Body plan and symmetry

o The basic body plan of hydra polyp

o Body plan of jelly fish medusa
o Symmetry of all cnidarians radial and primitive
o Diploblastic ( ectoderm and endoderm only connected by mesoglea )
o Every cell is in direct contact with its environment so no need for circulatory
system

Nervous system

o All Cnidarians Cnidocytes ( contain stingers called Nematocysts )

o The entire animal responds to a single stimulus
because Response to environment is controlled by a primitive nervous
system , a nerve net where impulses travel in
all directions from any site
o Ex : if u knock a dish a hydra is in its entire body will shrink into a tiny ball

Reproduction

o Cnidarians reproduce Sexually and Asexually ( by budding)

o Bud a genetically identical but miniature
version of the parent that forms within or on the parent , and ultimately it breaks
free to become an independent being

Earthworm- phylum annelida

Nutrition

o Earthworms play important ecological role as it burrows in ground and creates

tunnels that aerate the soil
o Digestive tract is long straight tube
o Mouth digests decaying organic matter along with soil , from mouth food moves top
esophagus then crop where it is stored then to gizzard
o Gizzard consists of thick mascular walls grinds up food with the help of sand
and soil which were ingested along with organic matter
o Intestine where chemical digestion and absorption occur
o Typhlosole large fold in upper surface of intestine , enhances
Absorption due to its large surface area

Nervous and transport system

 o Exchange of respiratory gases O2 ( from air and soil ) and CO2 between the
environment and cells of earthworm occurs by Passive diffusion through moist
skin
o have External Respiratory Surface because diffusion of gases occurs at animals
surface
o Heart 5 pairs of aortic arches that pump blood through body in arteries
, veins and capillaries
o Closed circulatory system because blood normally never leaves these blood
vessels
o O2 is carried by hemoglobin dissolved in red blood
o Brain of earthworm consists of 2 dorsal solid fused ganglia that connects to a
solid ventral nerve cord

Excretion

o Has paired Nephridia in every body segment to remove Urea

Reproduction

o Hermaphrodite has male and female sex organs

Grasshopper phylum arthropoda

o Like earthworm , the grasshopper has a digestive tract that consists of a long
tube consisting of crop , gizzard and intestine there are some differences
o there are some differences , Grasshopper has specialized mouthparts for tasting
, biting , crushing food and a gizzard that contains plates of Chitin that help
grind food
o Digestive tract removes nitrogenous waste uric acid ( Malpighian
tubules do this function )

Nervous and Transport Systems

o Nervous system of grasshopper is similar to that of earthworm , but

transport system is different
o Grasshoppers heart is tubular and the animals lacks capillaries
o It has Open circulatory system blood leaves the artery and moves through
interconnected blood-filled spaces surrounding the organs called hemocoels or
sinuses
o No hemoglobin or O2 in blood

Exchange of respiratory gases

o Grasshopper , other arthropods and crustaceans have Internal Respiratory

Surface because exchange of O2 , CO2 occurs inside the animal
o Air enters through Spiracles and travels through a system of
tracheal tubes into hemocoels or sinuses where diffusion occurs

o In arthropods and some mollusks Oxygen is carried by Hemocyanin ( a
molecule similar to hemoglobin but with copper instead of iron as its
core atom