See

discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283443245

Impact of Industrial Pollution on Yamuna River:

A Review

Research November 2015

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.3632.8401

CITATIONS READS

0 6,703

2 authors:

Manju Sharma Smita Chaudhry

Kurukshetra University Kurukshetra University Kurukshetra, Haryana, I
9 PUBLICATIONS 8 CITATIONS 60 PUBLICATIONS 128 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Biological application of organotin(IV) complexes View project

Carbon Sequestration in Asola Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Manju Sharma on 03 November 2015.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 Impact of Industrial Pollution on Yamuna River: A Review
Manju, Smita Chaudhry
Institute of Environmental Studies, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra
Manjusharma09@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
This paper reviews the impact of industrial pollution on Yamuna River based on studies over the last 10 years. The
concentrations, sources, contamination levels and sampling methods used in these studies are compared and
discussed. Yamuna has several large and industrial cities on its banks like Yamunanagar, Sonepat, Panipat, Delhi,
Agra and Mathura. Besides the municipal sewage, a large number of diverse industries like pulp and paper, sugar,
tannery, steel plants, chemicals, rubber, glass, engineering, plastics, and food processing directly discharge their
wastes into it. There 22 industrial units in Haryana, 42 units in Delhi and17 units in Uttar Pradesh which were found
to be directly discharging and polluting the Yamuna River. Ecological parameters for e.g. dissolved oxygen (DO),
(BOD), pH, nitrate (NO32-), sulfate (SO42-), and phosphate (PO43-), are analyzed and compared with standard
permissible limits to assess the best-designated use of the river water for various purposes The studies indicate that
Yamuna river is getting a load of 296.1 tonnes/day that is several times higher than the assimilative capacity of the
river. Tajewala is the benchmark where water quality is generally within the desired level for bathing quality.
Average Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Dissolved Oxygen (DO) levels at this point are 1.2 mg/l and 11.7
mg/l respectively. Downstream of Tajewala, domestic and industrial wastewater from urban and rural areas of
Yamunanagar-Jagadhri, Karnal, Panipat, Sonepat, Saharanpur, Muzaffarnagar etc. are discharged into the rivers.
Yamuna enters Delhi at Palla village 15 km upstream of Wazirabad barrage, which acts as a reservoir for Delhi.
Delhi generates 1,900 million litre per day (mld) of sewage, against an installed wastewater treatment capacity of
1,270 mld. Thus, 630 mld of untreated and a significant amount of partially treated sewage enter the river every day.
It is obvious from the study that the river water quality is affected by the presence of industries. Its impact can be
seen in the region where the industrial discharges are meeting the river. Thus industrial pollution is one of the major
causes of river pollution apart from other municipal and agricultural sources.

Key Words: Industrial pollution, Yamuna River, Ecological parameters, water quality

INTRODUCTION:
Industrialization is the means for the economical development of a nation. During the production,
industries generate useless byproducts and waste materials with 1 to 10% of the quantity of parent
chemicals (CPCB, 2004). The effluent discharged from industries contaminates our soil and water
resources. River pollution is an environmental problem in third world countries. While developed nations
adopt stringent water quality requirements to control river pollution from point and non-point sources, the
situation is different in most developing countries. Wastewater treatment is not given the necessary
priority it deserves and therefore, industrial waste and domestic sewage are discharged into receiving
water bodies without treatment (Danazumi et al., 2010). Water quality studies of rivers Ganga
(Srivastava et al., 1996), Kali (Bharti and Krishna Murti, 1990), St.Lawerence river (Vis et al., 1998) and
river Nile (Wahaab and Badawy, 2004) have also indicated that their water is highly toxic and unsuitable
for human consumption and domestic purposes. In India, there are 14 major rivers and most of the
developmental activities are still dependent upon rivers for cleaning as well as disposal purposes (Sharma,
2007; Kaushik et al., 2009). River Yamuna is also one of the most polluted rivers of India. It becomes
very important to systematically study the status of pollution of the rivers in relation to various
anthropogenic activities.

