Advanced power Electronics for power systems

ADVANCED POWER ELECTRONICS FOR POWER SYSTEMS

(EENG7063)

LABORATORY REPORT 1
By
WOLDEMARIAM WORKU
BDU0800793 PGE

Submitted to Dr. Tefera

2017

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Contents
List of figures ................................................................................................................................................ ii
1. Laboratory Activity1:- Modeling and performance evaluation of diode rectifier using OrCAD /Pspice
ii
1.1 Objectives............................................................................................................................................ ii
1.2Tools /material/equipment requirement ............................................................................................ ii
1.3 Short theory ........................................................................................................................................ ii
1.4 Activities and procedures .................................................................................................................. iii
1.4.1 Single phase Half- Wave Rectifier ............................................................................................... iii
1.4.2: Single Phase Bridge Rectifier....................................................................................................... v
1.4.3: Single Phase Bridge Rectifier with an LC Filter......................................................................... viii
1.4.4: Three Phase Bridge Rectifier ...................................................................................................... xi
1.5.4: Three Phase Bridge Rectifier with inductance ..........................................................................xiv
2. Laboratory activates 2:- modeling and performance evaluation of controlled rectifier using
OrCAD/Pspice ............................................................................................................................................. xvii
2.2 Objectives......................................................................................................................................... xvii
2.2 Tools /materials/Equipment requirement ...................................................................................... xviii
2.3 Short theory .................................................................................................................................... xviii
2.4 Activates and Procedures ............................................................................................................... xviii
2.4.1 Single phase half-wave controlled rectifier ............................................................................. xviii
2.4.2 Single phase full wave rectifier .................................................................................................. xxi
3. Laboratory Activites 3: modeling and perfotmance evaluation of Ac voltage controller using
OrCAD/Pspice ............................................................................................................................................. xxii
3.1 Objectives......................................................................................................................................... xxii
3.2 Tools/material/equipment requirment ........................................................................................... xxii
3.3 Short theoty ................................................................................................................................. xxii
3.4 Activites and procedures ................................................................................................................. xxii
3.4.1 Single-phase full-wave AC voltage controller ......................................................................... xxii

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List of figures
Figure 1 single phase half-wave rectifier circuit diagram using OrCAD/Pspice ......................................... iii
Figure 2 single phase half-wave rectifier instantaneous voltage and load current output wave shape ........ iv
Figure 3 single phase bridge rectifier circuit diagram using OrCAD/Pspic ................................................ vi
Figure 4 Single phase bridge rectifier instantaneous output voltage and load current wave shape ............. vi
Figure 5 Single phase bridge rectifier with LC filter circuit diagram using OrCAD/Pspice ..................... viii
Figure 6 (a):-single phase bridge rectifier with LC filters at C=1uF wave shape ....................................... ix
Figure 7 Three phase bridge rectifier circuit diagram with parallel capac.................................................. xii
Figure 8 Input voltage, output voltage and load current for three phase bridge rectifier .......................... xii
Figure 9 Three phase bridge rectifier circuit diagram with series inductor parallel capacitor ................... xiv
Figure 10 Three- phase bridge rectifier with series inductor and parallel capacitor wave shape .............. xv
Figure 11 Instantaneous current of the diode D1, D3&D5 ......................................................................... xv
Figure 12 Three phase bridge rectifier with series inductor parallel capacitor circuit diagram ................. xvi
Figure 13 -Three phase bridge rectifier with series inductor circuit diagram ............................................ xvi
Figure 14 Input current (Ia) when resistance, inductance and capacitance values are.............................. xvii
Figure 15 Single phase half wave controlled rectifier circuit diagram and b) gate voltage ..................... xviii
Figure 16 Single phase half-wave controlled rectifier wave shape............................................................ xix
Figure 17 Three phase bridge controlled rectifier using Pspice software .................................................. xxi
Figure 18 single phase full wave AC voltage controller circuit diagram and b) gate voltage ................. xxii
Figure 19 single phase full wave AC voltage controller circuit diagram using Pspic ............................. xxiii
Figure 20 Single phase full-wave AC voltage controller wave shape ..................................................... xxiii

