INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

Engine refers as Heat engine is a device which converts chemical energy of fuel
into Heat energy and this Heat energy further convert into mechanical work.

Any mechanical device which is capable of converting chemical energy of the

fuel into mechanical energy is called an engine
Based on where the combustion of fuel take place. Whether outside the working
cylinder or inside the working cylinder

Heat engine classification can be done into two types. They are:

1)External Combustion Engine ( EC Engine )

2)Internal Combustion Engine ( IC Engine )

EC ENGINE

External combustion engines are those in which combustion takes place outside
the engines. Heat produced during external combustion is used for inducing useful
mechanical motion in the cylinder of the engine.

Ex: Steam Engine, Steam Turbine, Closed cycle gas turbine.

IC ENGINE

Internal Combustion engine are those in which combustion takes place within
the engine. Chemical energy of the fuel is converted to thermal energy and thermal
energy is converted to mechanical energy.

Ex: Gasoline Engine, Diesel Engine, Wankel Engine, Open cycle Gas Turbine

I.C.ENGINES E.C.ENGINES

Fuel combustion take place inside the
cylinder
Compact in size and more efficient
Low initial cost
Working fluid is mixture of air and fuel
Easier and quick starting of these
engines
Fuel combustion take place outside the
cylinder
Larger in size and less efficient
More initial cost,
Working fluid is steam
Starting is difficult and more time is
required.
Costly fuels are required like petrol and Cheaper fuel may be used like coal
diesel.
More suitable for mobile applications Less suitable for mobile applications

Construction of I.C Engines:

Common Basic Parts Of I.C Engine:

Cylinder and Cylinder head

Piston and Piston Ring
Connecting rod
Crankshaft
Crank
Crank case
 Cooling and Lubrication System
Flywheel
Valves and valve operating mechanism

Parts for Petrol (or S.I or Otto Cycle) I.C engine only means:

1. Spark plug, 2. Carburetor, 3. Fuel pump.

Parts for Diesel ( or C.I or Diesel cycle) I.C engine only means:

1. Fuel pump, 2. Injector (or Fuel injector).

In 1876 four stroke engine based on Otto cycle was developed by a German
engineer Nikolous Otto. Diesel Engine was developed by another German
engineer Rudolf Diesel in the year 1892.

1. Petrol engine/ gasoline engine: when petrol is used as a fuel in four stroke
engine then it is called as four stroke petrol engine. The construction of petrol
engine is slightly different from the diesel engine. In petrol engine there is a spark
plug for the combustion of the fuel. And air-fuel mixture is sucked in the cylinder.

2. Diesel engine: When the fuel used in the four stroke engine is diesel than it is
called as diesel engine. In diesel engine there is fuel injector for the injection of the
fuel within the cylinder. During suction, only air is sucked within the cylinder. Hot
compressed Air is used for the burning of the fuel in this type of four stroke engine

Petrol Engine:

Spark plugs are used in the petrol engines to ignite the air fuel mixture whereas in
diesel engines the presence of spark plugs is not necessary. Technically petrol
engines are called as spark ignition engines ( SI ) and diesel engines are called
as compression ignition engines (CI ) . In SI engines air and fuel (petrol) get
mixed in the carburettor and then it is supplied to the engine through inlet
manifold, then the air fuel mixture is compressed inside the cylinder.
At the end of compression the spark is ignited and then combustion takes place
from where the power stroke is obtained. Normally the compression ratio of SI
engines will in the range 6 8 .This proves that in petrol engines the compression
alone doesnt makes the fuel to burn.

Technically speaking this process is governed by constant volume process or

Otto cycle.

Petrol engines have many applications, including:

Automobiles, Motorcycles, Aircraft, Motorboats, Small engines, such as lawn

mowers, chainsaws and portable engine-generators

Diesel Engine:

In case of diesel engines spark plugs are not needed. The air from the atmosphere
is sucked into the cylinder of the engine and then the air is compressed to high
pressure which eventually leads to the increase of temperature, so when the diesel
is supplied at end of compression stroke, the temperature developed is more
enough to ignite the diesel, this makes the fuel to burn and then expansion of gases
takes place from where the power stroke is obtained.

This eliminates the usage of spark plug as the temperature required to ignite the
fuel is obtained on compression itself, so always the compression of diesel engines
will be in the range 12 -14.This type of process is governed by constant pressure
process. This makes one identify the engines. In petrol engines spark plugs will be
present but in the case of diesel engines fuel (fuel injector) pump will be present.

