11. W. Han, Z. Tong, and Y.

Cao, Simultaneous measurement of tem-

perature and liquid level base on core-offset singlemode-multimode-
singlemode interferometer, Opt Commun 321 (2014), 134137.
12. M. Sun, Y. Jin, and X. Dong, All-fiber MachZehnder interferometer
for liquid level measurement, IEEE Sens J 15 (2015), 39843988.
13. J. Zhou, Y. Wang, C. Liao, G. Yin, X. Xu, K. Yang, X. Zhong, Q.
Wang, and Z. Li, Intensity-modulated strain sensor based on fiber
in-line MachZehnder interferometer, IEEE Photonics Technol Lett
26 (2014), 508511.
14. J. Zhou, Y. Wang, C. Liao, B. Sun, J. He, G. Yin, S. Liu, Z. Li, G.
Wang, X. Zhong, and J. Zhou, Intensity modulated refractive index
sensor based on optical fiber Michelson interferometer, Sens Actua-
tor B: Chem 208 (2015), 315319.
15. G. Liu, M. Han, and W. Hou, High-resolution and fast-response
fiber-optic temperature sensor using silicon Fabry-Perot Cavity, Opt
Exp 23 (2015), 72377247.
16. B. Sun, Y. Huang, S. Liu, C. Wang, J. He, C. Liao, G. Yin, J. Zhao,
Y. Liu, J. Tang, J. Zhou, and Y. Wang, Asymmetrical in-fiber mach-
zehnder interferometer for curvature measurement, Opt Exp 23
(2015), 1459614602.
17. K. Naeem, B.H. Kim, B. Kim, and Y. Chung, High-sensitivity tem-
perature sensor based on a selectively-polymer-filled two-core pho-
tonic crystal fiber in-line interferometer, IEEE Sens J 15 (2015),
39984003.
18. Q. Ma, T. Rossmann, and Z. Guo, Temperature sensitivity of silica
micro-resonators, J Phys D: Appl Phys 41 (2008), 245111.
19. T. Erdogan, Cladding-mode resonances in short- and long period
fiber grating filters, J Opt Soc Am 14 (1997), 17601773.

C 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

V

COMPACT DUAL-BAND ANTENNA FOR

SMART WRISTBAND APPLICATION
Yunnan Jin, Jinpil Tak, and Jaehoon Choi
Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering,
Hanyang University, 17 Haengdang-dong, Seongdong-gu, Seoul,
133-791, Korea; Corresponding author: choijh@hanyang.ac.kr

Received 14 October 2015
ABSTRACT: A compact dual-band antenna for smart wristbands was
proposed. The proposed antenna consisted of a shorted hook-shaped
radiating element and a rectangular ground plane. The antenna satisfied
the 210 dB reflection coefficient bandwidth requirement in WLAN
(2.45/5.8 GHz) bands both in free space and on the arm phantom. The
gain of the proposed antenna was greater than 2 dBi at the center fre-
quency of each operating band. To apply the proposed antenna to a
practical smart wristband, a battery was considered in this letter. This
antenna attained a multiband performance and size miniaturization com-
pared with an existing antenna used for a commercially available smart
wristband. In addition, the specific absorption rate (SAR) of the proposed
antenna was analyzed. The experimental and simulated results of the pro-
posed antenna were in good agreement. V C 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Microwave Opt Technol Lett 58:14621466, 2016; View this article
online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.29826
Figure 1 Geometry of the proposed antenna (a) Perspective view, (b)
antenna dimension, (c) antenna on arm phantom. [Color figure can be
viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
regulation of specific absorption rate (SAR), it is necessary to
reduce radiation toward the human body.
Recently, various smart wristbands have been introduced.
The antenna used for the smart wristband in [1] operates only in
the 2.45 GHz Bluetooth band and has a size of approximately
80 mm2. Due to the space limitation imposed on the antenna, it
is difficult to achieve multiband operation for a compact
antenna. A Fitbit Flex wristband antenna is proposed in Ref. 2.
However, the antenna in Ref. 2 is designed as a coplanar type.

