Common Teaching Strategies

Lecture
actively participate in the class
For many years, the lecture method was
room instead of just listening the
the most widely used instructional
teacher.
strategy in college classrooms.
Language using in the lecture is
Students involvement in this
above the standard of the
teaching method is just to listen and
students. They are not able get
sometimes pen down some notes if
full advantage of the lecture.
necessary during the lecture
Lecture are often forgotten by
the students soon after while
Advantages of Lecture Method of learning is retained if activities
Teaching are experienced.

In this teaching method a large Attention level is not the same

amount the topics can be while student listening the lecture.
covered in a single class period.

Using of this method exclude the

using of any equipment or Lab.
Learning material is not required.
Student listening skills developed.
Disadvantages of Lecture Method of
Teaching
Delegator or group style
The delegator style is best-suited
for curriculum that requires lab
activities, such as chemistry and
biology, or subjects that warrant
peer feedback, like debate and
creative writing.
Discussion

Psychologically this method is A method or strategy of teaching

acceptable because individuals
are not alike. Teacher delivers the
same lecture to both students
without recognizing the individual
differences.
where teacher and students
actively partake in the learning
process

Learning is an active process thus

study should encourage to
Distance Learning It uses questioning skills as
modeled by the teacher and
Distance learning is defined as employs discussion and debates
'any form of teaching and
learning in which the teacher
and learner are not in the same
place at the same time'

Cooperative Learning

Cooperative Learning is a
systematic pedagogical strategy
that encourages small groups of
students to work together for the
achievement of a common goal

Active Learning

active learning as learning

environments that allow students
to talk and listen, read, write, and
reflect as they approach course
content through problem-solving
exercises, informal small groups,
simulations, case studies, role
playing, and other activities -- all
of which require students to
apply what they are learning

Demonstration

Demonstrating is the process of

teaching through examples or
experiments

Case method

The case method is an

instructional strategy that
engages students in active
discussion about issues and
problems inherent in practical
application
Methods of Teaching questionnaire, a facilitator, a thought
synthesizer.

Why learning methods? Example:

You ask students to share their
-It is important to realize that teachers need comments on a news article, share
to know different approaches so that he or their thoughts about the lesson-
she can choose the one that makes related picture.
teaching more comfortable. After listening to their thoughts, you
continue facilitating the teaching-
Four Methods of Teaching learning process by asking more
thought-provoking questions and by
leading them to draw generalization,
1. Direct Method
abstract or conclusion.
2. Indirect Method
3. Deductive Method
2. Deductive and Inductive Method
4. Inductive Method

DEDUCTIVE METHOD
DIRECT METHOD

-You begin your lesson with generalization, a

The direct method is teacher-dominated.
You lecture immediately on what you want rule, a definition and end with examples
and illustrations or what is concrete.
the students to learn without necessarily
involving them in the process.
Example:
Example: You will give the definition of pollination then
show a video clip of the pollination process.
You want to teach students on how
to pronounce a word, how to write a
paragraph, how to add fractions, INDUCTIVE METHOD
how to thread a sewing machine,
how to dribble the ball, how to draw -You begin your lesson with the example,
a G-clef or how to read the map. with what is known, with the concrete and
To teach them the skills or process, with the details. You end with the students
you show them how by giving generalization, abstract and
demonstrating it. This is the telling conclusion.
and the showing method. You are
a lecturer and demonstrator. Example:
For the lesson on pollination, you show them
INDIRECT METHOD
a video clip of the process of pollination.
Make your student view the process of
The indirect method is learner-
pollination, then ask them the state in
dominated. You give the student an
sentence what the process of pollination is.
active role in the learning process.
In the indirect method, your task is to
ask your students question to
provoke their thinking, imagination,
thought-organizing skills. You are a
Which is the best method?
There is no such thing as best method?
There is no such thing as better or best
method. The best method is the method
that works, effective and enables you to
realize your intended outcome.
1.) Teachers readiness
2.) Learners readiness
3.) Nature of the subject matter
4.) Time allotment for a subject
The inductive-indirect method is superior to
the deductive-direct method in terms of
learners engagement. This method is more
in keeping with time-tested principle that
learning is an active process.
ACTIVITY-BASED TEACHING
STRATEGIES
What is activity-based teaching?
A constructivist teaching
approach
A hands on, creative,
participative method of
teaching
Teaching should be
constructive and self
Motivated to learn
It should engage learners who
are actively and naturally
curious and likes to explore their
environment
Teacher should create an
environment that is
conducive for gaining
knowledge
Features and Advantages
Learning happens through
activities
Learning becomes fun, an
enjoyable process
Learning is contextual, so, easy to
grasp and meaningful
Classroom activities are more
student-centric
The retention of knowledge thus
gained is permanent.
Bringing subjects down to the
level of students 'experience
makes understanding easier
Inviting active participation helps
students open up.
They can freely try out the
concepts they have learned.
Students are not confined to their
seats and classrooms
Free exchange of ideas
Children are self- motivated to
know, to learn
Teacher as a facilitator or guide,
not an authoritarian
Students have freedom to move
around. No student likes to be
tied down to his bench.
 Class rooms become a lively, misconceptions as well as to
interesting place. share experiences

