Professional Documents
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FEBRUARY 2010
FEBRUARY 2010
IMPACT OF ICT IN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN PROCESS
EBUKANSON, ANIETIE. G.
ABSTRACT
Also, further discuss will be on how the architectural working environment has
been influenced and transformed by ICT and the new expertise areas in
architecture that has emerged. This study will contribute to a better
understanding and overview of the present trend with regards to ICT related
technologies and benefits in the architectural design process.
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IMPACT OF ICT IN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN PROCESS
EBUKANSON, ANIETIE. G.
TABLE OF CONTENT
ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………..…3
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………..4
CHAPTER TWO
3.0. CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………..31
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IMPACT OF ICT IN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN PROCESS
EBUKANSON, ANIETIE. G.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0. INTRODUCTION
The modern profession of architecture echoes with its origins, its rich history,
and the fast-paced changes of the 21st century. Globalization of practice,
especially as it relates to changes in the workforce, labor, and practice, has the
potential to dramatically change the discipline. The outsourcing of design and
drawing labor overseas; the robotic manufacturing of building components and
materials; and the use of sophisticated three-dimensional computer programs to
design buildings raise questions and challenge current modes of project
delivery. Trends in computer-aided building design and manufacturing figure
prominently in any discussion of project delivery methods. The creation and
aggregation of very large, highly complex three dimensional design information
databases can now be managed collaboratively over the internet by large project
teams working remotely.
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IMPACT OF ICT IN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN PROCESS
EBUKANSON, ANIETIE. G.
The focus is on architectural practice within the field of the design process. A
comprehensive literature survey in the area of architectural ICT, change
management within it and design practice will be collected to form the foundation
for further work.
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IMPACT OF ICT IN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN PROCESS
EBUKANSON, ANIETIE. G.
The shift from hand drawing to CAD-drawing was started. Paper prints of CAD-
drawings were still distributed to project teams with traditional mail and couriers.
Copy shops were transferred to printing shops.
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IMPACT OF ICT IN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN PROCESS
EBUKANSON, ANIETIE. G.
Drawings were produced with enhanced CAD systems with extended drawing
automation. Drawings were distributed to project teams with email and more and
more via project document banks. Web dramatically changed the
communication environment. Not only email, but also various collaborative
working and communicating platforms transferred design work to virtual.
Organizations started also changing their activities towards virtual services,
virtual support and virtual products. Design work was also done with more
constant pace, instead of earlier phases and staggered design cycles.
The experiences from building information modeling (BIM) and product modeling
encouraged the AEC-field to develop CAD-drawings towards integrated virtual
building information management.
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IMPACT OF ICT IN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN PROCESS
EBUKANSON, ANIETIE. G.
ICT has impacted on different ways especially the undenying fact that everything
goes faster, cheaper, more expensive, or slower. ICT has influenced the
processes underlying these professions. This could be called the automation
aspect of ICT. That aspect of ICT is important if not decisive to many
professions and professionals. It has delivered digital prosperity to us.
Design is the planning that lays the basis for the making of every object or
system. It can be used both as a noun and as a verb. As a verb, "to design"
refers to the process of originating and developing a plan for a product,
structure, system, or component with intention. As a noun, "a design" is used for
either the final (solution) plan (e.g. proposal, drawing, model, description) or the
result of implementing that plan in the form of the final product of a design
process.
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IMPACT OF ICT IN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN PROCESS
EBUKANSON, ANIETIE. G.
A detailed design brief is prepared in consultation with the client. This is where
the client tells the architect what he wants in layman’s terms while the architect
streamlines it professionally.
Feasibility Study
This step undertakes to examine the issues that will make the project achievable
or not, and in some cases to determine the best strategy for proceeding with the
project. Feasibility Study entails some of these or more.
• Site analysis:
• What is the best strategy for developing the project on a given site?
• How will other site considerations, such as solar access, wind, etc., affect the
project?