Key words: dual-band antenna; WBANs; smart wristband; compact

size; WLAN

1. INTRODUCTION
With the rapid growth of smart, wearable communication
devices in medical, health, and entertainment applications, the
smart wristband has received a great deal of attention in wire-
less body area networks (WBANs). In modern wearable wireless
communication devices, antennas are required to be compact Figure 2 Photograph of the fabricated antenna. [Color figure can be
and demonstrate multiband operation. In addition, to satisfy the viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

1462 MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 58, No. 6, June 2016 DOI 10.1002/mop
Figure 3 Simulated reflection coefficient characteristics for different
L1. [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at
wileyonlinelibrary.com]

Figure 6 Simulated reflection coefficient characteristics for the short-

ing line (a) different positions of shorting line L3, (b) different W2.
[Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at
wileyonlinelibrary.com]

Figure 4 Simulated reflection coefficient characteristics for different In fact, since the screen has a conductive property, the electro-
L2. [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at magnetic wave radiated by the antenna is partially reflected
wileyonlinelibrary.com] toward the wrist. The coplanar-type antenna causes

Figure 5 Simulated reflection coefficient characteristics for different Figure 7 Simulated reflection coefficient in free space, on phantoms
W1. [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available and with a battery. [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue,
at wileyonlinelibrary.com] which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

DOI 10.1002/mop MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 58, No. 6, June 2016 1463

Figure 8 Simulated surface current of the proposed antenna. [Color
figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at
wileyonlinelibrary.com]
Figure 9 Simulated and measured reflection coefficient of the pro-
posed antenna. [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is
available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
Figure 10 Measured and simulated radiation patterns at 2.45 and 5.8 GHz air. [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at
wileyonlinelibrary.com]
1464 MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 58, No. 6, June 2016
electromagnetic interference (EMI) directly into the screen,
which affects the electrical signal. Thus, to overcome these
problems, it is desirable to position the antenna on the side of
the main circuit board.
In this letter, with consideration of the effect of the human
body, space limitations, multiband operation, battery, and practic-
ability in real modern wireless communication devices, a compact
dual-band antenna for smart wristbands is proposed. The proposed
antenna operates in WLAN bands (2.392.49 GHz and 5.72
5.86 GHz). By utilizing a shorted hook-shaped radiating element,
the dual-band characteristic is realized. The SAR performance is
analyzed by using SEMCAD X based on the finite-different time-
domain method [3].
2. ANTENNA GEOMETRY
Figure 1 depicts the geometry of the proposed antenna. The pro-
posed antenna is designed on an FR-4 (er 5 4.4, tand 5 0.02)
substrate with a thickness of 0.8 mm. The antenna consists of a
shorted hook-shaped radiating element and a rectangular ground
plane. It has a compact size of 17.2 mm 3 3.2 mm (50 mm2).
The size of the proposed antenna is reduced by 37.5% compared
with the antenna in Ref. 1. To improve the impedance matching,
a shorted line between the hook-shaped element and ground is
used. The effective electrical length is increased because of the
capacitive coupling between the radiating element and the
ground on the main circuit board. The proposed antenna is
located 5 mm above the arm phantom. In designing the antenna,
the total length of the proposed radiating element can be empiri-
cally approximated using following equation [47].
kg k0 c
LACD ~ 
~ and AEF 5 p 5 p (1)
4 4 eeff 4f0 eeff
er 11
eeff 5 (2)
2
where k0 is free-space wavelength, f0 is the desired central fre-
quency, and c and eeff are the speed of light and approximated
DOI 10.1002/mop

