Atomic Physics http://vega.bac.pku.edu.cn/rxxu R. X.

Xu


Atomic Physics http://vega.bac.pku.edu.cn/rxxu R. X. Xu

1Schroedinger
Y(r,t)Schroedinger
|Y(r,t)>
|Y
i | Y H
t
{|ji>}{|i>}
<j|i> = dij|Y>| Y c j | j
j
<i|

i
t

i | Y i | H | Y i
t j

i | c j | j i | H | j c j
j

c1 H11 ... c1
ci
H12

H ij c j

c2 H 21 H 22 ... c2
i

t j
i

. .
. .
t
. ... .

. ... .

<i|H|j> . .
. ... .
1Schroedinger

c1 H11 H12 c1
H
i
t c2 H 21 H 22 c2 H12 = H21*

Hamilton
= EII|II>Hamilton:
= EI|I> H|II>
{|I>, |II>}H|I>

cI EI 0 cI

Hij = <i|H|j> EI 0
H i
t cII 0 EII cII
0 EII

H
cii = I, II|Y(t=0)>=|I>
ci iEi t /
i Ei ci ci (t ) ci (0)e cI(0)=1, cII(0)=0
t cI(t)*cI(t) = 1
 2
More is Different (Anderson, 1972)

NH3NH
x 1 V(x)
N1 |1>
0 N2 N1
H . H {|1>, |2>} 0 x
H
0
|2>
N2 1

|1>|2>H

E 0
H |1>|2>
0 E
 2
|1>|2>

{|1>, |2>}HA > 0

E0 A H12 = Aeij = H21*

H
A E0 2-1
AA = 0

E0HE0A=0E0
Schroedinger c
(c1 c2 )
2
c1 E0 A c1 c1
E0 c1 Ac2
c
i i
t
i ( E0 A)c
t c2 A E0 c2 i c2 Ac E c

t
1 0 2 t

i ( E0 A) t / c E0 A 0 c
c (t ) c (0)e i
t c 0 E0 A c
 2
|1>|2>
c c 1 i ( E0 A ) t / i ( E0 A ) t /
c (t ) [ c (0) e c (0) e ]
c1 c2
1
2 2
c
2 c (t ) c c 1 [c (0)e i ( E0 A)t / c (0)e i ( E0 A)t / ]



2
2 2

t = 0|1>c1(0) = 1, c2(0) = 0
c (0) c (0)
c (0) 1

1
2 1
c (0) c (0)
c (0) c (0) c (0) 0 2


2
2
2 At
At P1 (t ) c1 (t ) * c1 (t ) cos

iE0t /
c
1 (t ) e cos


c (t ) ie iE0t / sin At P (t ) c (t ) * c (t ) sin 2 At

2 2 2

2

 2
|1>|2>NH3
1
| (|1 | 2 )
2
[] {|1>, |2>} {|1>, |2>}
E0 A
1
|1 , | 2

0 H H


A E0
0 1
1 1 E0 A 1 1
| H | ( E0 A) |
2 1 A E0 2 1
1 1 E0 A 1 1
| H | ( E0 A) |
2 1 A E0 2 1

|->|+>E0A E0 A 0

H
0 E0 A
2A
 2
inversion

NH3

(23~25)GHz

NH3
x x

Atomic Physics http://vega.bac.pku.edu.cn/rxxu R. X. Xu

 3
R |a>
a b

R
a b
|b>

|a>|b>

H2

Fermion
K0 K0
 4

|e>| >
{|1>| 2>}m1m2

| e cos sin | 1


sin cos | 2
|
= 0
Schroedinger

i | i Ei | i | i (t ) eiEit / | i (0) (i = 1, 2)
t
|e>
 4
|e>

| e (t ) cos eiE1t / |1 (0) sin eiE2t / | 2 (0)

t = 0{|e(0)>, | (0)>}T = {1, 0}T|e>
| e cos sin | 1 | 1 cos sin | e

| sin cos | 2 | 2 sin cos |

|e>

| e (t ) Aee | e Ae |
p + p d + e+ + e

Aee cos2 eiE1t / sin 2 eiE2t / , Ae cos sin (eiE2t / eiE1t / )

t = 0|e>t|e>
 4
t|e> sin2 = 2 sin cos
P( e e ; t ) | e | e (t ) |2 Aee (t )* Aee (t )
1 2
1 sin (2 ){1 cos[( E1 E2 )t / ]}
2
t|>
P( e ; t ) | | e (t ) |2 Ae (t )* Ae (t ) =1
1 2
sin (2 ){1 cos[( E1 E2 )t / ]}
2
cp >> mic2(i = 1, 2) m2 m12 m22

mi c
2
1 mi c
2
mi2c 3 m2 c3
Ei cp 1 cp 1 ... ~ cp E1 E2
p 2 p 2p 2p
1-cos = 2 sin2(/2)
1 m 2 c 2 L 2 m c L
2 2
P ( e ; t ) sin (2 ) 1 cos
2
sin (2 ) sin
2

2 2p 4p L ct

1Schroedinger

4
Atomic Physics http://vega.bac.pku.edu.cn/rxxu R. X. Xu

2-2
2-1
10MeV

m2=1eV2