AB-30

V-I AND I-V CONVERTER

ANALOG LAB
EXPERIMENT BOARD
Ver. 1.0

An ISO 9001: 2000 company

94-101, Electronic Complex, Pardesipura INDORE-452010, India.

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Tel.: 91-731-2570301 Fax: 91-731-2555643

Email: info@scientech.bz Web: www.scientech.bz

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V-I AND I-V CONVERTER

AB-30

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Introduction 3

2. Theory 5

3. Experiment 1 9
To study Op-amp as Voltage to Current converter
(Floating output and Grounded load output)
4. Experiment 2 13
To study Op-amp as Current to Voltage Converter.
Datasheet 16
5. Warranty 18
6. List of service Centers 19
7. List of Accessories with AB-30 20

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INTRODUCTION
AB-30 is a compact, ready to use V-I AND I-V CONVERTER experiment
board. This board is useful for students to understand the working and
operation of op-amp as signal conveter. It can be used as stand alone unit
with external DC power supply or can be used with SCIENTECH
ANALOG LAB ST-2612 which has built in DC power supply, AC power
supply, function generator, modulation generator, continuity tester, toggle
switches, and potentiometer.
List of Boards :
Model Name
AB-01 Diode characteristics (Si, Zener, LED)
AB-02 Transistor characteristics (CB NPN)
AB-03 Transistor characteristics (CB PNP)
AB-04 Transistor characteristics (CE NPN)
AB-05 Transistor characteristics (CE PNP)
AB-06 Transistor characteristics (CC NPN)
AB-07 Transistor characteristics (CC PNP)
AB-08 FET characteristics
AB-09 Rectifier Circuits
AB-15 Common Emitter Amplifier
AB-16 Common Collector Amplifier
AB-17 Common Base Amplifier
AB-18 RC-Coupled Amplifier
AB-19 Cascode Amplifier
AB-21 Class A Amplifier
AB-22 Class B Amplifier (push pull emitter follower)
AB-23 Class C Tuned Amplifier
AB-25 Phase Locked Loop (FM Demodulator &
Frequency Multiplier/Divider)
AB-28 Multivibrators (Astable / Monostable)
AB-29 F-V and V-F Converter
AB-31 Zener Voltage Regulator
AB-32 Transistor Series Voltage Regulator
AB-33 Transistor Shunt Voltage Regulator
AB-34 DC Ammeter
AB-38 DC Voltmeter
AB-40 Op-amp Characteristics
AB-41 Differential Amplifier (Transistorized)

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AB-42 AB-90
AB-43 AB-91
AB-44 AB-92
AB-93
AB-45 Operational Amplifier (Inverting / Non-
AB-51 inverting / Differentiator)
AB-52 Operational Amplifier (Adder/Scalar)
AB-53 Operational Amplifier (Integrator/Differentiator)
AB-56 Schmitt Trigger and Comparator
AB-65 Active filters (Low Pass and High Pass)
Active Band Pass Filter
AB-66 Notch Filter
Fiber Optic Analog Link
AB-67 Phase Shift Oscillator
Wien Bridge Oscillators
AB-81 Colpitt Oscillator
Kirchoffs Laws (Kirchoffs Current Law &
Kirchoffs Voltage Law)
AB-82 Thevenins and Maximum power Transfer
Theorem
AB-83 Reciprocity and Superposition Theorem
Tellegens Theorem
Two port network parameter
AB-84 Optical Transducer (Photovoltaic cell)
Optical Transducer (Photoconductive cell/LDR)
Optical Transducer (PhotoTransistor)