• What other cost, planning, and design constraints might the project run into?
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IMPACT OF ICT IN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN PROCESS
EBUKANSON, ANIETIE. G.
The Schematic Design synthesizes the building into a defined, feasible design.
The design will be shown in the form of Schematic Drawings, and in some cases
a study model. The Schematic Design will address all significant areas of design
and will be reviewed with the client before proceeding with more detailed
drawings. A preliminary cost estimate can also be provided at this stage. Work in
this phase typically includes the following:
Design Development
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IMPACT OF ICT IN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN PROCESS
EBUKANSON, ANIETIE. G.
Construction Documentation
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IMPACT OF ICT IN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN PROCESS
EBUKANSON, ANIETIE. G.
CHAPTER TWO
Using BlM technology has major advantages for construction that saves time
and money. An accurate building model benefits all members of the project
team. It allows for a smoother and better planned construction process and
saves time and money and reduces the potential for errors and conflicts. This
will be discussed in details.
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IMPACT OF ICT IN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN PROCESS
EBUKANSON, ANIETIE. G.
Models and data can reach across the wires to all corners of our practice. BIM
allows for easy conceptualization of designs, the result is that more designers
start working on a project sooner than traditional methods require. Previously, a
lead designer working with a junior designer or an intern architect to develop a
concept. With BIM, there may be two or more designers and representatives of
multiple disciplines at the outset of the project. It is important to note that with
BIM, everyone on the initial design team needs a higher level of knowledge and
understanding about how buildings go together.
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IMPACT OF ICT IN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN PROCESS
EBUKANSON, ANIETIE. G.
Mentoring can be made easier by using BIM. Most BIM software platforms are
intuitive tools, and an experienced professional can learn BIM in a relatively
short period of time. And young or new staff can learn how buildings go together
in software rather than through theoretical concepts and menial tasks.
BIM has serious implications for the design process. BIM helps professionals
resolve design decisions faster and earlier in the project.
BIM supports the sculptural art of shaping a building’s design form and our
understanding of how light responds to various nuanced changes to exterior and
interior design.
BIM can make it easier to see where things are working and where they are not.
It can help facilitate the resolution of a design much better and earlier than has
been done in the past. Previously, it was much more difficult to resolve design
issues by marrying two-dimensional layouts and plan views with concepts for the
shape of the building. This is where the BIM evolution is really quite useful. BIM
allows an earlier understanding of the relationship of all design elements.
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IMPACT OF ICT IN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN PROCESS
EBUKANSON, ANIETIE. G.
Excellent design encompasses both form and function. This means striving for
the best possible technical and aesthetic design solution for our clients. With
BIM, designers, architects, and engineers produce higher value designs by
collaborating in a rapid iterative design process and by creating better, clearer
presentations. Clients are able to experience our design in a virtual model;
therefore, they are able to see their requirements fulfilled in the design.
BIM also allows for more rigorous design analysis. Models and data can be
linked to other digital design tools for analysis of such things as structural
stability and energy consumption. The central data can act as constantly
updated DNA for the project. Better collaboration can occur between all related
parties because of BIM. This collaboration increases the value of a project
because it drives increased communication among partners across disciplines.
Everyone can be better informed sooner. Working from compatible models or a
single repository of data ensures greater consistency and execution from design
to construction.
Managing this new style of design process presents some challenges. Project
scope and schedules must be respected and controlled. We can get lost in the
forest of thoughts, ideas, and changes. It can be too much information, too
quickly, and necessitate too many decisions at one time. Project leaders must
work closely with their design teams and clients to be sure to give them the
information and get from them the decisions needed to proceed appropriately
and in a timely manner. This is a big reason BIM can enhance our expertise
rather than diminish it. BIM technology is a tool. It does not make choices.
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IMPACT OF ICT IN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN PROCESS
EBUKANSON, ANIETIE. G.
