Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in

Article Talk history Search

Read Edit ViewMore

Solvent
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Main page For other uses, see Solvent (disambiguation).

Contents
A solvent (from the Latin solv, "I loosen, untie, I solve") is a substance that dissolves a solute (a chemically
Featured content
Current events distinct liquid, solid or gas), resulting in a solution. A solvent is usually a liquid but can also be a solid or a gas.
Random article The quantity of solute that can dissolve in a specific volume of solvent varies with temperature. Common uses
Donate to Wikipedia for organic solvents are in dry cleaning (e.g., tetrachloroethylene), as paint thinners (e.g., toluene, turpentine),
Wikipedia store as nail polish removers and glue solvents (acetone, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate), in spot removers (e.g.,
Interaction hexane, petrol ether), in detergents (citrus terpenes) and in perfumes (ethanol). Water is a solvent for polar
Help molecules and the most common solvent used by living things; all the ions and proteins in a cell are dissolved in
About Wikipedia water within a cell. Solvents find various applications in chemical, pharmaceutical, oil, and gas industries,
Community portal including in chemical syntheses and purification processes.
Recent changes
Contact page Contents [hide]
Tools 1 Solutions and solvation
What links here 2 Solvent classifications
Related changes 2.1 Other polarity scales
Upload file 2.2 Polar protic and polar aprotic
Special pages 3 Physical properties of common solvents
Permanent link 3.1 Properties table of common solvents
Page information 3.1.1 Non-polar solvents
Wikidata item
3.1.2 Polar aprotic solvents
Cite this page
3.1.3 Polar protic solvents
Print/export 3.2 Hansen solubility parameter values
Create a book 3.2.1 Non-polar solvents
Download as PDF 3.2.2 Polar aprotic solvents
Printable version 3.2.3 Polar protic solvents
In other projects 3.3 Boiling point
Wikimedia Commons 3.4 Density
Languages 4 Health and safety
Afrikaans 4.1 Fire
4.2 Explosive peroxide formation
4.3 Health effects
4.4 Environmental contamination
Bosanski 5 See also
Catal 6 References
etina 7 Bibliography
Dansk
8 External links
Deutsch
Eesti

Espaol
Solutions and solvation [ edit ]
Esperanto When one substance is dissolved into another, a solution is formed.[1] This is opposed to the situation when the
Euskara compounds are insoluble like sand in water. In a solution, all of the ingredients are uniformly distributed at a

molecular level and no residue remains. A solvent-solute mixture consists of a single phase with all solute
Franais
Gaeilge
molecules occurring as solvates (solvent-solute complexes), as opposed to separate continuous phases as in
Galego suspensions, emulsions and other types of non-solution mixtures. The ability of one compound to be dissolved
in another is known as solubility; if this occurs in all proportions, it is called miscible.

In addition to mixing, the substances in a solution interact with each other at the molecular level. When
Hrvatski
Ido
something is dissolved, molecules of the solvent arrange around molecules of the solute. Heat transfer is
Bahasa Indonesia involved and entropy is increased making the solution more thermodynamically stable than the solute and
slenska solvent separately. This arrangement is mediated by the respective chemical properties of the solvent and
Italiano solute, such as hydrogen bonding, dipole moment and polarizability.[2] Solvation does not cause a chemical
reaction or chemical configuration changes in the solute. However, solvation resembles a coordination complex
formation reaction, often with considerable energetics (heat of solvation and entropy of solvation) and is thus
Kreyl ayisyen far from a neutral process.
Latvieu
Lietuvi
Magyar
Solvent classifications [ edit ]
Solvents can be broadly classified into two categories: polar and non-polar. A special case is mercury, whose
solutions are known as amalgams. Generally, the dielectric constant of the solvent provides a rough measure of
Nederlands a solvent's polarity. The strong polarity of water is indicated by its high dielectric constant of 88 (at 0 C).[3]

Solvents with a dielectric constant of less than 15 are generally considered to be nonpolar.[4] The dielectric

Norsk bokml constant measures the solvent's tendency to partly cancel the field strength of the electric field of a charged
Norsk nynorsk particle immersed in it. This reduction is then compared to the field strength of the charged particle in a
Polski vacuum.[4] Heuristically, the dielectric constant of a solvent can be thought of as its ability to reduce the solute's
Portugus effective internal charge. Generally, the dielectric constant of a solvent is an acceptable predictor of the
Romn solvent's ability to dissolve common ionic compounds, such as salts.