FOUR STROKE ENGINES:

The chemical energy is converted into mechanical energy in which the piston
does four times movement to produce a power stroke ( 2 times from TDC to BDC
and 2 times from BDC to TDC) is called as 4 stroke engine.
Pistons Position During The Four Stroke Cycle

Four Strokes Petrol Engine:

Working Operation for Four Strokes Petrol Cycle

1. Intake/Suction

2. Compression

3. Power/Expansion/Ignition

4. Exhaust

Another view of four strokes process:

In First stroke(Intake or Suction strokes):

Intake valve opens.

Piston moves down(From TDC to BDC), turn of crankshaft.

A vacuum is created in the cylinder.(that is Combustion chamber)

Atmospheric pressure pushes the air/fuel mixture into the cylinder.

In Second stroke(Compression strokes):

Valves close.

Piston moves up(From BDC to TDC), turn of crankshaft.

Air/fuel mixture is compressed.

Fuel starts to vaporize and heat begins to build.

In Third stroke(Power/Ignition/Expansion strokes):

Valves remain closed.

Spark plug fires igniting fuel mixture.

Large Amount of heat energy is created and this energy pushes the Piston
and that piston moves down, turn of crankshaft., due to this that piston
attaching mechanical parts moves based on its position and application
sources.

Heat energy is converted to mechanical energy.

In Four stroke(Exhaust strokes):

Exhaust valve opens.

Piston move up, crankshaft makes turn.

Exhaust gases are pushed out through Exhaust valve polluting the
atmosphere.
Otto Cycle for four stroke Petrol Engine

The four stroke petrol engines works on the principle of theoretical Otto cycle.
also known as constant volume cycle

In Theoretically During Ignition time the Piston cannot be moved ( that is piston
volume cannot be changed during ignition the fuel or power stroke )

Diesel Engine (Four Strokes)

Diesel engine, any internal-combustion engine in which air is compressed to a

sufficiently high temperature to ignite diesel fuel injected into the cylinder,
where combustion and expansion actuate a piston. It converts the chemical
energy stored in the fuel into mechanical energy, which can be used
to power freight trucks, large tractors, locomotives, and marine vessels. A limited
number of automobiles also are diesel-powered, as are some electric-power
generator sets.
The basic construction of a four stroke diesel engine is same as that of four stroke
petrol engine, except instead of spark plug, a fuel injector is mounted in its place

Diesel Cycle for Diesel Engine

The four stroke Diesel Engine works on the principle of Diesel Cycle , also
called CONSTANT PRESSURE HEAT ADDITION PROCESS
 The four stroke Diesel engine is also consists of SUCTION,
COMPRESSION,POWER and EXHAUST strokes and its operation process
also similar to petrol engine process., So four Process steps are

Working Operation for Four Stroke Diesel Engine

Intake/Suction stroke:

Piston moves from TDC to BDC

creating vacuum in the cylinder

Intake valve opens allowing only

air can be enter into the cylinder that is combustion chamber and

exhaust valve remains closed

Compression Stroke

Both valves stay closed

Piston moves from BDC to TDC,

compressing air to 22:1

Compressing the air to this extent

increases the temperature inside the

cylinder to above 1000 degree F.

Power Stroke

Both valves stay closed

When the piston is at the end of compression stroke(TDC) the injector
sprays a mist of diesel fuel into the cylinder.
When hot air mixes with diesel fuel an explosion takes place in the
cylinder.
Expanding gases push the piston from TDC to BDC
Exhaust Stroke

Piston moves from BDC to TDC

Exhaust valve opens and the exhaust gases escape

Intake valve remains closed

There is a lot of difference between petrol and diesel engine and these are
as follows:

