Professional Documents
Culture Documents
GROUP # 5
In the era of modern power plants, we generated electricity by coal in the United States
than any other fuel source. Other sources of electricity are: hydroelectric powerplants,
natural gas, nuclear powerplants.
Thomas Edison, one of the pioneers of electricity, work on electricity in the 1870s and
brought the incandescent electric light bulb for the common use in that same year. The
electric systems by Edison were elementary at todays time.
Actuators Electrical
Electrical control attenuator
Alarm systems
Electrical
Security systems
currents
Antennas
Electrical filters
Aerials
Home
appliances Electrical motors
Residential
Electrical power
Audio & Video
generator
Electrical
Capacitors
transformers
Electrical
Circuits, blocks,
waveforms
stages...
Electrical signals
Coils Ferric cores
Inductors Ferrites
Fuses
Digital Electronic Electrical
protection
Heat sources
Diodes Thermal
generators
Effects,
Instrumentation
dependency and
Meters
radiation
Lamps, light
Resistors
bulbs...
Lines, wires,
Sensors
conductors and
Transducers
cables
Switches
Mechanical
Unifilar
couplings
representation
Telegraphy
Motor starters
Morse code
Operating Thyristors, Triac
dependency and Diac
Piezoelectric
Transistors
crystals
MOSFET &
Oscillator and
IGFET
Resonator
Transmission
Power lines
converters Electrical
distributions
Power
Vacuum tubes
generation
Electron tubes
station
Other Electrical
Power switching
& Electronic
devices
Symbols
Pushbutton
functions
Relays
Electromagnets
Wall and floor power socket outlet symbols
Quad outlet 220-volt outlet GFCI outlet (more Special Power Outlet
explanation below) (some examples
below)
Refrigerator outlet Clothes washer outlet Dish washer outlet Clothes dryer outlet
(note 220v)
General outlets
General outlets are where a wire is required to power a fixture where the fixture will be
wired in rather than plugged in.
The small horizontal line on the left of the circle indicates that the outlet is wall mounted.
A circle without the horizontal line indicates that the outlet is mounted in the ceiling.
Light outlet Blanked (unused) Fan outlet Junction box
outlet
Lamp holder Lamp Holder with pull Pull switch symbol Clock outlet symbol
switch
In the United States, the entire electricity grid consists of hundreds of thousands of
miles of high-voltage power lines and millions of miles of low-voltage power lines with
distribution transformers that connect thousands of power plants to hundreds of millions
of electricity customers all across the country.
The stability of the electricity grid requires the electricity supply to constantly meet
electricity demand, which in turn requires coordination of numerous entities that operate
different components of the grid. The U.S. electricity grid consists of three large
interconnected systems that operate to ensure the stability and reliability of the grid. To
ensure coordination of electric system operations, the North American Electric Reliability
Corporation developed and enforces mandatory grid reliability standards approved by
the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC).
The retail structure of the electricity industry varies from region to region. The company
selling you power may be a not-for-profit municipal electric utility; an electric cooperative
owned by its members; a private, for-profit electric utility owned by stockholders (often
called an investor-owned utility); or in some states, you may purchase electricity through
a power marketer. A few federally-owned power authoritiesincluding the Bonneville
Power Administration and the Tennessee Valley Authority, among othersalso
generate, buy, sell, and distribute power. Local electric utilities operate the distribution
system that connects consumers with the grid regardless of the source of the electricity.
This section describes the tools normally used by an Army electrician in interior wiring.
Pliers have either insulated or uninsulated handles or gripping with two hinged arms and
serrated jaws. Long-nosed pliers are used for close work in panels or boxes.
Side-cutter pliers are used to cut wire and cable to size. Slip-joint pliers are used
to tighten locknuts, small nuts on devices, and conduit bushings and fittings.
Round-nosed pliers are used for making screw loops and working in limited
space areas.
Fuse puller is designed to eliminate the danger of pulling and replacing cartridge
fuses by hand. It is also used for bending fuse clips, adjusting loose cutout clips,
and handling live electrical parts.
Test probes are attached to the handle and may be used to determine if voltage
is present in a circuit.
Screw drivers come in many sizes and tip shapes with insulated handles.
Electricians generally use screwdrivers to attach electrical devices to boxes and
attach wires to terminals.
All the requirements for electric supply connection and other details concerning
electricity are found in Philippine Electrical Code, Republic Act 7920.
*Service Drop - the wiring that goes from the nearest transformer to the buildings
meter
*Service Entry cable - SE cable; wire that goes from your meter to your main breaker
panel
3. Each branch circuit will serve a device (some appliances require heavy loads) or
a number of devices like convenience outlets or lights.
Large buildings have a much higher electrical consumption than small buildings
1. The building should have and maintain their own step-down transformer.
2. The electricity is then transmitted to switchgear. The role of the switchgear is to
distribute electricity safely and efficiently to the various electrical closets
throughout the building.