Figure 11 Measured gains of the proposed antenna in air
Figure 12 SAR simulation results of the proposed antenna at 2.45 and
5.8 GHz. [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is avail-
able at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
effective dielectric constant, respectively. Figure 2 shows the
photograph of the fabricated antenna.
3. SIMULATED AND MEASURED RESULTS
Figures 3 and 4 show the simulated reflection coefficient
characteristics for different lengths of the radiating element.
As L1 and L2 increase, the two central frequencies in WLAN
the band shift to lower frequencies. When L1 5 4.9 mm and
L2 5 4.6 mm, the resonant central frequencies are matched at
2.45 and 5.8 GHz. Figure 5 shows the simulated reflection
coefficient characteristics for different W1 values of the radi-
ating element. As W1 increases, the capacitive coupling
between the short L-shaped stub and the long inverted L-
shaped stub strengthened. Thus, the central frequency and
optimal impedance matching, W1 5 0.2 mm is chosen for the
width of the long inverted L-shaped stub. Figure 6 shows the
effect of the shorting line on the reflection coefficient charac-
teristics. L3 is the distance between points B and H, while W2
is the width of the shorting line in the proposed structure. In
Figure 6(a), when distance L3 increases, the electrical lengths
of the dual WLAN (2.45/5.8 GHz) bands increase. Thus, the
dual resonant central frequencies shift to lower frequencies.
Figure 6(b) shows that the shorting line improves the imped-
ance matching [8,9] in the WLAN band. In addition, the
impedance matching is also affected by the width of the
shorting line. By adjusting the width of the shorting line
(W3 5 0.1 mm), the antenna attains the optimized impedance
matching. Figure 7 illustrates the comparison of the simulated
reflection coefficient of the proposed antenna in free space,
on phantoms at 2.45 and 5.8 GHz, and with a battery. In the
simulation, the battery (simulated by copper) with a dimen-
sion of 30 mm 3 10 mm 3 3 mm is directly attached to the
main circuit board. The arm phantom (200 mm 3 50 mm 3
30 mm) is modeled considering skin, fat, muscle, cortical
bone, cancellous bone, and bone marrow. The relative permit-
tivity and conductivity (S/m) of the arm phantom at 2.45 and
5.8 GHz are shown in Table 1 [10]. In the simulation, the
proposed antenna is insensitive to the arm phantom. Because
the antenna is located on the side of the arm phantom, the
distance between the proposed antenna and the arm phantom
becomes longer than that of the coplanar-type antenna. Thus,
the proposed structure becomes insensitive to the effective-
ness of the human arm phantom. Due to the effect of the bat-
tery, the impedance matching in the Bluetooth band
deteriorates, and the high resonant frequency shifts to the
lower frequency side. To further understand the operating
principle behind the effect of the battery on this antenna, the
surface current distributions at 2.45 and 5.8 GHz are analyzed
and illustrated in Figure 8. Due to the capacitive coupling
between the battery and the radiating element, the impedance
matching at 2.45 GHz deteriorates, and the resonant fre-
quency at the high band (5.8 GHz) shifts to a low frequency.
Therefore, in the design of a practical smart wristband
antenna, the length of the radiating element must be adjusted
to account for the effect of the battery. Figure 9 shows the
measured reflection coefficient of the proposed antenna in
air, on a human arm, with a battery, and with a battery on a
human arm. The measured and simulated results of the pro-
posed antenna are in good agreement. Figure 10 shows the
measured and simulated radiation patterns at 2.45 and

TABLE 1 Permittivity and conductivity of an arm phantom

Skin Fat Muscle Bone Cortical Bone Cancellous Bone Marrow

Arm Phantom at 2.45 GHz
Permittivity 38 5.28 52.7 11.38 18.55 5.3
Conductivity (S/m) 1.46 0.1 1.74 0.39 0.81 0.1
Arm Phantom at 5.8 GHz
Permittivity 35.1 4.95 48.48 9.67 15.40 4.96
Conductivity (S/m) 3.72 0.29 4.96 1.15 2.15 0.28