The petrol engine works on Otto cycle whereas diesel engine works on
diesel cycle.
In petrol engine the air and petrol are mixed in carburetor and it enters into
the cylinder. In diesel engine the fuel is first fed into the cylinder by a fuel
injector and then gets mixed with air inside the cylinder.
In petrol engine first the compression of air and petrol is done and then it is
ignited by an electric spark. In diesel engine only the charge of air is
compressed and ignition is done by the heat of compressed air.
The compression ratio in petrol engine is low as compared with the diesel
engine.
The power developed in petrol engine is low due to lower compression ratio.
In diesel engine the power developed is more due to higher compression
ratio.
Petrol engine is fitted with spark plug whereas diesel engine is fitted with a
fuel injector.
 In petrol engine the fuel that burns has high volatility. In diesel engine the
fuel of less volatility is burnt.
Petrol engines are used in light weight vehicles like car, motorcycles,
scooters etc. Diesel engines are used in heavy vehicles like buses, trucks,
locomotives etc.
Fuel consumption in petrol engine is higher than the diesel engine.
Petrol engine is lighter whereas diesel engine is heavier.
Frequent overhauling is required in petrol engine but overhauling of diesel
engine is done after a long time.
There is lesser starting problem in petrol engine as compared with diesel
engine.
Petrol engine has lowered initial and maintenance cost but the initial and
maintenance cost of diesel engine is high.

Diesel Engine Petrol Engine

(1) Diesel is used as fuel
(2) Only air is used as charge
(3) It is a compression ignition
engine
(4) Fuel injector is used to spray
diesel into the cylinder for burning.
(5) Have higher compressor ratio
(14:1to 22:1)
(6)Fuel pumi5 is used to force Diesel
in
to fuel injector.
(7)High thermal efficiency
(8)High weight engine
(9)Cannot run above 3500 rpm
(10) Starting is difficult
(11) High maintenance cost
(12) High initial cost and low
running cost
(13) Huge size engine
(14) Fuel is not wasted in scavenging
process.
(15) Can be rough used
(16) Exhaust temperature Is low.
(1) Petrol is used as fuel
(2) Mixture of air and petrol is used
as charge
(3) It is a spark ignition (5.1) engine.
(4) Spark plug is used for fuel
ignition and burning.
(5) Have lower compression ratio
(7:1 to 10:1)
(6) Carburetor is used to supply air-
petrol mixture in proper ratio.
(7) Low thermal efficiency.
(8) Low weight engine
(9) Can run at higher speeds (5000
rpm)
(10) Low maintenance cost
(11) Low initial cost and high
running cost
(12) Starting is easy
(13)Compact construction
(14)Fuel is wasted in scavenging
process
(15)Cannot be rough used
(16)Exhaust temperature is high
 (17) Occupies more space (17)Occupies less space
(18) Normally used for heavy duty (18)Normally used for light duty
vehicles like Bus, trucks, tractors etc. vehicles like Motorcycles and Cars

Two Stroke Engine

The two stroke engine is a reciprocating engine in which the piston does two time
movement ( i.e. TDC to BDC and BDC to TDC ) to produce a power stroke.

What is stroke?

When the piston moves from TDC to BDC or BDC to TDC then this movement of
piston from TDC to BDC and vice versa is called one stroke.

Two Stroke Petrol Engine:

In an two stroke Petrol Engine its two strokes are described as follows:

Upward(1st) Stroke: During the upward stroke, the piston moves from bottom
dead centre to top dead centre, compressing the air-petrol mixture in the cylinder.
The cylinder is connected to a closed crank chamber. Due to upward movement of
the piston, a partial vacuum is created in the crankcase, and a new charge is drawn
into the crankcase through the uncovered inlet port. The exhaust port and transfer
port are covered when the piston is at the top dead centre position . The
compressed charge is ignited in the combustion chamber by a spark provided by
the spark plug.

Downward(2nd) Stroke: As soon as the charge is ignited, the hot gases force the
piston to move downwards, rotating the crankshaft, thus doing the useful work.
During this stroke the inlet port is covered by the piston and the new charge is
compressed in the crank case . Further downward movement of the piston uncovers
first the exhaust port and then the transfer port . The burnt gases escape through the
exhaust port. As soon as the transfer port opens, the compressed charge from the
crankcase flows into the cylinder. The charge is deflected upwards by the pump
provided on the head of the piston and pushes out most of the exhaust gases. It may
be noted that the incoming air-petrol mixture helps the removal of burnt gases from
the engine cylinder, which is called as the scavenging process. If in case these
exhaust gases do not leave the cylinder, the fresh charge gets diluted and efficiency
of the engine will decrease. The cycle of events is then repeated.

Two Stroke Petrol Engine with Its cycle

Two Stroke Diesel Engine:

In two stroke cycle diesel engine, only air is compressed inside the cylinder
and the diesel is injected by an injector. There is no spark plug in this engine. The
remaining operations of the two stroke cycle diesel engine are exactly the same as
those of the two stroke cycle petrol engine.

