Colour

Transparency
Appearance
State / Form
Vision Size
speed of reaction
density
solubility
5 senses hissing/pop
Hear
occupies space
Observation pleasant/sweet/pungent/irritating
has mass Smell
Definition of matter
relationship between matter Never try this in the school
and substance laboratory
Taste
No new substance is formed
Physical change of matter hot/cold/vibrating
e.g. evaporation of water Touch
hardness
New substance is formed
Chemical change of matter e.g. pH meter
e.g. electrolysis of water Use of instrument
/ chemical e.g. voltmeter
Composition
e.g. pH paper
Structure
colourless vs coloured
Appearance Study of Change (of
transparent vs opaque vs
Odour substances)
cloudy
Taste
bubbles evolving
Melting,Boiling and (effervescence)
Common vocabulary
Sublimation point Proper record keeping vigorous
Physical Properties
Hardness Study of hissing sound
Density
Properties powdered vs granulated
Ductility and Malleability
An experiment based subject sticky
Electrical conductivity As detail as possible
Thermal conductivity
Analysis and report writing
Readiness of reaction Briefing of experiment
Speed of reaction Chemical Properties Distribution of
Outcome of reaction chemicals
Chem Is Try Discipline in the laboratory
Communication in laboratory
Making of gold The side bench
What is Chemistry ? Cleaning up
Making of potion/medicine Your own bench
Extraction of metal Exercising of common sense
Making different material Alchemy
Treatment of metal laboratory gown
Laboratory Safety
Father of Chemistry (Robert safety spectacles / googles
Personal protection
Boyle (1627-91) gloves
wash hands
Heat burn
Understand the nature of Chemical burn
hazard
Fuel Minor Cut
Raw materials for other Petrochemical industry Hazard warning labels
industry
Matches
plastic Test tube
Material Science
fibre Smelling
metal and alloy Synthetic material No direct disposal
Technique
glass Proper experimental technique Sink No solid waste
paint and coating No organic waste
Fertilizer Something changed the Appropriate amount of
Insecticide world chemical
Agriculture
Feed the world population of 6 Other apparatus
billion from nature
Observation
Food additives Food industry from experiment
Law (Rule/pattern)
Drug
Hypothesis (proposed Make related prediction
Anesthetic Medicine Scientific method
explanation)
A science To be tested
Antiseptic Biochemistry
Theory (well-tested
1:99 May not be the truth
Social Hygiene hypothesis)
Understanding of disease
Give rise to technology Change the society

Try to explain everything

1. What is Chemistry .mmap - 20/5/2005 -

Anything that is impure. i.e.
Two or more pure substances
mixed but not chemically
e.g. salt solution combined together
Difference between Mixture
and Compound
e.g. evaporation of
salt solution Separation of Mixture
2. Fundamentals of chemistry.mmap - 19/5/2005 -
All matters are made up of
Theory tiny particles.
Diffusion
Evaporation of saturated
Evidences Unique crystal shapes Making of crystal solution
Brownian movement
Particle theory of
All matters are made up of
matter tiny particles with spaces
among the particles.
Particles are in constant
Theory random motion
Kinetic theory of matter K.E. of the particles increase
with increasing temperature
The existence of 3 physical
states
Able to explain
The change in physical states
A pure substance that cannot
be broken down into anything
simpler by chemical methods. e.g. hydrogen
Definition
Fundamentals of 92 only e.g. hydrogen,
chemistry oxygen, sodium
Naturally occurring elements
By 3 Feb 2004, 25 new
Existence of Mixture Existence of Elements elements were made by the
scientist. Element 117 is still
Artificial elements not discovered.
49.9% Oxygen
26.0% Silicon
Relative abundant
7.3% Aluminium
4.1% Iron
A pure substance made up of
two or more elements e.g. common salt -
chemically combined together. sodium chloride
Definition
Important terms Reaction, reactant, product
Existence of Compounds
Formation of compounds from
elements
Decomposition of compounds
to elements