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1. Laboratory Activity1:- Modeling and performance evaluation of diode

rectifier using OrCAD /Pspice
1.1 Objectives
Modeling diode rectifier using OrCAD/Pspice
Perform transient analysis and evaluate performance of diode rectifier
Understand the operation and characteristics of single phase half wave rectifier under
various load conditions
Understand the operation and characteristics of single phase full wave rectifier under
various load conditions
Understand the operation and characteristics of three phase full wave rectifier under
various load conditions

1.2Tools /material/equipment requirement

Pc with OrCAD capture lite release 9.2and above installed

1.3 Short theory

Rectifiers: - convert an AC voltage to a DC voltage and use diode as switching devices. The
output voltage of ideal rectifier should be pure Dc and contain no harmonic or ripples. Similarly,
the input current should be pure sine wave and contain no harmonics. That is total harmonic
distortion (THD) of the input current and output voltage should be zero, and the input power
factor should be unity.

In practical situation harmonics or ripples cannot be eliminated totally, therefore the input power
factor PFi can be determined from THDi of input current as follows:

PFi =
( )

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Where
I1rms=rms value of fundamental input current
IS=rms value of input current
= angle between the fundamental component of input current and
the fundamental component of input voltage
%THD = percentage total harmonic distortion of the input current

1.4 Activities and procedures

1.4.1 Single phase Half- Wave Rectifier
A single-phase half-wave rectifier is shown below. The input voltage is sinosoidal with a peak of
169.7v ,60Hz.the load inductance L is 6.5mH , and the load resistance R is 0.5 ohm . Use PSpice
(a) to plot the instantaneous output voltage vo and the load current io, (b) to calculate the Fourier
coefficient of the output voltage, and (c) to find the input power factor.

Figure 1 Single phase half-wave rectifier circuit diagram using OrCAD/Pspice

OrCAD /pspice Software simulation Result

a) The PSpice plots of the instantaneous output voltage V and load current the inductive load,
because the current has to fall to zero before the diode can cease to conduct

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Figure 2 single phase half-wave rectifier instantaneous voltage and load current output wave shape

To find the input power factor, we need to find the Fourier series of the input current, which is
the same as the current through diode D1.
DC input current
Rms fundamental input current,
THD of input current THD =

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Harmonic input current,

Rms input current Is = [I2in (dc) + I2r(rms) + I2h(rms)]1/2

The output voltage contains harmonics. An output filter is normally used to obtain a smooth DC
output voltage. The load inductance L acts as the output filter also.
Also, the input current contains harmonics. An input filter is normally used to block harmonic
currents flowing into the supply line.
The input factor pF can be calculated as

The the power factor can be defined using the formula from the theory above

* ( ) +

Conclusion: - The diode rectifiers are referred to as uncontrolled rectifiers which make use of
power semiconductor diodes to carry the load current. The load current is discontinuous. When
the diode turns off, there is a voltage transient. If an antiparallel diode (also known as the
freewheeling diode) is connected across the load current will be smoother. As a result, the power
factor will improve.

1.4.2: Single Phase Bridge Rectifier

A single-phase bridge rectifier is shown below. The input voltage is sinosoidal with a peak of
169.7v ,60Hz.the load inductance L is 6.5mH, and the load resistance R is 0.5 ohm. Use PSpice
(a) to plot the instantaneous output voltage vo and the load current io, (b) to calculate the Fourier
coefficient of the output voltage, and the input power factor

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Figure 3 single phase bridge rectifier circuit diagram using OrCAD/Pspic

OrCAD /pspice Software simulation Result

Figure 4 Single phase bridge rectifier instantaneous output voltage and load current wave shape

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The Fourier components of transient response

DC input current

Rms fundamental input current

THD of the input current THD = 19%

Harmonic Input current,

Rms input current [ ]

=[ ]

Displacement angle 1= 164.1

Displacement factor DF = cos 1 = cos (-164.1) = -0.962 (ledding)