Through pair-work, group-work, 3.) Base Cooperative Learning

whole class discussions students Group
are exposed to a variety of view
points and perspectives. -Surveys/ focus groups

The guided discovery approach -Applied easily to new staff

leads students to a clearer orientation or preceptor
understanding of the forms and programs
underlying concepts

Cooperative Learning Advantages of Cooperative Learning

Group
Small groups of learners -> work
together toward achieving Promotes critical thinking
shared learning goal. Enhances social skill
Learners are aware that they are Helps address learning skills and
responsible not only for their own learning styles
learning but also for that of the
others in the group. Members learn to function as a
team
Types of Cooperative Learning
Simulations
1.) Formal Cooperative Learning
Group Controlled representation s of
reality
-Done in traditional class/
distance learning group Purpose and Uses of Simulations
-Individual or group
accountability Enhances skills

Enhances interaction abilities

-Most useful in group setting
Helps student learn psychomotor
2.) Informal Cooperative Learning skills in a safe and controlled
Group setting

Chance to apply theories and

-Can be used in any setting
principles in practice

Achieves learning objectives-

-Helps the members to
communication skills
understand and clarify
 Ensures attitudinal change
helps discover factors affecting
people and situations
helps in mastery of skills
helps evaluate learning
Role of Educator in Simulation Learning
1. Planner
read carefully, assign reading
2. Facilitator
introduce activity, moderator
3. Debriefer
summarize what happened, let
leaners
explain what they did and why,
point out theories and
principles applied
Types of Simulations
1. Simulation Exercise
-Focuses on process learning
Ex. Earthquake drills, fire drills
2. Simulation Games
Focuses on content/ process
learning
Types of Simulation Games
A. Content Learning
Focuses on teaching/ reinforcing
factual information
Ex. Crosswords, word games,
sodoku
B. Process Learning
Emphasizes problem solving and
application of information
Advantages of Simulation Games
Teaches facts & application of
information
Stimulates learning- makes
learning fun
Helps to evaluate learning
Increases interaction among
learners
Disadvantages of Simulations Games
Waste of time
Unprofessional
Teachers dislike competition
which games promote
Types of Simulation Games
Role Playing
Form of drama spontaneous
acting out of roles (interaction)
Lasts for 3 to 5 (illustrates one
aspect of human relationship)
Expression of non-verbal and
verbal behavior, response
patterns and implementation of
principles
D. Case Study
An analysis of an incident or
situation or situation on which
characteristics and relationships
are described, factual or
hypothetical events transpire,
and problems need to resolved
or solved.
 Problem Based Learning
Involves confronting students with
real life situations
Points in PBL
SMALL GROUPS -> Analyze the
case
Identify their own needs for
information
Solve problems
OUTPUT ->
Students will become GOOD
PROBLEM SOLVERS in their future
work
Students will become LIFE LONG
LEARNERS
Self-Learning Modules
Also known as:
Self-directed learning modules
Self-paced learning modules
Self-learning packets
Individualized Learning activity
packages
Self-Learning Modules
A self-contained unit or package
of study material for use by an
individual
Audience where this WORK BEST:
Adult learners
Principles in Handling Adult Learners
1. Adult are self-motivated to learn.
( relevant)
2. Adults prior experience is a
resource for further learning
3. Adults are problem focused and
readily learn material they can
use to solve problems.
Advantages of Self-Learning
Modules
Very flexible do it at your own
pacing, done independently
Individualized approach
Sparks interest in teaching
creativity
Standardized
Reduces travel time
Reduces costs
Disadvantages of Self-Learning
Modules
Misinteractions with people
May lead to further
procrastination-lack of structures
and deadlines
Promotes dishonesty
Takes many hours to design and
test
 The teachers role
is to set tasks that help students
arrive at an understanding of the
concepts, make learning
challenging and motivating by
selecting appropriate material,
decide teaching tools, design
activities, prompt and ask
questions that make learning
challenging and motivating.
Traditional teaching strategies
Traditional Teaching
O Traditional Teaching is concerned
with the teacher being the
CONTROLLER of the learning
environment.
O Power and responsibility are held
by the teacher and they play the
role of the instructor (in the form
of lectures) and decision maker
(in regards to curriculum content
and specific outcomes.)
O They regard students as having
knowledge holes that need to
be filled with information. In short,
the traditional teacher views that
it is the teacher that causes
learning to occur (Novak,1998.)
Traditional Teaching Strategies
O Lecturing is an oral presentation
intended to present information
or teach people about a
particular subject.
O Discussions the action or process
of talking about something
typically in order to reach a
decision or to exchange ideas.
O Questioning is a major form of
human thought and interpersonal
communication. It involves
employing a series of questions to
explore an issue, an idea or
something intriguing.
O Using Audio-Visuals are
instructions where particular
attention is paid to the audio and
visual presentation of the
material with the goal of
improving comprehension and
retention.
Lecturing
1.Traditional Oral Essay
- The teacher is the only orator
(speaker)
- Expositions done on topic is either
inspirational or informational.
2. Participatory Lecture
- Begins with brainstorming from
what students read.
3. Feedback Lecture
- Consists of mini-lectures interspaced
with a couple minutes of small group
discussions.
Discussions 4.Discussion- stimulating Questioning

