Professional Documents
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Educational Statistics
Final Examination
BONJOVI H. HAJAN
M.A.Ed in English Language Teaching
September 16, 2017
1. In research, specifically in experimental study where the need to have variables is deemed
necessary, there are two types of variables that are worth expounding. These variables are
independent and dependent. An independent variable is the one that can infer cause because it
affects the dependent variable. It is a basis for establishing the effectiveness of a dependent
variable under investigation. The behavior of the dependent variable depends heavily on the
independent variable. The establishment of relationship that I am referring to in this sense is
often done in inferential statistics. It is, however, worth noting that once cannot always infer
cause from independent variable. Only the approaches that have an active independent variable
(randomized experimental or quasi-experimental) can provide data that allow one to infer that
the independent variable caused the change in dependent variable. This suggests that terms
main effect and effect sixe can be misleading when the independent variable is, for
example, an attribute. If this is the case, then non-experimental study is the only available
design.
2. Research Questions
3. Statistical Package for the Social Science or widely known SPSS is a highly developed statistical
tool which can perform statistical computations and analysis of dataset necessary for
quantitative research. Before using SPSS or entering sets of raw data into it, it is important to
have a thorough comparison of the minimum and maximum scores with the highest and lowest
appropriate values in the codebook. Valid N which represents the number of people would
mean that there is no missing data on any variable.
4. There is no such thing as best quantitative research design nor is there best statistical
treatment in quantitative research. The term appropriate is more likely viable rather than best. I
argue that everything that the researcher does reflects the very purpose of the study. It means
that the kind of quantitative research design to employ and the kind of statistical tests to use
would greatly depend on the purpose of the paper, which the researcher in the study really
intends to accomplish. Those being said, it is significant to look at the nature of variables, levels,
and designs to decide on the appropriateness of the statistic. The number of variables, for
example, may determine whether the researcher needs to use t-Test or ANOVA. It is also
important to note that when comparing two variables, the need to look into the comparability is
indispensablemeaning, the two variables must be naturally comparable. In Statistics, Levenes
Test will tell us whether two variables are indeed comparable. Levels are one factor worth
considering. Whether the researcher wants to focus on nominal, ordinal or scale level of the
variable is an important consideration which helps him through choosing an appropriate
statistical test.
5. Effect size of d=.55 means medium which suggests that the level of sufficiency to tell the
difference between two variables is moderately enough.
The National Capital Region (Region 13) Commission on Higher Education claims that it provides
quality and relevant higher education. The results of the National Tracer Study conducted last
2012 corroborate this claim indicating the highest mean score of 3.25 went to region 13 (see
table below).
According to the results of the National Tracer Study conducted last 2012, the following were
found out to be factors contributing to the employees job satisfaction:
Hence, it is crucial that the aforementioned are addressed in the workplace to ensure
employees satisfaction in their job.
8. Region 1 and 10
This table below shows the descriptive statistics of tertiary schools in Regions 1 and 10 in terms
of computer internet facilities (Quality 8), Library collection and facilities (Quality 7),
Opportunities for extension activities (Quality 14), and Testing and Grading system (Quality 3).
Descriptives
Quality8
Region 1 97 3.40 1.205 .122 3.16 3.64 1 5
Region 10 296 3.84 1.001 .058 3.73 3.96 1 5
Quality7
Region 1 99 3.75 1.034 .104 3.54 3.95 1 5
Region 10 296 4.07 .925 .054 3.96 4.17 1 5
Quality14
Region 1 97 3.98 .968 .098 3.78 4.17 1 5
Region 10 296 4.16 .912 .053 4.05 4.26 1 5
Quality3
Table below shows the employment status in NGOs, Private and Public sectors in terms of
salary and promotion opportunities. As gleaned from the table, NGOs have a mean score of
3.22 whereas private sector has 3.20. Public sector has the highest mean score obtaining
3.23 which means that high salary and most promotion opportunities are offered in private
sectors.
As to training and other profession growth, the first table below representing the
descriptive findings reveals that NGOs provide the most training and other professional
growth indicated by the mean score of 3.56. This is followed by private sectors with the
mean of 3.35 and public with 3.33.
For flexibility of work arrangement with the inclusion of telecommuting, results show that
NGOs have the most flexible work arrangement with mean score of 3.60, followed by
private sector, 3.42 and public sector, 3.41.
Descriptives
Satisfy1
NGO 212 3.22 .988 .068 3.08 3.35 1 5
Private 3956 3.20 .940 .015 3.17 3.23 1 5
Public 688 3.23 1.016 .039 3.15 3.30 1 5
Satisfy2
NGO 212 3.60 1.018 .070 3.47 3.74 1 5
Private 3956 3.42 .995 .016 3.39 3.45 1 5
Public 688 3.41 .959 .037 3.34 3.48 1 5
Satisfy3
NGO 212 3.56 1.098 .075 3.41 3.71 1 5
Private 3956 3.35 1.041 .017 3.31 3.38 1 5
Public 688 3.33 1.051 .040 3.25 3.40 1 5
Private sector asserts that they provide quality training to their employees on the area of
Information, Media and Technology Skills with specific inclusion to word processing and
spreadsheet skills. The National Tracer Study conducted by CHED last 2012 supports this claim.
The following table shows descriptive statistics of different employment in terms of word
processing and spreadsheet skills.
11. If Statistics were a song.
If Statistics were a song, it would be an Ordinary Song. I honestly do not know of many songs as
others. In fact, I do not sing. However, I can relate it to that song. Ordinary Song is actually one
of my favorite songs. Whenever there are occasions where I am caught off guard to sing
though I said I do not singthen, this song would be resort. This song is about an ordinary guy
who expresses his appreciation towards a girl. Statistics may somehow be comparable to the girl
whom the guy refers to in the songrich, difficult, yet special. I agree that Statistics is a little
difficult to deal with unlike any other subjects. Probably, I as an English language specialist can
be directly compared to the ordinary guy in the song. My area of specialization is far from being
statistical. A complete shift from being linguistic which I mostly am in my MA classes to
statistical is necessary every time I entered my Statistics class. It is difficult, frankly speaking.
However, I see the brighter side of it. Statistics may be a nightmare to some but to me, it is
special. It may deal with numerical values, analysis and interpretation, but the essence is greatly
valuable as this serves as a bedrock for my thesis later. In fact, this course is rich in knowledge. I
have learned a lot and I appreciated every hour and every minute I spent in class because
everything our professor explained was worth documenting and processing. Perhaps, those who
claim that Statistics is difficult and not essential have not seen yet the true value of itthe value
when what is subjectively enough for qualitative side becomes only an ideal phenomenon and
not a world of sensed reality, where empirical basis makes it enough to justify the quantity over
quality!