Filling oxygen tank for
breathing
Fuel in rockets and space
shuttles
For welding and cutting metal
Food packaging
As refrigerant to provide a
very low temp. e.g. sperm
bank
Making ammonia - raw
material for making fertilizer,
nitric acid etc.
Dry ice
Fuzzy soft drink
Fire extinguishers
Helium - filling air ship and
balloon (light and
non-flammable)
Neon - Used in neon light
Argon - Filling light bulb
Chapter 3 - The atmosphere
Place where we live
Introduction Source of material / resources
to earth
4500 million years old
Overview
12800 km in diameter
80 km thick
Atmosphere
held to earth by gravity
cover 70% of earth crust
The outermost Ocean
max 10.9 km
layer of earth Layered
Crust 5-70 km
structure
of earth
Mantle thick liquid / semi solid rock
dense liquid iron
Outer core the flow of iron
creates a magnetic fuild
Inner Core dense solid iron
Oxygen
78.084 % nitrogen
20.947% oxygen
0.934% argon
Atmosphere 0.033% carbon dioxide
Nitrogen A mixture of different gases 18.2 ppm / 0.00182 % Ne
5.2 ppm / 0.00052% He
Use of Gases
Others : kryton, sulphur dioxide,
Methane, Hydrogen, dinitrogen oxide,
xenon, ozone, nitrogen dioxide,
iodine, carbon monoxide, ammonia
Carbon dioxide
Fractional distillation of liquid
Composition Separation of different air
components Different components have
different boiling points
Noble gases Physical - colourless, odorless,
slightly denser than air,
slightly soluble
Properties of oxygen Chemical - reactive, support
burning, form oxides with
other elements
Percentage - Passing air froth
and back over heated copper
Test for oxygen Presence - Relight glowing
splint
 Making hydrochloric acid,
margarine, ammonia, rocket Hydrogen Electrolysis of brine
fuel gas (Pure concentrated
sodium chloride 70% of earth crust covered by
Making hydrochloric acid, PVC water (ocean and sea)
plastic, chlorine bleach, solution) -
Chlorine sodium chloride 68%
solvent. Sterilizing water gas Chlor-alkali industry
(common salt)
Making soap and paper. Introduction Sea water contains different magnesium chloride 15%
Sodium
Extracting aluminium. Treating hydroxide salts sodium sulphate 11%
acid waste solution calcium chloride 3%
other salts 3%
Platinum wire, concentrated
hydrochloric acid, bunsen by sun
burner Evaporation by direct heating or indirect
Sodium ion gives brilliant heating with steam bath
golden yellow flame
Sodium ion Extraction of common Removing the insoluble
Can be used to test Flame test Filtration and
Oceans salt from sea water crystallization by impurities (residue)
for other metal :
potassium - lilac Test for different evaporation or Making a saturated solution
calcium - brick red compositions cooling Slower the
copper - bluish green in sea water crystallization process,
bigger the crystal
Silver nitrate solution
White precipitate + dilute nitric acid
Chloride ion Laboratory setup (without
water condenser)
anhydrous copper(II)
turns from white to blue sulphate powder Isolation of pure water Laboratory setup (with water
from sea water condenser using Quickfit
Distillation
anhydrous cobalt(II) Water apparatus)
turns from blue to pink chloride paper Desalting plant - distillation in
large scale