. and many more

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THEORY
Operational amplifier is a direct-coupled high-gain amplifier usually
consisting of one or more differential amplifiers and usually followed by a
level translator and an output stage. The output stage is generally a push-
pull or push-pull complementary-symmetry pair. An operational amplifier
is available as a single integrated circuit package.
The operational amplifier is a versatile device that can be used to amplify
DC as well as AC input signals and was originally designed for performing
mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and
integration. Thus the name operational amplifier stems from its original use
for these mathematical operations and is abbreviated to op-amp. With the
addition of suitable external feedback components, the modern day op-amp
can be used for a variety of applications, such as AC and DC signal
amplification, active filters, oscillators, comparators, regulator, regulators,
and others.
The op-amp may be used as a voltage to current converter and current to
voltage converter for both ac as well as dc input signal. This is explained as
follows
Voltage-to-Current Converter :
Op-amp circuit as voltage to current converter can be used in two
configurations
1. Output load floating
2. Output grounded load
The very first configuration is op-amp with floating load (as shown in
fig.1). In this circuit the feedback resistance will act as a load and as it is not
connected to ground it will be called as floating.
The input voltage will be applied to the non-inverting input of op-amp and
the feedback voltage across resistance RL will drive the inverting input
terminal. This circuit will also be called as Current-series negative feedback
amplifier as the feedback voltage across RL (applied to inverting terminal)

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depends on the output current iout and is in series with the input difference
voltage Vid.
According to Kirchoffs volyage law for input loop,
Vin = Vid + Vf

V-I Converter with output load floating

Fig.1
But Vid = 0, and op-amp gain is considered large enough, hence
Vin = Vf
Vin = RL x iout
Or,
Vin
iout = ------- ..(1)
RL
This means in the circuit of fig.1 an input voltage Vin can be converted into
an output current. If the RL is a precision resistance then output current will
be precisely fixed.
The second configuration of voltage to current converter is that in which
one terminal of load is grounded and the load current is controlled be an
input voltage. The circuit is as shown in fig.2.

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V-I Converter with grounded load

Fig.2
According to Kirchoffs Voltage law,
I1 +I2 =IL
Vin V1 VO V1
------------ + ------------ = IL
R R
Vin + VO 2V1 = ILR
Therefore,
Vin + VO ILR
V1 = ----------------------
R
Since op-amp is connected in non-inverting mode, the gain of the circuit
will be 2. then the output voltage is
VO = 2V1
= Vin + VO ILR
Vin = IL x R
Vin(r.m.s. value)
iL = ------- ..(2)
R
This means that the load current depends on the input voltage Vin and
resistor R (all resistances are of equal value).
Applications of V-I Converters :
Low voltage dc-to-ac voltmeter
Diode matched finders
Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
Zener diode Testers.

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Current to Voltage Converter :

Op-amp circuit working as current to voltage converter is as shown in
fig.3a. Here the input current which is to be converted into output
equivalent voltage is applied to the inverting input terminal of op-amp and
hence the circuit will work as inverting amplifier.
As we know the gain of inverting amplifier is given by,

Av = Vout = - RF
Vin R1
Therefore,
Vout = -Vin x RF
R1
However, since V1 = 0V and V1 = V2
Iin = Vin / R1
And Vout = -Iin x RF ..(3)

Fig.3a I-V Converter Fig.3b

This means that if we replace the Vin and R1 combination by a current
source Iin as shown in fig.3b the output voltage Vout becomes proportional
to the input current Iin. In other words the circuit converts the input current

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into proportional output voltage. In our AB-30 board we have used the
same logic.
Applications of I-V Converter :
Sensing currents form photodetectors.
In Digital to Analog Converters.
EXPERIMENT 1
Object :
To study the Op-amp as Voltage to Current Converter.
Apparatus Required :
1. Analog board AB-30.
2. DC power supply +12V, -12V and variable dc supply of 0-5V from
external source or ST-2612 Analog Lab.
3. Function Generator.
4. Ammeter.
5. 2mm patch chords.
Circuit Diagram :
Circuit used to study the operation of V-I Converter is shown below :

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Fig. 4

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Procedure :
Connect +12V and -12V dc power supplies at their indicated
position from external source or ST-2612 Analog Lab.
First we will study the V-I conversion for floating load
configuration.
6. Connect a 0- 5V variable dc signal at the non-inverting input
(between points a and gnd) of Voltage to Current converter circuit of
AB-30 board. Initially set the voltage to 0V dc.
7. Connect ammeter between points e and Vout (this will connect a load
at the output of op-amp and at the same time current flowing through
the floating load can be observed on ammeter).
8. Gradually increase the variable dc supply at input from 0 to 5V (1V,
2V, 3V, 4V, 5V).
9. Note the respective output dc current displayed on ammeter in the
following table. This will be the practical current value obtained
from ammeter reading.
10. Also calculate theoretical value of output current form Eq.1 to
crosscheck your results.