Scots
Other polarity scales [ edit ]
Sicilianu
Simple English Dielectric constants are not the only measure of polarity. Because solvents are used by chemists to carry out
Slovenina chemical reactions or observe chemical and biological phenomena, more specific measures of polarity are
Slovenina required. Most of these measures are sensitive to chemical context.
Soomaaliga
/ srpski The Grunwald Winstein mY scale measures polarity in terms of solvent influence on buildup of positive charge
Srpskohrvatski / of a solute during a chemical reaction.

Suomi Kosower's Z scale measures polarity in terms of the influence of the solvent on UV-absorption maxima of a salt,
Svenska usually pyridinium iodide or the pyridinium zwitterion.[5]

Donor number and donor acceptor scale measures polarity in terms of how a solvent interacts with specific
substances, like a strong Lewis acid or a strong Lewis base.[6]
Trke The Hildebrand parameter is the square root of cohesive energy density. It can be used with nonpolar

compounds, but cannot accommodate complex chemistry.

Ting Vit Reichardt's dye, a solvatochromic dye that changes color in response to polarity, gives a scale of ET(30)
values. ET is the transition energy between the ground state and the lowest excited state in kcal/mol, and (30)
identifies the dye. Another, roughly correlated scale (ET(33)) can be defined with Nile red.
Edit links
The polarity, dipole moment, polarizability and hydrogen bonding of a solvent determines what type of
compounds it is able to dissolve and with what other solvents or liquid compounds it is miscible. Generally, polar
solvents dissolve polar compounds best and non-polar solvents dissolve non-polar compounds best: "like
dissolves like". Strongly polar compounds like sugars (e.g., sucrose) or ionic compounds, like inorganic salts
(e.g., table salt) dissolve only in very polar solvents like water, while strongly non-polar compounds like oils or
waxes dissolve only in very non-polar organic solvents like hexane. Similarly, water and hexane (or vinegar and
vegetable oil) are not miscible with each other and will quickly separate into two layers even after being shaken
well.
Polarity can be separated to different contributions. For example, the Kamlet-Taft parameters are
dipolarity/polarizability (*), hydrogen-bonding acidity () and hydrogen-bonding basicity (). These can be
calculated from the wavelength shifts of 36 different solvatochromic dyes in the solvent, usually including
Reichardt's dye, nitroaniline and diethylnitroaniline. Another option, Hansen's parameters, separate the
cohesive energy density into dispersion, polar and hydrogen bonding contributions.

Polar protic and polar aprotic [ edit ]

Solvents with a dielectric constant (more accurately, relative static permittivity) greater than 15 (i.e. polar or
polarizable) can be further divided into protic and aprotic. Protic solvents solvate anions (negatively charged
solutes) strongly via hydrogen bonding. Water is a protic solvent. Aprotic solvents such as acetone or
dichloromethane tend to have large dipole moments (separation of partial positive and partial negative charges
within the same molecule) and solvate positively charged species via their negative dipole.[7] In chemical
reactions the use of polar protic solvents favors the SN1 reaction mechanism, while polar aprotic solvents favor
the SN2 reaction mechanism.

Physical properties of common solvents [ edit ]

Properties table of common solvents [ edit ]

The solvents are grouped into non-polar, polar aprotic, and polar protic solvents and ordered by increasing
polarity. The polarity is given as the dielectric constant. The properties of solvents that exceed those of water
are bolded.

Boiling Dielectric Dipole

Solvent Chemical formula Density
point[8] constant[9] moment

Non-polar solvents [ edit ]

0.626
Pentane CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 36 C 1.84 0.00 D
g/ml

0.751
Cyclopentane 40 C 1.97 0.00 D
g/ml

C5H10

0.655
Hexane CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 69 C 1.88 0.00 D
g/ml

0.779
Cyclohexane 81 C 2.02 0.00 D
g/ml

C6H12

0.879
Benzene 80 C 2.3 0.00 D
g/ml

0.867
Toluene C6H5-CH3 111 C 2.38 0.36 D
g/ml

1.033
1,4-Dioxane 101 C 2.3 0.45 D
g/ml

/-CH2-CH2-O-CH2-CH2-O-\
( )

1.498
Chloroform CHCl3 61 C 4.81 1.04 D
g/ml
0.713
Diethyl ether CH3-CH2-O-CH2-CH3 35 C 4.3 1.15 D
g/ml
Dichloromethane 1.3266
CH2Cl2 40 C 9.1 1.60 D
(DCM) g/ml