4. Oceans.mmap - 10/11/2004 -
 a solid mass of a mineral or a
mixture of minerals
Slow process of breaking up of
Formed by sedimentation of exposed rock into smaller
minerals, remains of plant and piece
animals and/or other
precipitates Irregular contraction and
Sedimentary expansion of different
e.g. limestone, chalk, sandstone minerals
Temp. change
Formed by hardening of
molten rock Three main types of rock Water freezes in cracks in
Igneous Physical weathering
Frost action rocks and expands
e.g. granite, basalt
Formed from sedimentary or Constant abrasion of wind,
igneous rock under heat Abrasion streams and wave
and/or pressure
Metamorphic
e.g. marble, slate Rock Attack by carbon dioxide + water
acid rain = carbonic acid
All contain calcite (calcium carbonate) (limestone,
limestone and chalk - from the chalk, calcium carbonate (insoluble) + carbonic acid
remains of sea shells marble) = calcium hydrogencarbonate (soluble)
marble - from recrystallization calcium carbonate (insoluble) + strong acid effervescence
Origin observed
of limestone under heat and Limestone, chalk and marble = calcium salt + carbon dioxide + water
pressure (2 sedimentary rocks and 1 Weathering
metamorphic rock) Iron containing rock will corrode and
Limestone - building material, and Weathering
Attack by oxygen form red iron oxides
making cement, glass, steel, Erosion
paper, neutralizing acid
Heat calcium carbonate (limestone) strongly
Chalk - building material gives calcium oxide (quicklime) and carbon dioxide
Uses
Marble - building material, Add a little water to calcium oxide (quicklime)
marking statue and monument turns it to calcium hydroxide (slaked lime) + heat
Rocks and Minerals Chemical Dissolve
weathering calcium
Chemical hydroxide
The arrangement of particles properties (slaked lime) in
a natural solid with definite Use of
are regular of calcium a lot of water
crystalline structure and limewater
carbonate to give calcium
e.g. graphite, aluminium chemical composition to test
oxide, sodium chloride hydroxide for calcium hydroxide (soluble) +
solution / carbon carbon dioxide = calcium
graphite - pencil lead suspension carbonate (insoluble) + water
dioxide
rock salt - cooking (limewater)
jade - jewellery Use of minerals Test for calcium ion (Flame test) - brick red flame
marble - building material Test for carbonate ion - add hydrochloric acid and
gold - jewellery allow the gas evolved to pass through limewater

Ore - a mineral from which a Slow process of weathering of

constituent can be profitably rock and transporting away
Mineral
extracted Erosion from the original place
Metal is
Heating Extraction of iron usually
haematite from haematite extracted
with carbon (mainly iron(III) oxide) Extraction process - mining, from
concentrating ore, extraction ore
Extraction of of metal, purifying impure
Electrolysis aluminium from metal
of molten bauxite (mainly
bauxite aluminium oxide)

The resource is limited

5. Rocks and minerals.mmap - 25/11/2004 -

 Atoms are indivisible spheres Dalton's model Definition - Substance that cannot be broken down into anything
simpler by chemical method (e.g. by heating / electrolysis)
Raisin pudding model - solid
electrons on a positive pudding Thomson's model by physical state liquid

Nucleus + electrons gas

Rutherford's model
Different models Silvery white
Nucleus + electrons (except Au (golden yellow) and
orbiting around Cu (reddish brown)
Bohr's model
Malleable and ductile
metal
Location of electrons can only Good conductor of heat
be described by probability Orbital model Classification and electricity
by metallic
properties
Positive particle at nucleus Variously coloured
Proton
Brittle
Element non-metal
Electrically neutral particle Usually poor conductor
at nucleus with the same of electricity and heat
Fundamental subatomic Structure
mass as proton Neutron particles - All atoms of atoms semi-metal/
are made up of these. metalloid
Negative particle with
virtually no mass, the Test for metallic properties
same amount of charge Chemical Symbols
as proton, orbiting Definition - Smallest part of an element still
around nucleus Electron
Atomic
possesses the properties of the element.
structure
In an electrically neutral atom, # of p = # of n 0.03 nm - 0.30 nm ; 1 m = 1,000,000,000 nm
unique to individual element Atoms ONE element is comprised of
no. of proton
Atomic no. (Z) only ONE kind of atoms.
Chemical Symbols for the elements can
no. of proton + no. of neutron Mass no. (A) also be used as the Atomic Symbol.

with mass no.