The Yamuna River:

The River Yamuna is the largest tributary of river Ganga, originates from the Yamunotri glacier, 6387m
above mean sea level (msl), at the Banderpoonch peak in the Uttarkashi district of Uttarakhand. The
catchment of the river extends to states of Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan and
Madhya Pradesh and the entire union territory of Delhi. Originating from Himalayas its total length is
1,376 km covering a catchment area of 366,220 km2 (Fig. 1). Its source is at Yamunotri, in the
Uttarakhand Himalaya, in the Himalayan Mountains. The main tributaries joining the river include
Hindon, Chambal, Sind, Betwa and Ken (Jain et al., 2004). The annual flow of the river is about 10,000
cumecs. The annual usage is 4400 cumecs, irrigation accounting for 96% of this (MoEF, 1994). It is not
just like another river but it has a major religious and cultural significance. The river not only provides a
livelihood for communities living in the basin but also offers a life support to agricultural, industrial and
urban sectors and is the main source of drinking water for most of the towns along its course. More than
70% of drinking water supply of Delhi is abstracted from river Yamuna (CPCB, 1996., Upadhyay et al.,
2010). An estimated 57 million people are dependent on the water of the Yamuna River. In view of the
rapid growth of urban population, industrialization and inadequate infrastructure, the river water quality
across the country has been found to be deteriorating alarmingly. The industrial towns all along the river,
discharges significant amounts of wastes into the river. In lower stretch, the Yamuna becomes a drain,
receiving mainly agriculture, industrial and domestic effluents (Ali et al., 2001)

According to CPCB (2000) there were approximately 359 industrial units out of which 22 industrial units
in Haryana, 42 units in Delhi and 17 units in Uttar Pradesh which were found to be directly discharging
and polluting the river. These industries include paper, sugar, chemical, leather, distillery,
pharmaceuticals, power etc. It has several large and industrial cities on its banks like Yamunanagar,
Sonepat, Panipat, Delhi, Agra and Mathura (Fig. 2). The categories of industries discharging wastewater
into Yamuna river includes Pulp & paper, Sugar, tannery, steel plants Distilleries, Textiles, Leather,
Chemical, Pharmaceuticals, rubber, glass, Oil Refineries, Thermal Power Plants, food etc. (CPCB, 2006).
Due to extensive anthropogenic pressure the river Yamuna is rapidly deteriorating into a sewage drain.
Delhi alone discharges its treated and untreated domestic and industrial wastes through small or large
drains. 95% of the Yamuna pollution at Delhi is resulted due to discharge of wastewaters through seven
major drains viz; Najafgarh, Yamunapur, Sen Nursing Home, Barathpula, Maharanibag, Kalkaji and
Tuglakabad. In Delhi the Yamuna River is so polluted that beyond Okhala, it hardly supports any form of
life. Not only the organic matter and nutrients, but several pesticides and heavy metals have also been
found at alarming level in the river (Aggrawal, 1993).

Fig. 1. The Yamuna Basin Fig. 2. Towns on the banks of river Yamuna

(Source: Project Management Consultants for YAP II, 2007) (Source: CPCB, 2006)
Yamuna River water quality:
River Yamuna is the primary source of drinking water for Delhi, the capital of India, and also for many
cities, towns and villages in the neighboring states of Uttar Pradesh, Uttaranchal and Haryana. In the last
few decades, however, there has been a serious concern over the deterioration in its water quality. The
river has been receiving large amounts of partially treated and untreated wastewater during its course,
especially between Wazirabad and Okhla, National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi. Pollutants flowing
into the river are contributed from the waste of the cities situated along its bank. From big industries and
factories to people living in big colonies, slums and rural areas, all pollute the river with impurity because
of untreated water.

On the basis of the different geological and ecological characteristics, the river has been divided into five
major segments- viz. Himalayas stretch (172 km), upper stretch (224 km), Delhi stretch (22 km), mixed
stretch (490 km) and diluted stretch (468 km) shown in Table 1 (CWC, 2009), of which Delhi is the most
polluted stretch of the river, alone is responsible for 79% of entire pollution load in the river Yamuna
Fig.3, (CPCB 2006-2007). The Himalayan stretch of the River Yamuna is devoid of any kind of
pollution, the water quality here in Tajewala is generally within the desired levels for bathing quality as
given by (YAP II; Bhargava, 1983; 1985; 2006) Table-2.

