Variable Loads On Power System - Electricaleasy

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Variable Loads On Power

System
By Kiran Daware Power System, Power System
Economics
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Todays interconnected power systems supply

a variety of loads depending upon the
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consumers demands. These demands, of
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course, vary constantly which leads to the AC Machines
variable loading of the system and all its Transformers
DC Machines
consequences. Working of transformer
Transformers
Ideal transformer
E ects Of Variable Loading On Induction motors
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Power System Synchronous machines
Auto transformer
Power System
Variation in loading has certain undesirable Instrument transformers
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eects, the most appreciable of which are Transformer cooling
given below: Renewable Energy
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Electrical Laws
1. Generation of power becomes costly: More...
Basics
For obvious reasons of optimum Power System
Miscellaneous
Power plants machines
operation, alternators are designed in
http://www.electricaleasy.com/2016/01/variableloadsonpowersystem.html 1/11
6/7/2017 VariableLoadsonPowerSystem|electricaleasy.com
operation, alternators are designed in
such a way that maximum eciency Miscellaneous
Thermal power plant
occurs at (or very close to) their rated Nuclear power plant
capacity. Hence, when the load varies and
Hydroelectric power plant
becomes low, the alternator will not be
Diesel power plant
loaded up to its rated capacity and its
working eciency is reduced. This Comparison of various power plants
consequently increases the cost of More...

production.
2. Diculty in controlling the system:
When the load changes, the frequency of

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the system also varies. For proper
operation, the frequency must be within
the permissible limits. (Generally 3%
deviation is permissible, i.e. 48.5 Hz to
51.5 Hz in case of system frequency of
50Hz in India.)
In order to keep the frequency within

limits, additional control equipments are
required. Such equipments increase the
cost and complexity of the system.
3. Requirement of additional equipment:
As explained above, variable loading

necessitates the use of speed governors,
voltage and frequency sensors,
microcontrollers and other closed loop
control equipments to exert control over
the system and maintain all parameters
within permissible ranges.
4. Increased losses:
Due to variation in loading conditions,

various machines like transformers,
electronic devices and other machines
show increased losses due to
magnetization characteristics, saturation
and variation in parameters. This
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decreases the overall eciency of the
system.
system.
AC Machines Basics DC Machines
Electrical laws Induction Motor

Load Curves
Miscellaneous
As stated above, the load on the system varies
with time. This variation can be represented Miscellaneous machines
graphically and is termed as Load Curve.
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Synchronous machines Transformer
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The above gure shows a typical daily load

curve. As we can see, the maximum load
demand occurs around 8 pm. Such a load
curve shows the variation of load with time. We
can determine the maximum demand on the
system too. This maximum demand relates to
the maximum load that occurs on the system.
This maximum load will aect the size and
capacity of the plant. We can also determine
the energy (in units or kWh) by calculating the
area under the curve.
Such curves are also helpful to determine

important terms and factors like Average Load,
Maximum Demand, Load Factor, Demand
Factor, Plant use factor etc. (Theyve been
discussed further in the article.)
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These curves are also needed while selecting
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the number and size (capacity) of the
generating units (alternators). Load curves are
also needed in the control and management
section for preparing the schedule of the
station.
Another variation of the load curves is a Load

duration curve. This is shown below:
Load Duration Curve

When the various loads occurring on a system
are arranged in a decreasing order of their
magnitudes with respect to the time period of
the occurrence of these loads the graph
obtained is known as a Load Duration Curve.
A load duration curve gives us the data in a

more presentable form. We can easily
determine the max demand and its duration.
Also, we can determine the exact amount of
time a specic load has prevailed.
This curve is basically generated from the

values of the load curve; hence, the area under
the curve will also give us the total energy
generated. Also, similar to the load curve, the
load duration curve can also be plotted for ant
period of time.
Terms Related To Loading

Conditions
The variation in load introduces some terms
that need to be specied. These terms are:
that need to be specied. These terms are:
Connected Load
It is dened as the total sum of all the loads
(ON and OFF) connected to the power system.
All the loads may not be switched ON together,

but such loads have to be calculated to
determine the required power and hence the
capacity of the units.
For example, if one of the consumers has three

lamps of 200 W each, four lamps of 100 W each
and a machine consuming 5 kW, then the
connected load of the consumer = 3(200) +
4(100) + 5000 = 6000 W
Average Load
As the name implies, it indicates the average
value of all the loads occurring on the station
for a given time period (such as day/s or
month/s or year/s)
It can be expressed as
Average load =
No. of units (kWh) generated in
given time period
The time period
Maximum Demand
It is dened as the maximum value of load
that occurs on the system during a specic
time period.
In the gure no. 1, the maximum demand is 40

MW and it occurs around 8 pm. Maximum
demand is measured by a max demand meter.
Knowledge of max demand is necessary

because the installed capacity of the plant is
decided on the basis of max demand since
http://www.electricaleasy.com/2016/01/variableloadsonpowersystem.html the 5/11
decided on the basis of max demand since the

power station must be capable of supplying the
max demand.
Factors Related To Variable