3. Circuit breakers are safety features which allow power to be disrupted whenever
maintenance and repair is needed.
4. The electricity will leave the switchgear and travel along a primary feeder or bus.
The bus or feeder is a heavy gauge conductor that is capable of carrying high
amperage current throughout a building safely and efficiently.
5. The bus or feeder is tapped as needed and a conductor is run to an electric
closet, which serves a zone or floor of a building.
6. Each electrical closet will have another step-down transformer
7. That transformer will feed a branch panel, which controls a series of branch
circuits that cover a portion of the building.
8. Each branch circuit covers a subset of the electrical needs of the area - for
instance: lighting, convenience outlets to a series of rooms, or electricity to a
piece of equipment.
SINGLE-PHASE OR THREE-PHASE ELECTRICITY SUPPLY
Single Phase power is a two wire Alternating Current (AC) power circuit. Typically,
theres one power wire and one neutral wire and power flows between the power
wire (through the load) and the neutral wire. It is common in households.
Three Phase power is a three wire Alternating Current (AC) power circuit. A 3-phase
power arrangement provides 1.732 (the square root of 3) times more power with the
same current and provides (7) power circuits. Multistorey buildings and manufacturing
plants have three-phase power.
To avoid this occurrence, the power supply systems and appliances especially those
more than 5 Amperes have to be earthed so as to direct the charge to the earth.
POINTS TO BE EARTHED
Earth pin of 3-pin lighting plug sockets and 4-pin power plug should be efficiently
and permanently earthed.
All metal casing or metallic coverings containing or protecting any electric supply
line or apparatus such as GI pipes and conduits enclosing VIR or PVC cables,
iron clad switches, iron clad distribution fuse boards etc should be earthed
(connected to earth).
The frame of every generator, stationary motors and metallic parts of all
transformers used for controlling energy should be earthed by two separate and
yet distinct connections with the earth.
In a dc 3-wire system, the middle conductors should be earthed at the generating
station.
Stay wires that are for overhead lines should be connected to earth by
connecting at least one strand to the earth wires.
Earthing can be done in many ways. The various methods employed in earthing (in
house wiring or factory and other connected electrical equipment and machines) are
discussed as follows:
1). Plate Earthing:
In plate earthing system, buried at least 10ft vertical in the earth, the plate made up of:
Copper with dimensions 60cm x 60cm x 3.18mm (i.e. 2ft x 2ft x 1/8 in)
Galvanized iron (GI) of dimensions 60cm x 60cm x 6.35 mm (2ft x 2ft x in) is buried
vertical in the earth (earth pit) which should not be less than 3m (10ft) from the ground
level.
2). Pipe/Copper Rod Earthing:
A galvanized steel and a perforated pipe or rod is used for pipe earthing. It is the most
common type of earthing.
Types of Ducts:
Duct tube
Electrical cables have three (3 parts): conductor, insulation and external protection.
Types of Insulation:
2. PVC Cable
5. Vulcanized cable
1. To protect against mechanical damage, fire and other external influences that
may cause damage to the cables
3. The cables should be at least 1 meter away from the foundation of the building
and at least 0.5 meter away from communication cables.
PART 11. ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS
1. Planning and Designing
4. Laying conduit for underground supply lines before concreting and completing
plinth work
5. Laying of conduits in slabs and beam reinforcement, fixing of fan boxes in slab
reinforcement for main supply to consumer units
9. Testing of installations
2. Meter room
3. Switch room
* Total load requirement should be computed before electrical installation. The type
of building should be considered, residential, commercial or industrial. Industrial
buildings have the highest load due to machineries and equipment involved.
* Future increase in power consumption should also be anticipated.
3. There should be separate circuit for water pumps, fire lifts, standby fire pumps,
staircase and corridor lighting, blower for pressuring system and other
emergency systems.
5. The main control room should have air tight fire doors.
(A) On the basis of construction, transformers can be classified into two types as; (i)
Core type transformer and (ii) Shell type transformer, which are described below.
Step-down substation - These facilities lower the voltage from transmission lines
to what is known as a subtransmission voltage, which is sometimes used for
industrial purposes. Otherwise, the output is then directed to a distribution
substation
OEM Panels. 3 Phase Power vs. Single Phase Power. Retrieved September 1, 2017
from http://www.oempanels.com/what-does-single-and-three-phase-power-mean
http://www.free-ed.net/free-ed/Resources/Trades/Elec/ElecConst.asp?iNum=2
Electrical Safety First. Home Appliances: Amps and Watts Ratings Retrieved from
http://www.electricalsafetyfirst.org.uk/guides-and-advice/electrical-items/home-
appliances-ratings/
Taylor, C. Voltage, Current, Resistance, and Ohm's Law. Retrieved August 31, 2017
from https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/voltage-current-resistance-and-ohms-law
Ohms Law and Power. Retrieved August 31, 2017 from http://www.electronics-
tutorials.ws/dccircuits/dcp_2.html