Table. 1. Segments of Yamuna River (YAP II)

No. Reach Segment Length Description
I From origin to Tajewala Himalayan 172 Turbulent stream of almost pristine
Barrage water quality upto Barrage at
Tajewala. Canals on both banks
withdraw water for various uses.
II Tajewala Barrge to Wazirabad Upper 224 Dry weather flow is comprised of
(upstream of delhi) fresh water and wastewater from
urban and rural settlements in the
catchment. The barrage at Wazirabad
stores water for meeting the demand
of Delhi
III Wazirabad to Okhla Barrage Delhi (highly 22 No water is released from the
(Delhi) polluted) Wazirabad Barrage. The DWF is
comprised of wastewater orginiating
in Delhi. The Barrage at Okhla diverts
water through Agra canal to the states
of U.P. & Haryana for irrigation
IV Okhla Barrage to confluence Eutrophicated 490 No water is released from the Okhla
with chambal River (highly polluted) barrage, the DWF is comprised of
wastewater from urban and rural
settlements.
V Chambal confluence to Diluted 468 The river gets fresh of life after
confluence with Ganga river at dilution from the chambal water.
Allahabad Other tributaries coming from
Rajasthan and M.P. join in this reach
(Source: YAP II, 2007)

The industrial belt is mainly situated along the north-eastern part of the state along the Yamuna. The
wastes from these industries, agricultural runoff and the drains carrying municipal sewage of the cities
enter into the river and affect its water quality (Khaiwal, 2003) In order to be compliance with
environment laws, it is compulsory for these industries to treat the effluent to achieve prescribed
standards before discharging effluent into the environment.
 Fig.3. Contribution of pollution load in River Yamuna from different cities

Table. 2. Water Quality in the river (2007)

Site State BOD Level Remarks
Tajewala / Hathnikund Haryana 1 Bathing quality
Kalanaur Haryana 1 Bathing quality
Sonipat Haryana 1 Bathing quality
Palla Delhi 2 Bathing quality
Nizamuddin Bridge Delhi 27 Unfit for any use
Agra canal Delhi 10 Unfit for bathing
Mazawali Haryana 32 Unfit for any use
Mathura u/s UP 6 Unfit for bathing
Mathura d/s UP 6 Unfit for bathing
Agra u/s UP 6 Unfit for bathing
Agra d/s UP 39 Unfit for any use
Bateswar UP 7 Unfit for bathing
Bawah UP 6 Unfit for bathing
Auriya UP 2 Bathing quality
(Project Management Consultants for YAP II, 2007; u/s: Upstream; d/s: Downstream)

The water quality of Indian rivers have been categorized into five classes which are Class A: The river
water is fit for drinking after proper disinfection with the addition of chlorine or bleaching powder. Class
B: Under this category the River water is fit only for bathing. Class C: The River water is fit for drinking
only after proper treatment (screening to remove physical matters or particulate such as paper, plastic, etc.
Class D: Under this class the river water is fit only for fish and wildlife and Class E: River water is
suitable only for industrial cooling, irrigation. Yamuna River belongs to class E (Hindu, 2002).

SAMPLING STRATEGY:

Sampling of different components of the river Yamuna were done from different sites all along the routes
of Yamuna in Haryana through Delhi. In most of the studies Grab sampling procedure has been adopted
for water analysis (Kaushik, et al., 2009; Khaiwal et al., 2003; Goel et al., 2008; CPCB, 2006) from
different sites for physicochemical, bacteriological parameters and metals. Temperature, pH, and
conductivity were determined in the field. For other parameters, samples were preserved using
appropriate reagents and stored prior to analysis at 4C. The total metal water samples were collected in
plastic bottles previously soaked and washed with 10% nitric acid and double distilled water (Ducan and
Harrison, 1981; Ali and Jain, 2001). For soil and sediment sampling, gravity steel corer (Kaushik, et al.,
2009) and plastic scoop have been used (Jain, 2004). The samples were oven dried ground and stored for
further analysis. Most of the studies were based on seasonal sampling
EXTENT OF POLLUTION IN YAMUNA RIVER:
The rate of world water pollution has increased in manifold since 1980s (World Bank, 2001). The data
reveals that there is a change in emission of organic and industrial water pollutants in countries like USA,
China and India from 2,742,993; 3,358,203 and 1,457,474 Kg/day in 1980s to 5,339,072; 2,477,830 and
1,441,293 Kg/Day respectively in the year 2001. The situation is more critical in rivers like Yamuna,
which has been exposed to anthropogenic pollution for many decades. It has also been reported that
eighty percent of the country's urban waste goes directly into rivers like Yamuna, many of which are so
polluted they exceed permissible levels for safe bathing (Pepper, 2007). In a study conducted by Central
Pollution Control Board (CPCB, 2006) found that the Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) at various
locations in Yamuna (like- Palla, Nizamuddin and Okhla) has been increased four-fold as compared to
January 2004. This is about 48 times higher than the maximum permissible level of 3 mg/l for bathing.
The BOD level in Yamuna from Yamunotri (origin) to Palla (Place between Sonipat and Nizamuddin
Bridge) in Delhi is usually ranges from 1 to 3 mg/L. Up to Palla Yamuna is full of marine life, but beyond
that wastewater drains outfall in Yamuna started. From Nizamuddin Bridge to Agra downstream the BOD
level ranges from 3 to 51 mg/L. The BOD level was also found above the permissible limits in Mathura,
Agra, Etawah and Juhika. (Misra, 2010) In March 2006, BOD levels decreased to 90 mg/l, which is
almost, doubles that of March 2004.