Polar aprotic solvents [ edit ]

Tetrahydrofuran 0.886
66 C 7.5 1.75 D
(THF) g/ml
/-CH2-CH2-O-CH2-CH2-\
( )
 0.894
Ethyl acetate 77 C 6.02 1.78 D
g/ml

CH3-C(=O)-O-CH2-CH3

0.786
Acetone 56 C 21 2.88 D
g/ml

CH3-C(=O)-CH3

Dimethylformamide 0.944
153 C 38 3.82 D
(DMF) g/ml
H-C(=O)N(CH3)2

0.786
Acetonitrile (MeCN) CH3-CN 82 C 37.5 3.92 D
g/ml

Dimethyl sulfoxide 1.092

189 C 46.7 3.96 D
(DMSO) g/ml
CH3-S(=O)-CH3

100 1.1371
Nitromethane CH3-NO2 35.87 3.56 D
103 C g/ml
Propylene 1.205
C4H6O3 240 C 64.0 4.9 D
carbonate g/ml

Polar protic solvents [ edit ]

1.21
Formic acid 101 C 58 1.41 D
g/ml
H-C(=O)OH

0.810
n-Butanol CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-OH 118 C 18 1.63 D
g/ml

0.785
Isopropanol (IPA) 82 C 18 1.66 D
g/ml
CH3-CH(-OH)-CH3

0.803
n-Propanol CH3-CH2-CH2-OH 97 C 20 1.68 D
g/ml
0.789
Ethanol CH3-CH2-OH 79 C 24.55 1.69 D
g/ml
0.791
Methanol CH3-OH 65 C 33 1.70 D
g/ml

1.049
Acetic acid 118 C 6.2 1.74 D
g/ml
CH3-C(=O)OH

1.000
Water 100 C 80 1.85 D
 g/ml

Hansen solubility parameter values [ edit ]

The Hansen solubility parameter values[10][11] are based on dispersion bonds (D), polar bonds (P) and
hydrogen bonds (H). These contain information about the inter-molecular interactions with other solvents and
also with polymers, pigments, nanoparticles, etc. This allows for rational formulations knowing, for example, that
there is a good HSP match between a solvent and a polymer. Rational substitutions can also be made for
"good" solvents (effective at dissolving the solute) that are "bad" (expensive or hazardous to health or the
environment). The following table shows that the intuitions from "non-polar", "polar aprotic" and "polar protic"
are put numerically the "polar" molecules have higher levels of P and the protic solvents have higher levels
of H. Because numerical values are used, comparisons can be made rationally by comparing numbers. For
example, acetonitrile is much more polar than acetone but exhibits slightly less hydrogen bonding.
D
Solvent Chemical formula P Polar H Hydrogen bonding
Dispersion

Non-polar solvents [ edit ]

CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-
Hexane 14.9 0.0 0.0
CH3
Benzene C6H6 18.4 0.0 2.0
Toluene C6H5-CH3 18.0 1.4 2.0
Diethyl ether CH3CH2-O-CH2-CH3 14.5 2.9 4.6
Chloroform CHCl3 17.8 3.1 5.7
1,4-Dioxane /-CH2-CH2-O-CH2-CH2-O-\ 17.5 1.8 9.0

Polar aprotic solvents [ edit ]

Ethyl acetate CH3-C(=O)-O-CH2-CH3 15.8 5.3 7.2

Tetrahydrofuran (THF) /-CH2-CH2-O-CH2-CH2-\ 16.8 5.7 8.0
Dichloromethane CH2Cl2 17.0 7.3 7.1
Acetone CH3-C(=O)-CH3 15.5 10.4 7.0
Acetonitrile (MeCN) CH3-CN 15.3 18.0 6.1
Dimethylformamide (DMF) H-C(=O)N(CH3)2 17.4 13.7 11.3
Dimethyl sulfoxide
CH3-S(=O)-CH3 18.4 16.4 10.2
(DMSO)

Polar protic solvents [ edit ]