with or without atomic no. Atoms of the same element with
different mass / mass no. / no. of neutron
total no. of p - total no. Full atomic symbol
of electron Isotopes Having the same chemical properties but slightly
overall all charges
different physical properties
no. of species a C-12 isotope is defined as having
Carbon-12 scale exactly 12 units of mass
by numbering Mass of atoms
Electronic Mass of a particular isotope
by electron diagram configuration based on C-12 scale
of atoms (Relative) Isotopic mass
electronic arrangement of the first 20 elements Isotopic mass ≈ mass no. (not equal)
Stability and electronic
duplet or octet Relative abundance
configuration of noble gases
of different isotopes
(Relative) atomic mass
Weighted average of isotopic masses

6. Atomic structure.mmap - 21/1/2005 -

 Properties of various elements are compared
e.g. sodium, potassium
Development of Periodic Elements with similar chemical properties are grouped together in groups
e.g. chlorine, bromine, iodine
Table
e.g. non-metal, metal, semi-metal, non-metal,
Elements are arranged in ascending Elements shows periodic metal, semi-metal, non-metal, metal...
order of atomic no. (not mass) variation of properties
e.g. gas, solid, gas, solid, gas, solid, gas, solid...

Elements with the same no. of occupied electron

shells are arranged in rows called period Period no. = no. of occupied electron shells

Group no. = no. of outermost electron

soft, can be cut by a knife
silvery
Group I - alkali metals reactive
react with water to give an
Elements with similar chemical alkaine solution
properties are arranged in
Group II - alkaline earth metals less reactive than alkali metal
vertical column called groups
Some special groups
poisonous
The Periodic Table Structure of a modern
reactive
periodic table Group VII - halogens
react with sodium sulphite solution to
give colourless products
colourless gas
Group 0 - noble gases
very stable

reactivities increases down a Metal atom loses electron more readily down a group
group Attraction between the outermost electron and the
metal nucleus gets less as the size of the atom gets bigger
Group trend
reactivities decrease down a Non-metal atom gains electron less readily down a group
group Attraction between the incoming electron and the nucleus
non-metal gets less as the size of the atom gets bigger'

40 metals in the middle of the table are called transition metals

Grouping in blocks 28 metals in the a separate block at the bottom are called rare earth metals / elements
All other elements on the 2 sides are called main group elements

7. The Periodic Table.mmap - 21/1/2005 -

 a compound which conducts at
Only an over-simplified explanation of formation of ions liquid or aqueous state only
; the actual explanation will be studied in Form 6
Formation of ions
usually comprised of metal
metal atoms tend to lose electrons to get a fully filled outermost shell to form cations and non-metal
Electrolyte
non-metal atoms tend to gain electrons to get a fully filled outermost shell to form anions
Usually have the same name as the atom e.g. hydrogen ion Conductivity of ion : an electrically charged
atom (simple ion) or group of
For those atoms capable to form multiple ions, the charge simple cation
compounds in liquid or
consists of particles called ions atoms (polyatomic ion)
will be indicated by a roman numeral e.g. copper(I) ion, aqueous state
copper(II) ion Name of cations
a compound which does not
e.g. ammonium ion polyatomic cation conduct at liquid or aqueous
state
e.g. oxide ion end with -ide
simple anion