Average Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Dissolved Oxygen (DO) levels at Tajewala are 1mg/l
and 9 mg/l respectively in last 5 years, (fig. 4 and 5) (Upadhyay et al., 2010). Downstream of Tajewala, in
stretch-II, domestic and industrial wastewater from urban and rural areas of Yamunnagar-Jagadhri, Karnal
, Panipat, Sonepat, Saharnpur, Muzaffarnagar etc. are discharged into the rivers. Average BOD in upper
segment is observed to be in the range of 1.0- 2.0 mg/l, (fig. 5). The COD level in Yamuna ranges from 1
to 50 mg/L from its origin to Palla. Beyond Palla Yamuna River starts receiving large amount of
wastewaters from different drain within Delhi and many downstream locations. The COD level start
increasing from Nizamuddin Bridge and found above the permissible limits (ranges from 3 to 155 mg/L)
up to Juhika (CPCB, 2006; Misra, 2010; Upadhyay et al., 2010)

Fig. 4. Concentration of DO at various stretches Fig. 5. Concentration of BOD at various

of River Yamuna stretches of River Yamuna

. (Source: Upadhyay, 2010)

The Delhi stretch of the river starts at 1.5 km upstream of village Palla and leaves Delhi at Jaitpur (Master
Plan for Delhi 2021, 2007), downstream of the Okhla Bridge. Here the BOD and COD values shoot up to
22.8 mg/L and 73.5 mg/L (Year 2004) respectively, and in the year 2005 it decreased upto 18.6 mg/L and
15.6 mg/L respectively (Fig. 5). The DO level diminished beyond the level that sustains life (average 1 to
<1 mg/L for the past 5 years) (CPCB, 20062007). The degradation in the quality of water in this stretch
of the river is mainly due to induction of large volume of wastewater from Delhi NCR. The 490 km
stretch downstream of the Okhla barrage up to the confluence with the Chambal River is characterized as
an open sewer.

The mixed and diluted stretch of River Yamuna is a long run of 958 km from downstream Okhla Barrage
to confluence with River Ganga at Allahabad. The sources of water in this segment are ground water and
its tributaries like Hindon, Chambal, Sindh, Ken and Betwa. The combined water of these rivers
contributes in diluting the very high load of pollution imparted by the Delhi stretch. This phenomenon can
be seen clearly from the BOD and COD concentrations over 5 years. BOD has come down to 11.5 mg/L
and COD to 42 mg/L in 2005 in the mixed stretch and 4.6 mg/L and 21.1 mg/L (CPCB, 20062007)
respectively in the diluted stretch. In entire Yamuna stretch the value of pH varied from 6.11- 9.39
(CPCB, 2006; Khaiwaal 2003), and the Electrical Conductivity varied from 45-2290mhos/cm (CPCB,
2006). Sulphate content was 14-80 mg/l, Nitrate content was 0.5-9mg/l and Phosphate content was 0.02-
2.8mg/l from upstreams to downstreams seasonally (Khaiwaal, 2003).

The presence of heavy metals in the water of Yamuna River is assumed to be of serious proportions due
to their toxicity and accumulative behavior, Jain (2004). The researcher has also noted that the presence
of 3050% of lead at most of the sites of Yamuna exist in exchangeable fraction while 3050% of
cadmium at almost all the sites is either exchangeable or carbonate bound and therefore causes high risk
and can easily enter the food chain.