Acetic acid CH3-C(=O)OH 14.5 8.0 13.5

n-Butanol CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-OH 16.0 5.7 15.8
Isopropanol CH3-CH(-OH)-CH3 15.8 6.1 16.4
n-Propanol CH3-CH2-CH2-OH 16.0 6.8 17.4
Ethanol CH3-CH2-OH 15.8 8.8 19.4
Methanol CH3-OH 14.7 12.3 22.3
Formic acid H-C(=O)OH 14.6 10.0 14.0
Water H-O-H 15.5 16.0 42.3
If, for environmental or other reasons, a solvent or solvent blend is required to replace another of equivalent
solvency, the substitution can be made on the basis of the Hansen solubility parameters of each. The values for
mixtures are taken as the weighted averages of the values for the neat solvents. This can be calculated by trial-
and-error, a spreadsheet of values, or HSP software.[10][11] A 1:1 mixture of toluene and 1,4 dioxane has D, P
and H values of 17.8, 1.6 and 5.5, comparable to those of chloroform at 17.8, 3.1 and 5.7 respectively.
Because of the health hazards associated with toluene itself, other mixtures of solvents may be found using a
full HSP dataset.

Boiling point [ edit ]

An important property of solvents is the boiling point. This also Solvent Boiling point (C)[8]
determines the speed of evaporation. Small amounts of low- ethylene dichloride 83.48
boiling-point solvents like diethyl ether, dichloromethane, or
pyridine 115.25
acetone will evaporate in seconds at room temperature, while
high-boiling-point solvents like water or dimethyl sulfoxide need methyl isobutyl ketone 116.5
higher temperatures, an air flow, or the application of vacuum methylene chloride 39.75
for fast evaporation. isooctane 99.24
Low boilers: boiling point below 100 C (boiling point of carbon disulfide 46.3
water)
carbon tetrachloride 76.75
Medium boilers: between 100 C and 150 C
o-xylene 144.42
High boilers: above 150 C

Density [ edit ]
Most organic solvents have a lower density than water, which means they are lighter and will form a separate
layer on top of water. An important exception: most of the halogenated solvents like dichloromethane or
chloroform will sink to the bottom of a container, leaving water as the top layer. This is important to remember
when partitioning compounds between solvents and water in a separatory funnel during chemical syntheses.
Often, specific gravity is cited in place of density. Specific gravity is defined as the density of the solvent divided
by the density of water at the same temperature. As such, specific gravity is a unitless value. It readily
communicates whether a water-insoluble solvent will float (SG < 1.0) or sink (SG > 1.0) when mixed with water.

Solvent Specific gravity[12]

Pentane 0.626
Petroleum ether 0.656
Hexane 0.659
Heptane 0.684
Diethyl amine 0.707
Diethyl ether 0.713
Triethyl amine 0.728
Tert-butyl methyl ether 0.741
Cyclohexane 0.779
Tert-butyl alcohol 0.781
Isopropanol 0.785
Acetonitrile 0.786
Ethanol 0.789
Acetone 0.790
Methanol 0.791
Methyl isobutyl ketone 0.798
Isobutyl alcohol 0.802
1-Propanol 0.803
Methyl ethyl ketone 0.805
2-Butanol 0.808
Isoamyl alcohol 0.809
1-Butanol 0.810
Diethyl ketone 0.814
1-Octanol 0.826
p-Xylene 0.861
m-Xylene 0.864
Toluene 0.867
Dimethoxyethane 0.868
Benzene 0.879
Butyl acetate 0.882
 1-Chlorobutane 0.886
Tetrahydrofuran 0.889
Ethyl acetate 0.895
o-Xylene 0.897
Hexamethylphosphorus triamide 0.898
2-Ethoxyethyl ether 0.909
N,N-Dimethylacetamide 0.937
Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether 0.943
N,N-Dimethylformamide 0.944
2-Methoxyethanol 0.965
Pyridine 0.982
Propanoic acid 0.993
Water 1.000
2-Methoxyethyl acetate 1.009
Benzonitrile 1.01
1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone 1.028
Hexamethylphosphoramide 1.03
1,4-Dioxane 1.033
Acetic acid 1.049
Acetic anhydride 1.08
Dimethyl sulfoxide 1.092
Chlorobenzene 1.1066
Deuterium oxide 1.107
Ethylene glycol 1.115
Diethylene glycol 1.118
Propylene carbonate 1.21
Formic acid 1.22
1,2-Dichloroethane 1.245
Glycerin 1.261
Carbon disulfide 1.263
1,2-Dichlorobenzene 1.306
Methylene chloride 1.325
Nitromethane 1.382
2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol 1.393
Chloroform 1.498
1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane 1.575
Carbon tetrachloride 1.594
Tetrachloroethylene 1.623

Health and safety [ edit ]

Fire [ edit ]
Most organic solvents are flammable or highly flammable, depending on their volatility. Exceptions are some
chlorinated solvents like dichloromethane and chloroform. Mixtures of solvent vapors and air can explode.
Solvent vapors are heavier than air; they will sink to the bottom and can travel large distances nearly undiluted.
Solvent vapors can also be found in supposedly empty drums and cans, posing a flash fire hazard; hence
empty containers of volatile solvents should be stored open and upside down.
Both diethyl ether and carbon disulfide have exceptionally low autoignition temperatures which increase greatly
the fire risk associated with these solvents. The autoignition temperature of carbon disulfide is below 100 C
(212 F), so objects such as steam pipes, light bulbs, hotplates and recently extinguished bunsen burners are
able to ignite its vapours.