Design presentation in BIM departs greatly from previous methods. Clients are
presented with a more holistic and three-dimensional view of the project through
the use of animations and renderings. Clients no longer have to review
numerous sketches and assemble the building design in their mind. With BIM, it
is right in front of them. Additionally, review tools exist that present the 3-D
model but don’t require a detailed understanding of the tool in order to explore
the model.
This is a clear call to action for project leaders. In the BIM age, the best
architects will be able to manage information, capture clear design expectations,
and guide projects that iterate much more rapidly. (Bachman, 2009)
The Taikoo Hui mixed use project in Guangzhou has taken Building Information
Modeling to the next level of scale. At 4; 5 million square feet, it is three times
the size of One island East. 10 Architectural BIM modelers and 18 MEP
modelers from China worked together for over a year to prepare the tender BIM
model. Using virtual pre-coordination techniques, the team identified and man-
aged thousands of clashes prior to tender. The project is now under
construction, and the information used on site is coordinated in the construction
BIM model.
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IMPACT OF ICT IN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN PROCESS
EBUKANSON, ANIETIE. G.
This project demonstrated that the new technologies and working methods can
deliver value at stage of a project and with any existing information. The BlM
process began after contract award, and helped the owner and contractor to
incorporate substantial design changes brought about by a change in tenant.
The BIM model was managed by the contractor, and helped to identify and
manage hundreds of clashes and coordination issues before they caused
problems on site.
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IMPACT OF ICT IN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN PROCESS
EBUKANSON, ANIETIE. G.
The renovation of this large hotel required detailed coordination of MEP and
structural changes. Again, the owner and contractor used the BIM process to
manage large amounts of design and construction information prior to the actual
construction. Often problems were first encountered in the BIM modeling
process. The construction sequence was carefully reviewed in advance to
ensure that the methodology was optimized. Experience using this technology
shows that, the added value resulting from construction process optimization is
larger than that resulting from geometric pre-coordination.
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IMPACT OF ICT IN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN PROCESS
EBUKANSON, ANIETIE. G.
There has been a lot of effort to describe and explain the design process and the
generation of design solutions since the early 1960’s (Lundequist, 1992). There is
no clear distinction between problem and solution, analysis, syntheses or
evaluation in the design process (Lawson, 1997). The design process is a
simultaneous learning about the nature of the problem and the range of the
possible solutions. The design problem is difficult to define and reveal, is multi-
dimensional and interactive. The challenge for the designer is to understand
what really constitutes the problem, to recognize hierarchical relationships, to
combine and to integrate (Lawson, 1997). The designer operates in a virtual
world, a constructed representation of the real world in practice (Lawson, 1997).
Abstract models or the media of communication (traditional: physical models,
drawings etc.) allow the designer great manipulative and immediately
investigative freedom without incurring time or costs, which would have been the
fact if the ideas had to be tested directly at the building site (Schön, 1983).
However, the first generations aim to organize the design process in a rational
and logical way, thus saving more time and resources for the intuitive and
creative moments of the process (Lundequist, 1992), still have some relevance.
One vehicle of achieving these early aims, although with other means, is ICT.
The generation of design solutions is still perhaps the area, in which the ICT at
least has gained a foothold. For the moment, the CAD (Computer Aided Design)
systems used within the design process, supports drafting and modeling rather
than special design attributes and analytical capabilities and have not changed
the task of drafting or modeling(Kalay, 2004). However, CAD systems have this
far definitely brought benefits, such as the possibility of producing a huge
amount of drawings in a limited amount of time, and the possibility of creating
highly realistic and professional representations of the design solution.
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IMPACT OF ICT IN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN PROCESS
EBUKANSON, ANIETIE. G.
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IMPACT OF ICT IN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN PROCESS
EBUKANSON, ANIETIE. G.
Network technologies such as e-mail and the internet have contributed to the
most radical changes within the average working day for the building process
participants, for instance supporting processes independent of geographical and
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IMPACT OF ICT IN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN PROCESS
EBUKANSON, ANIETIE. G.