FUTURE NEEDS:

As per directions by the Honble Supreme Court of India, minimum water flow of 10 m3/sec should be
maintained throughout River Yamuna (Paliwal et al., 2007). The standard given by (CPCB) for discharge
of treated effluent into water body in terms of BOD and COD are 30 mg/l and 250 mg/l respectively.
After spending Rs. 1187.54 1443.84 cr (CSE, 2005) in YAP the BOD load from the NCT has increased
from 117 tons/day in 1982, 211 tons/day in 1998 (CPCB, 1999-2000), 231.2 tons/day in 2003 (CPCB,
2003) to 260 tons/day in 2004 (CPCB, 2004). Thus to maintain the water quality of river within the
stipulated criteria of bathing class B, nearly 10 times dilution of the fully treated municipal wastewater is
required.

For controlling industrial pollution in River Yamuna some preventive measures are given below:

Industries should have effluent treatment plants so that industrial wastes do not find the way to
river without treatment. There should be regulatory guidelines for operation and maintenance of
ETPs.
Treated and untreated effluent should be separated, and recycling and reuse of treated waste water
should be encouraged.
Systems and procedures need to be strengthened to ensure accurate measurement of both the
quantity of treated effluent being discharged as well as its quality with reference to the prescribed
parameters.
Prevention of Yamuna River pollution cannot be achieved without people's participation.
Therefore it's important to create awareness among the people regarding the way river pollution is
occurring and its related consequences. People should be taught various means to be adopted to
reduce the increasing pollution levels in the river.
Steps should be taken from not putting the industrial waste into the river as most of the
industries are on the banks of Yamuna.
A water abstraction control policy is required to check and control over maximum and
wasteful use of river water in industries.
 Water conservation practices through information, education and communication should be
implemented with the help of community participation.
In order for investments under YAP- I, YAP-II to be effective for the pollution control of
Yamuna River, industrial effluents should be controlled according to the relevant effluent
standards established by CPCB.

CONCLUSION:

The water quality of Yamuna has deteriorated and grossly polluted due to municipal and industrial waste
water disposalThe upper most stretch of Yamuna River (from origin to Tajewala Barrage) is devoid of
any kind of pollution with almost pristine water quality. The studies have concluded that the parameter
value of pH, EC, DO, BOD, Nitrate, Sulphate, Phosphate are such that the water is suitable for drinking,
bathing, wildlife, fisheries, recreation and irrigation. The down strech of the river along Haryana, starts
getting pollution load from surrounding industrial, domestic and agricultural areas and the situation gets
worst as the River reaches the Delhi region. As per the latest status of water quality in India the Yamuna
water quality at Okhla and Nizamudin bridges has been described as the worst affected and was placed
seventh on the list of rivers with highest Biochemical Oxygen Demand (CPCB, 2007). The total BOD
content in the Yamuna was 93 mg/L, while the permissible level is 3 mg/L and the level of Dissolved
Oxygen was less than 4 mg/L due to discharge of untreated and partially treated wastewater. Due to the
variety of problems related to the water quality of Yamuna, immediate actions for maintaining and
improving the water quality are the need of the hour.

References:

"Yamuna Action Plan," 1993. http://yap.nic.in/about-yap. asp

"Yamuna Action Plan," 2003. http://www.wwfenvis.nic.in/pdf/yam.pdf

Aggarwal S., Trevedi R.C. 1995. Ecological analysis of the River Yamuna a functional approach
in a diversified ecosystem in India, Arch Hydrobiol Suppl. 0945-3748/95/010: 405-426.

Ali I., Jain C.K. 2001. Pollution potential of Toxic Metals in the Yamuna River at Delhi, India.
Journal of Environmental Hydrology, 9: 1-9.

Bharathi S.G., Krishnamurthy, 1990. Effect of Industrial Effluents of River Kali around Dandeli,
Karnataka. Indian Journal of Environmental Health 32 (2): 165-171.

Bhargava D.S., 1983. "Most rapid BOD Assimilation in Ganga and Yamuna Rivers," Journal of
Environmental Engineering, American Society of Civil Engineers. 109 (1): 174-188.