Explosive peroxide formation [ edit ]

Ethers like diethyl ether and tetrahydrofuran (THF) can form highly explosive organic peroxides upon exposure
to oxygen and light, THF is normally more able to form such peroxides than diethyl ether. One of the most
susceptible solvents is diisopropyl ether.
The heteroatom (oxygen) stabilizes the formation of a free radical which is formed by the abstraction of a
hydrogen atom by another free radical. The carbon centred free radical thus formed is able to react with an
oxygen molecule to form a peroxide compound. A range of tests can be used to detect the presence of a
peroxide in an ether; one is to use a combination of iron(II) sulfate and potassium thiocyanate. The peroxide is
able to oxidize the Fe2+ ion to an Fe3+ ion which then form a deep red coordination complex with the
thiocyanate. In extreme cases the peroxides can form crystalline solids within the vessel of the ether.
Unless the desiccant used can destroy the peroxides, they will concentrate during distillation due to their higher
boiling point. When sufficient peroxides have formed, they can form a crystalline and shock sensitive solid
precipitate. When this solid is formed at the mouth of the bottle, turning the cap may provide sufficient energy
for the peroxide to detonate. Peroxide formation is not a significant problem when solvents are used up quickly;
they are more of a problem for laboratories which take years to finish a single bottle. Ethers have to be stored
in the dark in closed canisters in the presence of stabilizers like butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) or over sodium
hydroxide.
Peroxides may be removed by washing with acidic iron(II) sulfate, filtering through alumina, or distilling from
sodium/benzophenone. Alumina does not destroy the peroxides; it merely traps them. The advantage of using
sodium/benzophenone is that moisture and oxygen are removed as well.

Health effects [ edit ]

General health hazards associated with solvent exposure include toxicity to the nervous system, reproductive
damage, liver and kidney damage, respiratory impairment, cancer, and dermatitis.[13]
Many solvents can lead to a sudden loss of consciousness if inhaled in large amounts. Solvents like diethyl
ether and chloroform have been used in medicine as anesthetics, sedatives, and hypnotics for a long time.
Ethanol (grain alcohol) is a widely used and abused psychoactive drug. Diethyl ether, chloroform, and many
other solvents (e.g., from gasoline or glues) are used recreationally in glue sniffing, often with harmful long term
health effects like neurotoxicity or cancer. Fraudulent substitution of 1,5-pentanediol for the psychoactive 1,4-
butanediol by a subcontractor caused the Bindeez product recall.
If ingested, alcohols (other than ethanol) such as methanol, propanol and ethylene glycol metabolize into toxic
aldehydes and acids, which cause potentially fatal metabolic acidosis. Thus, the commonly available alcohol
solvent methanol can cause permanent blindness and death if ingested, and is also dangerous because it
burns with an invisible flame. The solvent 2-butoxyethanol, used in fracking fluids, can cause hypotension and
metabolic acidosis.[14]
Some solvents including chloroform and benzene (an ingredient of gasoline) are carcinogenic. Many others can
damage internal organs like the liver, the kidneys, or the brain.
Chronic exposure to organic solvents in the work environment can produce a range of adverse neuropsychiatric
effects. For example, occupational exposure to organic solvents has been associated with higher numbers of
painters suffering from alcoholism.[15] Ethanol has a synergistic effect when taken in combination with many
solvents; for instance, a combination of toluene/benzene and ethanol causes greater nausea/vomiting than
either substance alone.
Many solvents are known or suspected to be cataractogenic, greatly increasing the risk of developing cataracts
of the lens of the eye.[16] Solvent exposure has also been associated with neurotoxic damage to color vision.[17]

Environmental contamination [ edit ]

A major pathway to induce health effects arises from spills or leaks of solvents that reach the underlying soil.
Since solvents readily migrate substantial distances, the creation of widespread soil contamination is not
uncommon; there may be about 5000 sites worldwide that have major subsurface solvent contamination; this is
particularly a health risk if aquifers are affected.