e.g. hydroxide ion comprised of non-metals only

end with -ide non-electrolyte
Ions molecule : the smallest particle
oxygen containing polyatomic ion Formula and that can exist on its own
consists of particles called
-ite, contains less oxygen naming of molecule (electrically uncharged)
e.g. sulphite ion, nitrite ion end with -ite or -ate ions
-ate, contain more oxygen
e.g. sulphate ion, nitrate ion Name of
permanganate ion polyatomic anions
per- : even more cation : positive ion
ion
anion : negative ion
hypochlorite ion hypo- : even less
cathode : the electrode which the
dichromate ion other cation (+ve ion) moves towards to
di- : two
prefixes anode : the electrode which the
hydrogencarbonate ion Some terms anion (-ve ion) moves towards to
hydrogen- : hydrogen ion
positive electrode : the
thio- : replaced an O electrode connecting to the
thiosulphate ion atom with a sulphur atom positive terminal of the battery
Electrolysis of molten
electrolyte negative electrode : the electrode
atoms and ions show totally Ionic bonding e.g. molten lead(II) connecting to the negative
e.g. sodium versus sodium chloride in water different properties
Difference between atom and ion bromide terminal of the battery
comprised of mobile ions
migration of the mobile ions in
the electrolyte
Only an over-simplified explanation; the Conducting of electricity migration of electrons in the
actual explanation will be studied in Form 6 conducting wire
Evidence of Electrolysis of e.g. formation of
discharge of cations
presence of electrolyte molten lead at cathode
at the cathode
transferring of electron from ions Decomposition of
represented by electron dot and cross diagram (electron diagram) metal atoms to non-metal atoms the electrolyte e.g. formation of
discharge of anions
at the anode bromine vapour at anode
non-directional nature of ionic bond
Electrostatic nature of the strong attraction among oppositely charged ions comprised of mobile ions surrounded
Electrically neutral by water molecules
showing the simplest whole Electrolysis of migration of the mobile ions in water
number ratio of ions present Formation of aqueous Conducting of electricity migration of electrons in the
ionic formula ionic bond electrolyte e.g. conducting wire
copper(II)
trillions and chloride solution e.g. formation of
showing the simplest whole trillions of discharge of cations copper metal at
number ratio of atoms present Formula of Giant ionic oppositely at the cathode cathode
Decomposition of
empirical formula ionic structure charged ions the electrolyte
compound joining together discharge of anions e.g. formation of
at the anode chlorine gas at anode

bracket is used to enclose Colour of ions usually containing transition metal

those polyatomic ion in a
formula if there is more than migration of ions in gel
one polyatomic ion of the Migration of ions
migration of ions on a piece of filter paper moistened with an aqueous electrolyte
same kind

8. Ionic bonding.mmap - 1/2/2005 -

 Ion cannot exist on its own;
Positive ions always attract
negative ions
Proton cannot exist on its own,
Definition of molecule : the smallest
It always attracts electrons Strong, electrostatic, directional
particle that can exists on its own. i.e.
Metallic atoms cannot exist on the particles found in non-electrolyte Formed by sharing of outermost electrons,
its own, billions of metal i.e. co- means sharing,
Nature of covalent bond
atoms are sticking together in -valent means outermost shell electrons
the smallest possible piece of From the electrostatic attraction between
metal. positive nucleus-negative bonding electron-positive nucleus
Definition of atomicity : 1 bond pair = single bond
Number of atoms in a molecule of an element Each pair is
features on the 2 bond pairs = double bond
known as a
Examples Electron diagram (for the bonding 3 bond pairs = triple bond
bond pair
monoatomic (atomicity = 1) : He, Ne, Ar diagram of outermost electrons
diatomic (atomicity =2) : H2, O2, N2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2 Element covalent electrons only)
triatomic (atomicity = 3) : O3 molecule non-bonding Each pair is known as a lone
tetraatomic (atomicity = 4) : P4 electrons pair
octaatomic (atomicity = 8) : S8 Covalent bond
Examples : water H2O, alcohol C2H6O, glucose C6H12O6 Two non-metal atoms share
Compound
the outermost electrons with
each other to attain
Showing the simplest whole
Molecular substances completely filled outermost
number ratio of atoms The atoms become stable.
(Substances in which shell.
present e.g. CH2O for
glucose Empirical formula discrete (separate) Sharing of each
molecules are found.) electron Group 7 atoms usually share 1 electron; Form 1 bond
Formulae used to
Showing the actual no. of Formation of virtually gives Group 6 atoms usually share 2 electrons; Form 2 bonds
represent molecular
atoms present in a covalent bond the atom one
substance Group 5 atoms usually share 3 electrons; Form 3 bonds
molecule e.g. C6H12O6 Covalent bonding more electron.
for glucose Molecular formula Group 4 atoms usually share 4 electrons; Form 4 bonds
Group 1-3 atoms do not form covalent bond at all as
Showing the order of they are metal atoms.
connection of atoms in a
molecule Structural formula

