're in Prague, I recommend from the Charles Bridge to the castle at night.
4. Susanne just happened in the restaurant when Julia Roberts walked in! Can you believe that?
5. Eye specialists urge frequent breaks while using the computer for extended periods of time.
6. I thought you knew nothing about cars. Where did you learn a flat tire?
8. The Egyptology course requires in six months of field studies near Luxor, Egypt.
9. The nurse risked the disease from her patient, but she continued to treat him until he had fully
recovered.
10. Dad, you promised us to the beach today. When are we going to go to the beach?
Choose the correct answer for each gap below, then click the "Check" button to check your answers.
1. He expects his studies next summer.
2. National park officials do not permit the park without an official guide. You can hire one at the
park office.
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4. The archaeologist reported a large, previously unknown pyramid deep in the jungle.
5. Samantha keeps to send us the documents. We need to have them by next week!
6. Felix decided not the position in Miami because he wanted to stay in New York.
8. The refugees risked captured as they tried to escape through the mountains.
9. You have to wait forever at the doctor's office. I suggest a good book to help kill time.
10. Mr. Miller asked included in the meeting with the new clients.
Choose the correct answer for each gap below, then click the "Check" button to check your answers.
1. After his insulting comments, I thought Jack deserved fired.
2. Max avoided his cell phone when other people were in the room.
5. Frank completed the new barn last week. Next, he is going to paint it red.
6. Don't worry, I don't mind dinner. I think I'll make fish with steamed vegetables, and a big salad
on the side!
7. Crying, the mother looked into the television camera and said, "Society will no longer tolerate
."
8. Karen and Neil would like that new dance club downtown. It's supposed to have one of the
largest dance floors in the world.
9. I can't see a car when you don't even have a driver's license. That doesn't make any sense!
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Gerunds and Infinitives Part 2
7. Gerunds can often be modified with possessive forms such as his, her, its, your, their, our, John's, Mary's, the
machine's, and so on. This makes it clearer who or what is performing the action.
Examples:
Sam resented Debbie's coming late to the dinner. Debbie came late to the dinner.
8. Some verbs are followed by a noun plus an infinitive. In some situations, the noun is required. In other
situations, the noun is optional. List of Verbs Followed by a Noun + an Infinitive
Examples:
9. Some verbs are usually followed by a gerund, BUT they can also be followed by a noun plus infinitive. Using
a noun plus infinitive will usually change who is performing the action. List of Verbs followed by a Gerund OR
a Noun + Infinitive
Examples:
10. There are many "go + gerund" expressions used for adventure sports and individual recreational activities.
List of Go + Gerund Combinations
Examples:
11. Gerunds are used after prepositions. Most commonly, these are "verb + preposition" combinations. For
reference, see the Verb + Preposition Dictionary and the Phrasal Verb Dictionary. You don't have to memorize
these resources, you just need to remember that gerunds are used after prepositions!
Examples:
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Leslie made up for forgetting my birthday.
12. Remember that there are many "adjective + preposition" combinations and "noun + preposition"
combinations in English as well. These are also followed by gerunds. List of Adjective + Preposition
Combinations Followed by Gerunds and List of Noun + Preposition Combinations Followed by Gerunds. Once
again, you don't have to memorize these resources, you just need to remember that gerunds are used after
prepositions!
Examples:
His interest in becoming a professional snowboarder was well known. noun + preposition
Thomas' story about seeing a grizzly bear was really exciting. noun + preposition
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9. He needs to get a visa extension immediately. The authorities won't permit in the country
without a visa.
10. Travel agents usually advise flight bookings three days before departure.
Choose the correct answer for each gap below, then click the "Check" button to check your answers.
1. I enjoy to get up so early in the morning. Sleeping in is great!
4. He threatened forever.
5. After he finished the show, he turned off the TV and went to bed.
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7. Mr. Johnson won't tolerate late to class.
8. Do you prefer ?
6. We expect soon.
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4. Sallie wanted longer, but I was so tired that we had to leave.
7. He likes to go .
8. Stephanie loves to go .
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3. Thank you for to the meeting on such short notice.
8. I don't mind your friend along with us. Why don't you invite her and her husband?
9. Roberta is getting tired of the same old job day in and day out. I think she is going to quit!
4. Diane has been scared of in the ocean ever since she saw the movie "Jaws."
5. I don't know how you got my son his broccoli. He hates vegetables!
7. Sally loves to go in her free time. She doesn't usually buy anything, she just likes to
look.
8. What do you think about married just one week after they met? Isn't that
crazy?
10. His reasons for to study Latin were always unclear to me.
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Choose the correct answer for each gap below, then click the "Check" button to check your answers.
1. Michael's talent for the right investments made him rich.
4. Neil Armstrong is famous for the first man to walk on the Moon.
7. Carrie reminded me Dave and Stacey and invite them over for dinner.
8. The little girl pretended sick, so that she didn't have to go to school.
3. I told the others me at the beach after work. Why don't you come along?
7. Don't you need a break? You've been working non-stop for over 8 hours!
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10. How did you manage tickets for that concert? It has been sold out for months.
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