See also [ edit ]

Free energy of solvation
Wikimedia Commons has
 Solvents are often refluxed with an appropriate desiccant prior to media related to Solvents.
distillation to remove water. This may be performed prior to a
chemical synthesis where water may interfere with the intended
reaction
List of water-miscible solvents
Lyoluminescence
Occupational health
Partition coefficient (log P) is a measure of differential solubility of a compound in two solvents
Solvation
Solution
Solvent systems exist outside the realm of ordinary organic solvents: Supercritical fluids, ionic liquids and
deep eutectic solvents
Water model
Water pollution

References [ edit ]
1. ^ Tinoco, Ignacio; Sauer, Kenneth and Wang, James C. (2002) Physical Chemistry Prentice Hall p. 134 ISBN 0-13-
026607-8
2. ^ Lowery and Richardson, pp. 181183
3. ^ Malmberg, C. G.; Maryott, A. A. (January 1956). "Dielectric Constant of Water from 0 to 100C" (PDF).
Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards. 56 (1): 1. doi:10.6028/jres.056.001 . Retrieved 27 June
2014.
4. ^ a b Lowery and Richardson, p. 177.
5. ^ Kosower, E.M. (1969) "An introduction to Physical Organic Chemistry" Wiley: New York, p. 293
6. ^ Gutmann, V. (1976). "Solvent effects on the reactivities of organometallic compounds". Coord. Chem. Rev. 18
(2): 225. doi:10.1016/S0010-8545(00)82045-7 .
7. ^ Lowery and Richardson, p. 183.
8. ^ a b Solvent Properties Boiling Point . Xydatasource.com. Retrieved on 2013-01-26.
9. ^ Dielectric Constant . Macro.lsu.edu. Retrieved on 2013-01-26.
10. ^ a b Abbott, Steven and Hansen, Charles M. (2008) Hansen Hansen Solubility Parameters in Practice , ISBN 0-
9551220-2-3
11. ^ a b Hansen, Charles M. (2007) Hansen solubility parameters: a user's handbook CRC Press, ISBN 0-8493-
7248-8
12. ^ Selected solvent properties Specific Gravity . Xydatasource.com. Retrieved on 2013-01-26.
13. ^ U.S. Department of Labor > Occupational Safety & Health Administration > Solvents . osha.gov
14. ^ Hung, Tawny; Dewitt, Christopher R.; Martz, Walter; Schreiber, William; Holmes, Daniel Thomas (July 2010).
"Fomepizole fails to prevent progression of acidosis in 2-Butoxyethanol and ethanol coingestion". Clinical
Toxicology. 48 (6): 569571. doi:10.3109/15563650.2010.492350 . PMID 20560787 .
15. ^ Lundberg I, Gustavsson A, Hgberg M, Nise G (1992). "Diagnoses of alcohol abuse and other neuropsychiatric
disorders among house painters compared with house carpenters" . Br J Ind Med. 49 (6): 40915.
doi:10.1136/oem.49.6.409 . PMC 1012122 . PMID 1606027 .
16. ^ Raitta, C; Husman, K; Tossavainen, A (1976). "Lens changes in car painters exposed to a mixture of organic
solvents". Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fr klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie. 200 (2): 14956.
doi:10.1007/bf00414364 . PMID 1086605 .
17. ^ Mergler, D; Blain, L; Lagac, J. P. (1987). "Solvent related colour vision loss: An indicator of neural damage?".
International archives of occupational and environmental health. 59 (4): 31321. doi:10.1007/bf00405275 .
PMID 3497110 .
 Bibliography [ edit ]
Lowery, T.H. and Richardson, K.S., Mechanism and Theory in Organic Chemistry, Harper Collins Publishers
3rd ed. 1987 ISBN 0-06-364044-9

External links [ edit ]

[1] Solvents in Europe. Look up solvent in
Table and text O-Chem Lecture Wiktionary, the free
dictionary.
Tables Properties and toxicities of organic solvents
CDC Organic Solvents NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic
EPA - Solvent Contaminated Wipes

v t e Basic reaction mechanisms [show]

v t e Articles related to solutions [show]

Authority control GND: 4036160-3 NDL: 00574251

Categories: Chemical reactions Soil contamination Solvents Solutions Chemical compounds

This page was last modified on 12 October 2016, at 19:15.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms
of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.

Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Cookie statement Mobile view