Ball-and-stick model
Skeletal atomic model
Space-filling model
First discovered by van der
Waals, therefore it is also
known as van der Waals'
forces.
Much weaker than covalent
bond, about 10 times weaker.
The strength is depending on
the molecular size, usually a
larger molecule will give a
strong van der Waals' force.
Models used to represent Giant Covalent Billions and billions of carbon
molecular substance substance (Substances in atoms are joined together
which billions and tetrahedrally by strong C-C
billions non-metal atoms Diamond (a form of carbon single bond
are joined together by element) Hardest substance in the
covalent bond.) world.
Examples
Silicon atoms are joined
Intermolecular forces tetrahedrally through oxygen
(attractive forces among the Silicon(IV) oxide, also known atoms by strong Si-O single
molecule) as quartz bond

9. Covalent bonding.mmap - 12/4/2005 -

 Structure - a description of the arrangement of particles in a substance.

e.g. H2O, NO2, S8, P4

under 100 atoms fat and oil - marginal cases, with just over 100 atoms

weaker intermolecular usually gases, liquids or low melting solids

Simple molecular forces among molecules
soft and weak
Molecular structure usually insoluble in water (a polar
solvent) but soluble in non-aqueous In general, LIKE (solvent)
(individual/discrete
solvent (non-polar solvent). dissolves LIKE (solute)
molecules can be found)
e.g. starch, protein, plastic
over thousands of atoms
Macromolecular
stronger intermolecular forces as the strength of usually solid at room
van der Waals' is depending on the molecular size temperature

no delocalized electrons or
non-conducting mobile ions present.

All are solids at room

high m.p. and b.p. temperature

hard
strong ionic bond
(non-directional in nature) high density
slight dislocation brings
ions of similar charge
together repulsion cleaves the crystal
Giant ionic structure brittle

the ions are not free to

move in solid state only conducts in molten or aqueous state
presence of ions

In general, LIKE (solvent)

If soluble, only soluble in aqueous solvent dissolves LIKE (solute)

e.g. diamond (C), quartz (SiO2), graphite (C)

All are solids at room
high m.p. and b.p. temperature

Structure and hard

properties of strong covalent bond high density
(directional in nature)
materials usually non-conductor of bonding electrons in most covalent
electricity substances are not free to move

usually poor conductor of

heat (except diamond)
intermolecular forces are never stronger
Giant structure (trillions insoluble in any solvent than covalent bond
Giant covalent structure
of atoms/ions are joined
weak van der Waals' forces between layers
together by strong bonds brittle
(ionc, covalent or
flat hexagonal layers
metallic) slippery
weak van der Waals' forces between layers
presence of delocalized electrons along the
conducting hexagonal layers
Special case : Graphite
high melting, even higher
than diamond strong C-C bond, bond order 1.5

large space weak van der Waals' forces

lower density than between layers
between layers
diamond

A lattice of positive metal ions is immersed in a sea of

delocalized electrons which are contributed by the metal
Electron sea model of metal atoms from their outermost shell.

Attraction between the positive ions - delocalized electrons -

positive ions
high m.p. and b.p.
Metallic bond (non-directional
usually very strong hard
in nature)
e.g. in Fe high density
Except Hg, all metals are solid
Giant metallic structure at room temperature.
the metallic bond can
reform at new position when
the position of the ions are
Presence of sea of delocalized electrons being shifted.
malleable and ductile

high conductivity of heat and electricity

Mercury alloy is called amalgam. e.g. sodium
amalgam - a mixture of sodium and mercury
Usually soluble in mercury In general, LIKE (solvent)
dissolves LIKE (solute)