Thus, the input power factor is given by

PF (rms) = * cos 1 = *0.962 = 0.705

Conclusion and discussion: - from the above simulation result we have to conclude that the full-
wave rectifier uses both half cycles of source voltage. During the positive half cycle of Vs,
diodes D1 and D2 are forward-biase d and conduct. Diodes D3 and D4 are reverse-biased and do
not conduct. During the negative half cycle of Vs, diodes D1 and D2 are Reverse-biased and do

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not conduct, whereas diodes D3 and D4 are forward-biased and conduct. When we see the output
current shows continues conduction, which meet with theoretical analysis and that I obtained
expected result

1.4.3: Single Phase Bridge Rectifier with an LC Filter

A single-phase bridge rectifier with LC filter is shown below. The input voltage is sinosoidal
with a peak of 169.7v ,60Hz.the load inductance L is 10mH , and the load resistance R is 40
ohm. The filter inductance Le is 30.83Mh,and filter capacitance Ce is 1uF,100 uF& 326 uF. Use
PSpice (a) to plot the instantaneous output voltage vo and the load current io, (b) to calculate the
Fourier coefficients of the output voltage, (c) to calculate the Fourier coefficients of the input
current and input power factor, and (d) plot the instantaneous output voltage for Ce =
1F,100F, and 326F.

Figure 5 Single phase bridge rectifier with LC filter circuit diagram using OrCAD/Pspic

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OrCAD /pspice Software simulation Result

Figure 6 (a):-single phase bridge rectifier with LC filters at C=1uF wave shape

Figure 6(b) Single phase bridge rectifier with LC filter at C=100uF wave shape

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Figure 6(c):-single phase bridge rectifier with LC filter at C=326uF wave shape

FOURIER COMPONENTS OF TRANSIENT RESPONSE

DC COMPONENT = 1.143072E + 02

HARMONIC FREQUENCY FOURIER NORMALIZED PHASE NORMALIZED

NO (HZ) COMPONENT COMPONENT (DEG) PHASE (DEG

1 1.200E+02 1.306E+01 1.000E+00 1.034E+02 0.000E+00

2 2.400E+02 6.509E01 4.983E02 1.225E+02 1.907E+01

3 3.600E+02 2.315E01 1.772E02 9.0 39E+01 1.305E+01

4 4.800E+02 1.617E01 1.238E02 4.774E+01 5.570E+01

5 6.000E+02 1.316E01 1.007E02 2.218E+01 8.126E+01

6 7.200E+02 1.050E01 8.039E03 8.698E+00 9.474E+01

7 8.400E+02 8.482E02 6.494E03 2.760E+00 1.007E+02

8 9.600E+02 7.149E02 5.473E03 5.647E02 1.034E+02

9 1.080E+03 6.137E02 4.699E03 2.062E+00 1.055E+02

TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION = 5.666466E + 01 PERCENT

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the fundamental component

Conclusion and discussion: - after rectifying filter should be performed, so as to get smooth DC
output. as we have seen in the three wave shape in the above, that means when the value of
capacitance =from 1uF to 100uF and 326uF the shape becomes more DC or the ripple become
small and small. This property is exhibit because of the ripple filtration characteristics of
capacitor increase as the increasing of its values.

THD of input current THD = 42.16% = 0.4216

Displacement angle 1= 3.492
Displacement factor DF = cos 1 = cos(3.492) = 0.9981(lagging)
Neglecting the DC input current , which is small relative to the
fundamental component?

1.4.4: Three Phase Bridge Rectifier

A three-phase bridge rectifier is shown below. The rectifier supplied from a balanced three-
phase balanced whose per-phase voltage has a peak of 169.7v ,60Hz.the load inductance L is
6.5mH , and the load resistance R is 0.5 ohm and capacitor parallal to RL load is C e is 326uF.
Use PSpice (a) to plot the instantaneous output voltage vo and line (phase) current ia, (b) to plot
the rms and average currents of diode D1, (c) to plot the average output power, and (d) to
calculate the Fourier coefficients of the input current and the input power factor.