Working Operation ( two strokes process)

1st Stroke As the piston starts rising from its B.D.C. position, it closes the
transfer and the exhaust port. The air which is already there in the cylinder is
compressed. At the same time with the upward movement of the piston,
vacuum is created in the crank case. As soon as the inlet port is uncovered
the fresh air is sucked in the crank case. The charging is continued until the
crank case and the space in the cylinder beneath the piston in filled with the
air.
 2nd Stroke Slightly before the completion of the compression stroke a very
fine spray of diesel is injected into the compressed air (which is at a very
high temperature). The fuel ignites spontaneously.

S.No. Four stroke engine Two stroke engine

1. It has one power stroke for every two It has one power stroke for each revolution of
revolutions of the crankshaft. the crankshaft.

2. Heavy flywheel is required and engine
runs unbalanced because turning moment
on the crankshaft is not even due to one
power stroke for every two revolutions of
the crankshaft.
Lighter flywheel is required and engine runs
balanced because turning moment is more
even due to one power stroke for each
revolution of the crankshaft.

3. Engine is heavy Engine is light

4. Engine design is complicated due to Engine design is simple due to absence of

valve mechanism. valve mechanism.

5. More cost. Less cost than 4 stroke.

Less mechanical efficiency due to more More mechanical efficiency due to less friction
6. friction on many parts. on a few parts.
7. More output due to full fresh charge Less output due to mixing of fresh charge with
intake and full burnt gases exhaust. the hot burnt gases.

8. Engine runs cooler. Engine runs hotter.

9. Engine is water cooled. Engine is air cooled.

10. Less fuel consumption and complete More fuel consumption and fresh charge is
burning of fuel. mixed with exhaust gases.

11. Engine requires more space. Engine requires less space.

12. Complicated lubricating system. Simple lubricating system.

13. Less noise is created by engine. More noise is created by engine.

14. Engine consists of inlet and exhaust Engine consists of inlet and exhaust ports.
valve.

15. More thermal efficiency. Less thermal efficiency.

16. It consumes less lubricating oil. It consumes more lubricating oil.

17. Less wear and tear of moving parts. More wear and tear of moving parts.

18. Used in cars, buses, trucks etc. Used in mopeds, scooters, motorcycles etc.

Advantages Of I.C Engine:

An internal combustion engine is compact and lighter.

An internal combustion engine can be started immediately.

An internal combustion engine is quite safe to use.

An internal combustion engine has higher efficiency than external

combustion engine.

Application Of I.C Engine:

I.C. engines have many applications, including:

Road vehicles(e.g. scooter , motorcycle , buses etc.)

 Aircraft

Motorboats

Small machines, such as lawn mowers, chainsaws and portable engine-

generators

Cooling System Of IC Engine:

We know that in case of Internal Combustion engines, combustion of air
and fuel takes place inside the engine cylinder and hot gases are generated. The
temperature of gases will be around 2300-2500C. This is a very high
temperature and may result into burning of oil film between the moving parts
and may result into seizing or welding of the same. So, this temperature must
be reduced to about 150-200C at which the engine will work most efficiently.
Too much cooling is also not desirable since it reduces the thermal efficiency.
So, the object of cooling system is to keep the engine running at its most
efficient operating temperature.
It is to be noted that the engine is quite inefficient when it is cold and hence
the cooling system is designed in such a way that it prevents cooling when the
engine is warming up and till it attains to maximum efficient operating
temperature, then it starts cooling.
It is also to be noted that :
(a) About 20-25% of total heat generated is used for producing brake
power (useful work).

(b) Cooling system is designed to remove 30-35% of total heat.

Remaining heat is lost in friction and carried away by exhaust gases

There are mainly two types of cooling systems :

(a) Air cooled system, and
(b) Water cooled system.
Air Cooled System
Air cooled system is generally used in small engines say up to 15-20 kW
and in aero plane engines.
In this system fins or extended surfaces are provided on the cylinder walls,
cylinder head, etc. Heat generated due to combustion in the engine cylinder
will be conducted to the fins and when the air flows
over the fins, heat will be dissipated to air.
The amount of heat dissipated to
air depends upon :
Amount of air flowing through the fins fin
Fin surface area
Thermal conductivity of metal used for fins Combustion
Chamber

Advantages of Air Cooled System

Following are the advantages of air cooled system : Cylinder
Radiator/pump is absent hence the system is light.
(a) In case of water cooling system there are
leakages, but in this case there are no leakages.
(b) Coolant and antifreeze solutions are not required.
(c) This system can be used in cold climates, where if water is used it may
freeze.