Loading
Demand Factor
It is dened as the ratio of maximum demand
to the connected load of the system.
Demand factor =
Maximum demand
Connected load
Since, all the connected loads are not ON all

the time, Maximum demand < Connected
Load.
Hence, Demand factor < 1
It is necessary for determination of the

required plant equipment capacity.
Load Factor
It is dened as the ratio of average load to the
maximum demand in a given time period.
Average load
Load factor =
Maximum demand
It can be daily/monthly/yearly load factor

according to the time period considered. It is
less than unity because Average load <
Maximum demand.
Value of load factor aects the production cost

too. It should be as high as possible. If the load
factor is high, max demand is low and required
station capacity (which depends on max
demand) is reduced. This reduces cost of
demand) is reduced. This reduces cost of
production. Load Factor should be as close to 1
as possible.
Also, a higher value of load factor reduces the

variable loading problems. This is because, a
higher value of load factor implies less
variation in demands at various times. Due to
this, the eects of variable loading are
minimised. Hence Load factor should be as
high as possible.
Diversity Factor
A power station supplies a variety of
consumers. Each consumer will have an
individual maximum demand and such max
demands may not occur all at the same time.
Diversity Factor is dened as the ratio of the

sum of the individual maximum demands to
the total maximum demand on the system. It
can be expressed as,
Diversity factor =
Sum of individual maximum
demands
Maximum demand of the power
station
Obviously, Diversity Factor is greater than 1.

This factor gives us the diversication of the
load and is necessary to decide the installation,
transmission and distribution capacities of the
plants.
It should be as high as possible. Higher

diversity factor means that maximum demands
of dierent consumers occur at dierent times,
and hence, interchange and scheduling is
easier and operation is optimum.
Another implication of higher diversity factor is

Another implication of higher diversity factor is
that total max demand is lower. This reduces
the size (capacity) of the required units and
also the production cost.
In order to increase the diversity factor,
following methods have been employed:
1. Scheduling oce times with certain time

dierences (known as staggering of
timing.)
2. Making use of dierent time zones.
3. Giving incentives to particular consumers
to utilize electricity at o-peak hours (such
as night time.)
4. Use of daylight savings.

5. Using two part tari schemes.
Plant Capacity Factor

It is dened as the ratio of actual energy
produced in a given time period to the total
energy that couldve been produced in the
same time period.
If we consider time period to be 1 day then,
Plant capacity factor =

Total kWh output of 1 day
Plant capacity X 24
Plant Use Factor

It is dened as the ratio of actual energy
produced (in kWh) in a given time period to the
product of plant capacity and the number
http://www.electricaleasy.com/2016/01/variableloadsonpowersystem.html of 8/11
product of plant capacity and the number of

hours the plant was in operation.
Plant use factor =

Actual energy generated (kWh)
[Plant capacity X Time (in hours)
the plant has been in operation]
Suppose 100 MW plant produces 50 106 kWh

energy after being in operation for 2500 hrs in
a year. Then,
Plant use factor =
50 x 106
[100 x 103 x 2500]
Therefor, Plant use factor = 0.2 = 20%
Solved Numerical
A plant has a connected load of 40 MW and a
maximum demand of 20 MW. 73.8 106 kWh
energy is generated in a year. Calculate: [i]
demand factor, [ii] average load, [iii] load factor
Solution:
Given data:
Connected load = 40 MW
Maximum demand = 20 MW
Generation = 73.8 106 units per annum.
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6/7/2017 VariableLoadsonPowerSystem|electricaleasy.

Home Electrical Machines Power System Write For Us Community

Variable Loads On Power

Todays interconnected power systems supply

consequently increases the cost of More...

2. Diculty in controlling the system:

When the load changes, the frequency of

In order to keep the frequency within

3. Requirement of additional equipment:

As explained above, variable loading

Due to variation in loading conditions,

Electrical laws Induction Motor

Power System Economics

Synchronous machines Transformer

The above gure shows a typical daily load

Such curves are also helpful to determine

Another variation of the load curves is a Load

Load Duration Curve

A load duration curve gives us the data in a

This curve is basically generated from the

Terms Related To Loading

All the loads may not be switched ON together,

For example, if one of the consumers has three

In the gure no. 1, the maximum demand is 40

Knowledge of max demand is necessary

decided on the basis of max demand since the

Factors Related To Variable

Since, all the connected loads are not ON all

It is necessary for determination of the

It can be daily/monthly/yearly load factor

Value of load factor aects the production cost

Also, a higher value of load factor reduces the

Diversity Factor is dened as the ratio of the

Obviously, Diversity Factor is greater than 1.

It should be as high as possible. Higher

Another implication of higher diversity factor is

1. Scheduling oce times with certain time

4. Use of daylight savings.

Plant Capacity Factor

If we consider time period to be 1 day then,

Plant capacity factor =

Plant Use Factor

product of plant capacity and the number of

Plant use factor =

Suppose 100 MW plant produces 50 106 kWh

Plant use factor =

Therefor, Plant use factor = 0.2 = 20%

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