The network technologies make an easy and fast access to and distribution of
information possible. This has been a huge benefit within the building project
and has contributed more to accelerate the design processes than the CAD
tools (Schwägerl, 2004). The development of the data based technologies, server
or internet-based, has been an important support of handling the huge amount
of documents and drawings within building project. The pool of material is
accessible to the different projects participants, anytime. The participants have
to actively retrieve the information they need, and this is different from the
traditionally passive “getting-the-plan-with-mail”; there is a development from a
push to pull of information. The use of databases, network technologies etc.
supports the distribution speed of information required to keep the project
continuously running. However, much of the information could be considered
more of a distraction than actually useful, given a specific situation. The negative
effect of information overload is growing. Thus, the attention of the receiver is
becoming an important resource (Davenport, Beck, 2002).
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IMPACT OF ICT IN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN PROCESS
EBUKANSON, ANIETIE. G.
Through the use of ICT, processes can be accelerated and traditional stages
can overlap. Already at a very early stage of the design process, traditionally
later participants can get access to e.g. the 3D product model. Contractors,
specialists and manufacturer can contribute with knowledge that helps to reduce
uncertainty early in the design process. The “wheel of dominance” (Gray,
Hughes, 2001), illustrating which participants dominating the different planning
stages of the design process, could change. But the overlap between earlier and
later planning stages can perhaps contribute with constraints that increase the
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IMPACT OF ICT IN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN PROCESS
EBUKANSON, ANIETIE. G.
complexity of the solution and problem finding, making it more difficult to focus
on the right aspects to the right time. The ICT, in this case the product model,
leads to a “land raising”, the many small islands transform to one big island.
Thus, the traditional boarders between roles or planning stages blur and change.
The separate bits of the planning process are melting and compressed to a
conglomerate. The ICT development changes the human perception of distance
and time. The understanding of these different changes is central. ICT impacts
on the definition of work processes, roles and responsibility.
Virtual Reality
ICT offers a most powerful support of evaluation. Through simulation and highly
realistic visualizations it is possible to get an impression of the real-world
building project before it is finished. Unrecognized problems can be identified,
uncertainty reduced and errors avoided already at an early stage of the building
project. In the management area ICT support time-, cost- and resource planning,
in the design process they simulate for example the financial and climatic effects
of the ventilation-and heating system. Presentation tools supporting VR, 3D-
modeling, animations etc. can support the evaluation of visual qualities (Wikforss,
Red, 2003). However, a conceptual image communicated in a highly realistic
manner can also give a false picture of the reality. There can be a conscious or
unconscious mismatch between the intention of the sender and the
interpretation of the receiver (Lawson, 1997).
These tools usually require the presence of something to evaluate, and also that
some level of precision has already been reached. And such a level is often not
feasible in the early design stage. Lawson (Lawson, 1997) characterizes the too
early precision temptation as the design trap of over-precision, which can
become a creative process impediment. Until now, the building of ICT models as
foundation for simulations has been cumbersome and expensive. This often
resulted in simulation of limited parts of the total design. But the design problem
is multi-dimensional and interactive. Interconnectedness of different factors is an
important issue. The focus only on parts can lead to a lack of integration,
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IMPACT OF ICT IN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN PROCESS
EBUKANSON, ANIETIE. G.
thereby reducing the quality of the project in total (Lawson, 1997). The possibility
of importing 3D product models into simulation software reduces the model
building effort and thus the building could be simulated and tested in total
(Kiviniemi, 2004).
Information overload
We do not know much about how the human being handles and edits
information (Wikforss, Red, 2003). The ability to absorb information is limited, and
when confronted with too much information, the receiver can lose the overview,
or worse, completely ignore the message communicated; thus leading to crucial
information being lost and unrecognized. An information overload could possibly
result in a loss of focus on the important aspects within evaluation and decision-
making. Valuable time must sometimes be spent filtering relevant from
unimportant information. Some ICT development projects try to establish
methods for the filtering of internet-based information (Wikforss, Red, 2003).