I/p DC voltage O/p DC Current O/p DC Current

(Vin) (Practical value) from Eq.1
(Theoretical Value)
1V
2V
3V
4V
5V
11. Remove dc signal applied at input and connect a 200Hz sine wave
signal at the non-inverting input (between points a and gnd) of
Voltage to Current converter circuit of AB-30 board. Initially set the
voltage to 0Vp-p .

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12. Gradually increase the variable dc supply at input from 0 to 5Vp-p

(1Vp-p, 2Vp-p, 3Vp-p, 4Vp-p, and 5Vp-p).
13. Note the respective output ac current observed on ammeter in the
following table. This will be the practical current value obtained
from ammeter reading.
14. Also calculate theoretical value of output current form Eq.2 to
crosscheck your results.

I/p AC R.M.S. I/p O/p AC Current O/p AC Current

voltage Current (Practical value) from Eq.2
(Vin) (Theoretical
Vrms=Vp-p/ 2 2
Value)

1Vp-p
2Vp-p
3Vp-p
4Vp-p
5Vp-p

Now we will study the V-I conversion for grounded load

configuration.
1. Connect points e and Vout using 2mm patch cord.
2. Connect point a and b using a 2mm patch cord.
3. Connect ammeter between points c and d (this will connect a load RL
to the circuit and at the same time current flowing through the
grounded load can be observed on ammeter).
4. Connect a 0- 5V variable dc signal at the input (between points Vin
and gnd) of Voltage to Current converter circuit of AB-30 board.
Initially set the voltage to 0V dc.
5. Gradually increase the variable dc supply at input from 0 to 5V
(1V, 2V, 3V, 4V, 5V).

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6. Note the respective output dc current displayed on ammeter in the

following table. This will be the practical current value obtained
from ammeter reading.
7. Also calculate theoretical value of output current form Eq.1 to
crosscheck your results.

I/p DC voltage O/p DC Current O/p DC Current

(Vin) (Practical value) from Eq.1
(Theoretical Value)
1V
2V
3V
4V
5V
8. Remove dc signal applied at input and connect a 200Hz sine wave
signal at the non-inverting input (between points a and gnd) of
Voltage to Current converter circuit of AB-30 board. Initially set
the voltage to 0Vp-p .
9. Gradually increase the variable dc supply at input from 0 to 5Vp-p
(1Vp-p, 2Vp-p, 3Vp-p, 4Vp-p, and 5Vp-p).
10. Note the respective output ac current observed on ammeter in the
following table. This will be the practical current value obtained
from ammeter reading.
11. Also calculate theoretical value of output current form Eq.2 to
crosscheck your results.

I/p AC R.M.S. I/p O/p AC Current O/p AC Current

voltage Current (Practical value) from Eq.2
(Vin) (Theoretical
Vrms=Vp-p/ 2 2
Value)

1Vp-p
2Vp-p

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3Vp-p
4Vp-p
5Vp-p

EXPERIMENT 2
Object :
To study the Op-amp as Current to Voltage Converter.
Apparatus Required :
1. Analog board AB-30.
2. DC power supply +12V, -12V and variable dc supply of 0-5V from
external source or ST-2612 Analog Lab.
3. Ammeter.
4. Voltmeter / Oscilloscope.
5. Function Generator.
6. 2mm patch chords.
Circuit Diagram :
Circuit used to study the operation of I-V Converter is shown below :

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c
Fig. 4

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Procedure :
Connect +12V and -12V dc power supplies at their indicated
position from external source or ST-2612 Analog Lab.
Connect 5V dc signal at the input (between points f and gnd) of
Voltage to Current converter circuit of AB-30 board.
1. Connect ammeter between points g and h (this will display the
current flowing through the op-amp, Iin ).
2. Connect Voltmeter between sockets Vout and gnd.
3. Vary the pot to vary the input current from 1mA, gradually upto
5mA (1mA, 2mA, 3mA, 4mA and 5mA) and note the respective
voltage on voltmeter in the following table. This is the practical
value of voltage.
4. Also calculate theoretical value of output voltage form Eq.3 to
crosscheck your results.

