Multi - Storey Structural Steel Structures

Multi-storey
structural Steel Structures

Present By
J Thomas Britto
Dept of Civil Engineering
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Background
Steel has been used for constructing buildings in the western
world for more than 150 years. With the introduction of
standard sections by the end of 19th Century, steel
structures were getting much more popular as a choice of
construction for high-rise buildings.
The use of structural steel to construct started only in the 70s
in HK, below is some of the projects being completed:
1. Park Lane Hotel (Causeway Bay, 1972)
2. Grand Hyatt & Harbor View Hotel (HKCEC Phase I, 1990)
3. Bank of China Tower (Central, 1991)
4. Time Square (Causeway Bay, 1992)
5. Lee Garden Redevelopment (Manu-life Tower, 1997)
6. The Center (Central, 1999)
7. Cheung Kong Center (Central, 2000)
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Properties of steel - Steel has the following
properties, that makes it one of the most efficient
materials for use in building construction.
Favorable properties
- Strong: has a high strength/weight ratio
- Versatility: adaptable and ductile
- Cheap and plentiful
- Easy to cut, connect and fabricate
Some drawbacks
- Heavy and lengthy, not easy to handle
- Loss strength under higher temperature
- Easily get rust if not properly treated
- Deflect under loads
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The use of structural steel sections
The availability of steel sections in a variety

of dimensional ranges provides the
designers with a wide variety of design
options.
These sections are manufactured in

convenient shapes, sizes and thickness.
They can be readily fabricated,
combined and connected to form
unlimited possibility of designs
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Standard structural steel sections
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Typical jointing details for structural frame
Column
connects to base
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Using splice plate
Using welded joint
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Connecting H-column to form continual column
Connecting
beam to
column
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Connecting
beam to
beam
Typical layout of structural frame
Simple cage frame cantilever frame

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Propped cantilever frame

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Wind-braced structures
Core structure
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Characteristic of various kinds of structural
steel framed structures
In general, the performance of steel frame
structure may be affected by the following
factors
a) Length of span
b) Composition/continuity of span
c) Methods of jointing the members
d) Movement and deflection allowed
When using in lowhas very good and efficient.
Favorable properties of steel
- Strong: has a high strength/weight ratioentiful
- Easy to cut, connect and fabricateget rust if not
properly treated www.onlinecivil.tk
Principle factors affecting choice of frame
Structural Design consideration
n Foundation consideration
n Standardization of members or design
n Span and floor loads
n Fire resistance requirement
n Maintenance consideration
n Integration of architectural & structural elements
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Features of structural steel construction
Structural characteristics
1. Steel has lower dead load (unless encased in
concrete)
2. Steel frame can easily to have the layout changed to
suit new design than concrete, especially requiring
alteration after completion of the building.
3. Easily accommodate building movements for steel is
a relatively flexible material and have greater
adaptability to take up strain and deformation
4. However, it is weaker in fire resistance for steel will
lose strength and deform serious at higher
temperature (at 600oC or above). This can be
improved by applying fire resistant plaster
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Structural characteristics (continue)
5. Beams usually shallower in size than for concrete
Beams
6. Sections in various convenient type and size thus
economical in design and uses refer to standard
steel sections
7. Produce larger deflection & deformation (Bend)
under wind this will cause uncomfort to users of
building
8. Steel has higher thermal expansion value
9. Rusting or corrosion problems very strict anti-
corrosion treatment has to be applied
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Features of structural steel construction (cont.)
Construction aspects
1. Quicker to erect and can be prepared offsite in
workshop/factory environment with good
production and quality control
2. Erection on site less affected by climatic
conditions without placing of concrete
3. Longer and highly coordinated planning require
long time to make structural design, fabrication
and delivery
4. Higher requirement in the control of dimensional
accuracy before and during construction (in
fabrication and in erection
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Features of structural steel construction (cont.)
5. Demand greater transportation or cranages
provision
6. Complicated quality assurance procedures
especially in the control of welding connection
7. Difficult to make connection with rigid structures
especially in composite structure in which RC core
structure is involved
8. More complex when building become more
gigantic and taller due to the huge number of
structural members, some may be of very heavy
section (e.g. those stiffening members)
9. Induce more works at higher altitude www.onlinecivil.tk
Stiffening
members in the
form of outrigger,
belt truss or
transfer truss is
very difficult to
install during the
construction
process
Outrigger tying up the core

wall and the outer frame
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Detail of the outrigger and
transfer truss system used
in Cheung Kong Center
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The actual process in
installing the transfer truss
a temporary support frame
erected for the purpose
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The completion of the
belt/transfer truss and
outrigger at various stages
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Construction aspects highlight of some
problems Delivery of structural steel
member by ship
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Large member delivery to site
waiting to hoisting up for erection
Hoisting of the structural steel

member to the upper floor
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Connecting steel members with RC
element an anchor frame may be
required for making strong connection
Constructing the composite floor
in steel/RC composite structure
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To connect floor to core wall starter bars
are to be provided within the core structure
Very large component often in

complicated shape www.onlinecivil.tk
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Huge amount of structural members
make erection very complicated
The existence of very complicated

jointing in steel structure
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highlight of some problems
Required to perform works

at very high altitude www.onlinecivil.tk
Workers work at high altitude

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Connecting large and complicate shaped

components can be very difficult
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Concrete has to be trimmed

to allow steel to pass through www.onlinecivil.tk
Examples of location where unmatched dimension causing problem
Roof truss and

the decking not
on the same level
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Examples of location where unmatched dimension causing problem
Future development of using structural steel or
composite structures in Hong Kong
Instead of building very large and complex building using
composite manner, which resulted to very high cost in
construction, the following ways may be adopted in order
to achieve more cost effective application of technology in
future.
1. Use more simple and straight forward design like regular steel
frame structure in grid layout
2. Use more standardized components such as universal sections,
lattice trusses or prefabricated standard sections in the design
3. Apply more to other types of building structure/construction as
in many developed country like Japan, USA, or even Korea and
Taiwan
4. Forming hybrid structure with other prefabricated elements
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The use of standard structural
steel members in construction
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Convenient products in market allowing
the use of very cheap and effective
ready-install structural steel members to
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form various building systems

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A hybrid structure in Melbourne, Australia with the mixed use of
Precast concrete, cast-in-situ concrete and steel composite
Detail of the hybrid elements
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End of presentation
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Multi - Storey Structural Steel Structures

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Multi - Storey Structural Steel Structures

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Multi-storey

structural Steel Structures

The availability of steel sections in a variety

These sections are manufactured in

Using welded joint

Simple cage frame cantilever frame

Propped cantilever frame

Outrigger tying up the core

Hoisting of the structural steel

Very large component often in

The existence of very complicated

Required to perform works

Workers work at high altitude

Connecting large and complicate shaped

Concrete has to be trimmed

Roof truss and

form various building systems

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