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Figure 7 Three phase bridge rectifier circuit diagram

OrCAD /pspice Software simulation Result

400V

0V

-400V
V(Vbn:+,Van:+) V(Van:+,Vbn:+) V(Vbn:+,D5:1) V(D5:1,Vbn:+) V(D5:1,Van:+) V(Van:+,Vcn:+)
300V

275V

250V
V(D1:2,D4:1)
20A

10A

SEL>>
0A
0s 5ms 10ms 15ms 20ms 25ms 30ms 35ms 40ms 45ms 50ms
I(R1)
Time

Figure 8 Input voltage, output voltage and load current for three phase bridge rectifier

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Because of the source inductances, a commutation interval exists. During this interval, the
current through the incoming diode rises and that through the outgoing diode falls. The sum of
these currents must equal the load current.

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Note: Because of the line inductances, there is a transition time for switching the line currents
from one diode to another diode .This causes a drop in the output voltage because of the
commutation of the currents

Conclusion & Discussion: - From the laboratory activities data it can be concluded that the
rectifier model adequately describes the rectifier operation. However, the supply line inductance
and the output current ripple might slightly affect the rectifier operation, and these phenomena
are not included in the rectifier model. Application of the current injection methods will remove
the notches from the phase voltages and make the inductance of the supply lines irrelevant. Thus,
the output current ripple will remain the only parasitic effect to be concerned about.

1.5.4: Three Phase Bridge Rectifier with inductance

A three-phase bridge rectifier with inductance is shown below. The rectifier supplied from a
balanced three-phase balanced whose per-phase voltage has a peak of 169.7v ,60Hz.the load
inductance L is 6.5mH , and the load resistance R is 0.5 ohm and capacitor parallal to RL load is
Ce is 326uF. The line inductance L1=L2=L3= 0.5 mh . Use PSpice to plot the instantaneous line
voltages vac and vbc, and the instantaneous currents through diodes D1, D3, and D5.

Figure 9 Three phase bridge rectifier circuit diagram with series inductor parallel capacitor

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OrCAD /pspice Software siulation Result

300V

200V

100V

-0V

-100V

-200V

-300V
0s 5ms 10ms 15ms 20ms 25ms 30ms 35ms 40ms 45ms 50ms
V(Van:+,Vbn:+) V(Vbn:+,Vcn:+)
Time

Figure 10 Three- phase bridge rectifier with series inductor and parallel capacitor wave shape

20A

0A

-20A
I(D1)
20A

10A

SEL>>
0A
I(D3)
20A

0A

-20A
0s 5ms 10ms 15ms 20ms 25ms 30ms 35ms 40ms 45ms 50ms
I(D5)
Time

Figure 11 Instantaneous current of the diode D1, D3&D5

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When all resistance, inductance and capacitance values of the above circuit increased by 20% that
means:-

Then the circuit should be shown below.

Figure 12 Three phase bridge rectifier with series inductor parallel capacitor circuit diagram

Figure 13 -Three phase bridge rectifier with series inductor circuit diagram

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1.5A

1.0A

0.5A

-0.0A

-0.5A

-1.0A

-1.5A
0s 5ms 10ms 15ms 20ms 25ms 30ms 35ms 40ms 45ms 50ms
-I(L2)
Time

Figure 14 Input current (Ia) when resistance, inductance and capacitance values are

Conclusion and discussion:-when we see the result of input current Ia as all values of resistance,
inductance and capacitance increased by 20% the web-shape becomes smooth sinusoidal shape
this is because of the value of inductance in the input side may minimize the harmonic distortion
of the distorted wave shape. Basically the nature of inductance in the circuit above is to limit the
current flowing through the load

VL =L (di/dt) resists any change in current. If L is very large, any reasonable voltage will not
alter the inductor current, and a current source is realized.