DOI 10.1002/mop MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 58, No. 6, June 2016 1465
5.8 GHz in air. It shows that the proposed antenna in air has
quasi-omnidirectional radiation patterns in H-plane (yz-
plane). Figure 11 shows the measured gains in the operating
bands in air. The measured gains are 2.01 dBi at 2.45 GHz
and 2.1 dBi at 5.8 GHz. The measured antenna efficiencies
are 54.73% at 2.45 GHz and 37.95% at 5.8 GHz, respectively.
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) of the US
limits exposure to less than 1.6 W/kg over a volume of 1 g of
tissue [2]. Standard of 802.11 limits the transmitter power to
less than 17 dBm for 2.4 GHz WiFi, 12 dBm for 5 GHz
WiFi, and 7.5 dBm for Bluetooth. In this work, we used 17
dBm as the input power for SAR analysis in the SEMCAD
[11,12] simulation. The peak SAR values of the proposed
antenna are 1.56 W/kg at 2.45 GHz and 0.363W/kg at
5.8 GHz. Therefore, the proposed antenna satisfies the SAR
limitation imposed by the FCC (Figure 12).
4. CONCLUSION
In this letter, a compact dual-band antenna for smart wrist-
band applications is proposed for the WLAN band (2.45/
5.8 GHz). The proposed antenna attains good radiation gains
greater than 2 dBi in free space. The antenna realizes dual-
band operation in spite of its compact size. The SAR values
of the proposed antenna at 2.45 and 5.8 GHz satisfy the
exposure limitation of less than 1.6 W/kg. Therefore, the pro-
posed antenna is a good candidate for smart wristband
applications.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This research was supported by the Ministry of Science, ICT &
Future Planning (MSIP), Korea, under the Information Technology
Research Center (ITRC) support program (IITP-2015-H8501-15-
1006) supervised by the Institute for Information & Communica-
tions Technology Promotion (IITP).
REFERENCES
1. SAMSUNG Gear Fit, Samsung Inc, Republic of Korea [online].
Available at: http://www.samsung.com/.
2. C.M. Lee and C.W. Jung, Radiation-pattern-reconfigurable antenna
using monopole-loop for Fitbit Flex wristband, IEEE Antennas Wire-
less Propag Lett 14 (2014), 269272.
3. W. Jeong, J. Tak, and J. Choi, A low profile IR-UWB antenna with
ring patch for WBAN applications, IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag
Lett 14 (2015), 14471450.
4. P. Salonen, M. Keshkilammi, and M. Kivikoshki, Single-feed dual
planar inverted-F antennas with U-slot, IEEE Trans Antennas Propag
48 (2000), 12621264.
5. D.M. Nashaat, H.A. Elsadek, and H. Ghali, Single-feed compact
quad-band PIFA antenna for wireless communication applications,
IEEE Trans Antennas Propag. 53 (2005), 26312635.
6. S. Zhang, S.N. Khan, and S. He, Reducing mutual coupling for an
extremely closely-packed tunable dual-element PIFA array through a
resonant slot antenna formed in-between, IEEE Trans Antennas
Propag 58 (2010), 27712776.
7. H. Liu and C.F. Yang, Miniature hook-shaped monopole antenna for
UWB applications, IET Electron Lett 46 (2010), 265266.
8. C.Y. Yuan, P.L. Teng, and K.L. Wong, Shorted, folded planar
monopole antenna for dual-band mobile phone, IET Electron Lett 39
(2003), 13011302.
9. Q. Bai and R. Langley, Crumpling of PIFA textile antenna, IEEE
Trans Antennas Propag 60 (2012), 6370.
10. C. Gabriel, 4-Cole-Cole analysis on compilation of the dielectric
properties of body tissues at RF and microwave frequencies, Brooks
Air Force Tech Rep. AL/OE-TR-1996-0037. Available at: http://
www.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/diele.sh, accessed on June 1996.
1466 MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 58, No. 6, June 2016
11. SEMCAD X by SPEAG: EM/T simulation platform. Available at:
http://www.speag.com.
12. A. Christ, A. Klingenbook, T. Samaras, C. Goiceanu, and N. Kuster,
The dependence of electromagnetic far-field absorption on body tis-
sue composition in the frequency range from 300 MHz to 6 GHz,
IEEE Trans Microwave Theory Tech 54 (2006), 21882195.
C 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
V
FABRYPEROT LASER-BASED OPTICAL
SWITCH FOR MULTICAST
TRANSMISSION IN BIDIRECTIONAL
OPTICAL ACCESS NETWORKS
Andrea Chiuchiarelli, Cristiano M. Gallep* Member IEEE, and
Evandro Conforti Life Senior Member IEEE
FEEC, *FT University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP,
Brazil; Corresponding author: anchiuc@decom.fee.unicamp.br
Received 20 October 2015
ABSTRACT: Optical multicasting based on multiwavelength injection
locking of a FabryPerot laser diode is proposed as a viable solution to
implement real-time optical switching in WDM optical networks, reduc-
ing the impact of Rayleigh backscattering induced crosstalk in bidirec-
tional transmission, and allowing full wavelength reuse. Efficient low-
power optical injection for full duplex transmission at 1.25 Gb/s over
25 km of SMF is demonstrated. V C 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Microwave Opt Technol Lett 58:14661469, 2016; View this article
online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.29823
Key words: FabryPerot; optical multicasting; access networks
1. INTRODUCTION
New generations of optical access systems are facing an increas-
ing demand of bandwidth and transmission distance, in order to
serve a constantly increasing number of users and to maintain
the quality of service per user unaffected. The increase in sys-
tem performance in terms of reach and bandwidth should come
at no further expenses of cost and complexity. In this scenario,
wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) systems appear to be
one of the most attractive solutions [1]. WDM is capable to
realize a point to multipoint link in which each of the user chan-
nels is independent from the others by allocating separate opti-
cal wavelengths to separate user channels, and thus increasing
the robustness and scalability of the optical network. In order to
maximize the bandwidth usage in WDM optical networks one
of the main goals is to implement full-duplex transmission, in
which the transmitted wavelengths at the optical line terminal
(OLT), which carry the downstream signals to the end users, are
reused at the optical network unit (ONU) stages for upstream
transmission to the OLT [2]. However, wavelength reuse is
strongly impaired by crosstalk arising from the Rayleigh back-
scattering (RBS) into the feeder fiber of the DS seed wave-
length, which is retransmitted to the OLT and superimposes to
the incoming US signal, reducing so the optical signal to noise
ratio (OSNR) of the US signal [3]. The use of 8b10b line cod-
ing, reducing the spectral content of the US signal around DC,
has been proposed to reduce the impact of Rayleigh induced
optical crosstalk [4,5]. However, line coding only turns out to
be effective when the spectral content of the DS wavelength is
concentrated at low frequency values, that is, when using con-
tinuous wave (CW) seeding at the OLT. If both the DS and US
wavelengths are modulated, as in full duplex transmission, the
DOI 10.1002/mop