1.Formal Discussions -Uses various questions to promote the

topic
- Announced topic
Ex.: Do you agree with Johns
- Reading, studying- done in position.?
advance
5. Questions that guide problem solving
2. Informal Discussions
-Guides learner through problem solving
- Spontaneous
thinking.

Ex. What information do you need to

Questioning have before we can solve this problem?

Functions

1. Places the learners in an Using Visual Aids

active role
O Types of Traditional Audio Visuals
-Simple recall 1. Handouts
-Speculate if - Printed material

2. Helps review content 2. Chalkboards/Whiteboards

3. Motivate students - Useful for mathematical problems

Stimulates thinking and 3. Slides

curiosity
- Used to show pictures, project
Types diagrams, charts and word
concepts
1.Factual Questioning

-Requires simple recall questions

-Assess learners understanding

2.Probing Questioning

-Seeks further explanation

3.Open-ended Questioning

-All questions that requests learners to

construct an answer.
Teaching Approach, Methods INTEGRATED

and Techniques COLLABORATIVE

DIRECT

Approach

It is a set of principles, beliefs, or ideas TEACHER-CENTERED APPROACH

about the nature
The teacher is perceived to be the only
of learning which is translated into the reliable source of information in contrast
classroom. to the learner-centered approach.

An approach is treating something in LEARNER-CENTERED APPROACH

a certain way.
In which it is belief that the learner is also
It is our own personal philosophy an important resource because he/she
too knows something and is therefore
The act of getting close to way path capable of sharing something.
or road. ones viewpoint toward
teaching or refers to what one believes Teacher centered vs Learner Centered
in, regarding teaching, upon which
SUBJECT MATTER-CENTERED APPROACH
teaching behaviors are based.
Subject matter gains primacy over that
EXAMPLES OF TEACHING APPROACHES
of the learner.
TEACHER-CENTERED
TEACHER DOMINATED APPROACH
SUBJECT-MATTER CENTER
In this approach, only the teachers
TEACHER DOMINATED voice is heard. He/she is the sole
dispenser of information.
BANKING APPROACH
NTERACTIVE APPROACH
DISCIPLINAL
In this approach, an interactive
INDIVIDUALISTIC classroom will have more student talk
and less teacher talk. Students are given
INDIRECT, GUIDED
the opportunity to interact with teacher
LEARNER-CENTERED and with other students.