Decision-making
well as reusing and modifying these experiences from previous building projects
within new ones. This is an often-used method to reduce the high degree of
uncertainty in the early design phases, and to better support the estimate of cost
and time factors before the concept has reached the required level of precision.
The knowledge reservoir is based on tested experiences, repertoires and
routines. The inherent capabilities of ICT when it comes to knowledge storage
and reuse could lead to a misbalance between previous knowledge and
innovation in the creative process.
ICT offers the possibility to simulate and visualize the building in a nearly
realistic way, to make information available whenever wanted and to make
processes transparent and “reusable”. However, the nature of the design
process is also qualitative, subjective and highly uncertain. As “the feeling of” is
a part of the design process, intuition and the acceptance of risks are also part
of the decision process. ICT supports the declarative nature of explicit
knowledge (Griffith, Et Al, 2003). Possibly the analytic, quantitative and explicit
nature of the computer could disturb the balance between the qualitative and
quantitative, tacit and explicit, intuitive and conscious. This could potentially lead
to a bias within evaluation and decision-making, having negative effects on the
total building quality.
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IMPACT OF ICT IN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN PROCESS
EBUKANSON, ANIETIE. G.
All necessary information about building elements such as size, material, weight,
location and sequence are organized and integrated into the BIM model.
Quantities taken from the BIM are formatted using automated scripting functions.
As the design develops, the database of quantities is automatically updated. The
quantity surveyors are able to track costs more quickly and accurately during the
design process. Rather than spend time trying to take quantities off different sets
of large-scale 2- dimensional paper drawings, the quantity surveyors are able to
spend more time researching the market to find where the best prices for the
project can be obtained. This helps to save the project money and give the
owner and the design team quicker feedback on the development of the design.
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IMPACT OF ICT IN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN PROCESS
EBUKANSON, ANIETIE. G.
2-dimensional drawings are still required on site. These drawings are better
produced automatically from the BIM model, because they incorporate all of the
coordination information in the BlM model. For this reason they contain far fewer
errors, and revised drawings can be produced more quickly.
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IMPACT OF ICT IN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN PROCESS
EBUKANSON, ANIETIE. G.
The importance of customer and client requirements is the strategic basis for
architectural activities. Nevertheless the requirements are currently not well
implemented for instance into contemporary CAD systems.
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IMPACT OF ICT IN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN PROCESS
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3.0. CONCLUSION
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IMPACT OF ICT IN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN PROCESS
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IMPACT OF ICT IN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN PROCESS
EBUKANSON, ANIETIE. G.
Atkin B., Borgbrant J., Josephson, P.-E. Red. (2003). Construction Process
Improvement. Blackwell Science, UK. pp. 240-254.
Davenport, T.H. & Beck, J.C. (2002). The Attention Economy. Harvard Business
School Press, Boston. pp. 17-33.
Duarte, D.L. & Snyder, N.T. (2001). Virtual Teams. Strategies, Tools, and
Techniques that Succeed. Wiley, Chichester. pp. 25-53.
Eastman, c., Teicholz., P., Saeks, R., Liston, K., BlM Handbook, John Wiley &.
Sons Inc., pp. 207.
Griffith T.L., Sawyer J.E., Neale M.A. (2003). Virtualness and Knowledge in
Teams: Managing the Love Triangle of Organizations, Individuals, and
Information Technology. MIS Quarterly 24/4, pp. 265-287.
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EBUKANSON, ANIETIE. G.
Kotter, John P. (1996). Leading Change. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School
Press, 1996.
Lee, G., Sacks, R., and Eastman, C. M. (2006). Specifying parametric building
object behavior (BOB) for a building information modeling system. Automation in
Construction, pp 758-776.
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www.structuresnw.com
www.Wikipedia. Com
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