10. Structures and properties.mmap - 5/5/2005 -

 contains Al2O3 Bauxite

contains CuFeS2 Copper pyrite

contains Fe2O3 Haematite Some Metal Ores Factors to be considered : availability, properties and prices
contains PbS Galena Pros Cheap, strong, magnetic

e.g. Au, Pt Metals in free states Cons Heavy, Easily corroded

Iron
e.g. Hg, Ag By heating alone Uses Construction, Vehicle

Sulphide or carbonate ores are heated Strong, Excellent conductor of heat and electricity,
strongly in air to convert to oxide first Pros Corrosion resistant, ductile, malleable
The oxide of metal is By heating with
Operation of heated with carbon to get Copper Cons Heavy, Expensive comparing with iron
carbon
blast furnace reduced to metal Extraction of metals
from metal ores Uses Electrical wire, water pipe, cooking utensil
e.g. Zn, Fe, Pb, Cu
Extraction of Light, Good conductor of electricity and heat,
only works in the absence of
water metals from non-poisonous, ductile, malleable
Pros
By electrolysis of molten ore metal ores
e.g. K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al
Expensive, Not as hard as iron and copper, difficult to
K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, Pb, Order of difficulties in Aluminium solder
Cons
Cu, Hg, Ag, Au extraction
Overhead power cable, aircraft, saucepan, kitchen
Uses foil, soft drink can, window frame
Properties and
Pros Light, Strong, Corrosion to resistant
Usefulness of
Generic Word Equation metals Very expensive
Titanium Cons

Uses Aircraft
Examples of word
equations Attractive appearance, very malleable, Expensive,
Occurrence and
Pros Refractive, Resistant to abrasion
extraction of metal
Gold Cons Expensive, Too soft
Specific Word Equation
Uses Jewellery, Coins, Electrical contacts, Shield for heat

Liquid at room temperature, Not sticky, Expand upon

Pros heating, Dissolve other metal

Less reactive metal first, followed by the more reactive ones. Mercury Cons Very poisonous
Some unreactive metal exist in free state in the earth crust. e.g. Order of discovery
Au, Pt Discovery of Uses Thermometer, dental filling
metals
Abundance of metals in earth crust Excellent conductor of heat and electricity, Corrosion
Ease of mining of the ore Factors affecting the availability of metals resistant, Attractive appearance, Shiny, malleable and
Pros ductile
Ease of extraction of metal
Silver
Cons Expensive
Metal as a non-renewable resource
Recycling save energy and other resources Uses Electrical wiring, Jewellery, Coins
Need of conservation
Recycling helps to reduce pollution
Recycling promotes public awareness of resource scarcity Conserving metals
Reuse metal articles
Recycling used metals Way of conserving
Replacing metals by other products

11. Occurrence and extraction of metal.mmap - 19/5/2005 -

 All equations are used to represent reactions accurately.
Role of an
equation
Doesn't tell the condition needed to start the reaction Reactivity : the Compare the temp. needed to start the reaction
Limitation of equation
Doesn't tell how fast and how vigorous the reaction is. readiness to react Compare the rate (speed) of reaction
Compare the amount of heat given out in the reaction
K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, Pb, Cu, Hg, Ag, Au
Reactivities of Order of
different metals Reaction with air storage of metals
reactivity
Generic (reactivity series) Reaction with Reaction with liquid water
word equation water
Reaction with steam
Reaction with dilute acid

Metals react by losing electron

The larger the
metal atom, the
weaker the
attraction
Specific between the
word equation Reactivity outermost
Explanation for increases electrons and
reactivity of down a group the nucleus.
metals Readiness to lose
the outermost With the same
Physical states of different species : (s), (l), (g) and (aq)
electrons no. of electron
shell, the larger
Reactivity of no. of protons at
metals the nucleus
Unbalanced Chemical
Reactivity attracts the
equation equations
decreases outermost
across a electrons more
period strongly.

Stoichiometric coefficients Reduction of

No new substance should be introduced in balancing a reaction metal oxide
Extraction (Removal of
of metals oxygen from Action of heat on metal oxides
from their metal oxide) Reduction with metals
ore Reduction with carbon
Balanced equation Application
of A more reactive metal is capable to
reactivity displace a less reactive metal from a
series of Displacement solution of the salt of the less reactive
metals reactions of metal.
metal in
aqueous
Spectator ions : those ions which are Ionic equation = solution
neither physically nor chemically changed. Balanced equation - spectator ions

Balanced equation
Ionic equation
Ionic equation

Spectator ions

12. Reactivity of metals.mmap - 22/5/2005 -