Bhargava D.S., 1985. "Water Quality Variations and Control Technology of Yamuna River,"
Environmental Pollution, Series A, Ecological and Biological, 37(4): 355-376.

Bhargava D.S., 2006. "Revival of Mathura's Ailing Yamuna River," The Environmentalist. 26
(2): 111-122.

Central Water Commission, "Yamuna Basin Organization," 2009.

http://www.cwc.nic.in/regional/delhi/welcome.html
Central Water Commission, "Yamuna Basin Organization," 2009.
http://www.cwc.nic.in/regional/delhi/welcome.html

CPCB, 19992000. Water quality status of Yamuna River. ADSORBS/32. Published by Central
Pollution Control Board (CPCB), Delhi, India.

CPCB, 2003. Annual Report, Water quality status of River Yamuna in Delhi 2002 2003.
Published by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), Delhi, India.

CPCB, 20042005. Annual Report, 20042005, Published by Central Pollution Control Board
(CPCB), Delhi, India.

CPCB, 20062007. Water Quality Status of Yamuna River, Assessment and Development of
River Basin Series: ADSORBS/41/20062007. Published by Central Pollution Control Board
(CPCB), Delhi, India.

CSE, 2005. Report on Sewage Canal: How to Clean Yamuna, 2005. Published by Centre for
Science and Environment (CSE), Delhi, India.

Danazumi S., Bichi M.H. 2010. Industrial pollution and Heavy metals profile of Challawa River
in Kano, Nigeria. Journal of applied Sciences in Env. Sanitation. 5 (1): 23-29.

Ducan P.H.L., Harrison, R.M., 1981. Cleaning methods for polythene container prior to
determination of trace metals in fresh water samples. Anal. Chem. 53: 345-350

Goel V. 2008. Quantitative study on Microbial Pollution of River Yamuna at Delhi. I E (1)
Journal- EN: 56-60.

Hindu, "Delhi reduces Yamuna to a sewage drain," New Delhi, 2002.

http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/ 2002 /06/25/stories/2002062506380400.htm

Jain C.K., 2004. Metal fractionation study on bed sediments of River Yamuna, India. J. Water
Research. 38: 569-578.

Kaushik A., Kansal A., Santosh., Meena., Kumari S., Kaushik C.P. 2009. Heavy metal
contamination of river Yamuna, Haryana, India: Assessment by metal Enrichment factor of the
Sediments. Journal of Hazardous Material. 164: 265-270.

Khaiwal R., Amena., Meenakshi., Monika., Rani., Kaushik A., 2003. Seasonal variation in
physico-chemical characteristics of river Yamuna in Haryana and its ecological best designated
use. J. Environ. Monit. 5: 419-426.

Master Plan for Delhi 2021, 2007. Gazette of India Extraordinary Part-II-Section-3, 423 Sub-
Section ii.

Ministry of Environment and Forests, 2004. Yamuna Action Plan, Government of India, New
Delhi. p. 2.

Misra A.K. 2010. A River about to Die : Yamuna. J. Water Resources and Protection. 2: 489-500.

Paliwal, R., Sharma, P., Kansal, A., 2007. Water quality modelling of the river Yamuna (India)
using QUAL2E-UNCAS. Journal of Environmental Management. 83: 131144.
 Report on Yamuna, 2005. Government of NCT Delhi.

Report on Yamuna, 2005. Government of NCT Delhi.

Sharma V., Bhatia S.C., Sakhuja N., 2007. Impact of the Man Made Environmental Degradation
on the Physico-Chemical Composition of water of Western Jamuna Canal at Yamuna Nagar. Eco-
Research Journal of Bio-Sciences. 6: 23-30

Srivastava, R.K., Sinha A.K., Pande D.P., Singh K.P., Chandra H. 1996. Water quality of the
River Ganga at Phaphamau (Allahabad) -- effect of mass bathing during Mahakumbh
Environmental Toxicology and Water Quality. 11(1): 1-5.

Vis C., Hudon C., Cattanco A., Alloul B.P., 1998. Periphyton as an indicator of water quality in
the St. Lawrence River (Quebec, Canada). 101 (1): 13-24.

Wahaab R.A., Badawy M.I., 2004. Water quality assessment of the River Nile systems: an
overview, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences. 17: 87-100.

View publication stats