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Sustainable Energy
9/23/2010
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Sustainable Energy - Fall 2010 - Storage
Energy Sources and Conversion Processes
Biomass Photosynthesis
Sources
fuels Solar C Photovoltaics
lim
ate
Ocean Wind, hydro,
thermal Direct waves tidal
thermal
Energy Forms
Chemical
Mechanical
Heat Electricity
work
Nuclear
Fission &
Geothermal
fusion To end uses:
Sources
residential, industrial,
transportation
Fossil fuels: Fuel cells
gas, oil coal
Transmission Congestion
Energy Recovery 6
Sustainable Energy - Fall 2010 - Storage
Variations in Energy Demand
45
40
35
30 Diurnal
variations
25
GW
for UK
20 electricity
Wed Thurs Fri Sat Sun Mon Tues
demand in
15
the last
10 week of
August 2010
5
Source: NationalGrid 7
Sustainable Energy - Fall 2010 - Storage
Options to Manage Supply & Demand
Demand management
Energy storage
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Sustainable Energy - Fall 2010 - Storage
Variations in Energy Demand
Total USA
1050 Generating
Capacity
900
750
Peak hour
600 Demand for
GW Each month
450 of 2008
300
150 Annual
Average
0 Demand
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Image removed due to copyright restrictions. Please see slide 36 in Cohen, Gilbert.
"Solargenix Energy: The Natural Power for Good." Las Vegas, NV: IEEE, May 16, 2006.
10
Sustainable Energy - Fall 2010 - Storage
Interruptions in Energy Supply
Baxter, Richard. Energy Storage: A Nontechnical Guide. Tulsa, OK: PennWell, 2006. ISBN: 9781593700270.
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Sustainable Energy - Fall 2010 - Storage
Motivation for storage
Transmission Congestion
Energy Recovery 12
Sustainable Energy - Fall 2010 - Storage
Reality Today
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Sustainable Energy - Fall 2010 - Storage
Storage demand requirements
a multiscale challenge
Electric power
for grid 10 to 1000 MW hrs on diurnal and seasonal cycles
for non-grid distributed power 10 W to 100 MW
battery back up for PV solar and wind, hybrid vehicles
farm pumping and other remote applications
low-head hydro storage
UPS systems kW to MW for seconds to hours
Thermal energy applications kW to MW
heating and cooling in buildings
passive solar residential
active systems hot water and ice storage
industrial process heating 100 kWh to 100 MWh
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Sustainable Energy - Fall 2010 - Storage
Storage technology options and modes
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Sustainable Energy - Fall 2010 - Storage
Pumped Hydro is the conventional large-scale storage option.
More than 20 GW capacity in USA today.
Pumped Storage
Advantages:
Low Cost
Scale
Disadvantages:
Siting
Large footprint
16
Sustainable Energytorag
Images from TVA and Adrian Pingstone on Wikimedia Commons.
Compressed Air electricity
storage starting to be deployed at
10+ MW scale
Heavy
Du
Batter ty
y
e- e-
Load
PbO2 Carbon
Pb Pb2+ + 2 e-
H+ Binder
Acid
Pb metal Current
Current Pb2+ collector
collector
SO42- Pb4+ + 2 e- Pb2+ +
_
Anode Electrolyte Cathode
Active Electrode
Separator
Active Electrode
Opportunities:
Increased effective area
Enhanced dielectric materials
20
Sustainable Energy - Fall 2010 - Storage
Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES):
High Power Density but very expensive
Advantages:
Very high efficiency 95%
Disadvantages:
Very high Costs
American Superconductor 21
Sustainable Energy - Fall 2010 - Storage
Performance factors for energy storage systems
22
Sustainable Energy - Fall 2010 - Storage
Performance factors for energy storage systems
23
Sustainable Energy - Fall 2010 - Storage
Comparing Storage Technologies Ragone Plot
Low Energy-Density
Storage for Large
Stationary
Applications:
Hydro, Flow Batteries,
Compressed Air
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Sustainable Energy - Fall 2010 - Storage
Energy storage in general
Primary Characteristic
Energy Energy Density Application
Mode Type kJ/kg Sector
Superconducting
Magnetic Energy Electromagnetic 100 10,000 Electric
Storage (SMES)
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Sustainable Energy - Fall 2010 - Storage
Cost projections for energy storage systems
Typical Size
System Range MWe $/kWe $/kWh
Batteries
Lead acid 0.5100 100-200 150-300
Nickel metal 0.5-50 200-400 300
hydride 0.5-50 200-400
Li-ion 500
Superconducting
magnetic energy 10-1,000 300-1,000 300-3,000
storage (SMES)
Batteries
Lead-acid
Lithium-ion
Nickel-metal hydride
Ultracapacitors
Flywheels
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Sustainable Energy - Fall 2010 - Storage
Energy Storage in HEVs:
Technical Challenges
Low Specific Energy: Batteries are Heavy!
Cycling Lifetime
Many batteries lose capacity on each charge/discharge
Can ameliorate by not charging/discharging all the way
Power Density
Existing batteries limit ability to absorb energy from regenerative
braking
Opportunities for super capacitors or flywheels
Charging battery-only vehicles rapidly
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Sustainable Energy - Fall 2010 - Storage
Environmental issues for energy storage
Land use
inundation caused by hydro projects
thermal (hot/cold) island local effects
underground storage systems have special
geotechnical requirements to insure safe operation
Materials toxicity disposal and recycle e.g. batteries
Durability and lifetime of entire system
Emissions during manufacture and operation
33
Sustainable Energy - Fall 2010 - Storage
Relevance of energy storage to sustainability
35
Sustainable Energy - Fall 2010 - Storage
There are many options for
energy transport:
Environmental Impacts
-Oil Spills
Security, Political, and Right-of-Way issues
38
Sustainable Energy - Fall 2010 - Storage
Additional transmission issues
Security/Politics
Russian gas pipelines to Europe
How to get Caspian oil to market?
Many places in world rely on a single pipeline.
NIMBY concerns about shipping nuclear materials.
Pipelines, LNG, Electric Grid, Rail require huge upfront
capital investments
Investors taking a lot of risk, want guarantees
Supply resource must last many years
Often hard, expensive to secure right-of-way
To add new power lines or rail into cities
May not be worth it for small projects.
Complex regulations and permitting for electric utilities, pipeline
operations, rail. 39
Sustainable Energy - Fall 2010 - Storage
Assessing Storage/Transmission Issues
for New Energy Options: Stranded Gas
Efficiency:
gas-to-LNG(1-kshipdship)(1-kpipedpipe)gas-to-electricity(1-kwiredwire)
Economics: net present value!
Cost: NPV of LNG plant, terminals, ships,
pipeline, power plant, transmission lines, plus
cost of the gas, plus operating/maintenance
Revenue: NPV of the electricity
Size of resource is crucial: need many years of
revenue to pay back the capital costs
40
Sustainable Energy - Fall 2010 - Storage
Assessing Storage/Transmission Issues
for New Energy Options: Biomass
Efficiency:
(1-ktruckdtruck)biomass-to-fuel(1-kpipedpipe)
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