LEARNER-CENTERED CONSTRUCTIVIST APPROACH

INTERACTIVE The students are expected to construct

knowledge and meaning out for what
CONSTRUCTIVIST
they are taught by connecting them to in the learning process with his/her
prior experience. guidance.

BANKING APPROACH In summary, approaches vary in the

The teacher deposits knowledge into
the empty minds of students for
students to commit to memory.
INTEGRATED APPROACH
degree of teacher and learner
engagement, focus, number of learners
involved in the teaching-learning
process as shown in the diagram below:

It makes the teacher connects what

he/she teaches to other lessons of the
same subject (intradisciplinary) or
connects his/her lessons with other
subjects thus making his/her approach
interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary.

DISCIPLINAL APPROACH

It limits the teacher to discussing his/her METHOD

lessons within the boundary of his/her
subject.
COLLABORATIVE APPROACH
It will welcome group work, teamwork,
partnerships, and group discussion.
INDIVIDUALISTIC APPROACH
It wants the individual students to work
by themselves.
DIRECT TEACHING APPROACH
The teacher directly tells or shows or
demonstrates what is to be taught.
A method is a description of the way
that information or behavior is carried
forward or consolidated during the
instructional process
Method is an overall plan or is a way
of something is done no part of which
contradicts, and all of which is based
upon, the selected approach
It is a systematic way of doing
something. It implies an orderly logical
arrangement of steps. It is more
procedural.

INDIRECT,GUIDED APPROACH

The teacher guides the learner to

discover things for himself/herself. The
teacher facilitates the learning process
by allowing the learner to be engaged
Types of method
Direct method
Inductive Method
Deductive Method
Direct Method
1. The strategy is teacher-directed.
2. The emphasis is on the teaching
of skill. Each step must be
mastered, hence the students
gain how rather than what. It
is termed procedural knowledge.
3. Taught in a step-by-step fashion,
it ensures the learning of the
entire procedure with no step
missed.
4. It include Lesson objectives that
can be measured accurately.
5. This is a form of learning through
imitation, sometimes termed
behavioral modeling.
6. This can also be used to teach
facts, principles, and laws.
7. Performance-based subjects
such as Science, Mathematics,
Music and Physical Education are
taught by this technique.
Deductive method
Teacher-dominated approach
It begins with the abstract rule,
generalization, principle and ends with
specific examples and concrete details
Cover a wider scope of subject matter
Learning is passive process, the
learners do not take part in the
generation of conclusion or
generalization
Drill or exercises come after the
explanation of the rule or principle
Inductive method
It begins with specific details,
concrete data and examples and ends
with an abstract
Learners are more engaged in the
teaching-learning process
Learning becomes more interesting at
the outset because we begin with the
experiences of our students. Begin with
what they know.
It helps the development of our
learners higher order thinking skills. To
see patterns and analyze the same in
order to arrive at generalizations
requires analytical thinking.
A technique is implementation-that
which actually takes place in a class
room. it is a particular trick, procedure
to accomplish an immediate objective.
it must be consistent with the method
and harmony with approach as well
A technique is a detailed list of rules or a carry out a method which is consistent
guideline for any (teaching) activity. with an approach

It is based on the description of steps,
or a set of do's and donts, and can
often be linked to a method or strategy.
Technique is a procedure or skill for
completing a specific a specific task.
This would be used for predictable
events
If I can not learn the way you teach, will
you teach me the way I can learn?
Imagine with all your mind. Believe with
all your heart. Achieve with all your
might.
- Dr. Anil Kumal

Mind mapping: I may know many things but I do not

know everything.
you apply guidelines for devising
content in a holistic way. This is a
technique that can be used in an
individual working situation, in a group
work, or by the teacher as a means of
demonstrating something.

Brainstorming:

is a group centered interaction method.

The brainstorming technique describes
a way of collecting ideas or information
in a creative and uninhibited way

Examples

System of rewards and punishments

If class room become distracted a

teacher may use the technique of silent
reading

A quick physical activity to distract or

divert their attention

CONCLUSION

Approach determines method, in turn

method determine technique.

The arrangement is hierarchical. The

Organizational key is the technique