2. Laboratory activates 2:- modeling and performance evaluation of

controlled rectifier using OrCAD/Pspice
2.2 Objectives
Model SCRs, voltage controlled switches and specify their model parameters
Perform transient analysis and evaluate performance of controlled rectifier
Understand the operation and characteristics of single phase half wave controlled
rectifier under various load conditions
Understand the operation and characteristics of single phase full wave controlled rectifier
under various load conditions
Understand the operation and characteristics of three phase full wave controlled rectifier
under various load conditions

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2.2 Tools /materials/Equipment requirement

Pc with OrCAD/Pspice

2.3 Short theory

A controlled rectifier converts a fixed ac voltage to a variable dc voltage and uses thyristor as a
switching device. The output voltage of an ideal rectifier should be a pure dc and contains no
harmonic or ripple. Similarly the input current should be pure sine wave and contain no
harmonics. That is the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the input current and output voltage
should be zero and the input power factor should be zero.

2.4 Activates and Procedures

2.4.1 Single phase half-wave controlled rectifier
A single-phase half-wave rectifier is shown below. The input voltage is sinosoidal with a peak of
169.7v ,60Hz.the load inductance L is 6.5mH , the load resistance R is 0.5ohm and delay angle
is 600. Use PSpice to (a) plot the instantaneous output voltage vo and the load current io and (b)
calculate the Fourier coefficients of the input current is and the input power factor PF.

Figure 15 Single phase half wave controlled rectifier circuit diagram and b) gate voltage

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OrCAD /pspice Software simulation Result

Figure 16 Single phase half-wave controlled rectifier wave shape

FOURIER COMPONENTS OF TRANSIENT RESPONSE I1(X_SCR)

DC COMPONENT = 6.462983E-02

HARMONIC FREQUENCY FOURIER NORMALIZED PHASE NORMALIZED

NO (HZ) COMPONENT COMPONENT (DEG) PHASE (DEG)

1 6.000E+01 6.850E-02 1.000E+00 -8.958E+01 0.000E+00

2 1.200E+02 7.523E-04 1.098E-02 7.467E+01 2.538E+02

3 1.800E+02 6.959E-04 1.016E-02 8.223E+01 3.510E+02

4 2.400E+02 6.354E-04 9.276E-03 8.678E+01 4.451E+02

5 3.000E+02 5.668E-04 8.275E-03 8.989E+01 5.378E+02

6 3.600E+02 4.898E-04 7.150E-03 9.234E+01 6.298E+02

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7 4.200E+02 4.045E-04 5.905E-03 9.458E+01 7.217E+02

8 4.800E+02 3.133E-04 4.574E-03 9.668E+01 8.133E+02

9 5.400E+02 2.216E-04 3.235E-03 9.869E+01 9.049E+02

10 6.000E+02 1.350E-04 1.970E-03 1.013E+02 9.971E+02

11 6.600E+02 5.752E-05 8.397E-04 1.081E+02 1.094E+03

12 7.200E+02 1.339E-05 1.955E-04 -1.300E+02 9.450E+02

TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION = 2.236870E+00 PERCENT

Conclusion and Discussion: - During first half of input application of gate pulse turns on
thyristor when its anode is positive w.r.t. its cathode, and the forward voltage is greater than the
threshold voltage. In this condition the voltage across the load is the same as the positive half
cycle of the ac source.

During the interval 0 to /2

The source voltage Vs increases from zero to its positive maximum, while the voltage across the
inductor VL opposes the change of current through the load. It must be noted that the current
through an inductor cannot change instantaneously; hence the current gradually increases until it
reaches its maximum value.
The current does not reach its peak when the voltage is at its maximum, which is consistent with
the fact that the current through an inductor lags the voltage across it. During this time, energy is
transferred from the ac source and is stored in the magnetic field of the inductor.
For the interval /2 and
The source voltage decreases from its positive maximum to zero. The induced voltage in the
inductor reverses polarity and opposes the associated decrease in current, thereby aiding the SCR
forward current. Therefore, the current starts decreasing gradually at a delayed time, becoming
zero when all the energy stored by then inductor is released to the circuit. Again this is consistent
with the fact that current lags voltage in an inductive circuit. Hence, even after the source voltage
has dropped past zero volts, there is still load current, which exists a little more than half a cycle.
For the interval greater than

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At , the source voltage reverses and starts to increase to its negative maximum. However, the
voltage induced across the inductor is still positive and will sustain forward conduction of the
diode until this induced voltage decreases to zero. When this induced voltage falls to zero, the
thyristor will now be reversed biased, but would have conducted forward current for an angle ,
where = + .