I/p DC Current O/p DC Voltage O/p DC Voltage

(Iin) (Practical value) from Eq.1 (Vout)
(Vout) (Theoretical Value)

5mA
10mA
15mA
20mA
24mA
5. Remove dc signal applied at input and connect a 200Hz sine wave
signal between points f and gnd) of Current to Voltage converter
circuit of AB-30 board. Set the voltage to 3Vp-p .
6. Vary the pot to vary the input current from 1mA, gradually upto
15mA (1mA, 3mA, 5mA 15mA) and note the respective
voltage on voltmeter in the following table. This is the practical
value of voltage.
7. Also calculate theoretical value of output voltage form Eq.3 to
crosscheck your results.

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I/p AC Current (Iin) O/p AC Voltage (V) O/p AC Voltage (V)

(Practical value) from Eq.1 (Vout)
(Vout) (Theoretical Value)
1mA
3mA
5mA
7mA
9mA
11mA
13mA
15mA

DATASHEET

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WARRANTY
1) We guarantee the instrument against all manufacturing defects during
24 months from the date of sale by us or through our dealers.
2) The guarantee covers manufacturing defects in respect of indigenous
components and material limited to the warranty extended to us by the
original manufacturer, and defect will be rectified as far as lies within
our control.
3) The guarantee will become INVALID.
a) If the instrument is not operated as per instruction given in the
instruction manual.
b) If the agreed payment terms and other conditions of sale are not
followed.
c) If the customer resells the instrument to another party.
d) Provided no attempt have been made to service and modify the
instrument.
4) The non-working of the instrument is to be communicated to us
immediately giving full details of the complaints and defects noticed
specifically mentioning the type and sr. no. of the instrument, date of
purchase etc.
5) The repair work will be carried out, provided the instrument is
dispatched securely packed and insured with the railways. To and fro
charges will be to the account of the customer.
DESPATCH PROCEDURE FOR SERVICE
Should it become necessary to send back the instrument to factory please
observe the following procedure:
1) Before dispatching the instrument please write to us giving full details
of the fault noticed.
2) After receipt of your letter our repairs dept. will advise you whether it
is necessary to send the instrument back to us for repairs or the
adjustment is possible in your premises.

Dispatch the instrument (only on the receipt of our advice) securely packed
in original packing duly insured and freight paid along with accessories and
a copy of the details noticed to us at our factory address.

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LIST OF SERVICE CENTERS

1. Scientech Technologies P. Ltd.

90, Electronic Complex
Pardesipura,
INDORE 452010
2. Scientech Technologies P. Ltd.
First Floor,
14, Uday Park,
NEW DELHI 110049
3. Scientech Technologies P. Ltd.
New no.2, Old no.10, 4th street
Venkateswara nagar, Adyar
CHENNAI 600025
4. Scientech Technologies P. Ltd.
202/19, 4th main street
Ganganagar,
BANGALORE- 560032
5. Scientech Technologies P. Ltd.
8,1st floor, 123-Hariram Mansion, Ph.: (022) 56299457
Dada Saheb Phalke Road
Dadar (East)
MUMBAI 400014
6. Scientech Technologies P. Ltd.
988, Sadashiv Peth,
Gyan Prabodhini Lane,
PUNE 411030
7. Scientech Technologies P. Ltd
SPS Apartment, 1st Floor
2, Ahmed Maooji Street,
Behind Jaiswal Hospital,
Liluah, Howrah-711204
W.B.
Ph: (0731) 5202959
Email: info@scientech.bz
Ph.: (011) 26513912, 26864943
Fax: (011) 26864943.
Email: ndel@scientech.bz
Ph.: (044) 52187548, 52187549
Fax: (044) 52187549
Email: chennai@scientech.bz
Ph.: (080) 51285011
Fax: (080) 51285022
Email: bangalore@scientech.bz
Fax: (022) 24168767
Email: stplmum@vsnl.net
Ph.: (020) 24461673
Fax: (020) 24482403
Email: pune@scientech.bz
Ph. +913355266800
E mail: kolkata@scientech.bz

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LIST OF ACCESSORIES

1. 2mm patch cord (red)..2 No.

2. 2mm patch cord (blue)4 No
3. 2mm patch cord (black)..4 No

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