Disadvantages of Air Cooled System

(a) Comparatively it is less efficient.
(b) It is used in aero planes and motorcycle engines where the engines
are exposed to air directly.
Water Cooling System:

In this method, cooling water jackets are provided around the cylinder,
cylinder head, valve seats etc. The water when circulated through the jackets, it
absorbs heat of combustion. This hot water will then be cooling in the radiator
partially by a fan and partially by the flow developed by the forward motion of
the vehicle. The cooled water is again recirculated through the water jackets

There are two types of water cooling system :

Thermo Siphon System and Pump Circulation System
Thermo Siphon System
In this system the circulation of water is due to difference in temperature (i.e.
difference in densities) of water. So in this system pump is not required but water
is circulated because of density difference only.

Radiator Engine
 Pump Circulation System
In this system circulation of water is obtained by a pump. This
pump is driven by means of engine output shaft through V-belts.

Engine

Advantages of Water Cooling System:

(a) Uniform cooling of cylinder, cylinder head and valves.
(b) Specific fuel consumption of engine improves by using water
cooling system.
(c) If we employ water cooling system, then engine need not be provided
at the front end of moving vehicle.
(d) Engine is less noisy as compared with air cooled engines, as it has
water for damping noise.

Disadvantages
(a) It depends upon the supply of water.
(b) The water pump which circulates water absorbs considerable power.
(c) If the water cooling system fails then it will result in severe
damage of engine.
(d) The water cooling system is costlier as it has more number of parts.
Also it requires more maintenance and care for its parts.

ENGINE EMISSIONS AND ITS CONTROL

The emission control systems are installed to reduce the amount of CO, HC and
Nox exhausted from the engine.

Exhaust gas or flue gas is emitted as a result of the combustion of fuels such as
natural gas, gasoline, petrol, biodiesel blends, diesel fuel, fuel oil, or coal.
According to the type of engine, it is discharged into the atmosphere through an
exhaust pipe, flue gas stack, or propelling nozzle.

It is a major component of motor vehicle emissions (and from stationary internal

combustion engines), which can also include:

Crankcase blow-by
Evaporation of unused gasoline
Motor vehicle emissions contribute to air pollution and are a major ingredient in
the creation of smog in some large cities

ENGINE EMISSIONS:

1.Exhaust Emission

2.Non-exhaust emission

3.Crank case Blowby

Exhaust emissions :-

Unburnt hydrocarbon( HC)

Oxides of carbon (CO2,CO)
NO,NO2 (Nitric oxides, Nitrite)
SO2,SO3( Sulphur dioxide, Sulphur Trioxide )
Particulates, soot ,smoke

First four are common to both SI and CI engines and last are mainly from CI
engines

Carbon Monoixde(CO) Emission

It will created due to when engine is operated with a fuel rich equivalence
ratio ( High air-fuel ratio is mixed during ignition) and a product of
incomplete combustion. The main source of CO in our air is vehicles
emission.
 Health Effects of CO:

CO reduce the bloods ability to carry oxygen to body tissue

including vital organs such as the heart and brain. It is most harmful to those
who suffer from heart and respiratory disease.

Hydrocarbon emission(HC) :-
causes :-

Incomplete combustion
Crevice volumes and flow in crevices
Leakage past the exhaust valves
Valve overlap
Deposits on walls

Health effects of HC:

High levels of hydrocarbons in the atmosphere can reduce the amount of

available oxygen. Carcinogenic (cancer causing) forms of hydrocarbons are
considered hazardous air pollutants, or air toxins and can lead to the
development of cancer.

Emission control methods:

1.Thermal Converters , its by means of lowering emissions

Are high temperatures chamber through which the exhaust gas flows
Promotes oxidation of the CO and HC which remain in the exhaust.

2. Catalytic Converters :-

By using this converter that harmfull gases such as CO,HC,NOx converts into
some normal gases/air/fluids (h2O water).
Non Exhaust Emission:
Sources in an automobile which emit emissions

Fuel tank

Carburetor

Crankcase

Emission Also Created In Crankcase Blow By :-

The Blow by is the Phenomenon of leakage past the piston and piston rings from
the cylinder to the crankcase. The blowby HC emission are about 20 percent of the
HC emission from engine. This is increased to about 35 percent if the rings are worm