2.4.2 Single phase full wave rectifier

A single -phase full-wave rectifier is shown below. The input per phase voltage has a peak of
169.7v ,60Hz.the load inductance L is 6.5mH , the load resistance R is 0.5ohm.the load battery
voltage is Vx=10V and delay angle is 600the gate voltage are shown below(b). Use PSpice to
(a) plot the instantaneous output voltage vo and the load current io and (b) calculate the Fourier
coefficient of the input current is and the input power factor PF.

Figure 17 Three phase bridge controlled rectifier using Pspice software

Conclusion:- single and three phase full wave controlled rectifiers are not simiulated in the
software because the software has limited for the number of nodes in the circuit & the circuit has
more than 76 nodes .

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3. Laboratory Activites 3: modeling and perfotmance evaluation of Ac

voltage controller using OrCAD/Pspice

3.1 Objectives
Model SCRs, voltage controlled for Ac application and specifing their parameter
Perform transient analysis and evalating the performance of Ac voltage controller
Undurstand the operation and charactersics of a single phase Ac voltage cotroller under
various load conditions
Understand the operation and charactersitcs of three phase Ac voltage controller under
various load conditions

3.2 Tools/material/equipment requirment

Pc with OrCAD/Pspice

3.3 Short theoty

The input to an ac controller is fixed ac voltage and its output is variable ac voltage.when the
convertor switchs are turned on, the input voltage is connected to the load.the output voltage
which is varied by changing the conduction time of the switches is discontineous. The input
power factor is low .

3.4 Activites and procedures

3.4.1 Single-phase full-wave AC voltage controller
A single-phase full-wave AC voltage controller is shown below. The input voltage is sinosoidal
with a peak of 169.7v ,60Hz.the load inductance L is 6.5mH , the load resistance R is 2.5ohm
and delay angle are equals: 1,2,3 =900.

Figure 18 single phase full wave AC voltage controller circuit diagram and b) gate voltage

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Figure 19 single phase full wave AC voltage controller circuit diagram using Pspic

OrCAD /pspice Software simulation Result

Figure 20 Single phase full-wave AC voltage controller wave shape

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DC input current

Rms fundamental input current, I1rms = 41.42/ =29.2884A

THD of the input current THD = 10.595%=0.106

Harmonic Input current, I1 rms * THD=29.2884 *0.0106A = 0.3105A

Rms input current Is = [I2in (dc) + I2 r (rms) + I2h(rms)]1/2

= [(9.065)2+ (29.2884)2+ (0.3105)2]1/2 =30.6607A

Displacement angle 1= 84.04

Displacement factor DF = cos 1 = cos (84.04) = 0.104(lagging)

Thus, the input power factor is given by

PF (rms) = * cos 1 = *0.104 = 0.3355

The power factor can be determined directly from the THD as follows:

PF (rms) = * cos 1 = * cos 1

* ( )+

=[ ]
* 0.104

PF (rms) =0.103 (lagging)

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Conclusion and Discussion:- The SCRs cannot conduct simultaneously. The load voltage is the
same as the source voltage when either SCR is ON; .load voltage is zero when both SCRs are
off. The switch voltage Vsw is zero when either SCR is on and is equal to the source voltage
when neither is on.

The thyristor T1 is turned on at the beginning of each positive half cycle by applying the gate
trigger pulses to T1 as shown, during the ON time ton. The load current flows in the positive
direction, which is the downward direction as shown in the wave shape when T1 conducts. The
thyristor T2 is turned on at the beginning of each negative half cycle, by applying gating signal to
the gate of T2, during ton. The load current flows in the reverse direction, which is the upward
direction when T2 conducts. Thus we obtain a bi-directional load current flow in a ac voltage
controller circuit, by triggering the thyristors alternately

The SCRs cannot conduct simultaneously. The load voltage is the same as the source voltage
when either SCR is ON; .load voltage is zero when both SCRs are off. The switch voltage Vsw is
zero when either SCR is on and is equal to the source voltage when neither is on.

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